TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
T1  - In vivo covalent binding of organic chemicals to DNA as a quantitative indicator in the process of chemical carcinogenesis
N2  - The covalent binding of chemical carcinogens to DNA of mammalian organs is expressed per unit dose, and a 'Covalent-Binding Index', CBI, is defined. CBI for various carcinogens span over 6 orders of magnitude. A similar range is observed for the carcinogenic potency in long-term bioassays on carcinogenicity. For the assessment of a risk from exposure to a carcinogen, the total DN A darnage can be estimated if the actual dose is also accounted for. A detailed description is given for planning and performing a DNA-binding assay. A complete literature survey on DNA binding in vivo (83 compounds) is given with a calculation of CBI, where possible, 153 compounds are listed where a covalent binding to any biological macromolecule has been shown in vivo or in vitro. Recent, so far unpublished findings with aflatoxin Mh macromolecule- bound aflatoxin Bh ·diethylstilbestrol, and 1,2-epithiobutyronitrile are included. A comparison of CBI for rat-liver DNA with hepatocarcinogenic potency reveals a surprisingly good quantitative correlation. Refinements for a DN A-binding assay are proposed. Possibilities and Iimitations in the use of D NA binding in chemical carcinogenesis are discussed extensively.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1979
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61122
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Viviani, A.
A1  - Däniken, A. von
A1  - Schlatter, C.
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
T1  - Effect of selected induction of microsomal and nuclear aryl hydrocarbon monooxygenase and epoxide hydrolase as well as cytoplasmic glutathione S-epoxide transferase on the covalent binding of the carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene to rat liver DNA in vivo
N2  - Groups of four adult male rats [ZUR:SIV -Z] were pretreated with corn oil (control; 2 ml/kg/day i. p. for 3 days), trans-stilbene-oxide (SO; 200 mg/kg/day i. p. for 2 days), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD; 10 \(\mu\)g/kg i. p. once, 4 days before killing), phenobarbital (PB; 1 gjliter in the drinking water for 8 days), and dieldrin (20 mg/kg/day i. p. for 3 or 9 days). They received an injection of [G-\(^3\)H]benzo(a)pyrene (BaP, 31 \(\mu\)g/kg, 7.4. 10\(^9\) dpm/kg; i. v.) 16 h before killing. In the liver of each rat, five enzymatic activities and the covalent binding of BaP to DNA have been determined. The rnicrosomal aryl hydrocarbon monooxygenase activity (AHM) ranged frorn 75% of control (SO) to 356% (TCDD), the nuclear AHM from 63% (SO) to 333% (TCDD). Microsomal epoxide hydrolase activity (EH) was induced up to 238% (PB), nuclear EH ranged from 86% (TCDD) to 218% (PB). A different extent of induction was observed in the two compartments. Highest induction of glutathione S-epoxide transferase activity (GST) was found with PB (202%). The DNA binding of BaP was modulated within 79% (dieldrin, 9 days) and 238% of control (TCDD). An enzyme digest of control DNA was analysed by Sephadex LH-20 chromatography. Multiple linear regression analysis with all data expressedas o/o of control yielded the following equation: DNA Binding = 1.49 · Microsomal AHM- 1.07 · Nuclear AHM+ 0.33 · Microsomal EH- 0.52 · N uclear EH+ 0.11 · Cytoplasmic GST + 58.2. From this analysis it is concluded that (1) AHM located in the endoplasmic reticulum is most important in the formation of DNA-binding metabolites, (2) EH in the same compar.tment is not determinative in thls respect nor has it a protective effect, (3) both membrane-bound enzyme activities located in the nucleus may inactivate potential ultimate carcinogens, and ( 4) cytoplasmic GST probably cannot reduce DNA binding due to its subcellular localization.
KW  - Toxikologie
KW  - Carcinogen
KW  - Benzo(a)pyrene-DNA binding
KW  - Enzyme induction
KW  - Aryl hydrocarbon rnonooxygenase
KW  - Epoxide hydrolase
KW  - Glutathione Stransferase
Y1  - 1980
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61114
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Jaggi, W.
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
A1  - Lüthy, J.
A1  - Zweifel, U.
A1  - Schlatter, C.
T1  - In vivo covalent binding of aflatoxin metabolites isolated from animal tissue to rat-liver DNA
N2  - Ring-labelled [\(^{14}\)C)aflatoxin B\(_1\) (AFB\(_1\)), prepared by biosynthesis. or generally labelled [\(^3\)H]AFB\(_1\) was administered by oral gavage to young adult male rats. After 6 hr. the liver was removed and two fractions were isolated, namely macromolecules, which contamed about 3 % of the initial dose of AFB\(_1\) radioactivity. and water-soluble, low-molecular aftatoxin conjugates containing about0·2% of the administered radioactivity. These two fractions were administered orally to other rats in order to determine the potential of radioactive aftatoxin residues for covalent binding to DNA. Such binding can be used as an indicator for carcinogenic potency. Liver DNA was isolated 9-12 hr after admmistration of the aflatoxin derivatives and in no case was any radioactivity detected on the DNA. It can be deduced on the basis of the limit of detection of radioactivity on the DNA, that macromolecule bound AFB\(_1\) derivatives are at least 4000 times less active than AFB\(_1\) with respect to covalent binding to rat-liver DNA. and that the water-soluble conjugates are at least 100 times less potent than AFB, itself. It is concluded that the carcinogenic risk for humans who consume liver or meat. containing such aflatoxin residues is negligible when compared with the risk from intake of aftatoxins in other food items.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1980
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61101
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
A1  - Jaggi, W.
A1  - Lüthy, J.
A1  - Sagelsdorff, P.
A1  - Schlatter, C.
T1  - In vivo covalent binding of aflatoxin B\(_1\) and aflatoxin M\(_1\) to liver DNA of rat, mouse and pig
N2  - [\(^{14}\)C] Aflatoxin B\(_1\) (AFB\(_1\)) was isolated from cultures of Aspergillus parasiticus grown on [1-\(^{114}\)C] sodium acetate. Covalent binding of AFB1 to liver DNA of rat and mouse was determined 6-8 h afteroral administration. The effectiveness of covalent binding, expressedas DNA binding per dose in the units of a 'Covalent Binding Index' (CBI), (\(\mu\)mol aflatoxin/mol DNA nucleotides)/(mmol aflatoxin/kg animal), was found to be 10 400 for rats and 240 for mice. These CBI partly explain the different susceptibility of the two species for the incidence of hepatic tumors. The corresponding values for pig liver DN A, 24 and 48 h after oral administration, were found to be as high as 19 100 and 13 300. DNA-binding has not so far been reported for this species although it could represent an appropriate animal model for studies where a human-like gastrointestinal tract physiology is desirable. Aflatoxin M \(_1\) ( AFM\(_1\)) is a metabolite found in the milk of cows that have been fed AFB\(_1\)-contaminated diet. [\(^{14}\)C] AFM\(_1\) was also found to be produced by cultures of A. parasiticus giving a yield of about 0.3% of the total aflatoxins. A test for covalent binding to rat liver DN A revealed a CBI of 2100 shoWing that AFM\(_1\) must also be regarded as a strong hepatocarcinogen. It is concluded that AFB\(_1\) contaminations should be avoided in dairy feed.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1980
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61097
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Däniken, A. von
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
A1  - Schlatter, C.
T1  - Lack of covalent binding to rat liver DNA of the hypolipidemic drugs clofibrate and fenofibrate
N2  - \(^{14}\)C-Labelled clofibric acid and fenofibric acid were administered p.o. to 200 g male and female rats. After 10 h, liver nuclear DNA and protein were isolated and the radioactivity was determined. Binding to protein was clearly measurable whereas no binding to DNA could be detected from any drug. A comparison of the Iimit of detection of such DNA binding with well-known chemical carcinogens revealed that the known hepatocarcinogenicity of clofibrate cannot be based upon an initiating, DNA damaging, mode of action but must be due to other, nongenotoxic, mechanisms such as peroxisome proliferation, hepatomegaly, or cytotoxicity due to protein binding. The risk assessment in man and the interpretation of the carcinogenicity data for rodents are discussed.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1981
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61087
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Däniken, A. von
A1  - Friederich, U.
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
A1  - Schlatter, C.
T1  - Tests for mutagenicity in Salmonella and covalent binding to DNA and protein in the rat of the riot control agent o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS)
N2  - The aim of this study was to determine whether o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile ( CS) exhibits any genotoxic activity towards Salmonella or mammalian DNA in vivo. CS was synthesized with a [\(^{14}\)C]-label at the benzylic carbon atom. It was administered i. p. at a dose level of 13 mg/kg (1 mCi/kg) to young adult male rats. Liverand kidney DNA was isolated after 8, 25, and 75 h. The radioactivity was at (liver, 8 and 75 h) or below (all other samples) the limit of detection of 3 dpm. Therefore, a possible binding of CS to DNA is at least 10\(^5\) times lower than that of the strong hepatocarcinogen aflatoxin B1, and 4,000 times lower than that of vinyl chloride. In contrast to this lack of DNA binding, but in agreement with the chemical reactivity of CS, a binding to nuclear proteins could be detected with specific activities ranging between 50 and 121 dpm/mg for liver and between 3 and 41 dpm/mg for kidney. Protein binding could well be responsible for its pronounced cytotoxic effects. Cs was also tested in the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay. Strains TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 1538, TA 98, and TA 100 were used with or without pre-incubation. Only with strain TA 100 and only without pre-incubation, a doubling of the number of revertants was detectable at the highest dose Ievels used, 1,000 and 2,000 !lg CS per plate. With pre-incubation of TA 100 with CS, a slight increase of the number of revertants was seen at 100 and 500 !lg per plate, and a subsequent fall below control values at 1,000 J.tg. A check for the number of surviving bacteria revealed a strong bacteriotoxicity of the higher doses of es so that the calculated mutation frequencies, i.e., the oumber of revertants per number of surviving bacteria, increased with doses up to 500 !J.g. This toxicity could be counteracted in part by the addition of increasing amounts of rat liver microsomes. In the view of these results, and taking into account the rare and low exposure of man, it is concluded that CS will not create a risk for the induction of point mutations or of carcinogenic processes mediated by DNA binding.
KW  - Toxikologie
KW  - o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile
KW  - Riot control agents
KW  - DNA Binding
KW  - Salmonella/microsome assay
KW  - Carcinogens
KW  - Mutagens
Y1  - 1981
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61073
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
A1  - Jaggi, W.
A1  - Schlatter, C.
T1  - Covalent binding of diethylstilbestrol to DNA in rat and hamster liver and kidney [Short Communication]
N2  - No abstract available
KW  - Toxikologie
KW  - Carcinogenesis
KW  - Covalent binding index - Diethylstilbestrol
KW  - DNA binching
KW  - Estrogen
KW  - Hormone
Y1  - 1982
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61066
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Meier-Bratschi, A.
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
A1  - Schlatter, C.
T1  - Methylation of liver DNA of rat and mouse by N-nitrosodimethylamine formed in vivo from dimethylamine and nitrite
N2  - The extent of formation of N-nitrosodimethylaminc {NDMA) in the stomachs of rats and mice after sirnultancous oral administration of [\(^{14}\)C]dimethylamine and potassium nitrite was determined by measuring the methylation of liver DNA. With doses of around 1 mg dimethylamine hydrochloride/ kg body weight and 50 mg potassium nitrite/kg body weight. 0,8 % of the amine was nitrosated on average. The individual fluctuations ranged from 0.2 to 1.30% in the rat and from 0.2 to 1.9% in the mouse. Simultaneous administration of 50 mg sodium ascorbate (vitamin Cl/kg body weight inhibited the nitrosation by ahout 80% while 50 mg \(\alpha\)-tocopherol acetate [Vitamin E)/kg body weight reduced the nitrosation by about a half. Assuming similar kinctics and conditions of nitrosation in rats and man. a comparison of the formation of NDMA in vivo from dietary dimethylamine and nitrite with the estimated human uptake of preformed N DMA revealed that in vitro formation in the stomach of man is probably negligible.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1983
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61052
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Jauch, A.
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
T1  - In vivo assay for somatic point mutations induced by genotoxic carcinogens: incorporation of [\(^{35}\)S]methionine into a rat liver cytochrome b\(_5\) normally lacking sulphur-containing amino acids
N2  - The trypsin fragments of rat liver microsomal cytochron1e b\(_5\) (Tb\(_5\)) lack both methionine (met) and cysteine (cys), i.e., the sulphur-containing antino acids. Tb\(_5\) should therefore contain no 358-radioactivity after isolation from animals treated wHh [\(^{35}\)S]met or [\(^{36}\)S]cys. If, however, the nucleic acids coding for this polypeptide have been damaged by a genotoxic carcinogen, a miscoding could result in an incorporation of met or cys into the polypeptide so that Tb\(_8\) could now be \(^{36}\)S-radiolabelled. Two experiments are descrihed. the first one where a toxic regimen of N -nitrosomorpholine (NNM) to rats resulted in a significant increase of \(^{35}\)S-radioactivity in the Tbs of liver microsomes, and a second experiment with a non-toxic regimen of N,N diethylnitrosamine (DENA), where no increase was observable.
KW  - Toxikologie
KW  - MammaJian mutagenicity test
KW  - Pointmutation
KW  - Protein coding
KW  - Cytochrome b5
KW  - Amino acid composition
KW  - Rat Iiver microsomes
Y1  - 1983
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61047
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Sagelsdorff, P.
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
A1  - Schlatter, C.
T1  - The relevance of covalent binding to mouse liver DNA to the carcinogenic action of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers
N2  - [\(^3\)H]Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) was synthesized by chlorination of [\(^3\)H]benzene prepared by catalytic tritiation of benzene with tritiated water. The isomers of HCH were separated by adsorption chromatography on silica gel. In order to determine the covalent binding to DNA, [\(^3\)H]HCH was administered to male mice by oral gavage, and liver DNA was isolated via cbromatin. The specific radioactivity of the DNA was nonnalized by the dose administered and expressed in the molar units of the Covalent binding index, CBI = DNA damage/dose = (\(\mu\)mol bound HCH/mol DNA nucleotide)/(mmol HCH administered/kg body weight). CBI values of - 0.2 were found 10 h after the administration of alpha- and gamma-HCH. Enzymatic digestion of the DNA to the nucleosides and h.p.l.c. analysis revealed that - 40% of the radioactivity co-migrated with the natural nucleosides. At elution volumes known to contain the more lipophilic carcinogen-nucleoside adducts, - 10% of the radioactivity could be detected. The remaining 50% of th,e radioactivity eluted with the front, representing a mixture of oligonucleotide- HCH adducts and/or hydrophilic degradation products which were strongly bot not covalently associated with intact DNA. Therefore, a true CBI of 0.02-0.1 must be expected both for alpha- and gamma-HCH. This CBI is by a factor of 10\(^5\) -10\(^6\) below the value found with the strongest DNAbinding carcinogens like aflatoxin B1 or dimethylnitrosamine and is unlikely to be decisive for the liver tumor induction in mice because of the foUowing additional findings: (i) both isomers gave rise to similar Ievels of DNA darnage although the alpha-isomer is a much morepotent tumor inducer. This similarity was seen not only at the time of mäximum binding but up to 10 days after oral administration; (ii) three mouse strains with apparently different susceptibility to tumor induction by gamma-HCH could not be distinguished with respect to DNA binding; (iii) the level of DNA binding of alpha-HCH (CBI = 0.02-0.1) is more than three orders of magnitude lower than would be expected if the mechanism of tumor induction was by genotoxicity mediated by DNAbinding. For a preliminary investigation on a potential stimulatory effect on liver DN A replication and ceU division, [\(^{14}\)]thymidine was admlnistered i.p. 3.5 h before sacrifice of the [\(^3\)H]HCH-treated mice. The alpha-isomer was found to be more potent than the gamma-isomer in this respect. Taken together, our data allow the conclusion that the non- mutational processes must be more important for the carcinogenicity of HCH.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1983
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61039
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
A1  - Büsser, M. T.
A1  - Sagelsdorff, P.
T1  - Potency of carcinogens derived from covalent DNA binding and stimulation of DNA synthesis in rat liver
N2  - ~n order to investigate the role of the stimu~ation of ceU division for the initiation (and possi:bly promotion) of live·r tumors by chemical carcinogens, the incorporation of radiolabeUed thymidine into liver DNA was dete:rmined in male rats. Single doses of various level!s of af.latoxin 81, benzidine and carbon tetrachloride (aU known to be genotoxic via DNA binding} did not affect cell division, whereas several hepatoca:rcinogens known not to bind to DNA (alphaHCH, dofibrate, and 2,3;7,8-t!etrachlorodiibenzo~p~dioxin) gave rise to a dosedependent stimulation of Ii ver DNA synthesis within 24 h. An equation combining the infl.uences of mitotic stimu:lation, expressed as dose required to double the contro~ Ievei of DNA synthesis, and DNA binding potency, exp:ressed as t.he Covalent Binding Index, correliated weil with the cardnogenk potency for both dasses of hepatocardnogens.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1984
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61026
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Huber, K. W.
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
T1  - Methylation of DNA by incubation with methylamine and nitrite
N2  - DNA was incubated in septum-closed reaction vials with [\(^{14}\)C]methylamine and nitrite. The DNA was purified, hydrolysed with hydrochloric acid, and the purines were analysed by h.p.l.c. 7-Methylguanine was detectable as a result of DN A methylation in experiments perfonned in 100 mM acetate at pH 4. Using different concentrations of amine and nitrite a first order reaction for total amine and a second order for total nilrite could be shown. A study on the pH dependence using 100 mM malonate buffer, pH 2.0-6.0, revealed a maximum rate at pH 3.5, with steep slopes above and below this pH value, in agreement with a mathematical analysis of the reaction equations. The data show that the alkylating agent fonned spontaneously by nitrosation and deamination of a primary amine has a long enough lifetime to react with DNA in vitro. Using the reactioil orders established here, an extrapolation to lower concentrations found in the stomach can now be perfonned. Future in vivo experiments on the methylation of gastro-intestinal DNA then would show to what extent DNA in a cell is protected from alkylation.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1984
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61011
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Däniken, A. von
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
A1  - Jäckh, R.
A1  - Schlatter, C.
T1  - Investigation of the potential for binding of Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) to liver DNA in vivo
N2  - Investigation of the Potential for Binding of Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) and Di(2- ethylhexyl) Adipate (DEHA) to Liver DNA in Vivo. VON DÄNIKEN, A., LUTZ, W. K., JÄCKH, R., AND ScHLATTER, C. (1984). Toxico/. App/. Pharmaco/. 73, 373-387. It was the aim oftbis investigation to determine whether covalent binding of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) to rat liver DNA and of di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) to mouse liver DNA could be a mechanism of action contributing to the observed induction of liver tumors after lifetime feeding of the respective rodent species with high doses of DEHP and DEHA. For this purpose, DEHP and DEHA radiolabeled in different parts of the molecule were administered orally to female rats and mice, respectively, with or witbout pretreatment for 4 weeks with 1% unlabeled compound in the diet. Liver DNA was isolated after 16 hr and analyzed for radioactivity. The data were converted to a covalent binding index, CBI = (micromoles of substance bound per mole of DNA nucleotides)/(millimoles of substance applied per kilogram body weight), in order to allow a quantitative comparison also with other carcinogens and noncarcinogens. Administration of [\(^{14}\)H]carboxylate-labeled DEHP to rats resulted in no measurable DNA radioactivity. The Iimit of detection, CBI < 0.02 was about 100 times below the CBI of compounds where an observable tumor-inducing potential could be due to genotoxicity. With [\(^{14}\)C]- and [\(^{3}\)H]DEHP labeled in the alcohol moiety, radioactivity was clearly measurable in rat liver DNA. HPLC analysis of enzyme-degraded or acid-hydrolyzed DNA revealed that the natural nucleosides or purine bases were radiolabeled whereas no radioactivity was detectable in those fractions where tbe carcinogenmodified nucleoside or base adducts are expected. The respective Iimits of detection were at 0.07 and 0.04 CBI units for the \(^{14}\)C and \(^{3}\)H Iabels, respectively. The experiments with [\(^{14}\)C]- and [\(^{3}\)H]DEHA, labeled in the alcobol moiety and administered to mice, revealed aminute radioactivity of <50 dpm/mg liver DNA, too little to allow a nucleoside analysis to determine that fraction of the radioactivity which bad been incorporated via biosynthesis. Expressed in the CBI units, values of 0.05 to 0.15 for \(^{14}\)C and 0.01 to 0.12 for \(^{3}\)H resulted. Determination of the level· of \(^{14}\)C02 expiration revealed a linear correlation with the speciftc activity of DNA. Experiments with 2-ethyl[ 1-\(^{14}\)C]hexanol perfonned with both rats and mice allowed the conclusion tbat most if not all DEHA radioactivity in mouse liver DNA was due to biosynthetic incorporation. A maximum possible true DNA binding by DEHA must be below CBI 0.01. Pretreatment of the animals witb unlabeled compound bad no effect on the DNA radioactivities in either species. The present negative data, in conjunction witb other negative short-term tests for mutagenicity, strongly indicate that covalent interaction with DNA is highly unlikely to be the mode of tumorigenic action of DEHP and DEHA in rodents.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1984
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61004
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Caviezel, M.
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
A1  - Minini, U.
A1  - Schlatter, C.
T1  - Interaction of estrone and estradiol with DNA and protein of liver and kidney in rat and hamster in vivo and in vitro
N2  - (6,7-\(^3\)H] Estrone (E) and [6,7-\(^3\)H]estradiol-17ß (E\(_2\)) have been synthesized by reduction of 6-dehydroestrone and 6-dehydroestradiol with tritium gas. Tritiated E and E\(_2\) were administered by oral gavage to female rats and to male and female hamsters on a dose level of about 300 \(\mu\)g/kg (54 mCi/kg). After 8 h, the liver was excised from the rats; liver and kidneys were taken from the hamsters. DNA was purified either directly from an organ homogenate or via chromatin. The radioactivity in the DNA was expressed in the units of the Covalent Binding Index, CBI = (\(\mu\)mol chemical bound per mol Similar considerations can be made for the liver where any true covalent DNA binding must be below a Ievel of 0.01. It is concluded that an observable tumor induction by estrone or estradiol is unlikely to be due to DNA binding. DNA-P)/(mmol chemical administered per kg b.w.). Rat liver DNA isolated via chromatin exhibited the very low values of 0.08 and 0.09 for E and E\(_2\) respectively. The respective figures in hamster liver were 0.08 and 0.11 in females and 0.21 and 0.18 in the males. DNA isolated from the kidney revealed a detectable radioactivity only in the female, with values of 0.03 and 0.05 for E and E\(_2\) respectively. The values for male hamster kidney were < 0.01 for both hormones. The minute radioactivity detectable in the DNA samples does not represent covalent binding to DNA, however, as indicated by' two sets of control experiments. (A) Analysis by HPLC of the nucleosides prepared by enzyme digest of liver DNA isolated directly or via chromatin did not reveal any consistent peak which could have been attributed to a nucleoside-steroid adduct. (B) All DNA radioactivity could be due to protein contaminations, because the specific activity of chromatin protein was determined to be more than 3 ,000 tim es high er than of DNA. The high affinity of the hormone to protein was also demonstrated by in vitro incubations, where it could be shown that the specific activity of DNA and protein was essentially proportional to the concentration of radiolabelled hormone in the organ homogenate, regardless of whether the animal was treated or whether the hormone was added in vitro to the homogenate. Carcinogens acting by covalent DNA binding can be classified according to potency on the basis of the Covalent Binding Index. Values of 10\(^3\)-10\(^4\) have been found for potent, 10\(^2\) for moderate, and 1-10 for weak carcinogens. Since estrone is moderately carcinogenic for the kidney of the male hamster, a CBI of about 100 would be expected. The actually measured Iimit of detection of 0.01 places covalent DNA binding among the highly unlikely mechanisms of action.
KW  - Toxikologie
KW  - Estrogen
KW  - Hormone
KW  - Carcinogenesis
KW  - DNA binding
KW  - Protein binding
KW  - Estrone
Y1  - 1984
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60995
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Huber, K. W.
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
T1  - Methylation of DNA in stomach and small intestine of rats after oral administration of methylamine and nitrite
N2  - Young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were given 30 \(\mu\)mol/kg body weight [\(^{14}\)C]methylamine hydrochloride and 700 \(\mu\)mol/ kg body weight sodium nilrite by oral gavage. DNA isolated from the stomach and from the first 15 cm of the smaß intestine was methylated, containing 7-methylguanine (7mG) at a level of one 7mG molecule per 5x10\8^6\) and lx10\(^7\) nucleotides, respectively. No 7mG was found fn the liver at a limit of detection of one 7mG molecule per 2xl0\(^8\) nucleotides. ln a second experiment, the excised stomachs were incubated with deoxyribonuclease before the isolation of the DNA in order to degrade DNA in the Iumen and in the uppermost lining cells. This treatment resulted in a 30% decrease in the yield of DNA and a 90% reduction in the level of 7mG formation. The results show that nitrosation of a primary alkylamine yields a precursor of an alkylating agent which has a long enough lifetime to diffuse towards and react with intracellular DNA. A correlation of DNA methylation in the stomach with the corresponding tumor formation by the methylating carcinogen N-methyi-N'-nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine was used to estimate the roJe of DNA damage resulting from endogenous nitrosation of dietary methylamine in man. It was concluded that the risk resulting from this single amine must be negligible bot that a similar evaluation of other primary amines is required before the over-aU role of primary amine nitrosation in the etiology of human gastric cancer can be assessed.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1984
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60984
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
T1  - Endogenous formaldehyde does not produce detectable DNA-protein crosslinks in rat liver
N2  - Formaldehydeis an electrophilic molecule able to crosslink DNA and protein. It has been found to induce tumors in the nasal epithelium in rodents. The safety margin between the maximum tolerated FA concentration in the work place and the concentration found to be tumorigenic in animal studies is very small. Because FA is produced endogenously as a result of a variety of oxidative demethylations, the assessment of the tumor risk from exogenaus FA exposure has tobe related quantitatively to the level of DNA-protein crosslinks induced by endogenaus FA generation. It is reported here that the high level of endogenaus FA formed in the liver after a large dose of methanol or of aminopyrine did not lead to any observable increase in DNA-protein crosslinks. Using positive and negative control data from in vitro incubations of liver homogenate with FA or methanol it is estimated that the endogenous level of DNA damage in the liver must be more than three orders of magnitude below the damage observed at tumorigenic concentrations for the rat nose. The fact that FA is formed endogenously cannot, therefore, be used to claim that exogenous FA merely leads to a negligible increase in DNA damage.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1986
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60972
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
T1  - Quantitative evaluation of DNA binding data for risk estimation and for classification of direct and indirect carcinogens
N2  - Investigation of covalent DNA binding in vivo provided evidence for whether a test substance can be activated to metabolites able to reach and react with DNA in an intact organism. Fora comparison of DNA binding potencies of various compounds tested under different conditions, a normalization of the DNA lesion with respect to the dose is useful. A covalent binding index, CBI = (\(\mu\)mol chemical bound per mol DNA nucleotide )/(mmol chemical administered per kg body weight) can be determined for each compound. Whether covalent DNA binding results in tumor formation is dependent upon additional factors specific to the cell type. Thus far, all compounds which bind covalently to liver DNA in vivo have also proven tobe carcinogenic in a long-term study, although the liver was not necessarily the target organ for tumor growth. With appropriate techniques, DNA binding can be determined in a dose range which may be many orders of magnitude below the dose Ievels required for significant tumor induction in a long-term bioassay. Rat liver DNA bindingwas proportional to the dose of aflatoxin B1 afteroral administration of a dose between 100 \(\mu\)g/kg and 1 ng/kg. The lowest dose was in the range of generat human daily exposures. Demonstration of a lack of liver DNA binding (CBI<0.1) in vivo for a carcinogenic, nonmutagenic compound is a strong indication for an indirect mechanism of carcinogenic action. Carcinogens of this class do not directly produce a change in gene structure or function but disturb a critical biochemical control mechanism, such as protection from oxygen radicals, control of cell division, etc. Ultimately, genetic changes are produced indirectly or accumulate from endogenaus genotoxic agents. The question of why compounds which act via indirect mechanisms are more likely to exhibitanonlinear rangein the dose-response curve as opposed to the directly genotoxic agents or processes is discussed.
KW  - Toxikologie
KW  - Chemical carcinogenesis
KW  - Mechanism of action
KW  - Quantitative risk assessment
KW  - Genotoxicity
KW  - Dose-response relationship
KW  - Aflatoxin B1
Y1  - 1986
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60967
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
T1  - Investigation of the potential for binding of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) to rat liver DNA in vivo
N2  - It was the aim of this investigation to determine whether or not covalent binding of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) to rat liver DNA could be a mechanism of action contributing to the observed induction of liver tumors after lifetime feeding of rodents with high doses of DEHP. DEHP radiolabeled in different positionswas administered orally to female F344 rats with or without pretreatment for 4 weeks with 1% unlabeled DEHP in the diet. Livu DNA was isolated after 16 hr and analyzed for radioattivity. Administration of [\(^{14}\)C]carboxylate unabeled DEHP resulted in no measurable DNA radioactivity. With DEHP [\(^{14}\)C]· and [\(^{3}\)H]. labeled in the alcohol moiety as well as with 2-ethyl[1-\(^{14}\)C]hexanol, radioactivity was clearly measurable in the DNA. HPLC analysis of enzyme-degraded DNA relvealed that the normal nucleosides had incorporated radiolabel whereas no radioactivity was detectable in those fractions where the carcinogen-modified nucleoside adducts are expected. A quantitative evaluation of the negative data in terms of a Iimit of detection for a covalent binding Index (CBJ) indicates that covalent interaction with DNA is highly unlikely to be the mode of tumorigenic action of DEHP in rodents.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1986
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60957
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Jauch, A.
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
T1  - Metallothionein protein variants generated in rat liver as a result of DNA and RNA ethylations by the carcinogen diethylnitrosamine
N2  - Metallothionein (MT) is a protein which contains 20 cysteine residues but no aromatic amino acids. It was tested whether treatment of male rats with the hepatocarcinogen diethylnitrosamine (DENA) could ethylate nucleic acids in such a way that protein variants containing measurable amounts of aromatic amino acid residues could be isolated from the livers of treated animals. To give a low Iimit of detection, the "wrong" amino acid precursors were administered in radiolabelled form at high Ievels of activity (7 mCi/kg each of [\(^3\)H]tyrosine and [\(^3\)H]phenylalanine). 11 \(\mu\)Ci/kg [\(^{14}\)C]cysteine was given as an intemal marker for MT biosynthesis. 6 h after amino acid administration, metallothionein (MT) was isolated from the liver and extensively purified. Afteracid hydrolysis and collection of Cys, Tyr, and Phe from an HPLC analysis of the amino acids, the \(^3\)H/\(^{14}\)C ratio was determined. The carcinogen-treated rats exhibited a significantly higher ratio than the vehicle-treated animals. This type of in vivo assay might find interesting applications in the investigation of nucleic acid alkylations as promutagenic lesions.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1986
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60946
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Grilli, S.
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
A1  - Parodi, S.
T1  - Possible implications from results of animal studies in human risk estimations for benzene: nonlinear dose-response relationship due to saturation of metabolism
N2  - To date, all risk assessment studies on benzene have been based almost exclusively on epiderniological data. Wehave attempted a more integrated and quantitative evaluation of carcinogenic risk for hurnans, trying to utilize, in addition to the epidemiological data, all data available, specifically data on metabolism, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity in small rodents. An integrated evaluation of the globality of the available data seems to suggest a progressive saturation of metabolic capacity both for man and rodents between 10 and 100 ppm. The most susceptible target cells seem tobe different in humans (predominant induction of myelogenous leukemia) and small rodents (induction of a wide variety of tumors). Nevertheless, both epidemiological and experimental carcinogenicity data tend to indicate a flattening ofthe response for the highest dosages, again suggesting a general Saturation of mechanisms of metabolic activation, extended to different target tissues. From a quantitative point of view, the data suggest a carcinogenic potency at 10 ppm two to three times higher than that computable by a linear extrapolation from data in the 100 ppm range. These observations are in accord with the recent proposal of the European Economic Community of reducing benzene time-weighted average occupationallevels from 10 to 5 ppm.
KW  - Toxikologie
KW  - Benzene
KW  - Risk estimation
KW  - Carcinogenicity
KW  - Genotoxicity
KW  - Metabolism saturation
KW  - Dose-response relationship
Y1  - 1987
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60936
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Shephard, S. E.
A1  - Schlatter, C.
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
T1  - Assessment of the risk of formation of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds from dietary precursors in the stomach
N2  - A literature review has shown that the daily intakes of various N -nitroso-precursor classes in a typical European diet span five orders of magnitude. Amides in the form of protein, and guanidines in the form of creatine and creatinine, are the nitrosatable groups found most abundantly in the diet, approaching Ievels of 100 g/day and 1 gjday, respectively. Approximately 100 mg of primary amines and amino acids are consumed daily, whereas aryl amines, secondary amines and ureas appear to lie in the 1-10 mg range. The ease of nitrosation of each precursor was estimated, the reactivities being found to span seven orders of magnitude, with ureas at the top and amines at the bottom of the scale. From this infonnation and an assessment of the carcinogenicity of the resulting N-nitroso derivatives, the potential health risk due to gastric in vivo nitrosation was calculated. The combined effects of these risk variables were analysed using a simple mathematical model: Risk = [daily intake of precursor] x [gastric concentration of nitrite]\(^n\) x [nitrosatability rate constant} x [carcinogenicity of derivative]. The risk estimates for the various dietary components spanned nine orders of magnitude. Dietary ureas and aromatic amines combined with a high nitrite burden could pose as great a risk as the intake of preformed dimethylnitrosamine in the diet. In contrast, the risk posed by the in vivo nitrosation of primary and secondary amines is probably negligib1y small. The risk contribution by amides (including protein), guanidines and primary amino acids is intermediate between these two extremes. Thus three priorities for future work are a comprehensive study of the sources and Ievels of arylamines and ureas in the diet, determination of the carcinogenic potencies of key nitrosated products to replace the necessarily vague categories used so far, and the development of short-term in situ tests for studying the alkylating power or genotoxicity of N-nitroso compounds too unstable for inclusion in long-term studies.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1987
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60925
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bösch, R.
A1  - Friederich, U.
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
A1  - Brocker, E.
A1  - Bachmann, M.
A1  - Schlatter, C.
