TY - THES A1 - Burkard, Natalie T1 - Signalübertragungswege und Präventionsmöglichkeiten der kardialen Hypertrophie : conditional overexpression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase is cardioprotective in ischemia-reperfusion T1 - Konditionale Überexpression der neuronalen NO-Synthase wirkt kardioprotektiv bei Ischämie-Reperfusion N2 - Zusammenfassung: Wie früher schon gezeigt, wird der L-Typ Ca2+-Kanal durch eine induzierbare, myokardspezifische Überexpression der neuronalen Stickstoffmonoxidsynthase (nNOS) inhibiert. Gleichzeitig bewirkt diese Überexpression eine verminderte kardiale Kontraktilität1 (Burkard N. et al. (2007). Circ Res 100, 32-44). nNOS interagiert mit vielen verschiedenen Kompartimenten und Kanälen innerhalb der Zelle. In dieser Arbeit wurde gezeigt, dass eine nNOS Überexpression nach Ischämie-Reperfusion kardioprotektiv wirkt. Dieses wird durch eine Inhibition der Mitochondrienfunktion und durch eine Verminderung der reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies (ROS) ermöglicht. In einer früheren Arbeit wurde der Effekt der induzierbaren und myokardspezifischen Überexpression von nNOS unter physiologischen Bedingungen am transgenen Tiermodell untersucht. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich nun mit der Überexpression von nNOS unter pathophysiologischen (Ischämie-Reperfusion) Bedingungen. Ein Ischämie-Reperfusions-Schaden bewirkt bei Wildtyp-Mäusen, sowie bei transgener nNOS Überexpression eine Anreicherung von nNOS in den Mitochondrien. Elektronenmikroskopische Aufnahmen von Mausmyokard haben gezeigt, dass bei Überexpression nNOS zusätzlich in den Mitochondrien lokalisiert ist. Diese Translokation von nNOS in die Mitochondrien ist abhängig von HSP90. Ischämie- Reperfusionsexperimente an isolierten Mäuseherzen zeigten einen kardioprotektiven Effekt der nNOS Überexpression (30min post ischemia, LVDP 27.0±2.5mmHg vs. 45.2±1.9mmHg, n=12, p<0.05). Dieser positive Effekt konnte bei der Bestimmung der Infarktgröße bestätigt werden. nNOS überexprimierende Mäuse hatten eine kleinere Infarktgröße nach Ischämie-Reperfusion (36.6±8.4 relative % vs. 61.1±2.9 relative %, n=8, p<0.05). Die Überexpression von nNOS bewirkte ebenfalls einen signifikanten Anstieg des mitochondrialen Nitrit-Levels, begleitet von einer Verminderung der Cytochrom C Oxidase Aktivität (72.0±8.9units/ml in nNOS overexpressing mice vs. 113.2±17.1units/ml in non-induced mice, n=12, p<0.01), was zu einer Hemmung der Mitochondrienfunktion führt. Dementsprechend war der Sauerstoffverbrauch (gemessen an isolierten Herzmuskelstreifen) schon unter basalen Bedingungen beinNOS Überexpression vermindert (0.016±0.0015 vs. 0.024±0.006ml[O2] x