T1  - Investigations on DNA binding in rat liver and in Salmonella and on mutagenicity in the Ames test by emodin, a natural anthraquinone
N2  - Emodin (1,6,8-trihydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone), an important aglycone found in natural anthraquinone glycosides frequently used in Iaxative drugs, was mutagenic in the Salmonellajmammalian microsome assay (Ames test) with a specificity for strain TA1537. The mutagenic activity was activationdependent with an optimal amount of S9 from Aroclor 1254-treated male Sprague-Dawley rats of 20% in the S9 mix (v jv) for 10 p.g emodin per plate. Heat inactivation of the S9 for 30 min at 60 ° C prevented mutagenicity. The addition of the cytochrome P-448 inhibitor 7,8-benzoflavone (18.5 nmoles per plate) reduced the mutagenic activity of 5.0 p.g emodin per plate to about one third, whereas the P-450 inhibitor metyrapone (up to 1850 nmoles per plate) was without effect. To test whether a metabolite" binds covalently to Salmonella DNA, [10-\(^{14}\)C]emodin was radiosynthesized, large batches of bacteria were incubated with [10-\(^{14}\)C]emodin and DNA was isolated. [G- \(^{3}\)H]Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was used as a positive control mutagen known to act via DNA binding. DNA obtained after aflatoxin treatment could be purified to constant specific activity. With emodin, the specific activity of DNA did not remain constant after repeated precipitations so that it is unlikely that the mutagenicity of emodin is due to covalent interaction of a metabolite with DNA. The antioxidants vitamin C and E or glutathione did not reduce the mutagenicity. Emodin was also negative with strain TA102. Thus, oxygen radicals are probably not involved. When emodin was incubated with S9 alone for up to 50 h before heat-inactivation of the enzymes and addition of bacteria, the mutagenic activity did not decrease. It is concluded that the mutagenicity of emodin is due to a chemically stable, oxidized metabolite forming physico-chemical associations with DNA, possibly of the intercalative type. In order to check whether an intact mammalian organism might be able to activate emodin to a DNA-binding metabolite, radiolabelled emodin was administered by oral gavage to male SD rats and liver DNA was isolated after 72 h. Very little radioactivity was associated with the DNA. Considering that DNA radioactivity could also be due to sources other than covalent interactions, an upper limit for the · covalent binding index, CBI = (p.moles chemical bound per moles DNA nucleotides)/(mmoles chemical administered per kg body weight) of 0.5 is deduced. This is 104 times below the CBI of AFB1. The demonstration of a lack of covalent interaction with DNA bothin Salmonellaandin rat liver is discussed in terms of a reduced hazard posed by emodin as a mutagenic drug in use in humans.
KW  - Toxikologie
KW  - DNA binding
KW  - (Rat liver)
KW  - (Salmonella)
KW  - Ames test
KW  - Emodin
KW  - Anthraquinone glycosides
KW  - natural
Y1  - 1987
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60913
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Büsser, M. T.
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
T1  - Stimulation of DNA synthesis in rat and mouse liver by various tumor promoters
N2  - In order to investigate whether the Stimulation of liver DNA synthesis might be used to detect one class of hepatic tumor promoters, the incorporation of orally administered radiolabelled thymidine into liver DNA was detennined in rats and mice 24 h after a single oral gavage of test compounds at various dose Ievels. Three DNA-binding hepatocarcinogens, aflatoxin B1; benzidine and carbon tetrachloride, did not stimulate but rather inhibited DNA synthesis (not for CCla). Four hepatic tumor promoters, clofibrate, DDT, phenobarbital and thioacetamide, gave rise to a Stimulation in a dosedependent manner. Single oral doses between 0.02 and 0.3 mmol/kg were required to double the level of thymidine incorporation into liver DNA (= doubling dose, DD). Differentes between species or sex as obsprved in long-term carcinogenicity studies were reflected by a different stimulation of liver DNA synthesis. In agreement with the bioassay data, aldrin was positive only in male mice (DD = 0.007 mmol/kg) but not in male rats or female mice. 2,3, 7,8-TCDD was positive in male mice (DD = 10\(^{-6}\) mmol/kg) andin female rats (DD = 2 x 10\(^{-6}\) mmol/kg) but not in male rats. The assay was also able to distinguish between structural isomers with different carcinogenicities. [alpha]Hexachlorocyclohexane stimulated Iiver DNA synthesis with a doubling dose of about 0.2 mmol/kg in male rats whereas the [gamma]isomer was ineffective even at l mmol/kg. So far, only one result was inconsistent with carcinogenicity bioassay data. The different carcinogenicity of di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate (negative in rats) and di(2-ethylhe.xyl)phthalate (positive) was not detectable. 8oth plasticizers were positive in.this short-term system with DD's of 0. 7 mmol/kg for DEHA and 0.5 mmol/kg for DEHP. The proposed assay is discussed as an attempt to devise short-term assays for carcinogens not detected by the routine genotoxicity test systems.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1987
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60908
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
A1  - Deuber, R.
A1  - Caviezel, M.
A1  - Sagelsdorff, P.
A1  - Friederich, U.
A1  - Schlatter, C.
T1  - Trenbolone growth promotant: covalent DNA binding in rat liver and in Salmonella typhimurium, and mutagenicity in the Ames test
N2  - DNA binding in vivo: (6,7-\(^3\)H]ß-trenbolone (ß-TBOH) was administered p.o. and i.p. to rats. After 8 or 16 h, DNA was isolated from the livers and purified to constant specific radioactivity. Enzymatic digestion to deoxyribonucleotides and separation by HPLC revealed about 90% ofthe DNA radioactivity eluting in the form of possible TBOH-nucleotide adducts. The extent of this genotoxicity, expressed in units of the Covalent Binding Index, CBI = (~mol TBOH bound per mol nucleotide)/(mmol TBOH administered per kg body weight) spanned from 8 t~ 17, i. e. was in the range found with weak genotoxic carcmogens. Ames test: low doses of ß-TBOH increased the number of revertants in Salmonella strain TAl 00 reproducibly and m a dose-dependent manner. The mutagenic potency was 0.2 revertants per nmol after preincubation of the bacteria (20 min at 37° C) with doses between 30 and 60 \(\mu\)g per plate (47 and 94 \(\mu\)g/ml preincubation mixture). Above this dose, the number of revertants decreased to control values, accompanied by a reduction in survival. The addition of rat liver S9 inhibited the mutagenicity. DNA binding in vitro: calf thymus DNA was incubated with tritiated ß-TBOH with and without rat liver S9 Highest DNA radioactivities were determined in the absence of the "activation" system. Addition of inactive S9 (without cofactors) reduced the DNA binding by a factor of up to 20. Intermediate results were found with active S9. DNA binding in Salmonella: ß-TBOH was irreversibly bound to DNA isolated from S. typhimurium TA100 after incubation of bacteria with [\(^3\)H]ß-TBOH. Conclusions: Covalent DNA binding appears to be the mechanism of an activation-independent ("direct") mutagenicity of TBOH which is not easily detected because of the bactericidal activity. The genotoxicity risk arising from exposure of humans to trenbolone residues in meat was estimated using the in vivo data and compared to that from the exposure to unavoidable genotoxins aflatoxin B1 and dimethylnitrosamine. It ts concluded that trenbolone residues represent only a low genotoxic risk.
KW  - Toxikologie
KW  - Trenbolone
KW  - Anabolieagent
KW  - DNA binding
KW  - Genotoxicity
KW  - Ames test
KW  - Salmonella typhimurium
Y1  - 1988
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60897
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
A1  - Maier, P.
T1  - Genotoxic and epigenetic chemical carcinogenesis: one process, different mechanisms
N2  - Chemieals that induce cancer in an intact organism are called carcinogens. This term does not differentiale between their various modes of action. In this review, Werner Lutz and Peter Maier make a mechanistic distinction between carcinogens that alter the genetic information and carcinogens that interfere with epigenetic processes. They considercardnogenesis tobe an ongoing, part1y unavoidable process which is based on a succession of mutations, most likely in stem cells, leading to autonomaus cellular growth regulation. Chemical carcinogens either induce such changes through mutations (genotoxic carcinogens) or they aceeierate the accumulation of critica1 spontaneaus mut11tions (epigenetic carcinogens). Examples are given for both classes of carcinogens, and for the processes that act at genoto:tic/nuclear 11nd epigenetic/mitotic Ievels.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1988
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60884
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Sagelsdorff, P.
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
A1  - Schlatter, C.
T1  - DNA methylation in rat liver by daminozide, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, and dimethylnitrosamine
N2  - DNA Methylation in Rat Li ver by Daminozide, 1, 1-Dimethylhydrazine, and Dimethylnitrosamine. SAGELSDORFF, P., LUTZ, W. K., AND ScHLAITER C. (1988). Fundam. Appl. Toxico/. 11, 723-730. [methyP4C]Daminozide (succinic acid 2',2'-dimethylhydrazide; 37 mgjkg), l,l( 14C]dimethylhydrazine (UDMH; 19 mgtkg), and (14C]dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA; 0.1 mg/ kg) were administered by oral gavage to male Sprague-Dawley rats. After 24 hr, the animals were killed and DNA was purified from the livers to constant specific radioactivity. After enzymatic degradation of the DNA to the 3'-deoxynucleotides the Ievel of DNA methylation was determined by HPLC analysis. Radiolabeled 7-methylguanine (7mG) was identified by cochromatography with unlabeled 7mG added as standard after acidic depurination of DNA and HPLC analysis ofpurines and apurinic acid. All three compounds were found to methylate DNA. The relative potencies were 1:47:4900 for daminozide:UDMH:DMNA. With [methyPH]UDMH, the formation of7mG was investigated as a function of dose administered, at 20, 2, and 0.2 mgj kg. The methylation ofDNA was strictly proportional to the dose. The data were used to compare the Ievel of DNA alkylation derived from residues of daminozide and UDMH in treated apple with the genotoxicity of the intake of N-nitroso compounds in Germany and Japan. It is estimated that these residues could Iead to a DNA methylation in the Ii ver of about 6% of an average exposure to DMNA
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1988
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60875
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Hegi, M.E.
A1  - Sagelsdorff, P.
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
T1  - Detection by \(^{32}\)P-postlabeling of thymidine glycol in gamma-irradiated DNA
N2  - No abstract available
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1989
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60863
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Vogl, Silvia
T1  - Investigation of individual differences in the metabolic elimination of drugs by the polymorphic enzymes CYP2C9, 2C19 and 2D6 based on metabolite profiling by LC-MS/MS
T1  - Untersuchung individueller Unterschiede der metabolischen Elimination von Arzneistoffen durch die polymorphen Enzyme CYP2C9, 2C19 und 2D6 basierend auf Metaboliten-Profiling mittels LC-MS/MS Analytik
N2  - Mit der vorliegenden Studie sollte zu dem wichtigen Forschungsfeld der Pharmakogenetik beigetragen werden, indem zum einen eine einfache und sichere kombinierte Phänotypisierung der drei zuvor erwähnten CYPs (CYP2D6, CYP2C9 und CYP2C19) entwickelt, und zum anderen die Vorhersagekraft des Genotyps für den gemessenen Phänotyp näher untersucht werden sollte. Es ist uns gelungen eine sichere, einfache, schnelle und kombinierte Phänotypisierung der beiden wichtigen Monooxygenasen CYP2D6 und CYP2C9 zu etablieren. Zunächst wurden dazu Wechselwirkungsstudien mit den ausgewählten Testsubstanzen Dextromethorphan (DEX, CYP2D6), Flurbiprofen (FLB, CYP2C9) und Omeprazole (OME, CYP2C19) durchgeführt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass DEX und FLB als Kombination verabreicht werden können. Die Gabe von OME gemeinsam mit FLB verändert jedoch das Ergebnis der CYP2C9 Phänotypisierung. Dies ist eine neue Erkenntnis, denn noch 2004 wurde ein Phänotypisierungscocktail veröffentlicht, der die Kombination von FLB und OME enthielt. Bei der genannten Studie wurden jedoch, unseres Wissens nach, keine Wechselwirkungsstudien zu den einzelnen Testsubstanz-Kombinationen durchgeführt. Die von uns entwickelte Phänotypisierungsmethode wurde durch Wechselwirkungsstudien verifiziert. Sie ist jedoch auch in anderen Bereichen den bisher veröffentlichten phänotypisierungscocktails überlegen. Zum einen wurden nur sehr kleine Dosen sicherer Testsubstanzen verwendet. Dies wurde durch Entwicklung neuer, sensitiver LC-MS/MS Methoden ermöglicht. Zum anderen ist diese neue Prozedur schnell und nicht-invasiv durchführbar. Nach Verabreichung der Testsubstanz muss der Urin nur für zwei Stunden gesammelt werden. Zudem weisen unsere Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass die normalerweise durchgeführte, aufwendige Glucuronidspaltung des CYP2D6 abhängigen DEX-Metaboliten, Dextrorphan, vermutlich vernachlässigt werden kann. Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse dieser Studie sind jedoch die Einblicke, die in die Vorhersagekraft der CYP2D6 und CYP2C9 Genotypen für die entsprechenden Phänotypen gewonnen werden konnten. Fast 300 phänotypisierte Kaukasier wurden auch in Hinsicht auf die wichtigsten varianten Allele von CYP2D6, CYP2C9 und CYP2C19 mithilfe bekannter und neu etablierter Methoden genotypisiert. Aufgrund der parallelen Phäno- und Genotypisierung konnten Geno- und Phänotyp direkt korreliert werden. Mit linearen Modellen war es möglich, allen detektierten varianten CYP2D6- und CYP2C9-Allelen Aktivitätskoeffizienten zuzuweisen. Diese können nun verwendet werden, um den Beitrag der einzelnen Allele zur resultierenden Enzymaktivität zu bestimmen, wodurch sich die Vorhersage dieser Aktivität ausgehend vom Genotyp verbessern lassen sollte. Besonders für CYP2D6 ermöglicht das neue Korrelationsmodel präzisere Vorhersagen des Phänotyps als bisher veröffentlichte Modelle. Zusammengefasst leistet diese Studie durch die Entwicklung eines sicheren und einfachen Phänotypisierungsprozesses für CYP2D6 und CYP2C9 und durch die Bestimmung von Aktivitätskoeffizienten für alle einbezogenen CYP2D6 und CYP2C9 Allele und der damit verbundenen präziseren Vorhersage des Phänotyps ausgehend vom Genotyp einen wesentlichen Beitrag zum Forschungsfeld der Pharmakogenetik.
N2  - This study should contribute to the important field of pharmacogenetics by: firstly, establishing an easy and safe phenotyping method that combines the activity determination of all three previously mentioned CYPs (CYP2D6, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19) into one phenotyping cocktail and secondly, improving the knowledge about the predictive power of the genotype for the measured phenotype. It was indeed possible to develop a save, easy-to-use, fast and simultaneous phenotyping procedure for the important genetic polymorphic enzymes CYP2D6 and CYP2C9. To accomplish that, interaction studies with the chosen probe drugs dextromethorphan (DEX, CYP2D6), flurbiprofen (FLB, CYP2C9) and omeprazole (OME, CYP2C19) were conducted. It could be proven that DEX and FLB can be administered in combination, whereas OME alters the phenotyping results of CYP2C9. This is a new finding as in 2004 a phenotyping cocktail was published that used FLB and OME in combination. However, to our knowledge, no interaction tests were carried in that study. The new phenotyping procedure is not only verified by prior probe drug interaction studies, it also has other advantages over phenotyping cocktails found in literature. Firstly, save probe drugs are used in very small doses. This is possible due to the new sensitive LC-MS/MS methods that were evaluated. Secondly, the new phenotyping procedure is very fast and on-invasive. Urine has to be collected only for 2 h and the results also suggest that the time consuming glucuronide cleavage of the CYP2D6 dependent metabolite dextrorphan, usually carried out before CYP2D6 phenotyping, may be unnecessary. Most importantly, however, new insights into the phenotype prediction from genotype for CYP2C9 and CYP2D6 could be gained within this study. Nearly 300 phenotyped Caucasian subjects were also genotyped for the most important known variant alleles for CYP2D6, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 using several established and newly developed genoptyping methods. Therefore, a direct correlation between phenotype and genotype could be conducted for CYP2D6 and CYP2C9. Employing linear modeling, it was possible to assign activity coefficients to each of the detected CYP2D6 and CYP2C9 alleles, thereby estimating their contribution to the resulting enzyme activity. This might facilitate the prediction of the CYP2D6 and CYP2C9 metabolic status of a subject knowing only its respective genotypes. Especially the new CYP2D6 genotype phenotype correlation model might allow for more precise phenotype prediction for the included variant alleles than was possible until now. Taken together, this study substantially contributes to the important research field of pharmacogenetics by (i) developing a save and easy-to-use phenotyping combination for CYP2D6 and CYP2C9, and (ii) by establishing activity coefficients for each of the detected CYP2D6 and CYP2C9 alleles, thereby allowing for a more precise prediction of the phenotype from genotype.
KW  - Pharmakogenetik
KW  - Pharmakokinetik
KW  - Cytochrom P450
KW  - LC-MS/MS
KW  - Phänotyp
KW  - Genotyp
KW  - pharmacogenetics
KW  - pharmacokinetics
KW  - cytochrome p450
KW  - LC-MS/MS
KW  - phenotyping
KW  - genotyping
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-67216
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kugler-Steigmeier, M. E.
A1  - Friederich, U.
A1  - Graf, U.
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
A1  - Maier, P.
A1  - Schlatter, C.
T1  - Genotoxicity of aniline derivatives in various short-term tests
N2  - Various substituted aniline derivatives were tested for genotoxicity in several short-term tests in order to examine the hypothesis that a Substitution at both ortho positions (2,6-disubstitution) could prevent genotoxicity due to steric hindrance of an enzymatic activation to electrophilic intermediates. In the Salmonellajmicrosome assay, 2,6-dialkylsubstituted anilines and 2,4,6-trimethylaniline (2,4,6-TMA) were weakly mutagenic in strain TA100 when 20% S9 mixwas used, although effects were small compared to those of 2,4-dimethylaniline and 2,4,5-trimethylaniline (2,4,5-TMA). In Drosophila me/anogaster, however, 2,4,6-TMA and 2,4,6-trichloroaniline (TCA) were mutagenic in the wing spottestat 2-3 times lower doses than 2,4,5-TMA. In the 6-thioguanine resistance test in cultured fibroblasts, 2,4,6-TMA was again mutagenic at lower doses than 2,4,5-TMA. Two methylene-bis-aniline derivatives were also tested with the above methods: 4,4'-methylene-bis-(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA) was moderately genotoxic in al1 3 test systems whereas 4,4'-methylene-bis-(2-ethyl-6-methylaniline) (MMEA) showed no genotoxicity at all. DNA binding sturlies in rats, however, revealed that both MOCA and MMEA produced DNA adducts in the liver at Ievels typically found for moderately strong genotoxic carcinogens. These results indicate that the predictive value of the in vitro test systems and particularly the Salmonellajmicrosome assay is inadequate to detect genotoxicity in aromatic amines. Genotoxicity seems to be a general property of aniline derivatives and does not seem to be greatly influenced by substitution at both ortho positions.
KW  - Toxikologie
KW  - Aniline derivatives
KW  - Genotoxicity
KW  - Short-term tests
KW  - Covalent DNA binding
Y1  - 1989
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60857
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Parodi, S.
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
A1  - Colacci, A.
A1  - Mazzullo, M.
A1  - Taningher, M.
A1  - Grilli, S.
T1  - Results of animal studies suggest a nonlinear dose-response relationship for benzene effects
N2  - Considering the very large industrial usage of benzene, studies in risk assessment aimed at the evaluation of carcinogenic risk at low Ievels of exposure are important. Animal data can offer indications about what could happen in humans and provide more diverse information than epidemiological data with respect to doseresponse consideration. We have considered experiments investigating metabolism, short·term genotoxicity tests, DNA adduct formation, and carcinogenicity long-term tests. According to the different experiments, a Saturation of benzene metabolism and benzene effects in terms of genotoxicity seems evident above 30 to 100 ppm. Below 30 to 60 ppm the initiating effect ofbenzene seems tobe linear fora large intervaJ ofdosages, at least judging from DNA adduct formation. Potentiallack of a promoting effect of benzene (below 10 ppm) could generate a sublinear response at nontox.ic levels of ex.posure. This possibility was suggested by epidemiological data in humans and is not confirmed or excluded by our observations with animals.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1989
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60843
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Alldrick, A. J.
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
T1  - Covalent binding of [2-\(^{14}\)C]2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]-quinoxaline (MeIQx) to mouse DNA in vivo
N2  - Fernale BALB/c mice were administered intragastrically with equimolar amounts of either [2-\(^{14}\)C]2-amino-3,8-dimethyi[ 4,5-J]qulnoxaline (MeiQx) or 2-acetylamino[9-\(^{14}\)C]fluorene (2AAF). DNA was isolated from tissues of mice killed either 6 or 24 h after administration. Analysis of liver DNA nucleotide digests by HPLC analysis revealed that all of the radioactivity was attributable to adduct formation. Tbe specific activities of DNA samples were converted to covalent bindlog indices (CBI, J.LIDOI adduct per mol DNA nucleotides/mmol chemical app6ed per kg animal body weight). CBI values of 25 and 9 were detennined for 2AAF and MeiQx in tbe llvers of mice killed 6 h after dosing. The values were in general agreement with the moderate carcinogenic potency of these compounds. The specific activities of DNA preparations obtained from the lddneys, spleens, stomachs, small intestines and large intestlnes of mice treated witb MeiQx and killed 6 h after doslng were S- to 35-times less tban those obtained witb the llver. DNA isolated from tbe lungs (a target organ for MeiQx tumorigenicity) of MeiQx-treated mice was not radiolabeUed at tbe limit of detection (CBI <0.3). With tbe exception of tbe gastrolntestinal tract, the specific activities of DNA samples isolated from mice killed 6 h after administration were higher than those from mice killed after 24 h.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1989
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60832
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schlatter, J.
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
T1  - The carcinogenic potential of ethyl carbamate (urethane): risk assessment at human dietary exposure levels
N2  - Ethyl carbamate is found in fermented foods: bread contains 3-15 ng/g, stone-fruit brandies 200-20,000 ngfg, and about one-third of table-wine samples analysed contained more than 10 ng/g. In animals, ethyl carbamate is degraded to C02, H20 and NH3, with intermediate formation ofethanol. This degradation has been shown tobe inhibited (postponed) in the mouse by ethanol concentrations in the blood of about 0.15% and higher. A quantitatively minor pathway involves a two-step oxidation of the ethyl group to vinyl carbamate and epoxyethyl carbamate, the postulated electrophilic moiety that reacts with DNA. This reaction is probably the mode of the mutagenic action observed in many cellular and animal systems. The fact that only vinyl carbamate, but not ethyl carbamate, is mutagenic in a standard Ames test is probably because there is insufficient production of the intermediate oxidation product in the standard test. Consistent with this metabolism is the carcinogenic activity of ethyl carbamate in various animal species and in different organs; this activity can be seen even after a single high dose in early life. Quantitative analysis of the total tumour incidences after chronic exposure of rats and mice to 0.1-12.5 mg ethyl carbamate/kg body weightjday in the drinking-water showed a dose-related increase. The main target organs were the mammary gland (female rats and mice having similar susceptibilities) and the Jung (mice only). On the basis of sex- and organ-specific tumour data and with a linear extrapolation to a negligible increase of the lifetime tumour incidence by 0.0001% ( one additional tumour in one milüon individuals exposed for life), a "virtually safe dose .. of 20 to 80 ng/kg body weight/day was estimated. The daily burden reached under normal dietary habits without alcoholic beverages is in the range of about 20 ng/kg body weightfday. Regular table-wine consumption would increase the risk by a factor of up to five. Regular drinking of 20 to 40 ml stone-fruit brandy per day could raise the calculated lifetime tumour risk to near 0.01%.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1990
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60826
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
T1  - Endogenous genotoxic agents and processes as a basis of spontaneous carcinogenesis
N2  - A list ofendogenaus DNA·damaging agents and processes is given. Endogenaus e/ectrophiles are found with the cosubstrates of physiological transfer reactions (S-adenosylrnethionine for methylation, A TP for phosphorylation, NAD\(^+\) for ADP-ribosylation, acetyl CoA for acetylation). Aldehyde groups (glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate, formaldehyde, open forms of reducing sugars, degradation products of peroxidation) or alkylating degradation products derived from endogenaus nitrose compounds represent additional possibilities. Radical-forming reactions include leakage of the superoxide anion radical from terminal cytochromes and redox cycles, hydroxyl radical formation by the Fenton reaction from endogenaus hydrogen peroxide, and the formation of lipid peroxides. Genetic instability by spontaneaus deaminations and depurinations as well as replicative instability by tautomer errors andin the presence of mutagenic metal ions represent a third important dass of endogenaus genotoxic processes. The postulated endogenaus genotoxicity could form the mechanistic basis for what is called 'spontaneous' tumor incidence and explain the possibility of an increased tumor incidence after treatment of animals with non-genotoxic compounds exhibiting tumor-promoting activity only. Individual differences are expected to be seen also with endogenaus DNA damage. The presence of endogenaus DNA darnage implies that exogenaus DNAcarcinogen adducts give rise to an incremental darnage which is expected to be proportional to the carcinogen dose at lowest Ievels. An increased tumor risk due to exposure to exogenaus genotoxic carcinogens could therefore be assessed in terms of the background DNA damage~ for instance in multiples of the mean Ievel or of the interindividual variability in a population.
KW  - Toxikologie
KW  - Endogenous genotoxicity
KW  - Electrophiles
KW  - Radicals
KW  - Genetic instability
KW  - DNA damage
KW  - Spontaneous tumours
KW  - Carcinogen risk Individual susceptibili
Y1  - 1990
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60816
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Meier, I.
A1  - Shephard, S. E.
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
T1  - Nitrosation of aspartic acid, aspartame, and glycine ethylester. Alkylation of 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine (NBP) in vitro and binding to DNA in the rat
N2  - In a colorimetric assay using 4-( p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine (NBP) as a nucleophilic scavenger of alkylating agents, the nitrosation and alkylation reactions were investigated for a number of amino acids and derivatives. The alkylating activity increased with the square of the nitrite concentration. The nitrosation rate constants for aspartic acid, aspartame, and glycine ethylester ( = precursors C) were 0.08, 1.4 and ~ 0.2, respectively, expressed in terms of the pH-dependent \(k_2\) rate constant of the equation dNOCjdt = \(k_2\) • (C]· [nitrite]\(^2\) • The rates correlated inversely with the basicity of the amino group. The stability of the alkylating activity was astonishingly high, both in acid and at neutral pH. Half-lives of 500, 200, and 30 min were determined for aspartic acid (pH 3.5), aspartame (pH 2.5), and glycine ethylester (pH 2.5). Values of 60, 15, and 2 min; respectively, were found at pH 7. It is concluded that rearrangement of the primary N-nitroso product to the ultimate alkylating agent could be rate-limiting. The potential of nitrosated a-amino acids to bind to DN A in vivo was investigated by oral gavage of radiolabelled glycine ethylester to rats, followed irnmediately by sodium nitrite. DNA was isolated from stomach and liver and analysed for radioactivity and modified nucleotides. No indication of DNA adduct formation was obtained. Based on an estimation of the dose fraction converted from glycine ethylester to the nitroso product under the given experimental conditions, the maximum possible DNA-binding potency of nitroso glycine ethylester is about one order of magnitude below the methylating potency of N-nitrosomethylurea in rat stomach. The apparent discrepancy to the in vitro data could be due to efficient detoxification processes in mammalian cells.
KW  - Toxikologie
KW  - Nitrosation
KW  - Alkylation
KW  - Amino acids
KW  - DNA binding
Y1  - 1990
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60804
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Hegi, M. E.
A1  - Ulrich, D.
A1  - Sagelsdorff, P.
A1  - Richter, C.
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
T1  - No measurable increase  in thymidine glycol or 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in liver DNA of rats treated with nafenopin or choline-devoid low-methionine diet
N2  - Male rats were treated for 2 months with 1000 ppm nafenopin in the diet or for 4 or 7 days with a choline-devoid low-methionine diet. DNA was isolated from the livers and analyzed for the presence of cis-thymidine glycol-3'-phosphate (cis-dTGp) by 32P-postlabeling and for the Ievel of 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-0H-dG) by electrochemical detection (ECD). In no DNA sample was the Ievel of cis-dTGp above the Iimit of detection of 1 modified thymidine per 106 nucleotides. With 8-0H-dG, a background Ievel of this modification of 20 8-0H-dG per 106 nucleosides was found in liver DNA of control rats, which was not affected by either treatment. It is postulated for thymidine glycol that a potential increase was below the Iimit of detection or was rapidly repaired in vivo and that the steady-state Ievel of endogenous 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine appears not tobe influenced by the treatments chosen.
KW  - Toxikologie
KW  - Oxygen radical
KW  - DNA
KW  - Genotoxicity
KW  - Rat liver peroxisome
KW  - Choline deficiency
KW  - Thymidine glycol
KW  - 8-Hydroxy-deoxyguanosine
Y1  - 1990
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60790
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
T1  - Dose-response relationship and low dose extrapolation in chemical carcinogenesis [commentary]
N2  - Data supporting various dose-respome relationships in chemical carcinogenesis are summarized. General principles are derived to explain the relationships between exposure dose, JI>NA adduct Ievel, induction of genetic changes, and tumor incidence. Some mechanistic aspects of epigenetic carcinogens (stimulation of ceU division and maldlfl'erentlation) are analyzed in a similar way. In a bomogeneous pnpulation, non-linearities are frequent. They are due to pbenomena of induction or saturation of enzymatic activities and to the multi-step nature of carcinog~: if a carcinogen acce1erates more than one step, the SUperposition of the dose- response curves for the indJvidual steps can result in an exponential relationship. A fourth power of the dose was the maximum seen in animals (fonnaldehyde). At the lowest dose Ievels, a proportionality between dose and tumor induction is postulated independent of the mechanism of action if the carcinogen aceeierotes the endogenous proass responsible for spootaneous tumor formation. Low-dose thresholds are expected only for situations where the carcinogen acts in a way that has no endogenous counterpart. Epidemiologfcal studies in humans show linear dose- response curves in all but two investigations. The difference from the strongly nonlinear slopes ·seen in animal studies could be due to the heterogeneity of the human population: if the individual sensitivity to a carcinogen is governed by a large number of genetic and Iife-style factors, the non-linea.rities will tend to cancel each other out and the dose- response curve becomes 'quasi-linear'.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1990
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60789
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Buss, P.
A1  - Caviezel, M.
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
T1  - Linear dose-response relationship for DNA adducts in rat liver from chronic exposure to aflatoxin B1
N2  - Male F-344 rats were given eH]aßatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the drinking water at three exposure Ievels (0.02, 0.6, 20 J,Lgll, resulting in average dose Ievels of 2.2, 73, 2110 nglkg per day). After 4, 6 and 8 weeks, DNA was ~ted frorn the livers and analyzed for aßatoxin-DNA adducts. Tbe Ievel of DNA adducts did not increase significantly after 4 weeks, indicating that a steady-state for adduct formation and removal had nearly been reached. At 8 weeks, the adduct Ievels were 0.91, 32 and 850 nucleotide-aßatoxin adducts per to' nucleotides, i.e. clearly proportional to the dose. At the high dose Ievel, a near SO% tumor incidence would be expected in a 2-year bioassay with F -344 rats while the low dose used is within the range of estlmated human dietary exposures to aßatoxin in W estem countries. The proportionality seen between exposure and steady-state DNA adduct Ievel is discussed with respect to a linear extrapolation of the tumor risk to low dose.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1990
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60779
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
T1  - Dose-response relationship for chemical carcinogenesis by genotoxic agents
N2  - No abstract available
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1991
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60766
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ohgaki, H.
A1  - Ludeke, B. I.
A1  - Meier, I.
A1  - Kleihues, P.
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
A1  - Schlatter, C.
T1  - DNA methylation in the digestive tract of F344 rats during chronic exposure to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea
N2  - The formation of \(O^6\)-methyldeoxyguanosine (\(O^6\)-MedGuo) was determined by an immuno-slot-blot assay in DNA of various tissues of F344 rats exposed to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) in the drinking waterat 400 ppm for 2 weeks. Although the pyloric region of the glandular stomach is a target organ under these experimental conditions, the extent of DNA methylation was highest in the forestomach (185 \(\mu\)mol \(O^6\)-MedGuojmol guanine). Fundus (91 J.!moljmol guanine) and pylorus (105 J.!moljmol guanine) of the glandular stomach, oesophagus (124 \(\mu\)mol/mol guanine) and duodenum (109 )lmoljmol guanine) showed lower Ievels of \(O^6\) - MedGuo but differed little between each other. Thus, no correlation was observed between target organ specificity and the extent of DNA methylation. This is in contrast to the gastric carcinogen, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), which preferentially alkylates DNA of the pylorus, the main site of induction of gastric carcinomas by this chemical. In contrast to MNU, the nonenzymic decomposition of MNNG is accelerated by thiol compounds (reduced glutathione, L-cysteine), which are present at much higher concentrations in the glandular stomach than in the forestomach and oesophagus. During chronic exposure to MNNG (80 ppm), mucosal cells immunoreactive to 0 6-MedGuo are limited to the luminal surface [Kobori et al. (1988) Carcinogenesis 9:2271-2274]. Although MNU (400 ppm) produced similar Ievels of \(O^6\)-MedGuo in the pylorus, no cells containing methylpurines were detectable by immunohistochemistry, suggesting a more uniform methylation of mucosal cells by MNU than by MNNG. After a single oral dose of MNU (90 mg/kg) cells containing methylpurines were unequivocally identified using antibodies to \(O^6\)-MedGuo and the imidazole-ring-opened product of 7-methyldeoxyguanosine. In the gastric fundus, their distribution was similar to those methylated by exposure to MNNG, whereas the pyloric region contained immunoreactive cells also in the deeper mucosallayers. After a 2-week MNU treatment, the rate of cell proliferation, as determined by bromodeoxyuridine immunoreactivity, was only slightly enhanced in the oesophagus andin the fundus, but markedly in the forestomach and the pyloric region of the glandular stomach. lt is concluded that the overall extent of DNA methylation, the distribution of alkylated cells within the mucosa and the proliferative response all contribute to the organ-specific carcinogenicity of MNU.
KW  - Toxikologie
KW  - Gastric carcinogenesis
KW  - N-methyl-N-nitrosourea
KW  - DNA methylation
Y1  - 1991
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60759
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Baertsch, A.
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
A1  - Schlatter, C.
T1  - Effect of inhalation exposure regimen on DNA binding potency of 1,2-dichloroethane in the rat
N2  - 1 ,2-Dichloroethane (DCE) was reported to be carcinogenic in rats in a long-tenn bioassay using gavage in com oil (24 and 48 mg/kg/day), but not by inhalation (up to 150-250 ppm, 7 h/day, 5 days/week). The daily dose metabolized was similar in the two experiments. In order to address this discrepancy, the genotoxicity of DCE was investigated in vivo under different exposure conditions. Fernale F-344 rats (183-188 g) were exposed to [1,2-14C]DCE in a closed inhalation chamber to either a low, constant concentration (0.3 mg/l = 80 ppm for 4 h) or to a peak concentration (up to 18 mg/1 = 4400 ppm) for a few minutes. After 12 h in the chamber, the dose metabolized under the two conditions was 34 mg/kg and 140 mg/k:g. DNA was isolated from liver and lung and was purified to constant specific radioactivity. DNA was enzymaticaBy hydrolyzed to the 3' -nucleotides which were separated by reverse phase HPLC. Most radioactivity eluted without detectable or with little optical density' indicating that the major part of the DNA radioactivity was due to covalent binding of the test compound. The Ievel of DNA adducts was expressed in the dose-nonnalized units ofthe Covalent Binding Index, CBI = f.Lmol adduct per mol DNA nucleotide/ mmol DCE per kg body wt. In liver DNA, the different exposure regimens resulted in markedly different CBI values of 1.8 and 69, for "constant-low" and ''peak" DCE exposure Ievels. In the Jung, the respective values were 0.9 and 31. It is concluded that the DNA darnage by DCE depends upon the concentration-time profile and that the carcinogenic potency determined in the gavage study should not be used for low-Ievel inhalation exposure.
KW  - Toxikologie
KW  - 1
KW  - 2-Dichloroethane
KW  - Carcinogens
KW  - DNA
KW  - binding
KW  - Rat
KW  - Inhalation
KW  - Dose response
Y1  - 1991
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60743
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Cantoreggi, S.
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
T1  - Investigation of the covalent binding of styrene-7,8-oxide to DNA in rat and mouse
N2  - Styrene-7,8-oxide (SO), the main intennediate metabolite of styrene, induces hyperkeratosis and tumors in the forestomach of rats and mice upon chronic administration by gavage. The aim of this study was to investigate wbether DNA binding could be responsible for the carcinogenic effect observed. [7-\(^3\)H]SO was administered by oral gavage in com oll to male CD rats at two dose levels (1.65 or 240 mg/kg). After 4 or 24 h, forestomach, glandular stomach and Uver were exclsed, DNA was isolated and its radioactivity detennined. At the 4 h time polnt, the DNA radioactivity was below the Iimit of detection in the torestornach and the liver. Expressed in the units of the covalent bindlng Index, CBI = (pmol adduct/mol DNA nucleotide)/(mmol cbemical administeredlkg body wt), the DNA-binding potency was below 2.6 and 2.0 respectively. In the glandular stomach at 4 b, and in most 24 b samples, DNA was slightly radiolabeled. Enzymatic degradation of the DNA and separation by HPLC ofthe normal nucleotides sbowed that the DNA rad.ioactivity represented biosynthetic incorporation of radlolabel into newly synthesized DNA. The Iimit of detection of DNA adducts in the glandular stomach was 1.0. In a second experlment, [7-\(^3\)H]SO was administered by i.p. injection to male 86C3Fl rnice. Liver DNA was analyzed after 2 h. No radloactivity was detectable at a Iimit of detection of CBI < 0.6. In agreement with the relatively long half-life of SO in animals, the cbemical reactivity of SO appears to be too low to result in a detectable production of DNA adducts in an in vivo situation. Upon comparison with the DNA-binding of other carcinogens, a purely genotoxic mechanism of tumorigenJc action of SO is unlikely. The observed tumorigenic potency in the forestomach could be the result of strong tumor promotion by high-dose cytotoxicity foUowed by regenerative hyperplasia.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1992
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60721
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
A1  - Schlatter, J.
T1  - Chemical carcinogens and overnutrition in diet-related  cancer [commentary]
N2  - The intake of known dietary carclnogens was compiled and the cancer risk was estlmated on the basis of carcinogenic potencies in animals as derived from the Carcinogenic Potency Database by Gold and co-workers. The total cancer risk was compared with the number of cancer cases attributed by epidemiologists to dietary factors (one-third of all cancer cases, i.e. -80 000 per one million Jives). Except for alcohol, the known dietary carcinogens could not account for more than a few bundred cancer cases. Tbis was seen both with tbe DNA-reactive carcinogens (beterocyclic aromatic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, N-nitroso compounds, estragole, aflatoxin B., ethyl carbamate, to name the most important factors) as wen as with those carclnogens wbich have not been shown to react with DNA (e.g. caffelc acid and the carcinogeruc metals arsenic and cadmium). Residues and contaminants turned out to be negligible. Among the various pmsibilities to explain the discrepancy we investigated the roJe of ovemutritlon. Dietary restriction in animals is weil known for its strong reducing effect on spontaneous tumor formation. These data can be used to derive a carcinogenic potency for excess macronutrients: tbe tumor incidence seen with the restrlcted animals is taken as a control value and the increased tumor incidence in the animals fed ad libitum is attributed to the additional feed iotake. For excess standard diet in rats, a carcinogenic potency TD50 of 16 glkg/day was deduced from a recent study. Ovemutrition in Switzerland, estimated to be 5.5 kcallkg/day, was converted to excess food (1.9 g/kg/day) and tbe cancer incidence was calculated. The result, 60 000 cancer cases per one million Jives, is provocatively close to the number of cases not explained by the known dietary chemical carcinogens. Mechanistic studies will be required to test our hypothesis and investigate the role of different types of macronutrients in ovemutrition.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1992
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60712
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Gunz, D.
A1  - Shephard, S. E.
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
T1  - Can nongenotoxic carcinogens be detected with the lacI transgenic mouse mutation assay?
N2  - No abstract available
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1993
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60707
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Cantoreggi, S.
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
T1  - Covalent binding of styrene to DNA in rat and mouse
N2  - No abstract available
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1993
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60693
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Duraphe, Prashant
T1  - Identification and characterization of AUM, a novel human tyrosine phosphatase
T1  - Identifizierung und Charakterisierung von AUM, einer neuen humanen Tyrosin-Phosphatase
N2  - Protein Phosphatasen werden aufgrund der Aminosäuresequenzen ihrer aktiven Zentren in drei große Familien unterteilt. In einer neu entdeckten Familie von Phosphatasen ist das aktive Zentrum durch die Sequenz DXDX(T/V) charakterisiert. Diese Aspartat-abhängigen Phosphatasen gehören zu der Superfamilie der Hydrolasen vom Haloazid Dehalogenase(HAD)-Typ, einer evolutionär konservierten und ubiquitär verbreiteten Enzymfamilie. Bislang konnten 58 menschliche HAD Enzyme durch Datenbankanalysen identifiziert werden. Ihre Funktionen sind jedoch nach wie vor nur rudimentär verstanden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde zunächst das Komplement aller menschlichen HAD Phosphatasen durch Datenbank-Recherchen erfasst. Zusammen mit phylogenetischen Analysen gelang es, eine zum damaligen Zeitpunkt unbekannte, putative Phosphatase zu identifizieren, die eine vergleichsweise hohe Sequenz-Homologie zu der Zytoskelettregulierenden HAD Phosphatase Chronophin aufweist. Dieses neuartige Enzym wurde kloniert und mit biochemischen und zellbiologischen Methoden charakterisiert. Auf der Basis dieser Befunde bezeichnen wir dieses neuartige Protein als AUM (actin remodeling, ubiquitously expressed, magnesium-dependent HAD phosphatase).Mittels Northern blot, real-time PCR und Western blot Analysen konnte gezeigt werden, dass AUM in allen untersuchten menschlichen und murinen Geweben exprimiert wird. Die höchste Expression konnte in Hodengewebe nachgewiesen werden. Durch immunohistochemische Untersuchungen konnte gezeigt werden, dass AUM spezifisch in reifenden Keimzellen mit einem Expressionsmaximum zum Zeitpunkt der Spermiogenese exprimiert wird. Um die Substratpräferenz von AUM zu charakterisieren, wurde zunächst ein peptidbasierter in vitro Phosphatase-Substrat-Screen durchgeführt. Hierbei wurden 720 aus menschlichen Phosphoproteinen abgeleitete Phosphopeptide untersucht. Interessanterweise dephosphorylierte AUM ausschließlich Phosphotyrosin (pTyr)-enthaltende Peptide. Nur 17 pTyr-Peptide (~2% aller untersuchten Peptide) fungierten als AUM-Substrate. Diese Daten legen eine hohe Substratspezifität von AUM nahe. Zu den putativen AUM Substraten gehören Proteine, die in die Dynamik der Zytoskelett-Reorganisation sowie in Tyrosin Kinasevermittelte Signalwege eingebunden sind. In Übereinstimmung mit den Ergebnissen dieses Phosphopeptid-Screens konnte mittels Phosphatase overlay assays sowie in Zellextrakten aus Pervanadat-behandelten HeLa Zellen demonstriert werden, dass AUM eine begrenzte Anzahl Tyrosin-phosphorylierter Proteinen dephosphorylieren kann.In zellulären Untersuchungen wurde die mögliche Rolle von AUM im Rahmen der durch den epidermalen Wachstumsfaktor (EGF) ausgelösten Tyrosin-Phosphorylierung in einer Spermatogonien Zelllinie (GC-1 spg-Zellen) analysiert. So konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die Überexpression von AUM zu einer moderaten Abnahme Tyrosin phosphorylierter Proteine nach EGF-Stimulation führte. Im Gegensatz dazu löste jedoch die durch RNAInterferenz vermittelte Depletion von endogenem AUM einen robusten Anstieg Tyrosinphosphorylierter Proteine aus, zu denen auch der EGF-Rezeptor selbst zählt. Zusätzlich zu dem EGF-Rezeptor wurde die Src-Kinase im Zuge des Phosphopeptid- Screens als mögliches AUM Substrat identifiziert. Daher wurden in vitro Kinase/Phosphatase-Assays mit gereinigtem Src und AUM durchgeführt. Mit diesem Ansatz konnte erstmals gezeigt werden, dass AUM in der Lage ist, die Src-Kinase zu aktivieren, während Src AUM phosphoryliert und die AUM Phosphatase-Aktivität blockiert. Diese Ergebnisse deuten auf eine gekoppelte, wechselseitige Regulation von AUM und Src hin. Obwohl die Details dieser Regulation derzeit noch unklar sind, zeigen unsere initialen Ergebnisse, dass AUM die Src-Aktivität unabhängig von seiner Phosphatase Aktivität steigert, während Src die AUM Phosphatase-Aktivität Kinase-abhängig vermindert. Auf zellulärer Ebene sind AUM-depletierte Zellen durch Veränderungen der Aktin- Zytoskelett-Dynamik und der Zelladhäsion charakterisiert. So weisen AUM-defiziente Zellen stabilisierte Aktin Streßfasern und vergrößerte fokale Adhäsionen auf. Weiterhin sind AUMdepletierte Zellen durch ein beschleunigtes spreading auf Fibronektin gekennzeichnet. Wir haben mit AUM ein bisher nicht beschriebenes Mitglied der Familie Aspartat-abhängiger Phosphatasen entdeckt. In dieser Arbeit ist es gelungen, AUM phylogenetisch, biochemisch und zellbiologisch zu charakterisieren. Unsere Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass AUM einen wichtigen, neuartigen Regulator der Src-vermittelten Zytoskelett-Dynamik im Rahmen der Zelladhäsion und Migration darstellt.
N2  - Protein phosphatases can be classified into at least three major families based on amino acid sequences at their active sites. A newly emerging phosphatase family contains the active site sequence DXDX(T/V), and belongs to the haloacid dehalogenase (HAD) superfamily of hydrolases, a ubiquitous and evolutionarily conserved enzyme family. Although the existence of 58 human HAD enzymes has been predicted by database analysis, our understanding of their biological functions remains rudimentary.By database mining amd phylogenetic analysis of human HAD phosphatases, we have found a marked increase in cell area of spreading cells, as well as accelerated cell spreading onfibronectin. Taken together, we have identified and characterized AUM as a novel member of the emerging family of aspartate-dependent protein tyrosine phosphatases. Our findings implicate AUM as an important regulator of Src-dependent cytoskeletal dynamics during cell adhesion and migration. a previously unidentified enzyme with homology to Chronophin, a cytoskeletal regulatory HAD phosphatase. We have cloned and characterized this novel enzyme and named it AUM,for actin remodeling, ubiquitously expressed, magnesium-dependent HAD phosphatase. By Northern blot, real-time PCR and Western blot analysis, we show that AUM is broadly expressed in all major human and mouse tissues with highest levels found in testis. Using immunohistochemistry, we can show that AUM is specifically expressed in maturing germ cells and that its expression peaks during spermiogenesis. To characterize the substrate preference of AUM, we have conducted an in vitro phosphatase substrate screen with 720 phosphopeptides derived from human phosphorylation sites. AUM exclusively dephosphorylates phosphotyrosine (pTyr)-containing peptides. Furthermore, only 17 pTyr peptides (~2% of all pTyr peptides investigated) acted as AUM substrates, indicating a high degree of substrate specificity. Putative AUM substrates include proteins involved in cytoskeletal dynamics and tyrosine kinase signaling.In accordance with the phosphopeptide screen, phosphatase overlay assays employing whole-cell extracts of pervanadate-treated HeLa cells show that AUM dephosphorylates only a limited number of tyrosyl-phosphorylated proteins.The role of AUM for cellular signaling was investigated in response to epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation in a spermatogonial cell line (GC-1 spg). The overexpression of AUM reduces, whereas the RNAi-mediated depletion of endogenous AUM increases EGF inducedtyrosine phosphorylation, including changes in the phosphorylation of the EGF receptor itself. Interestingly, in vitro kinase/phosphatase assays with purified Src and AUM indicate that AUM can activate Src, which in turn phosphorylates and inactivates AUM. Although it is at present unclear how Src and AUM regulate each other, our initial findings suggests that AUM enhances Src kinase activity independently of its phosphatase activity, whereas Src diminishes AUM phosphatase activity in a kinase dependent manner. On a cellular level, AUM-depleted cells are characterized by altered actin cytoskeletal dynamics and adhesion, as indicated by stabilized actin filaments, enlarged focal adhesions,a marked increase in cell area of spreading cells, as well as accelerated cell spreading on fibronectin. Taken together, we have identified and characterized AUM as a novel member of the emerging family of aspartate-dependent protein tyrosine phosphatases. Our findings implicate AUM as an important regulator of Src-dependent cytoskeletal dynamics during cell adhesion and migration.
KW  - Tyrosin
KW  - Phosphatase
KW  - Signal transduction
KW  - Cell adhesion
KW  - Actin cytoskeleton
KW  - Src
KW  - Spermatogenesis
Y1  - 2010
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-44256
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Shephard, S. E.
A1  - Sengstag, C.
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
A1  - Schlatter, C.
T1  - Mutations in liver DNA of lacI transgenic mice (Big Blue) following subchronic exposure to 2-acetylaminofluorene
N2  - 2-Acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) was administered at Ievels of 0, 300 and 600 ppm in the diet for 28 days to female transgenic micc bearing the lacl genein a Iambda vector (Big Blue® mice). The Iambda vector was excised from liver DNA and packaged in vitro into bacteriophage particles which were allowed to infect E. coli bacteria, forming plaques on agar plates. Approximately 10\(^5\) plaques wcre screened per animal for the appearance of a bluc colour, indicative of mutations in the lac/ gcnc which had resulted in an inactive gene product. Background mutation rate was 2.7 x 10\(^{-5}\) (pooled results of two animals, 8 mutant plaques/289 530 plaques). At 300 ppm in the diet, the rate of 3.5 X 10\(^{-5}\)(8/236 300) was not significantly increased over background. At 600 ppm in the dict, the rate increased approximately 3 fold to 7.7 x 10\(^{-5}\) (17 /221240). In comparison to the usual single or 5-day carcinogen exposure regimes, the 4-week exposure protocol allowed the use of much lower dose Ievels 00-1000 fold lower). Overt toxicity could thus be avoided. The daily doses used were somewhat higher than those required in 2-year carcinogenicity studies with 2·AAF.
KW  - Toxikologie
KW  - 2-Acetylaminofluorene
KW  - Transgenic mouse
KW  - Mutation assay
KW  - in vivo
KW  - Dose response
Y1  - 1993
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60683
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Fischer, W. H.
A1  - Beland, P. E.
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
T1  - DNA adducts, cell proliferation and papilloma latency time in mouse skin after repeated dermal application of DMBA and TPA
N2  - 'lbe mouse skin tumor model was used to investigate whether the Ievel of DNA 8dducts and/or the rate of cell division in the epidermis are indicators of the risk of cancer formation for an individual in an outbred animal popul8tion. A high risk was considered to be reftected by 8 short latency period for the 8ppearance of 8 papilloma. Fernale NMRI mice were treated twice weekly with 2.5 nmol 7 ,12-dimethylbenz[a]antbracene (DMBA) and 3 nmoi12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13- 8cetate (TPA) and the appearance of papillomas was registered. The first papilloma 8ppeared after 7.5 weeks. After 17 weeks, when 12 of 14 mice bad 8t least one papilloma, an osmotic minipump deliverlog 5-bromo-2'deoxyuridine (BrdU) was implanted into eacb mouse for 24 h. The mice were killed after 24 h ~d the epidermis was analyzed for D:MBA-nucleotide 8dducts by 32p.postlabeling, for the cell number per unit skin length, and for the labeling index for DNA synthesls. Unexpectedly, D:MBA-nucleotide 8dduct Ievels were highest in those anima1s wbich showed the Iongest latency periods. Adduct Ievels were negatively correlated with the 18beling index, indicating that dilution of adducts by cell division was a predominant factor in determining average adduct concentrations. Individual tumor-latency time was not corTelated with either cell ntunber or labeling index. This could be due to the fact that the measurements only provided 8veraged data and gave no infonnation on the specific situation in clones of premalignant cells. Under the conditions of tbis assay, therefore, neither DNA adduct Ievels nor information on the average kinetics of cell division bad a predidive value for the individual amcer risk withln a group of outbred animals receiving the same treatment
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1993
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60673
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Cantoreggi, S.
A1  - Dietrich, D. R.
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
T1  - Induction of cell proliferation in the forestomach of F344 rats following subchronic administration of styrene 7,8-oxide and butylated hydroxyanisole
N2  - The question addressed was whether Stimulation of cell proliferation could be responsible for tumor induction in the torestornach by styrene 7,8-oxide (SO). Male F344 rats were treated for 4 weeks with 0, 137,275, and 550 mglkg SO by p.o. gavage 3 times/week. Positive controls received 0, 0.5, I, and 2% butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) in the diet for 4 weeks. Twenty-four h before termination of the experlment, the rats were implanted s.c. with an osmotic minipump deliverlog S-bromo-2'-deoxyuri· dine (BrdU). Cell proliferation in the forestomach was assessed by immunohistochemistry for BrdU incorporated into DNA. Cell number/mm section length and fraction of replicating cells (labeling Index) were determined in 3 domains of the forestomach, the saccus caecus, the midregion, and the prefundic region. With the exception of the prefundic reglon of the low-dose SO group, a significant increase of the labeling index was found in all regions both with SO and BHA. Rats treated with BHA showed, in addition, a dose-dependent increase in number and size of hyperplastic lesions. This was most pronounced in the prefundic region where carcinomas were reported to be localized. In this region, the number of dividing cells/mm section length was increased up to 17-fold. With SO, only marginal morphological changes were occasionally observed, despite the fact that the respective long-term treatment bad been reported to result in a higher carcinoma incidence than treatment with BHA. It ls concluded that the rate of replicating cells alone, numerically expressed by the labeling Index, is an lnsufficient tool for interpretlog the role of cell division in carcinogenesis. It is postulated that SO and BHA induce forestomach tumors via different mechanisms. While hyperplasia in the prefundic region most likely dominates the carcinogenicity of BHA, a mechanism combining marginal genotoxicity with strong promotion by increased cell proliferation appears to be involved in the tumorigenic action of SO.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1993
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60669
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Grunicke, H.
A1  - Pyerin, W.
A1  - Eisenbrand, G.
A1  - Havemann, K.
A1  - Rabes, H. M.
A1  - Molling, K.
A1  - Schwab, M.
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
A1  - Wahrendorf, J.
A1  - Schirrmacher, V.
T1  - 7th International Symposium of the Division of Experimental Cancer Research (AEK) of the German Cancer Society : [Meeting report]
N2  - No abstract available
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1994
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60651
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Fischer, W. H.
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
T1  - Short communication : Mouse skin papilloma formation by chronic dermal application of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene is not reduced by diet restriction
N2  - No abstract available
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1994
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60644
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Shephard, S. E.
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
A1  - Schlatter, C.
T1  - The lacI transgenic mouse mutagenicity assay: quantitative evaluation in comparison to tests for carcinogenicity and cytogenetic damage in vivo
N2  - The detection Iimit of the lacl transgenic mouse mutagenicity assay lies, in practice, at approximately a 50-100% increase in mutant frequency in treated animals over controls. The sensitivity of this assay in detecting genotoxins can be markedly improved by subchronic rather than acute application of the test compound. The lac/ transgenic mouse mutagenicity assay was compared quantitatively to rodent carcinogenicity tests and to presently used in vivo mutagenicity assays. With the genotoxic carcinogens tested thus far, a rough correlation between mutagenic potency and carcinogenic potency was observed: on average, to obtain a doubling in lacl mutant frequency the mice bad to be treated with a total dose equal to 50 times the TD50 daily dose Ievel. This total dose could be administered eilher at a high dose rate within a few days or, preferably, at a low dose rate over several weeks. This analysis also indicated that a lacl experiment using a 250-day exposure period would give a detection Iimit approximately equal to that of a long-term carcinogenicity study. In comparison to the micronucleus test or the chromosome aberration assay, acute sturlies with the presently available lacl system offered no increase in sensitivity. However, subchronic lacl sturlies (3-4-month exposure) resulted in an increase in sensitivity over the established tests by 1-2 orders of magnitude (shown with 2-acetylaminofluorene, N-nitrosomethylamine, N-nitrosomethylurea and urethane). 1t is concluded that a positive result in the lacl test can be highly predictive of carcinogenicity butthat a negative result does not provide a large margin of safety.
KW  - Toxikologie
KW  - Transgenie mice
KW  - Mutagenicity assay
KW  - Sensitivity
KW  - Chromosome aberration
KW  - Micronucleus test
KW  - Carcinogenic potency
Y1  - 1994
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60638
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Klotz, Karl-Norbert
A1  - Jesaitis, A. J.
T1  - The interaction of N-formyl peptide chemoattractant receptors with the membrane skeleton is energy-dependent
N2  - Desensitization of N-fonnyl peptide chemoattractant receptors (FPR) in human neutrophils is thought to be achieved by lateral segregation of receptors and G proteins within the plane of the plasma membrane resulting in an interruption of the signalling cascade. Direct coupling of FPR to membrane skeletal actin appears to be the basis of this process~ however, the molecular mechanism is unknown. In this study we investigated the effect of energy depletion on formation of FPR-membrane skeleton complexes. In addition the effect of the protein kinase C inhibitor stauroporine and the phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid on coupling of FPR to the membrane skeletonwas studied. Human neutrophils were desensitized using the photoreactive agonist N-formy1-met-leu-phe-1ys-N'[\(^{125}\)I]2(p-azidosalicylamido)ethyl-1,3'-dithiopropionate (fMLFK-[\(^{125}\)I]ASD) after ATP depletion with NaF or after incubation with the respective inhibitors. The interaction of FPR with the membrane skeleton was studied by Sedimentation of the membrane skeleton-associated receptors in sucrose density gradients. Energy depletion of the cells markedly inhibited the formation of FPR-membrane skeleton complexes. This does not appear tobe related to inhibition of protein phosphorylation due to ATP depletion because inhibition of protein kinases and phosphatases bad no significant effect on coupling of FPR to the membrane skeleton. We conclude, therefore, that coupling of FPR to the membrane skeleton is an energy,dependent process which does not appear to require modification of the receptor protein by phosphorylation.
KW  - Toxikologie
KW  - Chemotactic receptors
KW  - G proteins
KW  - N-formyl peptides
KW  - signal transduction
KW  - desensitization
KW  - membrane skeleton
KW  - receptor-G protein coupling.
Y1  - 1994
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60499
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Klotz, Karl-Norbert
A1  - Jesaitis, A. J.
T1  - Physical coupling of N-formyl peptide chemoattractant receptors to G protein is not affected by desensitization
N2  - Desensitization of N-formyl peptide chemoattractant receptors (FPR) in human neutrophils results in association of these receptors to the membrane skeleton. This is thought to be the critical event in the lateral segregation of receptors and guanyl nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) within the plane of the plasma membrane resulting in an interruption of the signaling cascade. In this study we probed the interaction of FPR with G protein in human neutrophils that were desensitized to various degrees. Human neutrophils were desensitized using the photoreactive agonist N-formyl-met-leu-phelys- N\(^\epsilon\)-[\(^{125}\)I]2(p-azidosalicylamido )ethyl-1 ,3 '-dithiopropionate (/MLFK-[\(^{125}\)I]ASD). The interaction if FPR with G protein was studied via a reconstitution assay and subsequent analysis of FPR-G protein complexes in sucrose density gradients. FPR-G protein complexes were reconstituted with solubilized FPR from partially and fully desensitized neutrophils with increasing concentrations of Gi purified from bovine brain. The respective EC\(_{50}\) values for reconstitution were similar to that determined for FPR from unstimulated neutrophils (Bommakanti RK et al., J Bio[ Chem 267: 757~7581, 1992). We conclude, therefore, that the affinity of the interaction of FPR with G protein is not affected by desensitization, consistent with the model of lateral segregation of FPR and G protein as a mechanism of desensitization.
KW  - Toxikologie
KW  - chemotactic receptors
KW  - G proteins
KW  - N-formyl peptides
KW  - signal transduction
KW  - receptor-G protein coupling
Y1  - 1994
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60483
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Klotz, Karl-Norbert
A1  - Jesaitis, A. J.
T1  - Neutrophil chemoattractant receptors and the membrane skeleton
N2  - Signal transduction via receptors for N-formylmethionyl peptide chemoattractants (FPR) on human neutrophils is a highly regulated process which involves participation of cytoskeletal elements. Evidence exists suggesting that the cytoskeleton and/or the membrane skeleton controls the distributJon of FPR in the plane of the plasma membrane, thus controlling the accessibility of FPR to different proteins in functionally distinct domains. In desensitized cells, FPR are restricted todomains which are depleted of G proteins but enriched in cytoskeletal proteins such as actin and fodrin. Thus, the G protein signal transduction partners of FPR become inaccessible to the agonist-occupied receptor, preventing cell activation. The mechanism of interaction of FPR with the membrane skeleton is poorly understood but evidence is accumulating that suggests a direct binding of FPR (and other receptors) to cytoskeletal proteins such as actin.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1994
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60471
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Klotz, Karl-Norbert
A1  - Krotec, K. L.
A1  - Gripentrog, J.
A1  - Jesaitis, A. J.
T1  - Regulatory interaction of N-formyl peptide chemoattractant receptors with the membrane skeleton in human neutrophils
N2  - The cytoskeleton and/or membrane skeleton has been implicated in the regulation of N-formyl peptide receptors. The coupling of these chemotactic receptors to the membrane skeleton was investigated in plasma membranes from unstimulated and desensitized human neutrophils using the photoreactive agonist N-formyl-met-leu-phelys-N\(^6\)-[\(^{125}\)I]2(p-azidosalicylamido)ethyl-1,3'-dithiopropionate (fMLFK-[\(^{125}\)I]ASD). When membranes of unstimulated cells were solubilized in Triton-X 100, a detergent that does not disrupt actin filaments, only 50% of the photoaffinity-labeled receptors were solubilized sedimenting in sucrose density gradients at a rate consistent with previous reports. The remainder were found in the pellet fraction along with the membrane skeletal actin. Solubilization of the membranes in the presence of p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid, elevated concentrations of KCI, or deoxyribonuclease I released receptors in parallel with actin. When membranes from neutrophils, desensitized by incubation with fMLFK-e 251]ASD at 15°C, were solubilized, nearly all receptors were recovered in the pellet fraction. lncubation of cells with the Iigand at 4°C inhibited desensitization partially and prevented the conversion of a significant fraction of receptors to the form associated with the membrane skeletal pellet. ln these separations the photoaffinity-labeled receptors not sedimenting to the pellet cosedimented with actin. Approximately 25% of these receptors could be immunosedimented with antiactin antibodies suggesting that N-formyl peptide receptors may interact directly with actin. These results are consistent with a regulatory role for the interaction of chemotactic N-formyl peptide receptors with actin of the membrane skeleton.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1994
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60466
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bommakanti, R. K.
A1  - Klotz, Karl-Norbert
A1  - Dratz, E. A.
A1  - Jesaitis, A. J.
T1  - A carboxyl-terminal tail peptide of neutrophil chemotactic receptor disrupts its physical complex with G protein
N2  - No abstract available
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1993
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60456
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Jesaitis, A. J.
A1  - Erickson, R. W.
A1  - Klotz, Karl-Norbert
A1  - Bommakanti, R. K.
A1  - Siemsen, D. W.
T1  - Functional molecular complexes of human N-formyl peptide chemoattractant receptors and actin
N2  - When human neutrophils become desensitized to formyl peptide chemoattractants, the receptors (FPR) for these peptides are converted to a high affinity, GTP-insensitive form that is associated with the Triton X-1 00- insoluble membrane skeleton from surface membrane domains. These domains are actin and fodrin-rich, but G protein-depfeted suggesting that FPR shuttling between G protein-enriched and depleted domains may control signal transduction. Todetermine the molecular basis for FPR interaction with the membrane skeleton, neutrophil subcellular fractions were screened for molecules that could bind photoaffinity-radioiodinated FPR solubilized in Triton X-1 00. These receptors showed a propensity to bind to a 41- to43-kDa proteinband on nitrocelluloseoverlays of SOS-PAGE-separated cytosol and plasma membrane fractions of neutrophils. This binding, as weil as FPR binding to purified neutrophil actin, was inhibited 50% by 0.6 \(\mu\)M free neutrophil cytosolic actin. Addition of greater than 1 \(\mu\)M G-actin to crude or lectin-purified Triton X-1 00 extracts of FPR from neutrophil membranes increased the sedimentationrate of a significant fraction of FPR two to three fold as measured by velocity sedimentation in Triton X-1 00-containing linear sucrose density gradients. Addition of anti-actin antibodies to FPR extracts caused a concentration-dependent immunoprecipitation of at least 65% of the FPR. More than 40% of the immunoprecipitated FPR was specifically retained on protein A affinity matrices. Membrane actin was stabilized to alkaline washing when membranes were photoaffinity labeled. Conversely, when purified neutrophil cytosolic actinwas added to membranes or their digitonin extracts, after prior depletion of actin by an alkaline membrane wash, photoaffinity labeling of FPR was increased two- to fourfold with an EC\(_{50}\) of approximately 0.1 \(\mu\)M actin. We conclude that FPR from human neutrophils may interact with actin in membranes to form Triton X-1 00-stable physical complexes. These complexes can accept additional G-actin monomers to form higher order molecular complexes. Formation of FPR-actin complexes in the neutrophil may play a role in the regulation of chemoattractantinduced activation or actin polymerization.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1993
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60445
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Gonzales-Calero, G.
A1  - Cubero, A.
A1  - Klotz, Karl-Norbert
T1  - G protein coupled A\(_1\) adenosine receptors in coated vesicles of mammalian brain. Characterization by radioligand binding and photoaffinity labeling
N2  - A\(_1\) adenosine receptors in coated vesicles have been characterized by radioligand binding and photoaflinity labelling. Saturation experiments with the antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1 ,3-[\(^3\)H]dipropyl-xanthine ([\(^3\)H]DPCPX) gave a Kdvalue of 0.7 nM and a Bmax value of 82± 13 fmol/mg protein. For the highly A\(_1\)-selective agonist 2-chloro-N\(^6\)-[\(^3\)H]cyclopentyladenosine ([\(^3\)H]CCPA) a Kd value of 1.7 nM and a Bmax value of 72 ± 29 fmol/mg protein was estimated. Competition of agonists for [\(^3\)H]DPCPX binding gave a pharmacological profile with R-N\(^6\)-phenylisopropyladenosine (R-PIA) > CCPA > S-PIA > 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA), which is identical to brain membranes. The competition curves were best fitted according to a two-site model, suggesting the existence of two affinity states. GTP shifted the competition curve for CCP A to the right and only one affinity state similar to the low affinity state in the absence of GTP was detected. The photoreactive agonist 2-azido-N\(^6\)- \(^{125}\)I-p-hydroxyphenylisopropyladenosine ([\(^{125}\)I]AHPIA) specifically labelled a single protein with an apparent molecular weight of 35,000 in coated vesicles, which is identical to A\(_1\) receptors labelled in brain membranes. Therefore, coated vesicles contain A\(_1\) adenosine receptors with similar binding characteristics as membrane-bound receptors, including GTP-sensitive high-affinity agonist binding. Photoaffinity labelling data suggest that A\(_1\) receptors in these vesicles are not a processed receptor fonn. These results confirm that A\(_1\) receptors in coated vesicles are coupled to a G-protein, and it appears that the A\(_1\) receptor systems in coated vesicles andin plasma membranes are identical.
KW  - Toxikologie
KW  - Adenosine receptors
KW  - coated vesicles
KW  - G-protein
KW  - radioligand
KW  - photoaffinity labelling
KW  - brain membranes
Y1  - 1992
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60435
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Nolte, D.
A1  - Lorenzen, A.
A1  - Lehr, H.-A.
A1  - Zimmer, F.-J.
A1  - Klotz, Karl-Norbert
A1  - Messmer, K.
T1  - Reduction of postischemic leukocyte-endothelium interaction by adenosine via A\(_2\) receptor
N2  - The adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium of postcapillary venules hallmarks a key event in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Adenosine has been shown to protect from postischemic reperfusion injury, presumably through inhibition of postischemic leukocyte-endothelial interaction. This study was performed to investigate in vivo by which receptors the effect of adenosine on postischemic leukocyte-endothelium interaction is mediated. The hamster dorsal skinfold model and fluorescence microscopy were used for intravital investigation of red cell velocity, vessel diameter, and leukocyte-endothelium interaction in postcapillary venules of a thin striated skin muscle. leukocytes were stained in vivo with acridine orange (0.5 mg kg\(^{-1}\) min\(^{-1}\) i.v. ). Parameters were assessed prior to induction of 4 h ischemia to the muscle tissue and 0.5 h, 2 h, and 24 h after reperfusion. ·Adenosine, the adenosine A1-selective agonist 2-chloro-N\(^6\) -cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA), the Arselective agonist CGS 21,680, the non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist xanthine amine congener {XAC), and the adenosine uptake blocker S-(p-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine (NBTI) were infused viajugular vein starting 15 min priortorelease of ischemia until 0.5 h after reperfusion. Adenosine and CGS 21,680 significantly reduced postischemic leukocyte-endothelium interaction 0.5 h after reperfusion (p< 0.01), while no inhibitory effect was observed with CCPA. Coadministration of XAC blocked the inhibitory effects of adenosine. Infusion of NBTI alone effectively decreased postischemic leukocyte-endothelium interaction. These findings indicate that adenosine reduces postischemic leukocyte-endothelium interaction via A\(_2\) receptor and suggest a protective role of endogenous adenosine during ischemia-reperfusion.
KW  - Toxikologie
KW  - Adenosine receptors
KW  - Ischemia/reperfusion
KW  - Leukocyte/endothelium interaction
KW  - Microcirculation
Y1  - 1992
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60424
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Cristalli, G.
A1  - Eleuteri, A.
A1  - Vittori, S.
A1  - Volpini, R.
A1  - Lohse, M. J.
A1  - Klotz, Karl-Norbert
T1  - 2-Alkynyl derivatives of adenosine and adenosine-5'-N-ethyluronamides as selective agonists at A\(_2\) adenosine receptors
N2  - In the search for more selective A2-receptor agonists and on the basis that appropriate substitution at C2 is known to impart selectivity for A\(_2\) receptors, 2-alkynyladenosines 2a-d were resynthesized and evaluated in radioligand binding, adenylate cycla.se, and platelet aggregation studies. Binding of [\(^3\)H]NECA to A\(_2\) receptors of rat striatal membranes was inhibited by compounds 2a-d with K\(_i\) values ranging from 2.8 to 16.4 nM. 2-Alkynyladenosines also exhibited high-affmity binding at solubilized A\(_2\) receptors from human platelet membranes. Competition of 2-alkynyladenosines 2a-d for the antagonist radioligand [\(^3\)H]DPCPX and for the agonist [\(^3\)H]CCPA gave K\(_i\) values in the nanomolar range, and the compounds showed moderate A\(_2\) selectivity. In order to improve this selectivity, the correaponding 2-alkynyl derivatives of adenosine-5'-N-ethyluronamide 8a-d were synthesized and tested. A\(_1\) expected, the 5'-N-ethyluronamide derivatives retained the A\(_2\) affinity whereas the A\(_1\) affinity was attenuated, resulting in an up to 10-fold increase in A\(_2\) selectivity. A similar patternwas observed in adenylate cyclase assays andin platelet aggregation studies. A 30- to 45-fold selectivity for platelet A\(_2\) receptors compared to A\(_1\) receptors was found for compounds 8a-c in adenylate cyclase studies.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1992
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60412
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bommakanti, R.
A1  - Bokoch, G. M.
A1  - Tolley, J. O.
A1  - Schreiber, R. E.
A1  - Siemsen, D. W.
A1  - Klotz, Karl-Norbert
A1  - Jesaitis, A. J.
T1  - Reconstitution of a physical complex between the N-formyl chemotactic peptide receptor and G protein: Inhibition by pertussis toxin-catalyzed ADP ribosylation
N2  - Photoaffinity-labeled N-formyl chemotactic peptide receptors from human neutrophils solubilized in octyl glucoside exhibit two forms upon sucrose density gradient sedimentation, with apparent Sedimentation coefficients of approximately 4 and 7 S. Tbe 7 S form can be converted to the 4 S form by guanosine 5' -0- (3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP-yS) with an EC&o of -20 nM, suggesting that the 7 S form may represent a physical complex of the receptor with endogenous G protein (Jesaitis, A. J., Tolley, J. 0., Bokoch, G. M., and Allen, R. A. (1989) J. Cell Biol. 109, 2783-2790). To probe the nature of the 7 S form, we reconstituted the 7 S form from the 4 S form by adding purified G protein. The 4 S form, obtained by solubilizing GTP-yS-treated neutrophil plasma membranes, was incubated with purified (>95%) G. protein from bovine brain (containing both G\(_{ia1}\) and G\(_{ia2}\)) or with neutrophil G protein (G\(_a\)), and formation of the 7 S complex was analyzed on sucrose density gradients. The EC\(_{50}\) of 7 S complex formation induced by the two G proteins was 70 \(\pm\) 25 and 170 \(\pm\) 40 DM for G\(_a\) and G\(_1\), respectively. No complexation was measurable when bovine transducin (G\(_t\)) was used up to 30 times the EC\(_{50\) for G\(_a\). The EC\(_{50}\) for G\(_t\) was the same for receptors, obtained from formyl peptide-stimulated or unstimulated cells. The addition of 10 \(\mu\)M GTP-yS to the reconstituted 7 S complex caused a complete reversion of the receptor to the 4 S form, and anti-G\(_1\) peptide antisera immunosedimented the 7 S form. ADP-ribosylation of Gt prevented formation of the 7 S form even at 20 times the concentration of unribosylated G. normally used to attain 50% conversion to the 7 S form. These observations suggest that the 7 S species is a pbysical complex containing N-formyl chemotactic peptide receptor and G protein.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1992
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60406
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - van Calker, D.
A1  - Steber, R.
A1  - Klotz, Karl-Norbert
A1  - Greil, W.
T1  - Carbamazepine distinguishes between adenosine receptors that mediate different second messenger responses
N2  - The mechanism of the therapeutic and prophylactic effects of carbamazepine (CBZ) in affective psychoses is unknown but may in part be related to the potent competitive interaction of CBZ with adenosine-binding sites in the brain. The antioonvulsant and sedative properties of CBZ are reminiscent of the effects evoked by adenosine-agonists and contrast sharply with the opposite aclions of adenosine-antagonists like caffeine. However. indirect evidence suggests an antagonist- rather than an agonist-like activity of CBZ at adenosi11e-receptors. We have used various model systems, in which adenosine receptor subtypes mediate different second messenger-responses, to investigate this apparent paradox. CBZ was found to antagonize the A\(_1\) receptor-mediated inhibition of cydic AMP accumulation in cultured astroblasts and in GH3-cells. Furthermore, CBZ also inhibits the adenosine-induced increase in the level of cyclic AMP in cultured astroblasts, which is mediated by low-affinity A\(_{2b}\)-receptors. ln contrast, CBZ does not block the inhibition elicited by adenosine-agonists of the agonist-induced increased formation of inositolphosphates in human neutrophils, which is mediated by high-affinity A\(_{2a}\)-receptors. The specific antagonism by CBZ of A\(_1\)- but not of high-affinity A\(_{2a}\)-receptors was further supported by binding experiments using rat brain membranes. These results suggest tbat the paradox of CBZ's antagonistic effects at adenosine-receptors might be at least partially reconciled by a selective antagonistic action of CBZ at A\(_1\)recertors but not at high-affinity A\(_{2a}\)-receptors.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1991
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60392
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Klotz, Karl-Norbert
A1  - Vogt, H.
A1  - Tawfik-Schlieper, H.
T1  - Comparison of A\(_1\) adenosine receptors in brain from different species by radioligand binding and photoaffinity labelling
N2  - Radioligand binding to A\(_1\) adenosine receptors at brain membranes from seven species was investigated. The antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1 ,3-[\(^3\)H]dipropylxanthine ([\(^3\)H]DPCPX) bound with affinities between 0.17 nM in sheep brain and 2.1 nM in guinea pig brain. Competition of several antagonists for [\(^3\)H]DPCPX binding showed that the most potent compounds were DPCPX with K\(_i\) values of 0.05 nM in bovine brain and 1.1 nM in guinea pig brain and xanthine amine congener (XAC) with K\(_i\) values of 0.03 nM in bovine brain and 5.5 nM in guinea pig brain. The differences in affinity of the agonist radio Iigand 2-chloro-N\(^6\) -[\(^3\)H]cyclopen tyladenosine ([\(^3\)H]CCP A) were less pronounced, rauging from a K\(_D\) value of 0.12 nM (hamster brain) to 0.42 nM (guinea pig brain). Agonist competition for [\(^3\)H]DPCPX binding of photoaffinity labelling, however, exhibited marked species differences. N-Ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) and S-N\(^6\)-phenylisopropyladenosine (S-PIA) showed 20 to 25-fold different K\(_D\) values in different species. NECA had a particularly high affinity in guinea pig brain and was only two-fold less potent than R-PIA. Thus, the difference from the "classical" A\(_1\) receptor profile (R-PIA > -NECA > S-PIA) is not sufficient to speculate that A\(_1\) receptor subtypes may exist that are coupled to different effector systems. Our data show that these difference can easily be explained by species differences.
KW  - Toxikologie
KW  - A1 adenosine receptors
KW  - Species differences
KW  - Radioligand binding
KW  - Photoaffinity labelling
Y1  - 1991
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60388
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Gimpl, G.
A1  - Gerstberger, R.
A1  - Mauss, U.
A1  - Klotz, Karl-Norbert
A1  - Lang, R. E.
T1  - Solubilization and characterization of active neuropeptide-Y receptors from rabbit kidney
N2  - Active neuropeptide Y receptors were solubilized from rabbit kidney membranes using the zwitterionic detergent 3-[ (3-cholamidopropy l)dimethylammonio ]- 1-propanesulfonic acid (CHAPS). In membrane fragmentsandsoluble extracts neuropeptide Y bindingwas time dependent, saturable, reversible, and of high affinity. Scatchard analysis of equilibrium binding data indicated a single class of binding sites with respective Kn and Bmax values of 0.09 nM and 530 fmol/mg of protein for the membrane-bound receptors and 0.10 nM and 1585 fmol/mg of protein for the soluble receptors. Neuropeptide Y bindingwas specifically inhibited by the nonhydrolyzable GTP analog guanosine 5' -0- (3-thiotripbosphate) in a concentration-dependent manner, with IC\(_{50}\) values of 28 and 0.14 \(\mu\)M for membrane- bound and soluble receptors, respectively, suggesting that neuropeptide Y receptors are functionally coupled to GTP-binding regulatory proteins. CrossHoking studies were performed with the heterobifunctional N-hydroxysuccinimidyl-4-azidobenzoate and the monofunctional neuropeptide Y derivative, azidobenzoyl and led to the identification of a 100 kDa peptide that should represent the covalently labeled neuropeptide Y receptor.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1990
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60375
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Klotz, Karl-Norbert
A1  - Keil, R.
A1  - Zimmer, F. J.
A1  - Schwabe, U.
T1  - Guanine nucleotide effects on 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-[\(^3\)H]dipropylxanthine binding to membrane-bound and solubilized A\(_1\) adenosine receptors of rat brain
N2  - The effects of guanine nucleotides on binding of 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-[\(^3\)H]dipropylxanthine [\(^3\)H]DPCPX), a highly selective A\(_1\) adenosine receptor antagonist, have been investigated in rat brain membranes and solubilized A\(_1\) receptors. GTP, which induces uncoupling of receptors from guanine nucleotide binding proteins, increased binding of [\(^3\)H]DPCPX in a concentration-dependent manner. The rank order of potency for different guanine nucleotides for increasing [\(^3\)H]DPCPX bindingwas the same as for guanine nuc1eotide-induced inhibition of agonist binding. Therefore, a role for a guanine nucleotide binding protein, e.g., G\(_i\), in the regulation of antagonist binding is suggested. This was confirmed by inactivation ofGi by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) treatment of membranes, which resulted in an increase in [\(^3\)H]DPCPX binding similar to that seen with addition of GTP. Kinetic and equilibrium binding studies showed that the GTP- or NEM-induced increase in antagonist binding was not caused by an affinity change of A\(-1\) receptors for [\(^3\)H]DPCPX but by an increased Bmu value. Guanine nucleotides had similar effects on membrane-bound and solubilized receptors, with the effects in the solubilized system being more pronounced. In the absence of GTP, when rnost receptors are in a high-affinity state for agonists, only a few receptors are labeled by [\(^3\)H]DPCPX. It is suggested that [\(^3\)H]DPCPX binding is inhibited when receptors are coupled to G\(_i\). Therefore, uncoupling of A\(_1\) receptors from G\(_i\) by guanine nucleotides or by inactivation of G\(_i\) with NEM results in an increased antagonist binding. 
Key Words: Adenosine receptors-8 -Cyclopentyl-1,3-eH]dipropylxanthine-Antagenist binding-Guanine nucleotide effects. Klotz K.-N. et al. Guanine nucleotide etfects on 8-cyclopentyl-1 ,3-eH]dipropylxanthine binding to membrane-bound and solubilized A1 adenosine receptors of rat brain. J. Neurochem. 54, 1988-1994 (1990).
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1990
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60369
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Gross, E.
A1  - Ruzicka, T.
A1  - Restorff, B. von
A1  - Stolz, W.
A1  - Klotz, Karl-Norbert
T1  - High-affinity binding and lack of growth-promoting activity of 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12(S)-HETE) in a human epidermal cell line
N2  - No abstract available
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1990
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60358
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lohse, M. J.
A1  - Maurer, K.
A1  - Klotz, Karl-Norbert
A1  - Schwabe, U.
T1  - Synergistic effects of calcium-mobilizing agents and adenosine on histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells
N2  - 1 Adenosine and its metabolically stable analogue N.etbyl-carboxamidoadenosine (NECA) enhance histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells when tbese are stimulated by calciummobilizing agents. NECA and adenosine shift the concentration-response curve of tbe calcium ionophore A23187 to lower concentrations. 2 The potencies of NECA or adenosinein enhancing A23187-induced histamine release are dependent on the Ievel of stimulated release in tbe absence of adenosine analogues. At high Ievels of release their potencies are up to 20 times higher than at low Ievels. Consequently, averaged concentration-response curves of adenosine and NECA for enhancing bistamine release are shallow. 3 The adenosine transport blocker S-(p-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine (NBTI) has no effect by itself at low Ievels of stimulated histamine release, but abolishes the enhancing effect of adenosine. At high Ievels of release, however, NBTI alone enhances the release of histamine. 4 lt is concluded that adenosine and calcium reciprocally enhance the sensitivity of the secretory processes to the effects of the other agent. The Ievels of intracellular adenosine obtained by trapping adenosine inside stimulated mast cells are sufficient to enhance histamine release substantially, suggesting that this effect may play a physiological and pathophysiological role.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1989
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60346
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Tawfik-Schlieper, H.
A1  - Klotz, Karl-Norbert
A1  - Kreye, V. A. W.
A1  - Schwabe, U.
T1  - Characterization of the K\(^+\)-channel-coupled adenosine receptor in guinea pig atria
N2  - In the present work we studied the pharmacological profile of adenosine receptors in guinea pig atria by investigating the effect of different adenosine analogues on 86Rb + -efflux from isolated left atria and on binding of the antagonist radioligand 8-cyclopentyl-1 ,3-[\(^3\)H]dipropylxanthine ([\(^3\)H]DPCPX) to atrial membrane preparations. The rate of \8^{86}\)Rb\(^+\) -effiux was increased twofold by the maximally effective concentrations of adenosine receptor agonists. The EC50-values for 2-chloro-N\(^6\)-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA), R-N\(^6\)-phenylisopropyladenosine (R-PIA), 5'-Nethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA), and S-N\(^6\)-phenylisopropyladenosine (S-PIA) were 0.10, 0.14, 0.24 and 12.9 \(\mu\)M, respectively. DPCPX shifted the R-PIA concentration-response curve to the right in a concentration-dependent manner with a K\(_B\)-value of 8.1 nM, indicating competitive antagonism. [\(^3\)H]DPCPX showed a saturable binding to atrial membranes with a Bmax·value of 227 fmol/mg protein and a K\(_D\)-value of 1.3 nM. Competition experiments showed a similar potency for the three agonists CCPA, R-PIA and NECA. S-PIA is 200 times less potent than R-PIA. Our results suggest that the K\(^+\) channel-coupled adenosine receptor in guinea pig atria is of an A\(_1\) subtype.
KW  - Toxikologie
KW  - A1 Adenosine receptors
KW  - K + -channels
KW  - Atria
KW  - Radioligand binding - 86Rb + -efflux
Y1  - 1989
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60333
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Klotz, Karl-Norbert
A1  - Lohse, M. J.
A1  - Schwabe, U.
A1  - Cristalli, G.
A1  - Vittori, S.
A1  - Grifantini, M.
T1  - 2-Chloro-N\(^6\)-[\(^3\)H]cyclopentyladenosine ([\(^3\)H]CCPA) - a high affinity agonist radioligand for A\(_1\) adenosine receptors
N2  - The tritiated analogue of 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA), an adenosine derivative with subnanomolar affinity and a 10000-fold selectivity for A1 adenosine receptors, has been examined as a new agonist radioligand. [3H]CCP A was prepared with a specifi.c radioactivity of 1.58 TBqjmmol ( 43 Ci/mmol) and bound in a reversible manner to A1 receptors from rat brain membranes with a high affinity K0 -value of 0.2 nmol/1. In the presence of GTP a K0 -value of 13 nmol/1 was determined for the low affinity state for agonist binding. Competition of several adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists for [3H]CCPA binding to rat brain membranes confrrmed binding to an A1 receptor. Solubilized A1 receptors bound [3H]CCPA with similar affinity for the high affinity state. At solubilized receptors a reduced association rate was observed in the presence of MgC12, as has been shown for the agonist [ 3H]N6-phenylisopropyladenosine ([3H]PIA). [3H]CCPA was also used for detection of A1 receptors in rat cardio myocyte membranes, a tissue with a very low receptor density. A K0 -value of 0.4 nmol/1 and a Bmax-value of 16 fmol/ mg protein was determined in these membranes. In human platelet membranes no specific binding of [3H]CCPA was measured at concentrations up to 400 nmoljl, indicating that A2 receptors did not bind [3H]CCPA. Based on the subnanomolar affinity and the high selectivity for A1 receptors [ 3H]CCPA proved to be a useful agonist radioligand for characterization of A 1 adenosine receptors also in tissues with very low receptor density.
KW  - Toxikologie
KW  - Adenosine receptors
KW  - Radioligauds
KW  - agonists
Y1  - 1989
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60328
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Reddington, M.
A1  - Klotz, Karl-Norbert
A1  - Lohse, M. J.
A1  - Hietel, B.
T1  - Radiation inactivation analysis of the A\(_1\) adenosine receptor: decrease in radiation inactivation size in the presence of guanine nucleotide
N2  - Radiation inactivation analysis of the binding of the A1 adenosine receptor antagonist, 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine to rat brain membranes yielded a radiation inactivation size of 58 kDa. In the presence of GTPyS this was reduced to 33 kDa, in good agreement with the size of the ligand-binding subunit detected after photoaffinity labelling. The data indicate that the structural association of A\(_1\) adenosine receptors with G-protein components is altered in situ in the presence of guanine nucleotides.
KW  - Toxikologie
KW  - Adenosine receptor
KW  - A1
KW  - Radiation inactivation
KW  - Target size
KW  - G-protein
KW  - (Rat brain membrane)
Y1  - 1989
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60318
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Klotz, Karl-Norbert
A1  - Lohse, M. J.
A1  - Schwabe, U.
T1  - Chemical modification of A\(_1\) adenosine receptors in rat brain membranes - evidence for histidine in different domains of the ligand binding site
N2  - Chemical modification of amino acid residues was used to probe the ligand recognition site of A\(_1\) adenosine receptors from rat brain membranes. The effect of treatment with group·specific reagents on agonist and antagonist radioligand binding was investigated. The histidine-specific reagent diethylpyrocarbonate (DEP) induced a loss of binding of the agonist R-N\(^6\)-[\(^3\)H]phenylisopropyladenosine ([\(^3\)H]PIA), which could be prevented in part by agonists, but not by antagonists. DEP treatment induced also a loss of binding of the antagonist [\(^3\)H]8- cyclopentyl-1 ,3-dipropylxanthine ([\(^3\)H]DPCPX). Antagonists protected A\(_1\) receptors from this inactivation while agonists did not. This result provided evidence for the existence of at least 2 different histidine residues involved in ligand binding. Consistent with a modification of the binding site, DEP did not alter the affinity of [\(^3\)H]DPCPX, but reduced receptor number. From the selective protection of [\(^3\)H] PIA and [\(^3\)H]DPCPX binding from inactivation, it is concluded that agonists and antagonists oocupy different domains at the binding site. Sulfhydryl modifying reagents did not influence antagonist binding, but inhibited agonist binding. This effect is explained by modification of tbe inhibitory guanine nucleotide binding protein. Pyridoxal 5-phosphate inactivated both [\(^3\)H]PIA and [\(^3\)H]DPCPX binding, but the receptors could not be protected from inactivation by ligands. Therefore, no amino group seems to be located at the Iigand binding site. In addition, it was shown that no further amino acids witb polar side chains are present. The absence of bydrophilic amino acids frout the recognition site of the receptor apart from histidine suggests an explanation for the lack of hydrophilic ligands with high affinity for A\(_1\) receptors.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1988
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60295
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lohse, M. J.
A1  - Klotz, Karl-Norbert
A1  - Diekmann, E.
A1  - Friedrich, K.
A1  - Schwabe, U.
T1  - 2',3'-Dideoxy-N\(^6\)-cyclohexyladenosine: an adenosine derivative with antagonist properties at adenosine receptors
N2  - Tbe 2',3'-dideoxy analogue of the potent A\(_1\) receptor agonist, N\(^6\)-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA), was synthesized as a potential antagonist for the A\(_1\) adenosine receptor. In sturlies on adenylate cyclase 2',3'-dideoxy-N\(^6\)-cyclohexyladenosine (ddCHA) did not show agonist properties at A\(_1\) or at A\(_2\) receptors. However, it antagonized the inhibition by R-PIA of adenylate cyclase activity of fat cell membranes via A\(_1\) receptors with a K\(_i\) value of 13 \(\mu\)M. ddCHA competed for the binding of the selective A1 receptor antagonist, [\(^3\) HJ8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxantbine ([\(^3\)H]DPCPX), to rat brain membranes with a K\(_i\) value of 4.8 \(\mu\)M; GTP did not affect the competition curve. In contrast to the marked stereoselectivity of the A\(_1\) receptor for the cx- and the natural ß-anomer of adenosine, the cx-anomer of ddCHA showed a comparable affinity for the A\(_1\) receptor (K\(_i\) value 13.9 \8\mu\)M). These data indicate that the 2'- and 3'-hydroxy groups of adenosine and its derivatives are required foragonist activity at and high affinity binding to A\(_1\) adenosine receptors and for the distinction between the cx- and ß-forms.
KW  - Toxikologie
KW  - Adenosine receptors
KW  - Adenylate cyclase
KW  - Adenosine receptor antagonists
Y1  - 1988
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60282
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lohse, M. J.
A1  - Klotz, Karl-Norbert
A1  - Schwabe, U.
A1  - Cristalli, G.
A1  - Vittori, S.
A1  - Grifantini, M.
T1  - 2-Chloro-N\(^6\)-cyclopentyladenosine: a highly selective agonist at A\(_1\) adenosine receptors
N2  - 2-Chloro-N\(^6\)-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA) was synthesized as a potential high affinity ligand for At adenosine receptors. Binding of [\(^3\)H]PIA to A1 receptors of rat brain membranes was inhibited by CCP A with a Ki-value of 0.4 nM, compared to a Ki-value of 0.8 nM for the parent compound N\(^6\)-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA). Binding of [\(^3\)H]NECA to A\(_2\) receptors of rat striatal membranes was inhibited with a Ki-value of 3900 nM, demonstrating an almost 10,000-fold A\(_1\)-selectivity of CCPA. CCP A inhibited the activity of rat fat cell membrane adenylate cyclase, a model for the A\(_1\) receptor, with an IC\(_{50}\)-value of 33 nM, and it stimulated the adenylate cyclase activity of human platelet membranes with an EC\(_{50}\)-value of 3500 nM. The more than 100-fold A\(_1\)-selectivity compares favourably with a 38-fold selectivity of CPA. Thus, CCPA is an agonist at A\(_1\) adenosine receptors with a 4-fold higher selectivity and 2-fold higher affinity than CPA, and a considerably higher selectivity than the standard At receptor agonist R-N\(^6\) -phenylisopropyladenosine (R-PIA). CCP A represents the agonist with the highest selectivity for A\(_1\) receptors reported so far.
KW  - Toxikologie
KW  - Adenosine receptors
KW  - Adenylate cyclase
Y1  - 1988
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60279
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Cristalli, G.
A1  - Franchetti, P.
A1  - Grifantini, M.
A1  - Vittori, S.
A1  - Klotz, Karl-Norbert
A1  - Lohse, M. J.
T1  - Adenosine receptor agonists: Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1-deaza analogues of adenosine
N2  - In a search for more selective A\(_1\) adenosine receptor agonists, N\(^6\)-[(R)-(-)-1-methyl-2-phenethyl]-1-deazaadenosine (1-deaza-R-PIA, 3a), N\(^6\)-cyclopentyl-1-deazaadenosine (1-deazaCPA, 3b), N\(^6\)-cyclohexyl-l-deazaadenosine (1-deazaCHA, Sc), and the corresponding 2-chloro derivatives 2a-c were synthesized from 5,7-dichloro-3-ß-D-ribofuranosyl-3Himidazo[ 4,5-b]pyridine (1). On the other band, N-ethyl-1'-deoxy-1'-(1-deaza-6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-ß-D-ribofuranuronamide (1-deazaNECA, 10) was prepared from 7-nitro-3-ß-D-ribofuranosyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (4), in an attempt to find a more selective A\(_2\) agonist. The activity of all deaza analogues at adenosine receptors has been determined in adenylate cyclase andin radioligand binding studies. 1-DeazaNECA (10) proved tobe a nonselective agonist at both subtypes of the adenosine receptor. It is about 10-fold less active than NECA but clearly more active than the parent compound 1-deazaadenosine as an inhibitor of platelet aggregation and as a stimulator of cyclic AMP accumulation. The N\(^6\)-substituted 1-deazaadenosines largely retain the A\(_1\) agonist activity of their parent compounds, but lose some of their A\(_2\) agonist activity. This results in A\(_1\)-selective compounds, of which N\(^6\)cyclopentyl- 2-chloro-1-deazaadenosine (1-deaza-2-Cl-CPA, 2b) was identified as the most selective agonist at A\(_1\) adenosine receptors so far known. The activity of all 1-deaza analogues confirms that the presence of the nitrogen atom at position 1 of the purine ring is not critical for A\(_1\) receptor mediated adenosine actions.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1988
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60262
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lohse, M. J.
A1  - Elger, B.
A1  - Lindenborn-Fotinos, J.
A1  - Klotz, Karl-Norbert
A1  - Schwabe, U.
T1  - Separation of solubilized A\(_2\) adenosine receptors of human platelets from non-receptor [\(^3\)H]NECA binding sites by gel filtration
N2  - Human platelet membranes were solubilized with the zwitterionic detergent CHAPS (3-[3-(cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]- 1-propanesulfonate) and the solubilized extract subjected to gel ftltration. Binding of the adenosine receptor agonist [\(^3\)H]NECA (5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine) was measured to the eluted fractions. Two [\(^3\)H]NECA binding peaks were eluted, the first of them with the void volume. This first peak represented between 10% and 25% of the [\(^3\)H]NECA binding activity eluted from the column. It bound [\(^3\)H]NECA in a reversible, saturable and GTPdependent manner with an affinity of 46 nmol/1 and a binding capacity of 510 fmol/mg protein. Various adenosine receptor ligands competed for the binding of [\(^3\)H]NECA to the frrst peak with a pharmacological proftle characteristic for the A\(_2\) adenosine receptor as determined from adenylate cyclase experiments. In contrast, most adenosine receptor ligands did not compete for [\(^3\)H]NECA binding to the second, major peak. These results suggest that a solubilized A\(_2\) receptor-Gs protein complex of human platelets can be separated from other [\(^3\)H]NECA binding sites by gel filtration. This allows reliable radioligand binding studies of the A2 adenosine receptor of human plate1ets.
KW  - Toxikologie
KW  - A<sub>2</sub> Adenosine receptor
KW  - Human platelets
KW  - Radioligand binding
KW  - Adenylate cyclase
Y1  - 1988
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60309
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lohse, M. J.
A1  - Böser, S.
A1  - Klotz, Karl-Norbert
A1  - Schwabe, U.
T1  - Affinities of barbiturates for the GABA-receptor complex and A\(_1\) adenosine receptors: A possible explanation of their excitatory effects
N2  - The effects of barbiturates on the GABA·receptor complex and the A\(_1\) adenosine receptor were studied. At the GABA-receptor complex the barbiturates inhibited the binding of [\(^{35}\)S]t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate [\(^{35}\)S]TBPT) and enhanced the binding of [\(^3\)H]diazepam. Kinetic and saturation experiments showed that both effects were allosteric. Whereas all barbiturates caused complete inhibition of [\(^{35}\)S]TBPT binding, they showed varying degrees of maximal enhancement of [\(^3\)H]diazepam binding; (±)methohexital was idenafied as the most efficacious compound for this enhancement. At the A\(_1\) adenosine receptor all barbiturates inhibited the binding of [\(^3\)H]N\(^6\)-phenylisopropyladenosine (\(^3\)H]PIA) in a competitive manner. The comparison of the effects on [\(^3\)H]diazepam and [\(^3\)H]PIA binding showed that excitatory barbiturates interact preferentially with the A\(_1\) adenosine receptor, and sedative/anaesthetic barbiturates with the GABA-receptor complex. It is speculated that the interaction with these two receptors might be the basis of the excitatory versus sedative/ anaesthetic properties of barbiturates.
KW  - Toxikologie
KW  - GABA-receptor complex
KW  - Adenosine receptors
KW  - Barbiturates
Y1  - 1987
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60250
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lohse, M. J.
A1  - Klotz, Karl-Norbert
A1  - Lindenborn Fotinos, J.
A1  - Reddington, M.
A1  - Schwabe, U.
A1  - Olsson, R. A.
T1  - 8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) - a selective high affinity antagonist radioligand for A\(_1\) adenosine receptors
N2  - The properties of 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) as an antagonist ligand for A\(_1\) adenosirre receptors were examined and conipared with other radioligands for this receptor. DPCPX competitively antagonized both the inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity via A\(_1\) adenosirre receptors and the stimulationvia A\(_2\) adenosirre receptors. The K\(_i\)-values of this antagonism were 0.45 nM at the A\(_1\) receptor of rat fat cells, and 330 nM at the A\(_2\) receptor of human platelets, giving a more than 700-fold A\(_1\)-selectivity. A similar A\(_1\)-selectivity was determined in radioligand binding studies. Even at high concentrations, DPCPX did not significantly inhibit the soluble cAMPphosphodiesterase activity of human platelets. [\(^3\)H]DPCPX (105 Ci/mmol) bound in a saturable manner with high affinity to A\(_1\) receptors in membranes of bovine brain and heart, and rat brain and fat cells (K\(_D\) -values 50-190 pM). Its nonspecific binding was about 1% of total at K\(_D\) , except in bovine myocardial membranes (about 10%). Binding studies with bovine myocardial membranes allowed the analysis of both the high and low agonist affinity states of this receptor in a tissue with low receptor density. The binding properties of [\(^3\)H]DPCPX appear superior to those of other agonist and antagonist radioligands for the A\(_1\) receptor.
KW  - Toxikologie
KW  - Adenosine receptors
KW  - Adenylate cyclase
KW  - Phosphodiesterase
KW  - Xanthines
KW  - Radioligands
Y1  - 1987
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60246
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Klotz, Karl-Norbert
A1  - Lohse, M. J.
T1  - The glycoprotein nature of A\(_1\) adenosine receptors
N2  - A\(_1\) adenosine receptors from different tissues and species we~e photoaffinity labelled and then the carbohydrate content was examined by both enzymatic and chemical treatment. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the labelled membrane receptors shows that neuraminidase treatment alters the electrophoretic mobility of the receptor band indica ting the presence of terminal neurandnie acids. Neuraminidase digestion does not influence the binding characteristics of the receptor. The totally deglycosylated receptor protein obtained by chemical treatment has an apparent molecular weight Of 32,000.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1986
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60231
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Klotz, Karl-Norbert
A1  - Lohse, M. J.
A1  - Schwabe, U.
T1  - Characterization of the solubilized A\(_1\) adenosine receptor from rat brain membranes
N2  - A\(_1\) adenosine receptors from rat brain membranes were solubilized with the zwitterionic detergent 3-[3-( cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate. The solubilized receptors retained all the characteristics of membrane-bound A\(_1\) adenosine receptors. A high and a low agonist affinity state for the radiolabelled agonist (R)-\(N^6\)-[\(^3\)H]phenylisopropyladenosine([\(^3\)H]PJA) with K\(_D\) values of 0.3 and 12 nM, respectively, were detected. High-affinity agonist binding was regulated by guanine nucleotides. In addition agonist binding was still modulated by divalent cations. The solubilized A\(_1\) adenosine receptors could be labelled not only with the agonist [\(^3\)H]PIA but also with the antagonist I ,3-diethyi-8-[\(^3\)H]phenylxanthine. Guanine nucleotides did not affect antagonist binding as reported for membrane-bound receptors. These results suggest that the solubilized receptors are still coupled to the guanine nucleotide binding protein N; and that all regulatory functions are retained on solubilization. Key Words: A1 adenosine receptors - Solubilization- Rat brain membranes. Klotz K.-N. et al. Characterization of the solubilized A1 adenosine receptor from rat brain membranes. J. Neurochem. 46, 1528-1534 (1986).
KW  - Toxikologie
KW  - A1 adenosine receptors
KW  - solubilization
KW  - rat brain membranes
Y1  - 1986
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60222
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Koch, R.
A1  - Deger, A.
A1  - Klotz, Karl-Norbert
A1  - Schenzle, D.
A1  - Krämer, H.
A1  - Kelm, S.
A1  - Müller, G.
A1  - Rapp, R.
A1  - Weber, U.
T1  - Characterization of solubilized insulin receptors from rat liver microsomes. Existence of two receptor species with  different binding properties
N2  - Insulin receptors were solubilized from rat liver microsomes by the nonionic detergent Triton X-100. After gel filtration of the extract on Sepharose CL-6B, two insulin-binding species (peak I and peak li) were obtained. The structure and binding properties of both peaks were characterized. Gel filtration yielded Stokes radii of 9.2 nm (peak I) and 8.0 nm (peak Il). Both peaks were glycoproteins. At 4°C peak 1 showed optimal insulin binding at pH 8.0 and high ionic strength. In contrast, peak li bad its binding optimum at pH 7.0 and low ionic strength, where peak I bindingwas minimal. For peak I the change in insulin binding under different conditions of pH and ionic strength was due to a change in receptor affinity only. For peak 11 an additional change in receptor number was found. Both peaks yielded non-linear Scatchard plots under most of the buffer conditions examined. At their binding optima at 4 oc the high affinity dissociation constants were 0.50 nM (peak I) and 0.55 nM (peak II). Sodium dodecyl sulfatejpolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of peak I revealed five receptor bands with Mr 400000, 365000, 320000, 290000, and 245000 under non-reducing conditions. For peak II two major receptor bands with M\(_r\) 210000 and 115000 were found. The peak II receptor bands were also obtained aftermild reduction of peak I. After complete reduction both peaks showed one major receptor band with M\(_r\) 130000. The reductive generation of the peak II receptor together with molecular mass estimations suggest that the peak I receptor is the disulfide-linked dimer of the peak II receptor. Thus, Triton extracts from rat liver microsomes contain two receptor species, which are related, but differ considerably in their size and insulin-binding properties.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1986
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60215
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ukena, D.
A1  - Schirren, C. G.
A1  - Klotz, Karl-Norbert
A1  - Schwabe, U.
T1  - Evidence for an A\(_2\) adenosine receptor in guinea pig lung
N2  - Adenosine receptors in guinea pig lung were characterized by measurement of cyclic AMP formation and radioligand binding. 5'-N-Ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) increased cyclic AMP Ievels in lung slices about 4-fold over basal values with an EC\(_{50}\) of 0.32 \(\mu\)mol/l. N\(^6\) - R-(- )-Phenylisopropyladenosine (R-PIA) was 5-fold less potent than NECA. 5'-N-Methylcarboxamidoadenosine (MECA) and 2-chloroadenosine had EC\(_{50}\)-values of 0.29 and 2.6 \(\mu\)mol/l, whereas adenosine and inosine had no effect. The adenosine receptors in guinea pig Iung can therefore be classified as A\(_2\) receptors. Several xanthine derivatives antagonized the NECA-induced increase in cyclic AMP levels. 1,3-Diethyl-8-phenylxanthine (DPX; K\(_i\) 0.14 \(\mu\)mol/l) was the most potent analogue, followed by 8-phenyltheophylline (K\(_i\) 0.55 \(\mu\)mol/l), 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX; K\(_i\) 2.9 \(\mu\)mol/l) and theophylline (K\(_i\) 8.1 \(\mu\)mol/l). In contrast, enprofylline (1 mmol/1) enhanced basal and NECA-stimulated cyclic AMP formation. In addition, we attempted to characterize these receptors in binding studies with [\(^3\)H]NECA. The K\(_D\) for [\(^3\)H] NECA was 0.25 \(\mu\)mol/l and the maximal number of binding sites was 12 pmol/mg protein. In competition experiments MECA (K\(_i\) 0.14 \(\mu\)mol/l) was the most potent inhibitor of [\(^3\)H] NECA binding, followed by NECA (K\(_i\) 0.19 \(\mu\)mol/l) and 2-chloroadenosine (K\(_i\) 1.4 \(\mu\)mol/l). These results correlate well with the EC\(_{50}\)- values for cyclic AMP formation in lung slices. However, the K\(_i\)-values of R-PIA and theophylline were 240 and 270 \(\mu\)mol/l, and DPX and 8-phenyltheophylline did not compete for [\(^3\)H]NECA binding sites. Therefore, a complete characterization of A\(_2\) adenosine receptors by [\(^3\)H] NECA binding was not achieved. In conclusion, our results show the presence of adenylate cyclase-coupled A\(_2\) adenosiile receptors in lung tissue which are antagonized by several xanthines.
KW  - Toxikologie
KW  - Adenosine receptors
KW  - Cyclic AMP
KW  - Lung
KW  - Theophylline
Y1  - 1985
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60202
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Klotz, Karl-Norbert
A1  - Cristalli, G.
A1  - Grifantini, M.
A1  - Vittori, S.
A1  - Lohse, M. J.
T1  - Photoaffinity labeling of A\(_1\) adenosine receptors
JF  - The journal of biological chemistry
N2  - The ligand-binding subunit of the A\(_1\)-adenosine receptor has been identified by photoaffinity labeling. A photolabile derivative of R- \(N^6\)-phenylisopropyladenosine, R-2-azido-\(N^6\)-p-hydroxyphenylisopropyladenosine (R-AHPIA), has been synthesized as a covalent specific Iigand for A\(_1\)-adenosine receptors. In adenylate cyclase studies with membranes of rat fat cells and human platelets, R·AHPIA has adenosine receptor agonist activity with a more than 60-fold selectivity for the A\(_1\)-subtype. It competes for [\(^3\)H].\(N^6\)- phenylisopropyladenosine binding to Arreceptors of rat brain membranes with a Ki value of 1.6 nM. After UV irradiation, R-AHPIA binds irreversibly to the receptor, as indicated by a loss of [\(^3\)H)\(N^6\)-phenylisopropyladenosine binding afterextensive washing; the K; value for this photoinactivation is 1.3 nM. The p-hydroxyphenyl substituent of R-AHPIA can be directly radioiodinated to give a photoaffinity Iabel of high specific radioactivity (\(^{125}\)I-AHPIA). This compound has a KD value of about 1.5 nM as assessed from saturation and kinetic experiments. Adenosine analogues compete for \(^{125}\)I-AHPIA binding to rat brain membranes with an order of potency characteristic for A\(_1\)-adenosine receptors. Dissociation curves following UV irradiation at equilibrium demonstrate 30-40% irreversible specific binding. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicates that the probe is photoincorporated into a single peptide of M\(_r\) = 35,000. Labeling of this peptide can be blocked specifically and stereoselectively by adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists in a manner which is typical for the A\(_1\)-subtype. The results indicate that \(^{125}\)I-AHPIA identifies the ligand-binding subunit of the A\(_1\)-adenosine receptor, which is a peptide with M\(_r\) = 35,000.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1985
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60198
VL  - 27
IS  - 260
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lohse, M. J.
A1  - Klotz, Karl-Norbert
A1  - Jakobs, K. H.
A1  - Schwabe, U.
T1  - Barbiturates are selective antagonists at A\(_1\) adenosine receptors
N2  - Barbiturates in pharmacologically relevant . concentrations inhibit binding of (R)-\(N^6\)-phenylisopropyl[\(^3\)H]adenosine ([\(^3\)H]PIA) to solubilized A\(_1\) adenosine receptors in a concentration-dependent, stereospecific, and competitive manner. K\(_i\) values are similar to those obtained for membrane-bound receptors and are 31 \(\mu\)M for ( ± )-5-(1 ,3-dimethyl)-5-ethylbarbituric acid [( ± )DMBB] and 89 \(\mu\)M for ( ± )-pentobarbital. Kinetic experiments demoostrate that barbiturates compete directly for the binding site of the receptor. The inhibition of rat striatal adenylate cyclase by unlabelled (R)-\(N^6\)-phenylisopropyladenosine [(R)-PIA] is antagonized by barbiturates in the same concentrations that inhibit radioligand binding. The Stimulation of adenylate cyclase via A\(_2\) adenosine receptors in membranes from NIE 115 neuroblastoma cells is antagonized only by 10-30 times higher concentrations of barbiturates. lt is concluded that barbiturates are selective antagonists at the A1 receptor subtype. In analogy to the excitatory effects of methylxanthines it is suggested that A\(_1\) adenosine receptor antagonism may convey excitatory properties to barbiturates. Key Words: Adenosine receptors-Barbiturates - Adenylate cyclase-Receptor solubilization-[3H]PIA binding-N1E 115 cells. Lohse M. J. et al. Barbiturates are selective antagonists at A1 adenosine receptors.
KW  - Toxikologie
KW  - adenosine receptors
KW  - barbiturates
KW  - adenylate cyclase
KW  - receptor solubilization
KW  - N1E 115 cells
KW  - [3H]PIA binding
Y1  - 1985
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60187
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Bieber, Daniela
T1  - Der A2B-Adenosinrezeptor und MAP-Kinase Aktivität in MDA-MB-231 Brustkrebszellen
T1  - The A2B adenosine receptor and MAP-kinase activity in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells
N2  - Sowohl MAPK als auch Adenosin werden mit Tumorproliferation und Angiogenese in Verbindung gebracht. MDA-MB-231 Östrogenrezeptor-negative Brustkrebszellen zeigen eine sehr starke Expression des A2BAR, der außerdem der einzige von dieser Zelllinie exprimierte Adenosinrezeptor ist. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass MDA-MB-231-Brustkrebszellen eine hohe basale MAPK-Aktivität aufweisen, welche durch Stimulation mit FCS nicht weiter gesteigert werden kann. Diese hohe basale MAPK-Aktivität wird durch die src-Kinase und Her2 verursacht, da eine Inhibition dieser beiden Tyrosinkinasen eine Hemmung der basalen ERK-Phosphorylierung induziert. Interessanterweise führt die Stimulation des A2BAR der MDA-MB-231-Brustkrebszellen mit dem unselektiven Agonisten NECA zu einer zeitanhängigen Inhibition der ERK-1/2-Phosphorylierung. Eine Behandlung der Brustkrebszelllinie mit 10 µM CGS 21680 zeigten keinen Einfluss auf die ERK-Aktivität, weshalb davon ausgegangen werden kann, dass die zeitabhängige Inhibition der ERK-1/2-Phosphorylierung durch den A2BAR vermittelt wird. Eine Beteiligung von cAMP an der MAPK-Signaltransduktion des A2BAR scheint insofern wahrscheinlich, als sowohl eine Behandlung der Zellen mit Forskolin als auch der Kombination aus cAMP-AM und dem PDE4-Inhibitor Rolipram eine zeitabhängige Hemmung der ERK-1/2-Phosphorylierung induzieren. Jedoch scheint weder die PKA noch die PI3K an dieser Signaltransduktion des A2BAR beteiligt zu sein, da die A2BAR-vermittelte Inhibition der MAPK auch in Anwesenheit von PKA- und PI3K-Inhibitoren bestehen bleibt. Auch scheinen cAMP-GEFs wie beispielsweise Epac in diesem Zusammenhang keine Rolle zu spielen. In Gegenwart des PLC-Inhibitors U-73122 und des Ca2+-Chelators BAPTA verschwand die NECA-induzierte Hemmung der ERK-1/2-Phosphorylierung, was für eine Beteiligung der PLC und des Ca2+ an der A2BAR-vermittelten Hemmung der MAPK-Aktivität spricht. Letzten Endes konnte jedoch kein Mechanismus eruiert werden, welcher diese A2BAR-vermittelte, Ca2+-abhängige MAPK-Hemmung mediiert, da weder eine Inhibition der PKC, der CamKII oder des Calcineurins Einfluss auf die NECA-induzierte MAPK-Hemmung hatten. Was Wachstum und Proliferation der Östrogenrezeptor-negativen Brustkrebszelllinie MDA-MB-231 anbelangt, so konnte gezeigt werden, dass der unselektive Agonist NECA zu einer signifikanten Wachstumshemmung dieser Brustkrebszelllinie führt. Allerdings kommt es aufgrund einer Desensitisierung der A2BAR in MDA-MB-231-Brustkrebszellen lediglich zu einem transienten proliferationshemmenden Effekt nach Stimulation mit NECA.
N2  - MAP kinases as well as adenosine are involved in angiogenesis and proliferation of malignant tumors. The estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 expresses A2B adenosine receptors (A2BAR) as the sole adenosine receptor subtype at remarkably high levels. These MDA-MB-231 cells show a very high basal MAPK activity which seems to be maximal as it can not be stimulated further with FCS or EGF. This high basal MAPK activity is caused by src-kinase and her2, as inhibition of these two tyrosinkinases induces an inhibition of basal ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Interestingly, stimulation of A2BAR in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells with the unselective agonist NECA leads to a time-dependent inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation whereas treatment of the cells with 10 µM CGS 21680 had no influence on ERK-activity. Thus it can be assumed that the time-dependent inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation is mediated via the A2BAR subtype. A role of cAMP for the MAPK signal transduction of the A2BAR seems to be likely because stimulation of the cells with Forskolin as well as treatment with a combination of cAMP-AM and the PDE4-inhibitor Rolipram results in a time-dependent inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorlyation. However, neither PKA nor PI3K seem to be involved in the signal transduction of the A2B adenosine receptor, as the A2BAR-mediated inhibition of MAPK persists in the presence of PKA- and PI3K-inhibitors. CAMP-GEFs like EPAC do not seem to play a role in this signal transduction mechanism either. The presence of the PLC-inhibitor U-73122 and the Ca2+-chelator BAPTA abolishes the NECA effect, suggesting a role for PLC and Ca2+ for the A2BAR-mediated inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Finally, a mechanism leading to this A2BAR-mediated and Ca2+-dependent MAPK inhibition could not be found out because neither an inhibition of PKC, nor inhibition of CamKII or Calcineurin had an influence on the NECA effect. Concerning growth and proliferation of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells it could be shown that the unselective agonist NECA leads to a slight but significant growth inhibition in these cells. However, this proliferation-inhibiting effect of NECA is only transient because of a desensitization of A2B adenosine receptors in these breast cancer cells.
KW  - Adenosinrezeptor
KW  - MAP-Kinase
KW  - MDA-MB-231-Brustkrebszellen
KW  - adenosine receptor
KW  - MAP-kinase
KW  - MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells
Y1  - 2010
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-65707
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Hintzsche, Henning
T1  - Gentoxizität nichtionisierender Strahlung - Auswirkungen von Mobilfunk- und Terahertzstrahlung auf das Genom
T1  - Genotoxicity of non-ionizing radiation - Effects of mobile phone and terahertz radiation on the genome
N2  - Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, zu untersuchen, ob nichtionisierende elektromagnetische Strahlung verschiedener Frequenzbereiche Genomschaden hervorrufen kann. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde eine Biomonitoring-Studie zu dieser Thematik konzipiert und durchgeführt. Es wurden 131 Probanden detailliert zu ihrer Mobilfunknutzung befragt. Anschließend wurden Mundschleimhautzellen entnommen und für eine mikroskopische Untersuchung aufbereitet und angefärbt. In den Zellen wurden Mikrokerne und andere Kernanomalien quantifiziert. Es zeigte sich keine Erhöhung der Mikrokernfrequenz in Abhängigkeit von der Dauer der Mobiltelefonnutzung. Auch die anderen abgefragten Parameter hatten keinen Einfluss auf die Höhe des Genomschadens. Als Positivkontrollen wurden vier Patienten, die eine lokale Strahlentherapie (ionisierende Strahlung) erhielten, eingeschlossen. Hier zeigte sich eine deutliche Erhöhung der Mikrokernfrequenz. Um festzustellen, ob die Mikrokerninduktion erst bei höheren Leistungsflussdichten als denen, die beim Mobilfunk verwendet werden, auftritt, wurden in-vitro-Versuche durchgeführt, bei denen verschiedene Zelllinien einer Strahlung von 900 MHz ausgesetzt wurden. Nach Exposition und einer Postinkubationsperiode wurden die Zellen fixiert und die Mikrokernfrequenz bestimmt. Neben den Leistungen wurden hier auch die Expositionszeiten und die Postinkubationsperioden variiert. In keinem Fall konnte eine Erhöhung der Mikrokernfrequenz festgestellt werden. Insgesamt konnte ein Einfluss elektromagnetischer Strahlung auf das Genom weder am Menschen im Rahmen einer Biomonitoring-Studie noch an verschiedenen Zelllinien im Rahmen von in-vitro-Versuchen festgestellt werden. Terahertzstrahlung ist elektromagnetische Strahlung im Bereich von 0,1 bis 10 THz, d. h. sie liegt zwischen Mikrowellen und Infrarotlicht. Derzeit wird sie hauptsächlich für spektroskopische Untersuchungen und zur Qualitätskontrolle im Herstellungs-prozess verschiedener Produkte verwendet. Anwendungen in der Sicherheitstechnik (z. B. Ganzkörperscanner) und in der Medizintechnik (z. B. Bildgebung) stehen kurz vor der Markteinführung bzw. sind bereits etabliert. Diese Anwendungen bringen eine Exposition der betroffenen Menschen mit sich. Außerdem wird an weiteren Techniken wie etwa der Datenübertragung gearbeitet. Die Wirkungen auf biologische Systeme sind im Gegensatz zum Mobilfunkbereich bisher nur unzureichend untersucht. Da bisher keine vollständigen Literaturübersichten vorlagen, wurde eine umfassende Literaturrecherche durchgeführt. Ziel war es, alle bisher durchgeführten Studien zu diesem Thema aufzulisten. Um diese Datenbasis zu verbreitern wurden in-vitro-Versuche bei verschiedenen Frequenzen durchgeführt. Als Strahlungsquellen wurden eine Frequenzvervielfacherkaskade (0,106 THz), ein Rückwärtswellen-Oszillator (0,380 THz) und ein Ferninfrarot-Laser (2,520 THz) eingesetzt. Die Strahlung wurde in einen modifizierten Inkubator geführt, so dass die Expositionen bei definierter Temperatur und konstantem CO2-Gehalt durchgeführt werden konnten. Da Terahertzstrahlung durch Wasser sehr stark absorbiert wird, sind bei einer Exposition des Menschen primär die obersten Hautschichten betroffen. Aus diesem Grund wurden primäre Hautfibroblasten und HaCaT-Zellen, eine Keratinozyten-Zelllinie, als biologische Systeme verwendet. Die Zellen wurden für unterschiedliche Zeitperioden mit verschiedenen Leistungsflussdichten exponiert. Anschließend wurden die Zellen für den Comet Assay aufbereitet und analysiert. Der Comet Assay ist eine Methode zur Quantifizierung von Einzel- und Doppelstrangbrüchen der DNA. Weiterhin wurden die Zellen nach einer Postinkubationsperiode für den Mikrokerntest aufbereitet. Neben unbehandelten Kontrollen und Sham-Expositionen wurden auch Positivkontrollen durchgeführt. Es konnte keine Erhöhung der Anzahl der DNA-Strangbrüche bzw. der Mikrokernfrequenz festgestellt werden. Da bekannt war, dass im Mobilfunkbereich unter bestimmten Bedingungen Störungen der Mitose, nicht aber Erhöhungen der Mikrokernfrequenz, auftreten, wurden Mitosestörungen nach Exposition bei 0,106 THz untersucht. Hierzu wurden AL-Zellen für 30 Minuten exponiert und anschließend ohne Postinkubation direkt fixiert. Analysiert wurden Störungen in allen Phasen der Mitose. Es zeigte sich, dass die Frequenz der Störungen in der Pro- und Metaphase unverändert blieb. Die Störungen in der Ana- und Telophase nahmen dagegen mit steigender Leistungsflussdichte zu. Insgesamt konnte im Terahertzbereich unter den gewählten Expositionsbedingungen kein DNA-Schaden beobachtet werden. Bei 0,106 THz konnten Mitosestörungen als Folge der Exposition gezeigt werden. Der Zusammenhang zwischen diesen Mitosestörungen und DNA-Schäden, insbesondere der Mikrokerninduktion, konnte bisher nicht abschließend geklärt werden und bleibt Gegenstand weiterer Untersuchungen.
N2  - The aim of the present study was to investigate whether non-ionizing radiation of different frequencies can cause genomic damage. Within the course of the present work, a biomonitoring study was designed and performed. 131 participants were interviewed and asked for their mobile phone use customs. Subsequently buccal mucosa cells were retrieved, prepared and stained for microscopy analysis. Micronuclei and other nuclear anomalies indicating genomic damage were quantified. No increase in micronucleus frequency depending on mobile phone use or other retrieved parameters were observed. Four patients receiving radiation therapy (ionizing radiation) were included as positive controls. A clear increase in micronucleus frequency was observed here. To determine whether micronucleus induction only occurs at higher power densities, in vitro investigations with different cell lines exposed to 900 MHz radiation were carried out. After exposition and post-incubation, cells were fixed and the micronucleus frequency was determined. Besides power density also exposition times and post-incubation periods were varied. In no case an increase in micronucleus frequency could be observed. 7. Summary 108 All in all, no influence of electromagnetic radiation on the genome could be observed, neither on humans in the biomonitoring study nor on cell lines in the in vitro study. Terahertz radiation is electromagnetic radiation in the range from 0.1 to 10 THz, i. e. between microwaves and infrared light. Currently it is used in spectroscopy and for quality control procedures in manufacturing processes. Application in security technology (e. g. full body scanners) and medical technology (e. g. medical imaging) have recently been established or are about to enter the market. These applications also involve exposure of humans. Furthermore, other technologies such as data transfer are being developed. So far the effects on biological systems of this frequency range are investigated only insufficiently. A thorough literature search was conducted because no comprehensive literature review was available. The aim was to completely list all available studies on this topic. To enlarge this data basis, in vitro studies at different frequencies were conducted. Radiation sources were a frequency multiplier chain (0.106 THz), a backward wave oscillator (0.380 THz) and a far infrared laser (2.520 THz). The radiation beam was led into a modified incubator in order to perform expositions under controlled temperature and CO2 concentration conditions. Terahertz radiation is strongly absorbed by water, thus in case of exposure of humans the skin will be affected primarily. This is the reason why primary dermal fibroblasts and HaCaT cells, a keratinocyte cell line, were used as biological systems. The cells were exposed to different power densities for different time periods. Subsequently cells were prepared and analyzed using the comet assay which quantifies DNA single and double strand breaks. Also, after a post-incubation period cells were prepared for the micronucleus test. Besides untreated controls and sham expositions also positive controls were 7. Summary 109 performed. No induction of DNA damage, neither as strand breaks nor as micronucleus frequency elevation, was observed. Because it was known that under certain experimental conditions mitotic disturbances but not micronucleus formation occur after exposition to mobile phone radiation, these mitotic disturbances were analyzed after terahertz exposition. AL cells were exposed for 30 minutes with 0.106 THz and fixed directly after the exposition. All phases of mitosis were analyzed, but it turned out that primarily ana- and telophase were affected. These disturbances increased with increasing power density. All in all, no DNA damage could be observed under the applied experimental conditions. After exposition to 0.106 THz mitotic disturbances occurred in AL cells. The link between these mitotic disturbances and the DNA damage, particularly the micronucleus formation, could not be resolved completely and remains subject of further investigations.
KW  - Mutagenität
KW  - Nichtionisierende Strahlung
KW  - Terahertzbereich
KW  - Mobiles Endgerät
KW  - Gentoxizität
KW  - Nichtionisierende Strahlung
KW  - Terahertzstrahlung
KW  - Mobilfunkstrahlung
KW  - Angewandte Toxikologie
KW  - genotoxicity
KW  - non-ionizing radiation
KW  - terahertz radiation
KW  - mobil phone radiation
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-57684
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Moro, Sabrina
T1  - Identification of target proteins of furan reactive metabolites in rat liver
T1  - Identifizierung von Zielproteinen reaktiver Furan-Metabolite in Rattenleber
N2  - Furan was recently found to be present in a variety of food items that undergo heat treatment. It is known to act as a potent hepatotoxin and liver carcinogen in rodents. In a 2-year bioassay, chronic furan administration to rats was shown to cause hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas and very high incidences of cholangiocarcinomas even at the lowest furan dose tested (2.0 mg/kg bw). However, the mechanisms of furan-induced tumor formation are poorly understood. Furan is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, predominantly CYP2E1, to its major metabolite cis-2-butene-1,4-dial (BDA). BDA is thought to be the key mediator of furan toxicity and carcinogenicity and was shown to react with cellular nucleophiles such as nucleosides and amino acid residues in vitro. It is well known that covalent protein binding may lead to cytotoxicity, but the cellular mechanisms involved remain to be elucidated. Since covalent binding of reactive intermediates to a target protein may result in loss of protein function and subsequent damage to the cell, the aim of this study was to identify furan target proteins to establish their role in the pathogenesis of furan-associated liver toxicity and carcinogenicity. In order to identify target proteins of furan reactive metabolites, male F344/N rats were administered [3,4-14C]-furan. Liquid scintillation counting of protein extracts revealed a dose-dependent increase of radioactivity covalently bound to liver proteins. After separation of the liver protein extracts by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and subsequent detection of radioactive spots by fluorography, target proteins of reactive furan intermediates were identified by mass spectrometry and database search via Mascot. A total of 61 putative target proteins were consistently found to be adducted in 3 furan-treated rats. The identified proteins represent - among others - enzymes, transport proteins, structural proteins and chaperones. Pathway mapping tools revealed that target proteins are predominantly located in the cytosol and mitochondria and participate in glucose metabolism, mitochondrial β-oxidation of fatty acids, and amino acid degradation. These findings together with the fact that ATP synthase β subunit was also identified as a putative target protein strongly suggest that binding of furan reactive metabolites to proteins may result in mitochondrial injury, impaired cellular energy production, and altered redox state, which may contribute to cell death. Moreover, several proteins involved in the regulation of redox homeostasis represent putative furan target proteins. Loss of function of these proteins by covalent binding of furan reactive metabolites may impair cellular defense mechanisms against oxidative stress, which may also result in cell death. Besides the potential malfunction of whole pathways due to loss of functions of several participating proteins, loss of function of individual proteins which are involved in various cellular processes such as transport processes across the mitochondrial membranes, cell signaling, DNA methylation, blood coagulation, and bile acid transport may also contribute to furan-induced cytotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Covalent binding of reactive metabolites to cellular proteins may result in accumulation of high amounts of unfolded or damaged proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In response to this ER stress, the cell can activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) to repair or degrade damaged proteins. To address whether binding of furan reactive metabolites to cellular proteins triggers activation of the UPR, semiquantitative PCR and TaqMan® real-time PCR were performed. In the case of UPR activation, semiquantitative PCR should show enhanced splicing of X-box binding protein-1 (XBP1) mRNA (transcription factor and key regulator of the UPR) and TaqMan® real-time PCR should determine an increased expression of UPR target genes. However, our data showed no evidence for activation of the UPR in the livers of rats treated either with a single hepatotoxic dose or with a known carcinogenic dose for 4 weeks. This suggests either that furan administration does not induce ER stress through accumulation of damaged proteins or that activation of the UPR is disrupted. Consistent with the latter, glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), identified as a target protein in our study, represents an important mediator involved in activation of the UPR whose inhibition was shown to impair induction of the UPR. Thus, adduct formation and inactivation of GRP78 by furan metabolites may disturb activation of the UPR. In addition to impaired activation of UPR, protein repair and degradation functions may be altered, because several proteins involved in these processes also represent target proteins of furan and thus may show impaired functionality. Taken together...
N2  - Im Rahmen von Untersuchungen der U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) wurde im Jahr 2004 bekannt, dass Furan in verschiedensten hitzebehandelten Lebensmitteln vorkommt. Durch Tierstudien des National Toxicology Programs (NTP) aus den 90er Jahren wusste man bereits, dass Furan hepatotoxische und leberkanzerogene Wirkungen in Nagern verursacht. In diesen Studien wurden nach chronischer Verabreichung von Furan an Ratten über einen Zeitraum von 2 Jahren bereits bei der niedrigsten getesteten Dosis von 2 mg/kg Körpergewicht hepatozelluläre Adenome und Karzinome sowie sehr hohe Inzidenzen von Cholangiokarzinomen beobachtet. Die Mechanismen, die der Tumorentstehung durch Furan zugrunde liegen, sind jedoch bis heute nicht ausreichend untersucht. Furan wird durch Enzyme der Cytochrom P450 (CYP) Familie, vor allem durch CYP2E1, zu seinem Hauptmetaboliten cis-2-Buten-1,4-dial (BDA) verstoffwechselt. Der reaktive Furan-Metabolit BDA kann in vitro mit zellulären Nukleophilen wie Nukleosiden und Aminosäureresten reagieren. Verschiedene Untersuchungen weisen darauf hin, dass die toxischen und kanzerogenen Effekte von Furan hauptsächlich durch BDA vermittelt werden. Es ist seit langem bekannt, dass kovalente Bindung an Proteine zu Zytotoxizität führen kann. Der zugrunde liegende Mechanismus ist bislang noch ungeklärt. Es wird jedoch vermutet, dass die kovalente Bindung von reaktiven Metaboliten an Proteine zu deren Funktionsverlust führt, was wiederum fatale Konsequenzen für die Zellen haben kann. Eine Identifizierung der Zielproteine von Furan, d.h. jener Proteine an denen eine Adduktbildung durch reaktive Metabolite von Furan erfolgt, könnte daher Aufschluss über deren mögliche Rolle in der Pathogenese der durch Furan induzierten Lebertoxizität und -kanzerogenität geben. Um die Zielproteine reaktiver Furan-Metabolite zu identifizieren, wurde [3,4-14C]-Furan an männliche F344/N Ratten verabreicht. Durch Flüssigkeitsszintillationszählung der Proteinextrakte wurde ein dosisabhängiger Anstieg der kovalent an Leberproteine gebundenen Radioaktivität ermittelt. Nach der Auftrennung der Leberproteinextrakte durch zweidimensionale Gelelektrophorese und der Detektion der radioaktiven Spots durch Fluorographie wurden die Zielproteine reaktiver Furan-Metabolite durch Massenspektrometrie und Datenbanksuche (Mascot-Datenbank) identifiziert. In 3 Ratten, die mit Furan behandelt worden waren, wurden übereinstimmend 61 mögliche Zielproteine von Furan identifiziert. Unter diesen Zielproteinen waren unter anderem Enzyme, Transportproteine, Strukturproteine und Chaperones vertreten. Die Zuordnung der identifizierten Proteine zu zellulären Signal- und Stoffwechselwegen mittels spezieller Software zeigte, dass die Zielproteine hauptsächlich aus dem Zytosol und den Mitochondrien stammen und an Glucosemetabolismus, mitochondrieller β-Oxidation von Fettsäuren und dem Abbau von Aminosäuren beteiligt sind. Außerdem wurde auch die β-Untereinheit der ATP-Synthase als mögliches Zielprotein identifiziert. Diese Ergebnisse weisen stark darauf hin, dass die Bindung reaktiver Furan-Metabolite an Proteine zur Schädigung der Mitochondrien, Beeinträchtigung der zellulären Energieproduktion und verändertem Redox-Status führen und damit zum Zelltod beitragen könnte. Weiterhin befanden sich unter den möglichen Zielproteinen auch Proteine, die für die Regulation der Redox-Homöostase in der Zelle verantwortlich sind. Ein Funktionsverlust dieser Proteine durch die kovalente Bindung reaktiver Furan-Metabolite könnte eine verminderte Fähigkeit der Zelle oxidativen Stress abzuwehren zur Folge haben, was wiederum zum Zelltod führen könnte. Zusätzlich dazu, dass die kovalente Modifikation mehrerer Proteine aus dem gleichen Stoffwechselweg dessen Gesamtfunktion beeinträchtigen kann, ist es außerdem möglich, dass Adduktbildung an einzelnen Proteinen mit Schlüsselfunktionen in der Aufrechterhaltung der Zellhomöostase toxische Effekte auslösen kann. Ein Funktionsverlust dieser Proteine, die z.B. in Transportprozesse durch Mitochondrienmembranen, zelluläre Signalwege, DNA-Methylierung, Blutgerinnung und Gallensäuren-Transport involviert sind, könnte ebenfalls an den zytotoxischen und kanzerogenen Wirkungen von Furan beteiligt sein. Die kovalente Bindung reaktiver Furan-Metabolite an zelluläre Proteine kann zu einer Akkumulation großer Mengen an ungefalteten oder beschädigten Proteinen im endoplasmatischen Retikulum (ER) führen. Als Antwort auf diesen sogenannten ER-Stress kann die Zelle den Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) aktivieren, einen zellulären Signalweg um vermehrt beschädigte Proteine zu reparieren oder abzubauen. Um festzustellen, ob die Bindung reaktiver Furan-Metabolite an zelluläre Proteine eine Aktivierung des UPR auslöst, wurden semiquantitative PCR und Real-Time-PCR Analysen durchgeführt. Nach einer Aktivierung des UPR sollte...
KW  - Furan
KW  - Proteinbindung
KW  - Leber
KW  - Proteinaddukte
KW  - Kanzerogenese
KW  - furan
KW  - protein adducts
KW  - liver
KW  - carcinogenicity
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-57617
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Hommers, Leif
T1  - Über die Interaktion aktivierter G-Proteine mit G-Protein gekoppelten Rezeptoren
T1  - Interaction of activated G Protein with activated G Protein coupled receptors
N2  - Aktivierte G-Protein gekoppelte Rezeptoren aktivieren heterotrimere GProteine, in dem sie den Austausch von GDP zu GTP am G-Protein katalysieren. Theoretische Untersuchungen mittels eines vereinfachten kinetischen Modells des Gi/o-Protein Zyklus legen nahe, dass nicht nur GDP-,sondern auch GTP-gebundene Gi/o-Proteine mit aktivierten α2A-adrenergen Rezeptoren (α2A-AR) interagieren können. Demgemäß sollten aktivierte Gi/o-Proteine mit aktivierten α2A-AR vermehrt interagieren, wenn mehr α2A-AR aktiviert werden als für eine maximale G-Protein Aktivierung nötig sind. Dies sollte zu einer paradoxen Deaktivierung von Gi/o-Proteinen und deren Effektorproteinen, z.B. dem G-Protein gekoppelten, einwärtsgleichrichtenden Kaliumkanal (GIRK-Kanal) führen. Mittels FRET lässt sich in lebenden und in permeabilisierten Zellen unter Kontrolle der intrazellulären Nukleotide die Aktivierung von α2A-AR, die Interaktion von Gi/o-Proteinen mit α2A-AR und die Aktivierung von Gi/o-Proteinen bestimmen. Die Arbeit zeigt auf mehreren Ebenen, dass Go-Proteine mit aktivierten α2A-AR interagieren und im nukleotidfreiem Zustand sequestriert werden können: (I) Go-Proteine,irreversibel durch GTPγS aktiviert werden abhängig von der Rezeptor Aktivierung in Abwesenheit von Nukleotiden deaktiviert, (II) Go-Proteine interagieren in Gegenwart niedriger Nukleotidkonzentrationen in wesentlich größer Fraktion mit aktivierten α2A-AR als in Gegenwart hoher Nukleotidkonzentrationen, (III) Go Proteine können in Gegenwart niedriger GTP und GTPγS-Konzentrationen bei Aktivierung des α2A-AR inaktiviert werden. Die Arbeit zeigt exemplarisch an der Signalkaskade des α2A-AR und Go, dass der G-Protein Zyklus in lebenden Zellen reversibel ist, woraus eine Deaktivierung aktivierter G-Proteine und aktivierter G-Protein Effektoren resultieren kann. Dies erklärt paradoxe Befunde zur Deaktivierung von GIRK-Kanälen in Myozyten durch A1-Rezeptoren.
N2  - G protein coupled receptors activate heterotrimeric G proteins by catalyzing the exchange of GDP with GTP at the Gα subunit. Kinetic modelling of the Gi/o protein cycle suggests, that both GDP- and GTP-bound Gi/o proteins interact with activated α2A-adrenergic receptors (α2A-AR). Consequently, upon activating more α2A-AR then required for maximal Gi/o protein activation, the interaction of activated Gi/o proteins with activated α2A-AR will become incresingly prominent and ultimately lead to a paradoxic deactivation of Gi/o proteins and their effectors such as G protein coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels. Using means of FRET allows the detection of the receptor activation, receptor/G protein interaction and G protein activation in single living cells and in single permeabilized cells while controlling the intracellular nucleotide composition.Data suggest, that activated Go proteins may be sequestrated at activated α2A-AR in their nucleotide-free state: (I) Go proteins irreversibly activated by GTPγS become inactivated upon receptor stimulation in the absence of nucleotides, (II) Go proteins interact with activated α2A-AR to a large extent in the presence of low concentrations of nucleotide, (III) Go proteins may be inactivated upon activation of α2A-AR in the presence of low concentrations of GTP or GTPγS. Taken together, the data demonstrate the reversibility of the G protein cycle in living cells for the paradigm α2A-AR/Go pathway. The data thereby explain the paradoxic inactivation of G protein coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels in myocytes upon activation of adenosine A1 receptors.
KW  - G-Protein gekoppelte Rezeptoren
KW  - G protein coupled receptor
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-56576
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Marinovich, M.
A1  - Lutz, Werner K.
T1  - Covalent binding of aflatoxin B\(_1\) to liver DNA in rats pretreated with ethanol
JF  - Experientia
N2  - Male Fischer F-344 rats were given ethanol in the drinking water and/or by single oral administration. Following this, the animals received p.o. 100 ng/kg of the hepatocarcinogen eHJaflatoxin BI (AFBI)' 24 h later, the level of DNA-bound AFBI was determined in the liver and was found not to be affected by any type of ethanol pretreatment. A cocarcinogenic effect of ethanol in the liver is therefore unlikely to be due to an effect on the metabolic activation and inactivation processes governing the formation of DNA-binding AFBI metabolites.
KW  - Toxikologie
KW  - Carcinogenesis
KW  - DNA
KW  - covalent binding
KW  - aflatoxin
KW  - ethanol
Y1  - 1985
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-55237
VL  - 41
IS  - 10
SP  - 1338
EP  - 1340
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schmähl, D.
A1  - Frank, HK
A1  - Lutz, WK
A1  - Stransky, M.
A1  - Ritzel, G.
A1  - Beaufort, F.
A1  - Vutuc, C.
T1  - Ernährung und Krebs
N2  - No abstract available
KW  - Medizin
Y1  - 1985
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-55224
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Fazeli, Gholamreza
T1  - Signaling in the induction of genomic damage by endogenous compounds
T1  - Signalwege bei der Induktion von Genomschäden durch endogene Substanzen
N2  - Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously generated in cells and are involved in physiological processes including signal transduction but also their damaging effects on biological molecules have been well described. A number of reports in the literature implicate excessive oxidative stress and/or inadequate antioxidant defense in the pathogenesis of cancer, atherosclerosis, chronic and age related disorders. Several studies have indicated that activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system can lead to the formation of ROS. Epidemiological studies have revealed higher renal cell cancer incidences and also higher cancer mortalities in hypertensive individuals. Recently, our group has shown that perfusion of the isolated mouse kidney with Ang II or treatment of several cell lines with Ang II leads to formation of DNA damage and oxidative base modifications. Here, we tried to scrutinize the pathway involved in genotoxicity of Ang II. We confirmed the genotoxicity of Ang II in two kidney cell lines of human origin. Ang II treatment led to the production of superoxide anions which we could hinder when we used the membrane permeable superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic TEMPOL. One of the enzymes which is activated in the cells after Ang II treatment and is able to produce ROS is NADPH oxidase. We demonstrated the activation of NADPH oxidase in response to Ang II by upregulation of its p47 subunit using RT-PCR. Also, pPhosphorylation of p47 subunit of NADPH oxidase after Ang II treatment was enhanced. Using two inhibitors we showed that NADPH oxidase inhibition completely prevents DNA damage by Ang II treatment. To differentiate between Nox2 and Nox4 isoforms of NADPH oxidase subunits in the genotoxicity of Ang II, we performed siRNA inhibition and found a role only for Nox4, while Nox2 was not involved. Next, we investigated PKC as a potential activator of NADPH oxidase. We showed that PKC becomes phosphorylated after Ang II treatment and also that inhibition of PKC hinders Ang II from damaging the cells. Our results from using several inhibitors of different parts of the pathway revealed that PKC activation in this pathway is dependent on the action of PLC on membrane phospholipids and production of IP3. IP3 binds to its receptor at endoplasmic reticulum (ER), opening a channel which allows calcium efflux into the cytoplasm. In this manner, both ER calcium stores and extracellular calcium cooperate so that Ang II can exert its genotoxic effect. PLC is activated by AT1R stimulation. We could also show that the genotoxicity of Ang II is mediated via AT1R signaling using the AT1R antagonist candesartan. In conclusion, here we have shown that Ang II is able to damage genomic damage in cell lines of kidney origin. The observed damage is associated with production of ROS. A decrease in Ang II-induced DNA damage was observed after inhibition of G-proteins, PLC, PKC and NADPH oxidase and interfering with intra- as well as extracellular calcium signaling. This leads to the following preliminary model of signaling in Ang II-induced DNA damage: binding of Ang II to the AT1 receptor activates PLC via stimulation of G-proteins, resulting in the activation of PKC in a calcium dependent manner which in turn, activates NADPH oxidase. NADPH oxidase with involvement of its Nox4 subunit then produces reactive oxygen species which cause DNA damage. Dopamine content and metabolism in the peripheral lymphocytes of PD patients are influenced by L-Dopa administration. The PD patients receiving a high dose of L-Dopa show a significantly higher content of dopamine in their lymphocytes compared to PD patients who received a low dose of L-Dopa or the healthy control. Central to many of the processes involved in oxidative stress and oxidative damage in PD are the actions of monoamine oxidase (MAO), the enzyme which is responsible for the enzymatic oxidation of dopamine which leadsing to production of H2O2 as a by-product. We investigated whether dopamine oxidation can cause genotoxicity in lymphocytes of PD patents who were under high dose L-Dopa therapy and afterward questioned the occurrence of DNA damage after dopamine treatment in vitro and tried to reveal the mechanism by which dopamine exerts its genotoxic effect. The frequency of micronuclei in peripheral blood lymphocytes of the PD patients was not elevated compared to healthy age-matched individuals, although the formation of micronuclei revealed a positive correlation with the daily dose of L-Dopa administration in patients who received L-Dopa therapy together with dopamine receptor agonists. In vitro, we describe an induction of genomic damage detected as micronucleus formation by low micromolar concentrations in cell lines with of different tissue origins. The genotoxic effect of dopamine was reduced by addition of the antioxidants TEMPOL and dimethylthiourea which proved the involvement of ROS production in dopamine-induced DNA damage. To determine whether oxidation of dopamine by MAO is relevant in its genotoxicity, we inhibited MAO with two inhibitors, trans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine hydrochloride (PCPA) and Ro 16-6491 which both reduced the formation of micronuclei in PC-12 cells. We also studied the role of the dopamine transporter (DAT) and dopamine type 2 receptor (D2R) signaling in the genotoxicity of dopamine. Inhibitors of the DAT, GBR-12909 and nomifensine, hindered dopamine-induced genotoxicity. These results were confirmed by treatment of MDCK and MDCK-DAT cells, the latter containing the human DAT gene, with dopamine. Only MDCK-DAT cells showed elevated chromosomal damage and dopamine uptake. Although stimulation of D2R with quinpirole in the absence of dopamine did not induce genotoxicity in PC-12 cells, interference with D2R signaling using D2R antagonist and inhibition of G-proteins, phosphoinositide 3 kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinases reduced dopamine-induced genotoxicity and affected the ability of DAT to take up dopamine. Furthermore, the D2R antagonist sulpiride inhibited the dopamine-induced migration of DAT from cytosol to cell membrane. Overall, the neurotransmitter dopamine causes DNA damage and oxidative stress in vitro. There are also indications that high dose L-Dopa therapy might lead to oxidative stress. Dopamine exerts its genotoxicity in vitro upon transport into the cells and oxidization oxidation by MAO. Transport of dopamine by DAT has the central role in this process. D2R signaling is involved in the genotoxicity of dopamine by affecting activation and cell surface expression of DAT and hence modulating dopamine uptake. We provided evidences for receptor-mediated genotoxicity of two compounds with different mechanism of actions. The involvement of these receptors in many human complications urges more investigations to reveal whether abnormalities in the endogenous compounds-mediated signaling can play a role in the initiation of new conditions like carcinogenesis.
N2  - Reaktive Sauerstoffspezies (ROS) werden kontinuierlich in Zellen generiert und sind an physiologischen Prozessen wie der Signaltransduktion beteiligt. Aber auch ihre schädigenden Auswirkungen auf biologische Moleküle sind seit langem bekannt. Eine Reihe von Literaturberichten sieht einen Zusammenhang zwischen übermäßigem oxidativen Stress oder einer unzureichenden antioxidativen Verteidigung und Krebs, Atherosklerose und chronischen bzw. altersbedingten Erkrankungen. Mehrere Studien haben belegt, dass die Aktivierung des Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-Systems zur Bildung von ROS führen kann. Epidemiologische Studien haben gezeigt, dass Nierenkarzinom-Inzidenzen und -Mortalitäten bei Hypertonikern erhöht sind. Vor kurzem konnte unsere Gruppe zeigen, dass die Perfusion von isolierten Maäusen-Nieren und dieoder Behandlung mehrerer Zelllinien mit Angiotensin II (Ang II) zur Bildung von DNA-Schäden und oxidativen Basenmodifikationen führt. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die Signalwege der Genotoxizität von Ang II zu bestimmen. Wir bestätigten dDie Genotoxiziät von Ang II in zwei Nieren-Zelllinien humaner Herkunft konnte bestätigt werden. Wir zeigten, dass Ang II-Behandlung zur Produktion von Superoxid-Anionen führt, die durch das membrangängige Superoxid-Dismutase-Mimetikum TEMPOL verhindert werden kann. Eines der Enzyme, das in den Zellen nach Ang II-Behandlung aktiviert wird und ROS produzieren kann, ist die NADPH-Oxidase. Die mittels RT-PCR gemessene Hochregulierung von p47 beweist die Aktivierung der NADPH-Oxidase nach Ang II-Behandlung. Auch die Phosphorylierung von p47 nach Ang II-Behandlung wurde gesteigert. Mittels zweier Inhibitoren zeigten wir, dass NADPH-Oxidase-Hemmung DNA-Schäden durch Ang II-Behandlung vollständig verhindert. Wir versuchten, die Rolle der Nox2- und Nox4-Isoformen der NADPH-Oxidase-Untereinheiten bei der Genotoxizität von Ang II zu differenzieren. Hemmung mittels siRNA bestätigte nur eine Beteiligung der Nox4. Anschließend überprüften wir die Rolle der PKC als potentiellem Aktivator der NADPH-Oxidase. Wir zeigten, dass die PKC nach Ang II-Behandlung PKC phosphoryliert wird und durch die Hemmung der PKC Ang II-induzierten Schäden verhindert werdenird. Die Verwendung mehrerer Inhibitoren der verschiedenen Teile des Signalweges zeigte, dass die PKC-Aktivierung von der Reaktion der PLC mit Membranphospholipiden und der Produktion von IP3 und DAG abhängig ist. IP3 bindet an seinen Rezeptor am Endoplasmatischen Retikulum (ER)., dDie in der Folge auftretende Öffnung eines Kanals ermöglicht einen Calcium-Ausstrom in das Cytoplasma. Auf diese Weise sind sowohl ER-Calcium als auch extrazelluläres Calcium an der Ang II-induzierten genotoxische Wirkung beteiligt. PLC wird durch AT1R-Stimulation aktiviert. Wir konnten mit Hilfe des AT1R-Antagonisten Candesartan auch zeigen, dass die Genotoxizität von Ang II über AT1R-Signaltransduktion vermittelt wird. Zusammenfassend haben wir gezeigt, dass Ang II genomische Schäden in humanen Nieren-Zelllinien verursacht. Die Schäden sind mit der Produktion von ROS verbunden. Eine Reduktion der Ang II-induzierten DNA-Schäden wurde nach Hemmung vonder G-Proteinen, der PLC, PKC und NADPH-Oxidase und Beeinflussung intra- sowie extrazellulärer Calium-Signalgebung gezeigt. Dies führt zu folgendem vorläufigen Modell der Signaltransduktion der von Ang II-induzierten DNA-Schäden: Die Bindung von Ang II an den AT1-Rezeptor aktiviert die PLC durch Stimulationerung der G-Proteine und die PKC in Calcium-abhängiger Weise, dies wiederum aktiviert die NADPH-Oxidase. Die NADPH Oxidase unter Beteiligung ihrerseiner Nox4-Untereinheit erzeugt dann reaktive Sauerstoffspezies, die DNA-Schäden verursachen. Dopamingehalt und -stoffwechsel in peripheren Lymphozyten von Parkinson-Patienten werden durch L-Dopa-Gabe beeinflusst. Die Patienten, die eine hohe Dosis L-Dopa erhalten, zeigen einen signifikant höheren Gehalt an Dopamin in den Lymphozyten im Vergleich zu Patienten, die eine niedrige Dosis L-Dopa erhalten oder der gesunden Kontrollgruppe. Im Mittelpunkt vieler Prozesse bei der Entstehung von oxidativem Stress und oxidativer Schäden bei Parkinson-Patienten steht die Monoaminoxidase (MAO), die für die enzymatische Oxidation von Dopamin und in der Folge für die Entstehung von H2O2 verantwortlich ist. Wir untersuchten, ob die Oxidation von Dopamin genotoxische Wirkung in Lymphozyten von Parkinson-Patienten mit hochdosierter L-Dopa-Therapie induzieren kann. Danach überprüftenfragten wir, ob die Behandlung mit Dopamin in vitro DNA-Schäden induzieren kann und versuchten aufzuzeigen, durch welchen Mechanismus Dopamin seine genotoxische Wirkung entfaltet. Die Häufigkeit von Mikrokernen in peripheren Lymphozyten der Parkinson-Patienten war nicht erhöht im Vergleich zur gesunden Kontrollgruppe, allerdings zeigte die Mikrokernfrequenz eine positive Korrelation mit der täglichen L-Dopa-Dosis bei Patienten, die eine L-Dopa-Therapie zusammen mit einem Dopamin-Rezeptor-Agonisten erhielten. In vitro beobachteten wir bei niedrigen mikromolaren Konzentrationen eine Induktion des genomischen Schadens in Zelllinien, die aus verschiedenen Geweben stammten. Die genotoxische Wirkung von Dopamin wurde durch Zugabe der Antioxidantien TEMPOL und DMTU reduziert, wodurch die Beteiligung von ROS gezeigt werden konnte. Um festzustellen, ob die Oxidation von Dopamin durch MAO für die Genotoxizität relevant ist, hemmten wir MAO mit zwei Inhibitoren, trans-2-Phenylcyclopropylamin-Hydrochlorid (PCPA) und Ro 16-6491, die beide die Bildung von Mikrokernen in PC-12-Zellen reduzieren konnten. Wir untersuchten auch die Rolle des Dopamin-Transporters (DAT) und Dopamin-Typ-2-Rezeptor (D2R)-assoziierter Signalwege in der Genotoxizität von Dopamin. Die Inhibitoren des DAT, GBR-12909 und Nomifensin verhinderten die Dopamin-induzierte Genotoxizität. Diese Ergebnisse wurden durch Behandlung von MDCK- und MDCK-DAT- Zellen (die das humane DAT-Gen besitzen) mit Dopamin bestätigt. Nur MDCK-DAT-Zellen zeigten erhöhte chromosomale Schäden und Dopaminaufnahme. Obwohl die Stimulation mit dem D2R-Rezeptor-Agonisten Quinpirol in Abwesenheit von Dopamin keine Genotoxizität in PC-12-Zellen induzierte, reduzierten sowohl ein D2R-Antagonist, wie auch Inhibitoren des in der Signalkaskade involvierten G-Proteins, der Phosphoinositol-3-Kinase und der extrazellulären signalregulierten Kinasen die Aufnahme von Dopamin mittels DAT und die Dopamin-vermittelte Genotoxizität. Der D2R-Antagonist Sulpirid hemmte die Dopamin-induzierte Migration von DAT aus dem Cytosol zur Zellmembran. Insgesamt verursacht der Neurotransmitter Dopamin DNA-Schäden und oxidativen Stress in vitro. Es gibt Hinweise, dass eine hochdosierte L-Dopa-Therapie zu oxidativem Stress führt. In vitro führt Dopamin zu Genotoxizität durch den Transport in die Zellen und Oxidation durch MAO. Der Transport von Dopamin durch DAT spielt eine zentrale Rolle in diesem Prozess. Die D2R-Signalwege sind an der Genotoxizität von Dopamin durch Auswirkung auf die Aktivierung und Membranexpression von DAT und damit der Dopaminaufnahme beteiligt.
KW  - Angiotensin II
KW  - Mutagenität
KW  - DNS-Schädigung
KW  - DNA-Schaden
KW  - Genotoxizität
KW  - genotoxicity
KW  - DNA damage
Y1  - 2010
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-55634
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Queisser, Nina
T1  - Oxidative and nitrosative stress induced by the mineralocorticoid aldosterone - Mechanism of induction and role of signal transduction pathways and transcription factors
T1  - Oxidativer und nitrosativer Stress induziert durch das Mineralocorticoid Aldosteron - Mechanismen der Induktion und Rolle von Signalwegen und Transkriptionsfaktoren
N2  - Several epidemiological studies found that hypertensive patients have an increased risk to develop kidney cancer. Hyperaldosteronism frequently results in arterial hypertension and contributes to the development and progression of kidney injury, with reactive oxygen species (ROS) playing an important role. ROS are thought to be associated with many pathological conditions such as cancer and other disorders, like cardiovascular complications , which often go along with hypertension. The aim of the present work was to investigate whether the effects of elevated aldosterone concentrations might be involved in the increased cancer incidence of hypertensive individuals. First, the potential capacity of aldosterone to induce oxidative stress and DNA damage was investigated in vitro and in vivo. In LLC-PK1 porcine kidney cells and MDCK canine kidney cells the significant formation of ROS, and especially of superoxide (O2˙ˉ) was assessed. With two genotoxicity tests, the comet assay and the micronucleus frequency test, the DNA damaging potential of aldosterone was quantified. In both genotoxicity tests a dose-dependent increase in aldosterone-induced structural DNA damage was observed. Oxidative stress and DNA damage were prevented by antioxidants, suggesting ROS as a major cause of DNA damage. Furthermore, the oxidatively modified DNA lesion 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2´-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), was found to be significantly elevated. In kidneys of rats with desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)/salt-induced hypertension, which is a model of severe mineralocorticoid-dependent hypertension, elevated levels of ROS and superoxide were found, compared to kidneys of sham rats. Also DNA strand breaks, measured with the comet assay and double strand breaks, visualized with antibodies against the double strand break-marker gamma-H2AX were significantly elevated in kidneys of DOCA/salt-treated rats. In addition, significantly increased amounts of 8-oxodG were detected. Proliferation of kidney cells was found to be increased, which theoretically enables the DNA damage to manifest itself as mutations, since the cells divide. Second, the effects of aldosterone on the activation of transcription factors and signaling pathways were investigated. A significant activation of the potentially protective transcription factor Nrf2 was observed in LLC-PK1 cells. This activation was triggered by an increase of ROS or reactive nitrogen species (RNS). In response to oxidative stress, glutathione synthesis and detoxifying enzymes, such as the subunits of the glutathione-cysteine-ligase or heme oxygenase 1 were rapidly induced after 4 h. Nevertheless, after 24 h a decrease of glutathione levels was observed. Since ROS levels were still high after 24 h, but Nrf2 activation decreased, this adaptive survival response seems to be transient and quickly saturated and overwhelmed by ROS/RNS. Furthermore, Nrf2 activation was not sufficient to protect cells against oxidative DNA damage, because the amounts of double strand breaks and 8-oxodG lesions steadily rose up to 48 h of aldosterone treatment. The second transcription factor that was time- and dose-dependently activated by aldosterone in LLC-PK1 and MDCK cells was NF-kappaB. Furthermore, a significant cytosolic and nuclear activation of ERK was detected. Aldosterone induced the phosphorylation of the transcription factors CREB, STAT1 and STAT3 through ERK. Third, the underlying mechanisms of oxidant production, DNA damage and activation of transcription factors and signaling pathways were studied. Aldosterone exclusively acted via the MR, which was proven by the MR antagonists eplerenone, spironolactone and BR-4628, whereas the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist mifepristone did not show any effect. Furthermore, aldosterone needed cytosolic calcium to exert its negative effects. Calcium from intracellular stores and the influx of calcium across the plasma membrane was involved in aldosterone signaling. The calcium signal activated on the one hand, the prooxidant enzyme complex NAD(P)H oxidase through PKC, which subsequently caused the generation of O2˙ˉ. On the other hand, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) was activated, which in turn produced NO. NO and O2˙ˉ can react to the highly reactive species ONOO- that can damage the DNA more severely than the less reactive O2˙ˉ. In the short term, the activation of transcription factors and signaling pathways could be a protective response against aldosterone-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage. However, a long-term NF-B and ERK/CREB/STAT activation by persistently high aldosterone levels could unfold the prosurvival activity of NF-kappaB and ERK/CREB/STAT in aldosterone-exposed cells. DNA damage caused by increased ROS might become persistent and could be inherited to daughter cells, probably initiating carcinogenesis. If these events also occur in patients with hyperaldosteronism, these results suggest that aldosterone could be involved in the increased cancer incidence of hypertensive individuals.
N2  - Mehrere epidemiologische Studien haben ein erhöhtes Nierenkrebsrisko bei Patienten mit Bluthochdruck aufgedeckt. Hyperaldosteronismus führt oft zu arteriellem Bluthochdruck und trägt zur Entwicklung und zum Fortschreiten von Nierenschäden bei, wobei reaktive Sauerstoffspezies (ROS) eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Immer häufiger werden ROS mit Krankheitsbildern wie Krebs und kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen, die mit Bluthochdruck einhergehen, in Verbindung gebracht. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, zu untersuchen, ob erhöhte Aldosteronkonzentrationen an dem gesteigerten Krebsrisiko von hypertensiven Patienten beteiligt sein könnten. Zunächst wurde die potentielle Kapazität von Aldosteron, oxidativen Stress und DNA-Schaden in vitro und in vivo induzieren zu können, untersucht. In der Schweine-Nierenzelllinie LLC-PK1 und der Hunde-Nierenzelllinie MDCK wurde die Entstehung von ROS und speziell die Bildung von Superoxid (O2˙ˉ) nachgewiesen. Das gentoxische Potential von Aldosteron wurde mit zwei Genotoxizitätstests, dem Comet Assay und dem Mikrokernfrequenztest bestimmt. In beiden Genotoxizitätstests konnte ein dosis-abhängiger Anstieg des strukturellen DNA-Schadens beobachtet werden. Antioxidantien konnten den oxidativen Stress und die DNA-Schäden verringern, was annehmen lässt, dass ROS die Hauptursache für die Entstehung der DNA-Schäden sind. Darüberhinaus wurden signifikant erhöhte Mengen der oxidativ modifizierten DNA Läsion 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-2´-deoxyguanosin (8-oxodG) gefunden. In Nieren von Ratten mit Desoxycorticosteron-Acetat (DOCA) und Salz-induziertem Bluthochdruck, ein Modell für massiven Mineralocorticoid-induzierten Bluthochdruck, wurde ebenfalls eine erhöhte Bildung von ROS und O2˙ˉ in Nieren von DOCA/Salz-Ratten im Vergleich zu Sham-Ratten beobachtet. Auch im Comet Assay erfasste DNA-Strangbrüche und Doppelstrangbrüche, die mit Hilfe von Antikörpern gegen den Doppelstrangbruchmarker gamma-H2AX sichtbar gemacht wurden, waren in den Nieren der DOCA/Salz-behandelten Ratten signifikant erhöht. Weiterhin wurden erhöhte 8-oxodG-Spiegel in DOCA/Salz-Ratten beobachtet. Auch eine erhöhte Proliferationsrate in DOCA/Salz-behandelten Ratten konnte festgestellt werden, was theoretisch dazu führen könnte, dass sich die DNA-Schäden als Mutationen manifestieren, da sich die Zellen teilen. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurde der Einfluss von Aldosteron auf die Aktivierung von Transkriptionsfaktoren und Signalwegen untersucht. Zunächst konnte die Aktivierung des potentiell schützenden Transkriptionsfaktors Nrf2 in LLC-PK1 Zellen mittels electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) beobachtet werden. Diese Aktivierung wurde durch den Anstieg an ROS und reaktiven Stickstoffspezies (RNS) ausgelöst. Als Antwort auf den oxidativen Stress, wurde die Glutathion-Synthese und detoxifizierende Enzyme, wie die Untereinheiten der Glutathion-Cystein-Ligase oder Hämoxygenase 1, nach 4 Stunden rasch hochreguliert. Nichtsdestotrotz konnte nach 24 Stunden eine Abnahme des Glutathionspiegels festgestellt werden. Da die Konzentration an ROS nach 24 Stunden immer noch signifikant erhöht war, die Aktivierung von Nrf2 allerdings stark zurückgegangen ist, scheint diese adaptive Überlebensstrategie nur kurzfristig, und somit schnell durch ROS/RNS gesättigt zu sein. Weiterhin war die Aktivierung von Nrf2 nicht ausreichend, um die Zellen vor dem durch Aldosteron-induzierten DNA-Schaden zu schützen, da Doppelstrangbrüche, sowie 8-oxodG-Läsionen bei bis zu 48-stündiger Inkubation mit Aldosteron stetig anstiegen. Der zweite Transkriptionsfaktor, der zeit- und dosisabhängig durch Aldosteron aktiviert wurde, war NF-kappaB. Ausserdem wurde die cytosolische und nukleäre Aktivierung von ERK nachgewiesen. Aldosteron induzierte weiterhin die Phosphorylierung der Transkriptionsfaktoren CREB, STAT1 und STAT3 durch ERK. Im dritten Teil dieser Arbeit wurden die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen der Entstehung von ROS/RNS, des DNA-Schadens und der Aktivierung von Transkriptionsfaktoren untersucht. Aldosteron wirkte ausschließlich über den MR, bewiesen durch Einsatz der MR-Antagonisten Eplerenon, Spironolakton und BR-4628. Der Glucocorticoid-Rezeptor-Antagonist Mifepriston zeigte dagegen keinen Effekt. Weiterhin benötigte Aldosteron cytosolisches Calcium, um seine negativen Effekte auszuüben. Es waren intrazelluäres Calcium, sowie ein Calciuminflux über die Plasmamembran am Aldosteronsignal beteiligt. Einerseits wurde der prooxidative Enzymkomplex NAD(P)H-Oxidase von Calcium durch die Proteinkinase C (PKC) aktiviert, was wiederum zur Bildung von O2˙ˉ führte. Andererseits kam es durch erhöhtes cytosolisches Calcium zur Aktivierung der NO-Synthase (NOS), welche daraufhin Stickoxid (NO) produzierte. NO und O2˙ˉ können zu dem hochreaktiven Peroxynitrit (ONOO-) reagieren, welches die DNA mehr schädigen kann als das etwas weniger reaktive O2˙ˉ. Kurzfristig könnte die Aktivierung der Transkriptionsfaktoren und Signalwege eine schützende Wirkung gegen den durch Aldosteron-induzierten oxidativen Stress und DNA-Schaden in den Zellen haben. Allerdings kann eine länger anhaltende Aktivierung von NF-kappaB und ERK/CREB/STAT durch permanent hohe Aldosteronspiegel zur Induktion einer Überlebensstrategie durch NF-kappaB und ERK/CREB/STAT in Aldosteron-exponierten Zellen führen. Der DNA-Schaden, der durch erhöhte ROS-Spiegel entsteht, könnte persistent und somit an Tochterzellen weitervererbt werden, was eventuell zur Entstehung von Krebs beitragen könnte. Falls diese Effekte auch in Patienten mit Hyperaldosteronismus gefunden werden können, dann könnte Aldosteron an der erhöhten Krebsinzidenz bei Bluthochdruck beteiligt sein.
KW  - Aldosteron
KW  - Oxidativer Stress
KW  - DNS-Schädigung
KW  - NADPH-Oxidase
KW  - Stickstoffoxidsynthase
KW  - Aldosteron
KW  - Oxidativer Stress
KW  - Nitrosativer Stress
KW  - DNA-Schaden
KW  - Transkriptionsfaktoren
KW  - aldosterone
KW  - oxidative stress
KW  - nitrosative stress
KW  - DNA damage
KW  - transcription factors
Y1  - 2010
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-53566
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Fischer, Thomas Horst
T1  - Die transkriptionelle Regulation der microRNA-21 im Herzen
T1  - The transcriptional regulation of microRNA-21 in the heart
N2  - MicroRNAs sind kleine, nicht kodierende RNA-Moleküle, die posttranskriptionell die Genexpression regulieren. Sie binden hierfür spezifisch an 3’-UTRs von messenger-RNAs und führen entweder direkt zu deren Abbau oder inhibieren deren Translation. Über die Mechanismen, die die Expression von microRNAs regulieren, ist jedoch noch wenig bekannt. Die Tatsache, dass sie als lange Vorläufermoleküle (pri-microRNAs) durch die RNA-Polymerase-II transkribiert werden, legt die Existenz eines Promotorbereiches nahe, der dem proteinkodierender Gene ähnelt. Mit Hilfe von microRNA-Arrays konnten wir im linksventrikulären Myokard mehrere bei Herzinsuffizienz deutlich verändert exprimierte microRNAs identifizieren. Die microRNA-21 ist dabei bereits im Frühstadium der Herzinsuffizienz verstärkt exprimiert (Northern Blot). Auch in primären, kardialen Zellen (Fibroblasten, Kardiomyozyten) wird die microRNA-21 nach Induktion einer Hypertrophie verstärkt exprimiert. Weiterführendes Ziel dieser Arbeit war es nun, diejenigen Mechanismen aufzuklären, die der starken Induktion der microRNA-21 im erkrankten Myokard zu Grunde liegen. Durch bioinformatische Analyse des zugehörigen Promotorbereiches (Trans-Spezies-Konservierung) und Klonierung danach ausgerichteter Fragmente in Luciferase-basierte Reporter-Plasmide konnte ein 118 Basen langer Bereich identifiziert werden, der maßgeblich die Expression der microRNA-21 im Herzen bedingt. Durch Deaktivierung einzelner cis-Elemente konnte die kardiale Expression auf zwei essentielle Transkriptionsfaktorbindungsstellen zurückgeführt werden. Es handelt sich dabei um Erkennungssequenzen für die im Herz bedeutsamen Transkriptionsfaktoren CREB und SRF. Sie liegen in enger räumlicher Nachbarschaft ungefähr 1150 bp vor der Transkriptionsstartstelle. Die Suppression der Expression dieser beiden Transkriptionsfaktoren mittels geeigneter siRNAs führte jeweils zu einer signifikanten Aktivitätsminderung des microRNA-21-Promotors und konnte somit die vorangehenden Ergebnisse validieren. Durch Generierung einer transgenen Tierlinie, die lacZ unter der Kontrolle des microRNA-21-Promotors exprimiert, werden in naher Zukunft nähere Aufschlüsse über die gewebsspezifische Verteilung der microRNA-21-Expresssion in vivo möglich sein. Zusammenfassend beschreiben wir hier erstmals den Mechanismus der transkriptionellen Regulation der microRNA-21 im Herzen. Dieser Mechanismus bedingt wahrscheinlich die starke Induktion dieser microRNA bei kardialer Hypertrophie und Herzinsuffizienz.
N2  - MicroRNAs are small, non-coding RNA molecules that posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression. They specifically bind to 3’-UTRs of messenger RNAs and either directly lead to the degradation of the bound messenger-RNA or inhibit its translation. Only little is known, however, about the mechanisms that control the expression of microRNAs. The fact that they are being transcribed as long precursor-molecules (primary microRNAs, pri-microRNAs) by type-II-RNA-polymerase suggests that they have a promoter region similar to those of protein-coding genes. Using microRNA arrays, we were able to identify several differentially expressed microRNAs in the left ventricular myocardium of mice suffering from heart failure. MicroRNA-21 was found to be strikingly upregulated even in early stages of disease (Northern blot) and the induction of hypertrophy in vitro also elevated its expression. The aim of this study was to learn more about the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for the strong induction of microRNA-21 in the failing heart. Bioinformatic analysis of the microRNA-21 promoter region (trans species conservation) and cloning of several fragments into luciferase-based reporter plasmids revealed a 118 bp region to be fundamental to the activity of this promoter in cardiac cells. By deactivating single cis elements we were able to identify two transcription factor binding sites that are essential for microRNA-21 expression. These are recognition sites for the transcription factors CREB and SRF, both of which are known to be important in the heart. They are located in close proximity about 1150 bp upstream of the transcription start site. The suppression of these transcription factors through siRNAs lead to a strong reduction of the microRNA-21 promoter activity and thus validated the preceding results. Summing up we were able to describe the mechanisms that underlie the transcriptional regulation of microRNA-21 in the heart. This mechanism most likely leads to the strong induction of this microRNA in hypertrophy and heart failure.
KW  - Small RNA
KW  - Genregulation
KW  - microRNA-21
KW  - miR-21
KW  - Herz
KW  - Transkription
KW  - microRNA-21
KW  - miR-21
KW  - Herz
KW  - transcription
Y1  - 2010
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-50702
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Hoffmann, Dana
T1  - Neue Biomarker zum Nachweis von Nierentoxizität
T1  - Novel Biomarker of Nephrotoxicity
N2  - Der Prozess von der Entdeckung und Entwicklung eines potentiellen Arzneistoffs bis zu dessen Zulassung ist extrem kosten&#8208; und zeitintensiv und eine Vielzahl dieser Stoffe kann aufgrund toxischer Nebenwirkungen in präklinischen Studien nicht weiterentwickelt werden. Dabei ist die Niere eines der Hauptziele von Xenobiotika&#8208;induzierter Organtoxizität, jedoch ist eine frühe Detektion von Nierenschäden schwierig. Den derzeitig verwendeten klinischen Parameter, wie Blutharnstoff (BUN) und Serumkreatinin fehlt es an Sensitivität und Spezifität, da sie Fremdstoff&#8208;induzierte Toxizität meist erst aufzeigen, wenn schon ein erheblicher Teil der Nierenfunktion beeinträchtigt ist. Daher ist es notwendig, empfindlichere und zuverlässigere Biomarker zu identifizieren und zu validieren, welche kleinste Nierenschädigungen früher als traditionelle Parameter erkennen. In den letzten Jahren wurden in der Literatur aber auch von verschiedenen Projekten eine Reihe neuer gen&#8208;basierender und Urinbiomarker (Kim&#8208;1, Clusterin, Lipocalin&#8208;2, Timp&#8208;1) identifiziert. Ziel dieser Dissertation war es die Aussagekraft dieser Marker im Vergleich zu traditionellen Endpunkten, einschließlich klinische Chemie und Histopathologie an Gewebe&#8208;, Urin&#8208; und Serumproben von männlichen Ratten, welche mit Modellsubstanzen für Nephrotoxizität (Aristolochiasäure und Gentamicin) oder nephrotoxischen Arzneistoffkandidaten (PredTox Projekt) behandelt wurden, mittels qRT&#8208;PCR, Immunhistochemie und ELISA zu untersuchen. Zusammenfassend kann man sagen, dass die Effekte auf Ebene der Gen&#8208; und Proteinexpression generell sehr gut mit den histopathologischen Veränderungen korrelieren. Sie konnten meist früher oder in niedrigeren Dosierungen als die traditionellen Nierenmarker BUN und Serumkreatinin detektiert werden. Eine erhöhte Expression und Exkretion von Kim&#8208;1 zeigte sich in allen Studien als eine der frühesten Antworten auf Schädigung der proximalen Tubuli und stellt somit den empfindlichsten Biomarker dar. Die erhöhte Ausscheidung von Clusterin konnte teilweise vor einer veränderten Gen&#8208; und Proteinexpression im Gewebe detektiert werden und unterstützen die Verwendung von Clusterin als nicht&#8208;invasiven Biomarker. Obwohl eine gesteigerte Exkretion von Lipocalin&#8208;2 sehr früh nach Schädigung des proximalen Tubulus detektiert werden konnte, ist diese nicht spezifisch für einen Nierenschaden. Dennoch könnte die vermehrte Expression/Ausscheidung von Lipocalin&#8208;2 als frühe Antwort auf eine Entzündung oder einen Gewebeschaden eine sinnvolle Ergänzung der routinemäßigen Testung auf Toxizität darstellen. Ebenfalls konnte ein dosis&#8208; und zeitabhängiger Konzentrationsanstieg von einem Großteil der potentiellen Biomarker des „WideScreen™ Rat Kidney Toxicity Panels 1 and 2“ im Urin beobachtet werden. Da jedoch die potentiellen Biomarker unterschiedliche Empfindlichkeiten besitzen und unter Umständen auch vom Mechanismus der Toxizität von Verbindungen abhängen, erscheint eine Kombination von verschiedenen Biomarkern zur frühzeitigen Erkennung von proximalen Nierenschäden sowie zur Verlaufskontrolle von Nierenerkrankungen sinnvoll. Durch die einfache Probenahme und leichte Bestimmung ist die Messung der neuen potentiellen Nierenbiomarker im Urin neben der Bestimmung der traditionellen Parameter der klinischen Chemie sowie der Histopathologie sinnvoll für die Identifizierung von Nierenschädigungen in präklinischen Studien.
N2  - The discovery and development of new drugs is very costly and time&#8208;consuming and the rate of drug failure due to late&#8208;breaking findings in preclinical toxicity studies is high. The kidney is a major target of xenobiotic induced organ toxicity but early detection of renal damage or minor effects on renal function is challenging due to the functional reserve of the kidney. Current clinical pathology parameters of nephrotoxicity such as blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine are relatively insensitive and non specific, revealing kidney damage not until 70&#8208;80 % of the renal epithelial mass has been lost. There is a clear need for the identification and validation of more sensitive and reliable biomarkers, which are indicators of minimal kidney damage rather than impaired kidney function. Recently a range of novel gene&#8208;based and urinary kidney biomarker (Kim&#8208;1, clusterin, lipocalin&#8208;2 and Timp&#8208;1) was identified from literature and various colloraborative projects. The aim of this work was to investigate the performance of these markers compared to traditional endpoints, such as clinical chemistry and histopathology in tissue, urine and serum samples collected from studies, in which male Wistar rats were treated either with model compounds of nephrotoxicity (aristolochic acid and gentamicin) or drug candidates (PredTox) using qRT&#8208;PCR, immunohistochemistry and ELISA. In summary, effects on marker gene and protein expression generally correlated well with the renal histopathology alterations and were frequently detected at earlier time&#8208;points or lower doses than the traditional clinical parameters BUN and serum creatinine. Overexpression and enhanced urinary excretion of Kim&#8208;1 was one of the earliest responses to proximal tubule damage and might be seen as the most sensitive marker of nephrotoxicity. Furthermore, urinary Clusterin was increased before changes in gene and protein expression or even histopathological alterations were evident, confirming urinary clusterin as a sensitive, non&#8208;invasive marker for renal injury. Although changes in urinary lipocalin&#8208;2 occurred very early after proximal tubule damage, lipocalin&#8208;2 may not specific for kidney injury. However, its rapid response to inflammation and tissue damage in general may reinforce its use in routine toxicity testing. A dose&#8208; and time&#8208;dependent increase in most of the novel urinary biomarkers was evident using the “WideScreen™ Rat Kidney Toxicity Panels 1 and 2”. Due to the the variable sensitivity of a single biomarker, a combination of many different biomarkers to detect kidney injury appears to be useful. Concerning of the easy sampling and measurement, the additional determination of potential urinary biomarkers of nephrotoxcity next to the traditional clinical chemistry parameters and histopathological changes is helpful to identify kidney damage at early time&#8208;points.
KW  - Biomarker
KW  - Nephrotoxizität
KW  - Niere
KW  - biomarker
KW  - nephrotoxicity
KW  - kidney
Y1  - 2010
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-48562
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - von Hayn, Kathrin
T1  - Untersuchungen zur Ca2+-abhängigen Regulation von cAMP in intakten vaskulären Myocyten
T1  - Analysis of the Ca2+-dependent regulation of cAMP in intact vascular smooth muscle cells
N2  - Die Regulation des Tonus glatter Muskelzellen wird entscheidend von den beiden antagonistisch wirkenden second messengern cAMP und Ca2+ beeinflusst. Ein Ziel dieser Arbeit war herauszufinden, ob diese beiden Botenstoffe auch direkten Einfluss aufeinander haben können und welche Enzyme in diesem Fall an den Prozessen beteiligt sind. cAMP-Signale in intakten Zellen konnten wir in Echtzeit mit Hilfe des FRET-basierten cAMP-Sensors Epac1-camps beobachten; Ca2+-Signale durch Markieren der Zellen mit Fura-2. Anstiege der intrazellulären Ca2+-Konzentration in VSMCs wurden durch Aktivierung von endogen exprimierten, Gq-gekoppelten P2Y6-Rezeptoren mit Uridindiphosphat (UDP) ausgelöst. Durch eine zusätzliche in-vitro Kalibrierung des Epac1-camps konnten darüber hinaus absolute cAMP-Konzentrationen in einzelnen lebenden Zellen berechnet werden. Während ein Anstieg der Ca2+-Konzentration auf nicht vorstimulierte VSMCs keinen signifikante Einfluss auf die intrazellulären cAMP-Konzentrationen hatte, bewirkte die Aktivierung der purinergen Rezeptoren einen deutlichen Rückgang der intrazellulären cAMP-Konzentration in mit Isoproterenol vorstimulierten VSMCs. Dieser Effekt konnte sowohl durch die Komplexierung von Ca2+ mit BAPTA-AM als auch durch die Überexpression der Ca2+-insensitiven AC4 antagonisiert werden. Adenylatcyclase-Aktivitäts-Assays in VSMC-Membranen zeigten ebenfalls einen Rückgang der Cyclaseaktivität nach Zugabe von 2 und 5 &#956;M freiem Ca2+. Die Hemmung der einzigen Ca2+-regulierbaren PDE1 mit dem selektiven PDE1-Inhibitor 8-Methoxymethyl-IBMX (8-MM-IBMX) hatte im Gegensatz dazu keinen Einfluss auf die durch UDP verursachte Änderung der cAMP-Konzentration in vorstimulierten VSMCs. Schließlich bewirkte die Herunterregulation der Ca2+-inhibierbaren AC5 und 6 mit siRNA einen signifikante Hemmung des durch UDP verursachten Effekts. Fasst man alle diese Ergebnisse zusammen, so lässt sich folgende Schlussfolgerung ziehen: Der durch purinerge Stimulation verursachte Rückgang der cAMP-Konzentration in mit Isoproterenol vorstimulierten VSMCs wird durch eine Hemmung der Ca2+-hemmbaren AC5 und 6 vermittelt. Dadurch sind zwei für die Regulation des Tonus wichtige Signalwege in VSMCs miteinander verbunden, die sich somit gegenseitig entscheidend beeinflussen können. Ein weiterer Bestandteil dieser Arbeit war die Entwicklung eines transgenen Mausmodells, das glattmuskelspezifisch den cAMP-Sensor Epac1-camps exprimiert. Mit Hilfe eines solchen Tiermodells könnten in Zukunft cAMP-Änderungen in intakten Geweben und vielleicht sogar in lebenden Tieren beobachtet werden. Durch Anwendung des Cre-loxP-Rekombinationssystems gelang es eine glatt¬muskelspezifische, für den Epac1-camps transgene Mauslinie zu generieren. Mit isolierten VSMCs dieser Tiere konnten bereits erste FRET-Messungen durchgeführt und agonistinduzierte cAMP-Änderungen beobachtet werden.
N2  - Regulation of smooth muscle tone is crucially determined by the antangonistic second messengers cAMP and Ca2+. One aim of this work was to investigate, if these two mediators can also affect each other directly and which enzymes take part in these processes. For observing cAMP signals in living cells with a temporally high resolution, we used the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based cAMP sensor Epac1-camps. For monitoring changes in intracellular Ca2+, cells were labeled with Fura-2. Rises in intracellular Ca2+ were achieved by activation of on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) endogenously expressed Gq-coupled P2Y6 receptors with uridine diphosphate (UDP). Additional, in-vitro calibration of the Epac1-camps allowed the calculation of absolute cAMP concentrations in single living cells. An increase of Ca2+ concentrations in non-prestimulated VSMCs did not significantly influence intracellular cAMP concentrations. Activation of purinergic receptors of isoproterenol-prestimulated cells with UDP provoked a clear decrease of intracellular cAMP concentrations. This effect was blocked by the complexation of Ca2+ with BAPTA-AM as well as by overexpression of Ca2+-insensitive AC4. Furthermore, adenylyl cyclase activity assays in the presence of 2 and 5 &#956;M free Ca2+ in VSMC membranes showed a decline in cyclase activity. Inhibition of PDE1, the only Ca2+-dependent phosphodiesterase (PDE), with the selective PDE1 inhibitor 8-methoxymethy-IBMX, in contrast, had no effect on UDP-evoked changes in cAMP concentrations in isoproterenol-prestimulated VSMCs. Finally, knockdown of Ca2+-inhibitable AC5 and 6 with siRNA significantly inhibited the UDP-evoked decrease in cAMP concentrations in isoproterenol-prestimulated VSMCs. To merge all these results, one can draw the following conclusion: The purinergically evoked decrease in cAMP concentrations in isoproterenol-prestimulated VSMCs is caused by an inhibition of AC5 and 6 which is mediated by Ca2+. This mechanism interlinks two essential antagonistic signaling pathways for the regulation of smooth muscle tone. An additional part of this work was to develop a transgenic mouse model, which expresses smooth-muscle-specifically Epac1-camps. In the future, these animals could provide the possibility to observe cAMP signals in intact tissues or even in living animals. With the help of the Cre-loxP recombination system, we achieved to generate such a smooth-muscle-specific transgene. Afterwards FRET measurements in isolated vascular smooth muscle cells of these animals were possible and we were also able to observe agonist-induced cAMP changes in these isolated cells.
KW  - Glatte Muskulatur
KW  - Cyclo-AMP
KW  - Calcium
KW  - Calcium
KW  - cAMP
KW  - vaskuläre glatte Muskelzellen
KW  - FRET
KW  - calcium
KW  - cAMP
KW  - vascular smooth muscle cells
KW  - FRET
Y1  - 2010
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-47709
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Rached, Eva Katharina
T1  - Neue Ansätze zur Entwicklung von Alternativmethoden zur Prüfung auf chronische Nierentoxizität
N2  - Die Niere ist eines der wichtigsten Zielorgane für Toxizität, allerdings stellt die frühzeitige Erkennung einer Nierenschädigung und/oder kanzerogenen Wirkung infolge einer wiederholten Exposition gegenüber toxischen Verbindungen ein großes Problem dar, da traditionelle Marker für Nierenfunktionsstörungen wenig empfindlich sind. Daher ist es notwendig, verbesserte Testmethoden (Alternativmethoden) zur Prüfung auf chronische Nierentoxizität zu entwickeln. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es daher, mögliche Alternativmethoden zur Prüfung auf Nephrotoxizität nach wiederholter Exposition zu untersuchen. Zum einen wurden dazu in einem in vivo-Modell für chronische Nierentoxizität neue Biomarker für Stress und Gewebeschädigung untersucht, deren erhöhte Genexpression in mehreren Modellen für akute Schädigung des Nierengewebes gezeigt wurde, einschließlich kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), Clusterin (CLU), Osteopontin (OPN), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1), Vimentin (VIM) und Hämoxygenase-1 (HO-1). Diese Marker wurden nachfolgend auch in einem zellkulturbasierten in vitro-Modell untersucht. Ein weiterer Teil der Arbeit befasste sich mit Veränderungen der Zellteilung als möglicher Marker für die Früherkennung kanzerogener Effekte. Das in vivo-Modell bestand in einer Studie in männlichen F344/N-Ratten, die 14, 28 oder 90 Tage oral mit 0, 21, 70 oder 210 µg/kg Körpergewicht (KG) Ochratoxin A (OTA) behandelt wurden. OTA ist ein Mykotoxin, das in Ratten bei wiederholter Gabe eine Nierenschädigung und Nierenkrebs verursacht. Die Analyse der mRNA-Expression der neuen Biomarker in Nierengewebe zeigte bei Tieren, die mit 70 oder 210 µg/kg KG behandelt wurden, eine frühzeitige, zeit- und dosisabhängige Induktion von KIM-1, LCN2, TIMP-1, OPN und CLU, die mit histopathologischen Veränderungen in Form von Zelldegeneration und Regeneration einherging und das Fortschreiten der Schädigung gut widerspiegelte. Auch die mRNA-Expression von HO 1 und VIM wurde durch OTA moduliert, allerdings war eine Erhöhung nicht zu allen Zeitpunkten zu messen bzw. trat nicht so früh auf wie bei den anderen Markern. Effekte auf traditionelle Marker für Nephrotoxizität (Serum-Kreatinin, N-Acetyl-&#946;-D-glucosaminidase und &#947;-Glutamyltransferase im Urin) wurden im Vergleich zu den neuen Markern zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt und zumeist nur in der Hochdosisgruppe festgestellt. Zusätzlich zu den Effekten auf die Genexpression konnte in den Zielzellen von OTA im proximalen Tubulusepithel eine erhöhte Proteinexpression von KIM-1, CLU, OPN und VIM gezeigt werden; nur für KIM-1 wurde allerdings auch im Urin eine erhöhte Konzentration nachgewiesen, die mit den Effekten auf die mRNA- und Proteinkonzentration im Gewebe korrelierte. Damit stellt KIM-1 in dieser Studie hinsichtlich Empfindlichkeit und Messbarkeit den empfindlichsten Biomarker für Nephrotoxizität dar. Die Untersuchung der Zellteilung nach wiederholter Gabe von OTA zeigte einen dramatischen, zeit- und dosisabhängigen Anstieg der Proliferation von proximalen Tubulusepithelzellen in Nieren von Tieren, die mit 70 oder 210 µg/kg KG behandelt wurden. Dagegen wurden nach wiederholter Exposition gegenüber 21 µg/kg KG über 90 Tage keine OTA-abhängigen Effekte auf die renale Zellproliferation festgestellt. Somit korrelieren die Veränderungen der Zellteilung in der Niere in der 90-Tages-Studie sehr gut mit dem Ergebnis der 2-Jahres-Kanzerogenitätsstudie mit OTA, in der Nierentumoren nur nach Behandlung mit 70 oder 210 µg/kg KG auftraten. Ausgehend von den verschiedenen Endpunkten für Toxizität, die in der Studie untersucht wurden, liegt der no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) bei 21 µg/kg KG OTA. Dies entspricht dem NOAEL der 2-Jahres-Kanzerogenitätsstudie. In einem weiteren Teil der Arbeit wurden die neuen in vivo-Biomarker für Nephrotoxizität in NRK 52E-Zellen als in vitro-Modell ausgetestet. Allerdings konnte eine erhöhte mRNA-Expression von KIM-1, einem sensitiven Marker in vivo, nach 24 oder 48 Stunden Behandlung mit verschiedenen nephrotoxischen Modellverbindungen (OTA, Kaliumbromat (KBrO3), Cisplatin oder Cadmiumchlorid (CdCl2)) in den Zellen nicht nachgewiesen werden. Die mRNA-Expression anderer Marker (VIM, CLU, TIMP-1, LCN2, OPN) war dagegen in unbehandelten Zellen bereits so hoch, dass die Behandlung mit Nephrotoxinen zu keiner weiteren Induktion führte. Allein die Gen- und Proteinexpression von HO-1 wurde durch CdCl2, KBrO3 und OTA induziert und könnte daher einen potentiellen Marker für screening-Studien in vitro darstellen. Insgesamt war der Nachweis zytotoxischer Wirkungen jedoch der empfindlichste Endpunkt in der Zellkultur. Die Ergebnisse stützen somit die Verwendung der neuen in vivo-Biomarker als gewebespezifische Marker für Nephrotoxizität in vitro nicht.
N2  - The kidney is a main target organ of toxicity, but early detection of kidney damage and/or carcinogenic effects following the repeated exposure to toxic substances presents a major problem, since traditional markers of renal malfunction suffer from lack of sensitivity. Therefore, nephrotoxic effects are often detected only in long-term experiments in animals. Ethical reasons as well as the immense time and costs required for these animal studies have prompted the search for alternative methods by which animal numbers and duration of studies can be reduced. A further, albeit challenging, attempt is to replace experiments in animals by studies in vitro. The aim of this work was to test possible alternative methods for the detection of nephrotoxicity after repeated exposure. One the one hand, the expression of new biomarkers of stress and tissue damage was studied in an in vivo-model of chronic nephrotoxicity; enhanced gene expression of these biomarkers, including kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), lipocalin-2 (LCN2), clusterin (CLU), osteopontin (OPN), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1), vimentin (VIM), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), had been demonstrated before in several models of acute kidney damage. In addition to the experiments in vivo, the markers were also studied in a cell culture-based in vitro-model to assess their use as sensitive endpoints of toxicity in vitro. A further part of this work included the determination of cell proliferation as potential early marker of toxin-induced carcinogenic effects. As an in vivo-model, a toxicity study in male F344/N rats was performed. Rats were treated 14, 28 or 90 days with 0, 21, 70 or 210 µg/kg body weight (bw) ochratoxin A (OTA) by oral administration. OTA is a mycotoxin that is known to cause kidney damage and renal tumors in rats after repeated exposure. Analysis of mRNA expression of the new biomarkers showed early, time- and dose-dependent induction of KIM-1, LCN2, TIMP-1, OPN and CLU in kidney tissue of animals treated with 70 or 210 µg/kg bw. The induction of these biomarkers accompanied histopathological changes like cell degeneration and regeneration and mirrored well the progression of tissue damage. mRNA expression of HO-1 and VIM was also modulated by OTA, but overexpression was not evident at all time points or occurred later than for the other markers. Compared with the new biomarkers, effects on traditional markers of nephrotoxicity (serum creatinine, urinary N-acetyl-&#946;-D-glucosaminidase and &#947;-glutamyltransferase) were restricted to later time points and the high dose group. In addition to the effects on gene expression, enhanced protein expression of KIM-1, CLU, OPN and VIM was observed in target cells of OTA in the proximal tubule epithelium; however, only for KIM-1, increased protein levels were also measured in urine, which correlated with the effects on the gene and protein expression in kidney tissue. Therefore, KIM-1 appeared to be the most sensitive biomarker of nephrotoxicity in this study. The study of the renal cell division after repeated administration of OTA demonstrated a dramatic, time- and dose-dependent increase in the proliferation of proximal tubule epithelial cells in kidneys of rats exposed to 70 or 210 µg/kg bw. In contrast, no OTA-dependent effects on renal cell proliferation were observed after repeated administration of 21 µg/kg bw. Thus, changes of renal cell proliferation in this 90-day-study correlate well with the results of the 2-year-carcinogenicity study with OTA, where renal tumors were only detected at 70 or 210 µg/kg bw. Based upon the different endpoints of toxicity determined in this study, the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) is 21 µg/kg KG OTA. This is consistent with the result of the 2-year-carcinogenicity study. In another part of this work, the new in vivo biomarkers of nephrotoxicity were studied in NRK-52E cells as in vitro-model. However, mRNA expression of KIM-1, one of the best biomarkers in vivo, was not detected in the cells after treatment for 24 or 48 hours with several nephrotoxic model substances (OTA, potassium bromate (KBrO3), cisplatin or cadmium chloride (CdCl2)). In contrast, high basal mRNA expression of other markers (VIM, CLU, TIMP-1, LCN2, OPN) was evident even in untreated cells and treatment with nephrotoxins did not further enhance marker gene expression. Only in the case of HO-1, both gene and protein expression were induced by CdCl2, KBrO3 and OTA, and could therefore represent potential markers in screening studies in vitro. In summary, measurement of cytotoxicity was still the most sensitive endpoint of toxicity in vitro. Thus, results from this study do not support the use of the new in vivo-biomarkers as tissue-specific markers of nephrotoxicity in vitro.
KW  - Niere
KW  - Toxizität
KW  - Biomarker
KW  - Carcinogenese
KW  - Niere
KW  - Toxizität
KW  - Biomarker
KW  - Carcinogenese
KW  - nephrotoxicity
KW  - biomarker
KW  - carcinogenesis
Y1  - 2009
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-47812
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Klenk, Johann Christoph
T1  - Effekte von Parathormon auf die Struktur und Komplexierung des Parathormonrezeptors 1
T1  - Effects of parathyroid hormone on the structure and complexation of parathyroid hormone receptor 1
N2  - Der Parathormonrezeptor Typ 1 (PTHR) ist ein G-Protein-gekoppelter Rezeptor der Gruppe 2 und wichtigster Regulator des Kalziumstoffwechsels. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wurde eine neuartige posttranslationale Modifikation des PTHR in Form einer proteolytischen Spaltung der Ektodomäne identifiziert, charakterisiert und deren Regulation beschrieben. Nach langanhaltender Stimulation des Rezeptors mit Agonisten – aber nicht mit Antagonisten – wurde eine Massen- und Mengenzunahme des Rezeptorproteins beobachtet. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Rezeptor unter basalen Bedingungen einer Spaltung unterliegt. Der Massenunterschied entsteht durch die proteolytische Spaltung der Ektodomäne des PTHR, was nachfolgend die Stabilität des Rezeptors beeinträchtigt. Die Spaltung erfolgte innerhalb einer unstrukturierten Schleife der Ektodomäne, welche die Bereiche für die Ligandenbindung miteinander verbindet. Hierbei handelt es sich um eine Region, die im Vergleich zu anderen Gruppe 2-Rezeptoren spezifisch für den PTHR ist. Das durch die Spaltung entstandene N-terminale Fragment bleibt durch eine Disulfidbrücke mit dem Transmembranteil des Rezeptors verbunden. Durch Versuche mit verschiedenen Proteaseinhibitoren konnte die verantwortliche Protease der Familie der zinkabhängigen extrazellulären Proteasen zugeordnet werden. Diese Ergebnisse beschreiben einen Mechanismus wie die Homoöstase des PTHR reguliert sein könnte. In einem zweiten Abschnitt wurde die Interaktion der Adapterproteine NHERF1 und beta-Arrestin2 mit dem PTHR untersucht. Beide Proteine interagierten unabhängig mit dem Rezeptor, wobei NHERF1 über eine PDZ-Domäne konstitutiv an den C-Terminus des Rezeptors bindet. beta-Arrestin2 hingegen bindet nach Aktivierung des Rezeptors und führt zur Desensitisierung des Rezeptors. Mittels biochemischer und mikroskopischer Methoden konnte gezeigt werden, dass beide Proteine gemeinsam einen ternären Komplex mit dem PTHR bilden, welcher durch die direkte Interaktion zwischen NHERF1 und beta-Arrestin2 vermittelt wird. Dies hat zur Folge, dass beta-Arrestin im basalen Zustand durch NHERF1 an den Rezeptor gekoppelt wird. Durch Analyse der Assoziationskinetik mittels Fluoreszenz-Resonanz-Energietransfer-Messungen zeigte sich, dass diese Kopplung zu einer zweifach erhöhten Rekrutierungsgeschwindigkeit von beta-Arrestin2 an den PTHR führt. Somit stellt unterstützt NHERF1 die beta-Arrestin2-vermittelte Desensitisierung des PTHR.
N2  - The Parathyroid hormone receptor type 1 (PTHR) belongs to the class 2 of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and is the main regulator of calcium homeostasis of the body. The first part of the dissertation describes a novel mechanism of receptor regulation based on a proteolytic cleavage of the receptor’s extracellular domain. Prolonged stimulation with PTH led to an apparent increase in molecular mass and in stability of the PTHR. Biochemical analysis of the receptor protein revealed that the PTHR undergoes posttranslational cleavage. Agonistic but not antagonistic PTH-peptides prevented this cleavage, thereby stabilizing the molecular mass and also increasing the half life of the receptor. The cleavage was shown to occur within an unstructured stretch of the extracellular domain of the receptor, which connects two parts required for ligand binding and which is unique in the PTHR amongst all class 2 GPCRs. The cleaved N-terminal fragment was further connected by a disulfide bridge and could only be released by reducing agents. By testing a panel of different protease inhibitors, a protease belonging to the family of zinc-dependent metalloproteases could be identified to be responsible for the PTHR cleavage. Thus, these findings describe a new mechanism how PTHR homeostasis may be regulated. In the second part, the interaction between the adaptor proteins NHERF1 and beta-arrestin2 with the PTHR was assessed. Both proteins interacted independently with the receptor. While NHERF1 formed a constitutive interaction with the PTHR C-terminus, beta-arrestin2-binding required activation of the receptor. Using biochemical and microscopic methods it was shown that both proteins formed a ternary complex with the receptor. This complex was mediated by a direct interaction between NHERF1 and beta-arrestin2 which has been identified in this work. As a consequence, NHERF1 leads to a coupling of beta-arrestin2 close to the PTHR. Association kinetics of beta-arrestin2 with the PTHR measured by fluorescent resonance energy transfer were two-fold increased in the presence of NHERF, suggesting that the ternary complex facilitates the desensitization of the PTHR by beta-arrestin2.
KW  - Parathormon
KW  - Proteolyse
KW  - Endokrinologie
KW  - Calcium
KW  - Rezeptor
KW  - Retinales S-Antigen
KW  - GPCR
KW  - Matrix-Metalloprotease
KW  - NHERF
KW  - Signaltransduktion
KW  - G-Protein
KW  - GPCR
KW  - Matrix-Metalloproteinase
KW  - NHERF
KW  - signal transduction
KW  - G-protein
Y1  - 2009
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-47288
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Zürn, Alexander
T1  - Spezifische Markierungsverfahren von Rezeptoren mit kleinen Fluorophoren zur Analyse der Rezeptoraktivierung mittels FRET
T1  - Specific labelling techniques with small fluorophores for visualzing ligandselective conformations on receptors with FRET
N2  - Es gibt viele Hinweise, dass G-Protein-gekoppelte Rezeptoren bei ihrer Aktivierung durch einen Agonisten ligandenselektive Konformationen eingehen. Ein tatsächlichen Beleg hierfür konnte bisher in lebenden Zellen noch nicht erbracht werden. Zu diesem Zweck wurde in dieser Arbeit ein Fluoreszenz-Resonanz-Energie-Transfer (FRET)-basierter Ansatz gewählt, um ligandenselektive Konformationen in der dritten intrazellulären Schleife des &#945;2a-adrenergen Rezeptors (&#945;2a-AR) in lebenden Zellen darzustellen. Dazu wurden Rezeptorsensoren erstellt, welche jeweils ein CFP am Ende des C-Terminus trugen und in der dritten intrazellulären Schleife an verschiedenen Stellen mit einem Tetracysteinmotiv versehen wurden. Drei Konstrukte wurden verglichen, die das Tetracysteinmotiv N-terminal in der Nähe der Transmembrandomäne V (I3-N), in der Mitte der dritten intrazellulären Schleife (I3-M) beziehungsweise C-terminal in der Nähe der Transmembrandomäne VI (I3-C) trugen. Die drei Rezeptorsensoren unterschieden sich hinsichtlich ihrer Ligandenbindung sowie ihrer G-Proteinaktivierung nicht vom Wildtyp &#945;2a-AR. Durch das Tetracysteinmotiv ist es möglich, den Rezeptor spezifisch mit dem niedermolekularen Fluorophor FlAsH (fluorescein arsenical hairpin binder) zu markieren, welcher als Akzeptor für den Donor CFP in FRET-Experimenten dient. Die Änderung des FRET-Signals zwischen den beiden Fluorophoren, das durch den vollen Agonist Norepinephrin ausgelöst wurde, war bei allen drei Rezeptorsensoren vergleichbar. Der starke partielle Agonist Clonidin war ebenfalls in der Lage, in allen drei Konstrukten ein ähnliches FRET-Signal hervorzurufen. Dagegen zeigte der partielle Agonist Dopamin an dem Konstrukt I3-N ein signifikant schwächeres Signal, als an I3-C. Die schwachen partiellen Agonisten Octopamin und Norphenephrin konnten an den Konstrukten I3-N und I3-M keine Änderung des FRET-Signals bewirken, wobei an I3-C eine deutliche Signaländerung detektiert wurde. Dies legt nahe, dass die Transmembrandomäne V bei der Aktivierung des Rezeptors eine kleinere Bewegung eingeht als die Transmembrandomäne VI, und bestätigt damit ein auf Röntgenstrukturanlysen basierendes Modell der Rezeptorbewegung. Außerdem wurden die Aktivierungskinetiken für die Agonisten Norepinephrin und Dopamin verglichen. Hierbei konnte gezeigt werden, dass die durch Norepinephrin ausgelöste Bewegung an allen beobachteten Punkten gleich schnell war. Im Gegensatz dazu aktivierte Dopamin I3-C und I3-M ca. 1,5-mal langsamer, als Norepinephrin. Für das I3-N Konstrukt wurde sogar eine 3-mal langsamere Aktivierung gemessen. Diese Daten zeigen, dass unterschiedliche Agonisten in der dritten intrazellulären Schleife spezifische Konformationen auslösen können. Die Untersuchungen zur Rezeptorbewegung im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit wurde mit dem kleinen Fluorophor FlAsH in Kombination mit einer großen GFP-Variante durchgeführt. Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit wurde eine Methode entwickelt, bei der es möglich ist Proteine spezifisch mit beiden kleinen Fluorophoren FlAsH und ReAsH in einer lebenden Zelle zu markieren. Hierfür wurden zwei Tetracysteinmotive, CCPGCC und FLNCCPGCCMEP, gewählt, an die beide kleine Fluorophore kovalent binden. Durch Verdrängungsexperimente mit BAL konnte gezeigt werden, dass FlAsH für beide Motive eine dreifach höhere Affinität besitzt, als ReAsH. Dabei besitzt das FLNCCPGCCMEP-Motiv jedoch eine dreifach höhere Affinität zu dem jeweiligen Fluorophor besitzt als CCPGCC. Durch Ausnutzung dieser Affinitätsunterschiede konnte ein Protokoll entwickelt werden, mit dem es möglich ist, beide Motive in einer Zelle zu markieren. Dabei werden zunächst beide Motive mit ReAsH markiert. Durch anschließendes Waschen mit einer geeigneten Konzentration von BAL wird das ReAsH ausschließlich von der CCPGCC-Sequenz verdrängt, wohingegen die FLNCCPGCCMEP-Sequenz mit ReAsH markiert bleibt. Die nun unbesetzte CCPGCC-Sequenz kann dann anschließend mit FlAsH markiert werden, ohne dabei die Bindung des ReAsH an die FLNCCPGCCMEP-Sequenz zu beeinflussen. Um die Funktionalität dieses Protokolls zu überprüfen, sollten zwei verschiedene Proteine mit unterschiedlicher subzellulärer Lokalisation in einer lebenden Zelle spezifisch mit jeweils einem kleinen Fluorophor markiert werden. Hierzu wurden ein PTH-Rezeptor, in dem im C-Terminus die FLNCCPGCCMEP-Sequenz eingebracht wurde, mit ReAsH und ein &#946;-Arrestin-2, dem die CCPGCC-Sequenz eingebracht wurde, in Zellen co-exprimiert und gemäß dem Protokoll mit FlAsH und ReAsH markiert. Beide Proteine konnten spezifisch markiert werden, wobei der mit ReAsH markierte PTH-Rezeptor eine deutliche Lokalisation in der Zellmembran zeigte. Durch sequentielle Exzitation konnte in der gleichen Zelle das zytosolisch lokalisierte, mit FlAsH markierte &#946;-Arrestin-2 detektiert werden. Wurden die so markierten Zellen mir 1 µM PTH stimuliert, wurde das FlAsH-markierte &#946;-Arrestin-2 an die Zellmembran rekrutiert. Somit konnte durch die Entwicklung dieses Protokolls eine duale spezifische Markierung von Proteinen mit zwei kleinen Fluorophoren zu innerhalb einer Zelle erreicht werden.
N2  - Several lines of evidence suggest that G-protein-coupled receptors can adopt different active conformations, but their direct demonstration in intact cells is still missing. Using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based approach we studied conformational changes in &#61537;2A-adrenergic receptors (&#61537;2A-AR) in intact cells. The receptors were C-terminally labeled with cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) and with fluorescein arsenical hairpin binder (FlAsH) bound at a tetracysteine-motif at different sites in the third intracellular loop: N-terminally close to transmembrane domain V (I3-N), in the middle of the loop (I3-M), or C-terminally close to transmembrane domain VI (I3-C). All constructs retained normal ligand binding and signaling properties compared to the wildtype-&#61537;2A-AR. Changes in FRET between the labels were determined in intact cells in response to different agonists. The full agonist norepinephrine evoked similar FRET-changes for all three constructs. The strong partial agonist clonidine induced partial FRET-changes for all constructs. The partial agonist dopamine envoked a significantly weaker FRET-signal in I3-N than in I3-C. However, the weak partial agonists octopamine and norphenephrine only induced detectable changes in the construct I3-C, but no change in I3-M and I3-N. This agrees with X-ray receptor structures indicating larger agonist-induced movements at the cytoplasmic ends of transmembrane domain VI than V and suggests that partial agonism is linked to distinct conformational changes within a G-protein-coupled receptor. The kinetics of the receptor activation was compared between dopamine and norepinephrine. The kinetics for norepinephrine were similar for all three constructs. Dopamine-induced FRET-signals were &#8776;1.5-fold slower than those for norepinephrine in I3-C and I3-M, but >3-fold slower in I3-N. Our data indicate that the different ligands induced conformational changes in the receptor that were sensed differently in different positions of the third intracellular loop. Specific labeling of proteins in living cells with two different molecular probes would be an important further development for multiparameter imaging of cellular functions. Here we report a strategy to selectively label two different proteins in living cells with two different fluorophores, FlAsH and ReAsH. Recently improved tetracysteine binding motifs have been described to selectively bind FlAsH or ReAsH. We compared the six amino acid motif CCPGCC and the twelve amino acid motif FLNCCPGCCMEP with respect to their affinity for FlAsH and ReAsH. For both fluorophores, we observed a 3-fold higher affinity for the FLNCCPGCCMEP motif compared to CCPGCC, when washed off with BAL (british anit lewisite; 2,3-Dimercaptopropanol). For both target sequences, FlAsH showed more stable interactions than ReAsH. Based on these observations, we developed a protocol to demonstrate selective labeling of different proteins in the same cell. We used two target proteins that are localized in different cellular compartments. As model proteins we chose a plasmamembrane localized G protein-coupled receptor for PTH (PTH-receptor) which was C-terminally modified with the FLNCCPGCCMEP motif for labeling with ReAsH, and the cytosolic &#61538;-arrestin-2 protein which was C-terminally modified with the CCPGCC motif for labeling with FlAsH. Both proteins were specifically labelled with the respective Fluorophores and &#61538;-arrestin-2 will translocate to the plasmamembrane upon agonist stimulation of the PTH receptor. Taken together our data demonstrate that FlAsH and ReAsH can be used for orthogonal labeling to different binding motifs fused to different target proteins in living cells.
KW  - Fluoreszenz-Resonanz-Energie-Transfer
KW  - Fluoreszenz
KW  - Fluoreszenz <Motiv>
KW  - Wirkstoff-Rezeptor-Bindung
KW  - GPCR
KW  - Konformationsänderung
KW  - ligandenselektive Konformationen
KW  - Mikroskopie
KW  - FlAsH
KW  - ReAsH
KW  - Tetracystein-Motivee
KW  - GPCR
KW  - lignaselective conformations
KW  - FlAsH
KW  - ReAsH
KW  - Tetracystein-Motive
Y1  - 2009
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-35961
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Werthmann, Ruth
T1  - Echtzeit-Untersuchungen zur Thrombin-abhängigen Änderung der cAMP-Konzentration in lebenden Endothelzellen
T1  - Real-time monitoring of thrombin-dependent changes of the cAMP concentration in living endothelial cells
N2  - Das Endothel bildet eine einschichtige Zellbarriere zwischen Blut und interstitiellem Gewebe, deren Durchlässigkeit entscheidend durch die sekundären Botenstoffe Ca2+ und cAMP reguliert wird. Während Ca2+ durch eine verstärkte Kontraktion der Endothelzellen die Permeabilität erhöht, fördert cAMP die Adhäsion der Zellen und unterstützt somit die Barrierefunktion. Es ist bekannt, dass Thrombin durch einen Anstieg der intrazellulären Ca2+-Konzentration und vermutlich auch durch eine Hemmung der cAMP-Konzentration zu einer Permeabilitätserhöhung führt. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, Thrombin-induzierte Änderungen der cAMP-Konzentration in Echtzeit in lebenden Endothelzellen mittels Fluorescence-Resonance-Energy-Transfer (FRET) zu untersuchen. Hierfür wurden Human-Umbilical-Vein-Endothelial-Cells (HUVECs) mit dem FRET-basierten cAMP-Sensor Epac1-camps transfiziert. Die Bindung von cAMP an Epac1-camps führt zu einer Konformationsänderung des Sensors und damit zu einer Abschwächung des FRET. Mit Hilfe dieses Sensors kann die cAMP-Konzentration mit hoher zeitlicher Auflösung in einzelnen lebenden Zellen gemessen werden. Untersucht wurde der Effekt von Thrombin auf die cAMP-Konzentration in Endothelzellen, deren cAMP-Konzentration durch Stimulierung endogener &#946;-Rezeptoren erhöht war. Thrombin erniedrigte Ca2+-abhängig die cAMP-Konzentration um ca. 30 %. Dieser Abfall der cAMP-Konzentration folgte zeitlich verzögert dem Thrombin-induzierten Ca2+-Signal. Die cAMP-Konzentration erreichte ca. 30 s nach der Thrombinzugabe ein Minimum und stieg danach wieder an. Durch die Herunterregulierung der durch Ca2+ direkt inhibierten Adenylatzyklase 6 (AC6) mittels siRNA wurde die Thrombin-induzierte Abnahme der cAMP-Konzentration vollständig aufgehoben. Dies bestätigte, dass Thrombin durch die Ca2+-vermittelte Inhibierung der AC6 eine Abnahme der cAMP-Konzentration verursacht. Ohne &#946;-adrenerge Stimulation führte die Applikation von Thrombin zu einem langsamen Anstieg der cAMP-Konzentration, der mehrere Minuten anhielt. Dieser cAMP-Konzentrationsanstieg beruhte auf der Ca2+-abhängigen Aktivierung der Phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Diese setzt Arachidonsäure aus Membranphospholipiden frei, die als Substrat für die Synthese verschiedener Prostaglandine dient. Durch die pharmakologische Beeinflussung von Zyklooxygenasen und Prostazyklinrezeptoren konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Synthese von Prostazyklin und die anschließende Stimulation Gs-gekoppelter Prostazyklinrezeptoren zum Thrombin-induzierten Anstieg der cAMP-Konzentration führte. Da die Physiologie der Endothelzellen im Gefäß stark von Faktoren aus der unmittelbaren Umgebung beeinflusst wird, ist die Messung der Änderungen der cAMP-Konzentration in Endothelzellen, die sich innerhalb eines Gewebes befinden, von sehr großer Bedeutung. Deshalb war die Generierung transgener Mäuse mit einer gewebespezifischen Expression des FRET-Sensors Epac1-camps in Endothelzellen ein weiteres Ziel dieser Arbeit. Durch Anwendung eines Cre-Rekombinase/loxP-Ansatzes konnten transgene Mäuse generiert werden, die Epac1-camps spezifisch in Endothelzellen exprimierten. An isolierten pulmonären Endothelzellen konnte die Funktionalität des transgen exprimierten Sensors Epac1-camps nachgewiesen werden. Die Echtzeitmessung der Thrombin-induzierten Änderungen der cAMP-Konzentration verdeutlichte ein zeitlich sehr komplexes Wechselspiel zwischen Ca2+- und cAMP-Signalen, das die Barrierefunktion des Endothels maßgeblich beeinflussen wird. Die transgene Expression von Epac1-camps in Endothelzellen ermöglicht in Zukunft die Untersuchung der Thrombin-verursachten Änderungen der cAMP-Konzentration und der Permeabilität innerhalb eines intakten Gefäßes.
N2  - Endothelial cells form a semi permeable barrier between blood and interstitial tissues. The permeability of this barrier is mainly regulated by the second messengers Ca2+ and cAMP. While Ca2+ increases the permeability by inducing cell contraction, cAMP increases the adherence of the cells and, thereby, supports the barrier function. The Ca2+-elevating agent thrombin was demonstrated to increase endothelial permeability and to decrease cAMP levels. The aim of this thesis was to investigate thrombin-induced changes of the cAMP concentration in real time in living endothelial cells via fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Therefore, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were transfected with the FRET-based cAMP sensor Epac1-camps. Binding of cAMP to the binding domain of Epac1-camps induces a conformational change of the sensor that results in a decrease of FRET. With help of this sensor, changes in cAMP concentration can be monitored with high temporal resolution. First, the influence of thrombin on cAMP levels was investigated after elevating cAMP levels by stimulation of &#946;-adrenergic receptors. Thrombin led to a Ca2+-dependent decrease of cAMP levels by approximately 30 %. The decrease of cAMP levels was delayed compared to the thrombin-induced Ca2+ signal. This decrease was also transient and reached a minimum value 30 s after thrombin stimulation. A siRNA-mediated downregulation of the Ca2+-inhibited adenylyl cyclase 6 (AC6) completely abolished the thrombin-induced decrease of cAMP concentration. This provided the first direct evidence that the Ca2+-mediated inhibition of AC6 accounts for the thrombin-induced decrease in cAMP levels. In the absence of a &#946;-adrenergic-mediated increase of cAMP concentration, thrombin led to a slow increase in cAMP concentration that lasted for several minutes. This increase in cAMP concentration was caused by the Ca2+-dependent activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2). PLA2 releases arachidonic acid, which represents the substrate for prostaglandin synthesis. It was confirmed by pharmacological interference of cyclooxygenases and prostacyclin receptors that the synthesis of prostacyclin and subsequent stimulation of Gs-protein-coupled prostacyclin receptors caused the thrombin-induced increase in cAMP concentration. The real time monitoring of changes in cAMP concentration in endothelial cells within the vascular system is highly important as the physiology of endothelial cells in vivo is strongly influenced by factors contained in the surrounding blood or tissue. Therefore, a further aim of this thesis was the generation of transgenic mice expressing the FRET-based sensor Epac1-camps specifically in endothelial cells. Using a Cre-recombinase/loxP-approach transgenic mice were generated that specifically expressed Epac1-camps in endothelial cells, and the functionality of the transgenic sensor was proven in isolated pulmonary endothelial cells. Real time monitoring of thrombin-induced changes of cAMP concentration in endothelial cells revealed a temporally complex crosstalk between Ca2+ and cAMP signals that will affect endothelial barrier function. The transgenic expression of Epac1-camps opens the door for the investigation of thrombin-induced changes of cAMP levels and of endothelial permeability within intact vessels.
KW  - Cyclo-AMP
KW  - Endothelzelle
KW  - Fluoreszenz-Resonanz-Energie-Transfer
KW  - Thrombin
KW  - cyclo-AMP
KW  - endothelial cells
KW  - fluorescence resonance energy transfer
KW  - thrombin
Y1  - 2009
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-46066
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Schuster, Paul Xaver
T1  - Biotransformation of trans-1,1,1,3-tetrafluoropropene, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene
T1  - Biotransformation von trans-1,1,1,3-Tetrafluorpropen, 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluorpropen und 1,2,3,3,3-Pentafluorpropen
N2  - trans-1,1,1,3-Tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234ze) and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf) are non-ozone-depleting fluorocarbon replacements with low global warming potentials and short atmospheric lifetimes. They are developed as foam blowing agent and refrigerant, respectively. Investigations on biotransformation in different test species and in vitro systems are required to assess possible health risks of human exposure and needed for commercial development. The biotransformation of HFO-1234ze and HFO-1234yf was therefore investigated after inhalation exposure. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to air containing 2 000; 10,000; or 50,000 ppm (n=5/concentration) HFO-1234ze or HFO-1234yf. Male B6C3F1 mice were only exposed to 50,000 ppm HFO-1234ze or HFO-1234yf. Due to lethality observed in a developmental study with rabbits after exposure to high concentrations of HFO-1234yf, the metabolic fate of the compound was tested by whole body inhalation exposure of female New Zealand White rabbits to air containing 2 000; 10,000; or 50,000 ppm (n=3/concentration) HFO-1234yf. All inhalation exposures were conducted for 6 h in a dynamic exposure chamber. After the end of the exposures, animals were individually housed in metabolic cages and urines were collected at 6 or 12 h intervals for 48 h (rats and mice) or 60 h (rabbits). For metabolite identification, urine samples were analyzed by 1H-coupled and 1H-decoupled 19F-NMR and by LC/MS-MS or GC/MS. Metabolites were identified by 19F-NMR chemical shifts, signal multiplicity, 1H-19F coupling constants and by comparison with synthetic reference compounds. Biotransformation of HFO-1234ze in rats exposed to 50,000 ppm yielded S-(3,3,3-trifluoro-trans-propenyl)mercaptolactic acid as the predominant metabolite which accounted for 66% of all integrated 19F-NMR signals in urines. No 19F-NMR signals were found in spectra of rat urine samples collected after inhalation exposure to 2 000 or 10,000 ppm HFO-1234ze likely due to insufficient sensitivity. S-(3,3,3-Trifluoro-trans-propenyl)-L-cysteine, N-acetyl-S-(3,3,3-trifluoro-trans-propenyl)-L-cysteine, 3,3,3-trifluoropropionic acid and 3,3,3-trifluorolactic acid were also present as metabolites in urine samples of rats and mice at the 50,000 ppm level. A presumed amino acid conjugate of 3,3,3-trifluoropropionic acid was the major metabolite of HFO-1234ze in urine samples of mice exposed to 50,000 ppm and related to 18% of total integrated 19F-NMR signals. Quantitation of three metabolites in urines of rats and mice was performed, using LC/MS-MS or GC/MS. The quantified amounts of the metabolites excreted with urine in both mice and rats, suggest only a low extent (<<1% of dose received) of biotransformation of HFO-1234ze and 95% of all metabolites were excreted within 18 h after the end of the exposures (t1/2 approx. 6 h). Due to its low boiling point of &#8722;22 °C, most of the inhaled HFO-1234ze is expected to be readily exhaled. Moreover, steric and electronic factors may decrease the reactivity of the parent compound with soft nucleophiles such as glutathione. The obtained results suggest that HFO-1234ze is subjected to an addition-elimination reaction with glutathione and to a cytochrome P450-mediated epoxidation at low rates. The extent of a direct addition reaction of HFO-1234ze with glutathione is negligible, compared to that of the observed addition-elimination reaction. The results of in vivo testing of HFO-1234ze could not be supported by in vitro investigations, since HFO-1234ze was not metabolized in incubations with either liver microsomes or subcellular fractions from rat and human. Regarding the structures delineated in the biotransformation scheme of HFO-1234ze, 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoroepoxypropane and 3,3,3-trifluoropropionic acid are toxic intermediates which, however, are not supposed to display toxicity in the species after exposure to HFO-1234ze, due to the low extent of formation and an efficient detoxification of the epoxide by hydrolysis and glutathione conjugation. The findings of biotransformation of HFO-1234ze in rats and mice correlate with the absence of adverse effects in the toxicity testings and indicate their innocuousness to a human exposure. Biotransformation of HFO-1234yf yielded N-acetyl-S-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxypropanyl)-L-cysteine as predominat metabolite which accounted for approx. 44, 90 and 32% (50,000 ppm) of total 19F-NMR signal intensities in urine samples from rabbits, rats and mice, respectively. S-(3,3,3-Trifluoro-2-hydroxypropanyl)mercaptolactic acid and the sulfoxides of mercapturic acid and mercaptolactic acid S-conjugate were identified as minor metabolites of HFO-1234yf in urine samples from rabbits, rats and mice, whereas trifluoroacetic acid, 3,3,3-trifluorolactic acid and 3,3,3-trifluoro-1-hydroxyacetone were present as minor metabolites only in urine samples from rats and mice. The absence of these metabolites in rabbit urine samples...
N2  - trans-1,1,1,3-Tetrafluorpropen (HFO-1234ze) und 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluorpropen (HFO-1234yf) sind FKW-Ersatzstoffe, die eine kurze atmosphärische Lebensdauer besitzen und weder die Ozonschicht beeinträchtigen noch wesentlich zur globalen Erwärmung beitragen. Sie werden derzeit als Treibmittel für Schäume beziehungsweise als Kühlmittel entwickelt. Untersuchungen der Biotransformation in verschiedenen Tierspezies und in in vitro Systemen tragen zur Risikobewertung einer Humanexposition bei und werden für die kommerzielle Entwicklung benötigt. In dieser Arbeit wurde die Biotransformation von HFO-1234ze und HFO-1234yf nach inhalativer Exposition untersucht. Männliche Sprague-Dawley Ratten wurden Luftkonzentrationen von 2.000, 10.000 und 50.000 ppm (n=5/Konzentration) ausgesetzt. Männliche B6C3F1 Mäuse wurden dagegen nur einer Konzentration von 50.000 ppm ausgesetzt. Aufgrund von Todesfällen in einer Entwicklungstoxizitätsstudie mit Kaninchen wurde in dieser Arbeit auch die Biotransformation von HFO-1234yf in weiblichen Kaninchen mit Konzentrationen von 2.000, 10.000 und 50.000 ppm untersucht. Alle Inhalationen dauerten 6 Stunden und fanden in einem dynamisch durchströmten Expositionssystem statt. Nach Ende der Inhalationen wurden die Versuchstiere individuell in Stoffwechselkäfigen untergebracht und ihre Urine in 6 bzw. 12 h Intervallen gesammelt (insgesamt 48 h bei Ratten und Mäusen bzw. 60 h bei Kaninchen). Zur Identifizierung der Metabolite von HFO-1234ze und HFO-1234yf in den Urinen wurden 1H-ge- und entkoppelte 19F-NMR-Spektren aufgezeichnet und massenspektrometrische Untersuchungen mittels LC/MS-MS oder GC/MS durchgeführt. Die Metaboliten wurden anhand ihrer 19F-NMR-Charakteristika (Chemische Verschiebung, Signalmultiplizität und 1H-19F Kopplungskonstante) und durch Vergleich mit ihren synthetischen Referenzverbindungen identifiziert. In Ratten, die einer Konzentration von 50.000 ppm HFO-1234ze ausgesetzt worden waren, konnte S-(3,3,3-Trifluor-trans-propenyl)merkaptolaktat als Hauptmetabolit nachgewiesen werden. Er machte 66% aller integrierten 19F-NMR-Signale aus. In 19F-NMR-Spektren von Rattenurinen der 2.000 und 10.000 ppm Expositionen konnten dagegen keine Signale detektiert werden, wahrscheinlich wegen unzureichender Empfindlichkeit der 19F-NMR-Messungen. Als Nebenprodukte von HFO-1234ze in Ratten- und Mäuseurinen wurden S-(3,3,3-Trifluor-trans-propenyl)-L-cystein, N-Acetyl-S-(3,3,3-trifluor-trans-propenyl)-L-cystein, 3,3,3-Trifluorpropion-säure und 3,3,3-Trifluorlaktat nachgewiesen. In Mäuseurinen war der Hauptmetabolit von HFO-1234ze ein vermutetes Aminosäurekonjugat von 3,3,3-Trifluorpropion-säure, auf das 18% aller integrierten 19F-NMR Signalintensitäten entfielen. In den Urinen von Ratten und Mäusen wurden 3 Metabolite mittels LC/MS-MS oder GC/MS quantifiziert. Die ermittelten Mengen weisen auf eine sehr niedrige Biotransformationsrate von HFO-1234ze hin (<<1% der verabreichten Dosis). 95% aller Metabolite wurden innerhalb von 18 h nach Ende der Inhalationen ausgeschieden (t1/2 ca. 6 h). Aufgrund des niedrigen Siedepunkts von &#8722;22°C wird ein Großteil des aufgenommen Gases möglicherweise rasch wieder exhaliert, und sterische sowie elektronische Faktoren könnten die Reaktivität der Ausgangsverbindung mit schwachen Nukleophilen wie Glutathion senken. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass HFO-1234ze in geringem Ausmaß durch Additions-Eliminations Reaktion mit Glutathion und einer CYP450-vermittelten Epoxidierung biotransformiert wird. Das Ausmaß einer direkten Additions Reaktion von HFO-1234ze mit Glutathion ist verglichen mit der vorherrschenden Additions-Eliminations Reaktion vernachlässigbar. Da kein Umsatz von HFO-1234ze in Inkubationen mit Rettenlebermikrosomen oder subzellulären Fraktionen von Human- und Rattenleber stattfand, konnten die in vivo Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit nicht mit in vitro Untersuchungen verglichen werden. Im Biotransformationsschema von HFO-1234ze sind 1,1,1,3-Tetrafluorepoxypropan und 3,3,3-Trifluorpropionsäure toxische Intermediate, die jedoch aufgrund der geringen gebildeten Mengen und einer effektiven Entgiftung des Epoxids durch Glutathionkonjugation keine toxischen Effekte in den verwendeten Tierspezies auslösten. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung der Biotransformation von HFO-1234ze in Ratten und Mäusen korrelieren mit der Abwesenheit nachteiliger Effekte in den Toxizitätsstudien und lassen eine Humanexposition gegenüber HFO-1234ze als unbedenklich erscheinen. Bei der Biotransformation von HFO-1234yf entstand N-Acetyl-S-(3,3,3-trifluor-2-hydroxypropanyl)-L-cystein...
KW  - Biotransformation
KW  - fluorocarbons
KW  - trans-1
KW  - 1
KW  - 1
KW  - 3
KW  - tetrafluoropropene
KW  - 2
KW  - 3
KW  - 3
KW  - 3-tetrafluoropropene
KW  - 1
KW  - 2
KW  - 3
KW  - 3
KW  - 3-pentafluoropropene
KW  - metabolites
KW  - Merkaptursäure
KW  - Merkaptolaktat
KW  - Glutathion S-Konjugat
KW  - Toxizität
KW  - Inhalation
KW  - mercapturic acid
KW  - mercaptolactic acid
KW  - glutathion S-conjugate
KW  - toxicity
KW  - inhalation
Y1  - 2009
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-43716
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Sieber, Maximilian
T1  - Evaluation of 1H-NMR and GC/MS-based metabonomics for the assessment of liver and kidney toxicity
T1  - Bewertung von 1H-NMR und GC/MS-Metabonomics zur Erkennung von Leber- und Nierentoxizität
N2  - For the assessment of metabonomics techniques for the early, non-invasive detection of toxicity, the nephrotoxins gentamicin (s.c. administration of 0, 60 and 120 mg/kg bw 2x daily for 8 days), ochratoxin A (p.o. administration of 0, 21, 70 and 210 µg/kg bw 5 days/week for 90 days) and aristolochic acid (p.o. administration of 0, 0.1, 1.0 and 10 mg/kg bw for 12 days) were administered to rats and urine samples were analyzed with 1H-NMR and GC/MS. Urine samples from the InnoMed PredTox project were analyzed as well, thereby focusing on 1H-NMR analysis and bile duct necrosis as histopathological endpoint. 1H-NMR analysis used water supression with the following protocol: 1 M phosphate buffer, D2O as shift lock reagent, D4-trimethylsilyl­propionic acid as chemical shift reference, noesygppr1d pulse sequence (Bruker). For multivariate data analysis, spectral intensity was binned into 0.04 ppm wide bins. GC/MS analysis of urine was carried out after protein precipitation with methanol, drying, derivatization with methoxyamine hydrochloride in pyridine and with methyl(trimethylsilyl)­trifluoroacetamide on a DB5-MS column using EI ionization. The chromatograms were prepared for multivariate data analysis using the R-program based peak picking and alignment software XCMS version 2.4.0. Principal component analysis (PCA) to detect and visualize time-point and dose-dependent differences between treated animals and controls and orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) for identification of potential molecular markers of toxicity was carried out using SIMCA P+ 11.5 1H-NMR-based markers were identified and quantified with the Chenomx NMR Suite, GC/MS based markers were identified using the NIST Mass Spectral Database and by co-elution with authentic reference standards. PCA of urinary metabolite profiles was able to differentiate treated animals from controls at the same time as histopathology. An advantage over classical clinical chemistry parameters regarding sensitivity could be observed in some cases. Metabonomic analysis with GC/MS and 1H-NMR revealed alterations in the urinary profile of treated animals 1 day after start of treatment with gentamicin, correlating with changes in clinical chemistry parameters and histopathology. Decreased urinary excretion of citrate, 2-oxoglutarate, hippurate, trigonelline and 3-indoxylsulfate increased excretion of 5-oxoproline, lactate, alanine and glucose were observed. Ochratoxin A treatment caused decreased excretion of citrate, 2-oxoglutarate and hippurate and and increased excretion of glucose, myo-inositol, N,N-dimethylglycine, glycine, alanine and lactate as early as 2 weeks after start of treatment with 210µg OTA/kg bw, correlating with changes in clinical chemistry parameters and histopathology. Integration of histopathology scores increased confidence in the molecular markers discovered. Aristolochic acid treatment resulted in decreased urinary excretion of citrate, 2-oxoglutarate, hippurate and creatinine as well as increased excretion of 5-oxoproline, N,N-dimethylglycine, pseudouridine and uric acid. No alterations in clinical chemistry parameters or histopathology were noted.Decreased excretion of hippurate indicates alterations in the gut microflora, an effect that is expected as pharmacological action of the aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamicin and that can also be explained by the p.o. administration of xenobiotica. Decreased Krebs cycle intermediates (citrate and 2-oxoglutarate) and increased lactate is associated with altered energy metabolism. Increased pseudouridine excretion is associated with cell proliferation and was observed with aristolochic acid and ochratoxin A, for which proliferative processes were observed with histopathology. 5-oxoproline and N,N-dimethylglycine can be associated with oxidative stress. Glucose, a marker of renal damage in clinical chemistry, was observed for all three nephrotoxins studied. Single study analysis with PCA of GC/MS chromatograms and 1H-NMR spectra of urine from 3 studies conducted within the InnoMed PredTox project showing bile duct necrosis revealed alterations in urinary profiles with the onset of changes in clinical chemistry and histopathology. Alterations were mainly decreased Krebs cycle intermediates and changes in the aromatic gut flora metabolites, an effect that may result as a secondary effect from altered bile flow. In conclusion, metabonomics techniques are able to detect toxic lesions at the same time as histopathology and clinical chemistry. The metabolites found to be altered are common to most toxicities and are not organ-specific. A mechanistic link to the observed toxicity has to be established in order to avoid confounders such as body weight loss, pharmacological effects etc. For pattern recognition purposes, large databases are necessary.
N2  - Zur Bewertung von Metabonomics-Techniken zur frühen, nicht-invasiven Erkennung von Toxizität wurde Rattenurin nach wiederholter Gabe von Nephrotoxinen mit 1H-NMR und GC/MS analysiert. Untersucht wurden Gentamicin (s.c.-Gabe von 0, 60 und 120 mg/kg Körpergewicht (KG) 2x tägl. über 8 Tage), Ochratoxin A (p.o.-Gabe von 0, 21, 70 und 210 µg/kg KG 5xl wöchentlich für 90 Tage) und Aristolochiasäure (p.o.-Gabe von 0, 0.1, 1.0 und 10 mg/kg KG über 12 Tage). Proben von 16 Studien des InnoMed PredTox Projekts wurden mit 1H-NMR auf den histopathologischen Endpunkt Gallengangnekrose (BDN) untersucht. Folgende Parameter wurden zur 1H-NMR-Analyse mit Wasserunterdrückung verwendet: 1 M Phosphatpuffer, shift lock Reagenz D2O und Referenzierung der chemischen Verschiebung auf D4-Trimethylsilyl­propionsäure, noesygppr1d-Pulssequenz (Bruker). Zur multivariaten Datenanalyse wurden die Spektren in 0.04 ppm große „bins“ unterteilt. Zur GC/MS-Analyse wurden nach Proteinfällung mit Methanol die Urinproben getrocknet und mit Methoxyaminhydrochlorid in Pyridin und Methyl(trimethylsilyl)trifluoracetamid derivatisiert und auf einer DB5-MS -Säule getrennt. Die GC/MS-Chromatogramme wurden mit dem R-Programm-basierten XCMS-Softwarepaket Version 2.4.0 zur multivariaten Datenanalyse vorbereitet. Hauptkomponentenanalyse (PCA) zur Visualisierung von zeit- und dosisabhängigen Unterschieden zwischen Kontrollen und behandelten Tieren und „orthogonal projection to latent structures“-Diskriminantenanalyse (OPLS-DA) zur Identifizierung von Toxizitätsmarkern erfolgte mit SIMCA P+11.5 Die Chenomx-NMR-Suite wurde zur Identifizierung und Quantifizierung von 1H NMR-basierten Markern verwendet; GC/MS-basierte Marker wurden mit der „NIST Mass Spectral Database“ und durch Koelution mit Referenzstandards identifiziert. PCA unterschied Kontroll- von behandelten Tieren zum gleichen Zeitpunkt wie Histopathologie. Gegenüber klinisch-chemischen Parametern war Metabonomics in einigen Fällen empfindlicher. Gentamicin induzierte nach Tag 1 erniedrigte Ausscheidung von Citrat, 2-Oxoglutarat, Hippurat, Trigonellin und 3-Indoxylsulfat Urin, sowie erhöhte Ausscheidung von Lactat, Alanin, 5-Oxoprolin und Glucose, begleitet von geringfügigen Änderungen in klinisch-chemischen Parametern. Ochratoxin A verursachte nach zwei Wochen in einzelnen Tieren eine erniedrigte Ausscheidung von Citrat, 2-Oxoglutarat und Hippurat sowie eine erhöhte Ausscheidung von Glucose, myo-Inositol, N,N-Dimethylglycin, 5-Oxoprolin, Glycin, Alanin und Lactat, korrelierend mit Veränderungen in klinisch-chemischen Parametern und in der Histopathologie. Verwendung von Histopathologiedaten in multivariaten Modellen zur Markeridentifizierung erhöhte die Konfidenz der Marker. Aristolochiasäure induzierte eine erniedrigte Ausscheidung von Citrat, 2-Oxoglutarat, Hippurat und Creatinin und eine erhöhte Ausscheidung von 5-Oxoprolin, N,N-Dimethylglycin und Pseudouridin, ohne Veränderung der klinisch-chemischen Parameter oder der Histopathologie. Erniedrigte Ausscheidung von Hippurat weist auf eine veränderte Darmmikroflora hin; für das Aminoglykosid-Antibiotikum Gentamicin ist dies ein pharmakologischer Effekt, der für die perorale Gabe von Xenobiotica zu erwarten ist. Erniedrigte Ausscheidung von Citrat und 2-Oxoglutarat und erhöhte Ausscheidung von Lactat zeigt einen veränderten Energiestoffwechsel. Erhöhte Ausscheidung von Pseudouridin ist mit Zell­proliferation assoziiert und wurde nach Gabe der Kanzerogene Ochratoxin A und Aristolochiasäure beobachtet, bei denen proliferative Prozesse in der Histopathologie gefunden wurden. 5-Oxoprolin und N,N-Dimethyl­glycin deuten auf erhöhten oxidativen Stress hin. Erhöhte Glucose im Urin, ein Parameter zur Diagnose von Nierenschäden in der klinischen Chemie, wurde in allen drei Studien mit Nephrotoxinen beobachtet. GC/MS- und 1H-NMR-Daten von InnoMed-Studien mit Gallengang­nekrosen als histopathologischen Endpunkt zeigten Veränderung im Urin zeitgleich mit klinisch-chemischen Parametern und Histopathologie; hauptsächlich erniedrigte Ausscheidung von Citratzyklusintermediaten und Veränderungen bei Darmflora-assoziierten Metaboliten, – ein Effekt, der wahrscheinlich veränderten Gallenfluss zurückzuführen ist. Metabonomics ist prinzipiell zum gleichen Zeitpunkt wie klinisch-chemische Parameter und Histopathologie zur Erkennung von toxischen Veränderungen geeignet. Die veränderten Metaboliten sind jedoch zumeist nicht organspezifisch und können mit allgemeinen Toxizitätsmechanismen, wie oxidativem Stress oder Zellproliferation, in Verbindung gebracht werden. Für die Bewertung der Ergebnisse von Metabonomics-Studien ist ein mechanistisches Verständnis der Veränderungen im Urinprofil notwendig, um eine Trennung von toxischen Effekten und solchen, die auf pharmakologische Wirkung, Körpergewichtsverlust etc. zurückzuführen sind, zu erreichen. Für eine Vorhersage von toxischen Mechanismen aufgrund der Urinprofile ist eine größere Datengrundlage notwendig.
KW  - Toxikologie
KW  - Protonen-NMR-Spektroskopie
KW  - GC-MS
KW  - Multivariate Analyse
KW  - Niere
KW  - Leber
KW  - Metabonomics
KW  - Toxicology
KW  - Metabonomics
KW  - GC/MS
KW  - 1H-NMR-Spectroscopy
KW  - multivariate analysis
KW  - kidney
KW  - liver
Y1  - 2009
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-43052
ER  -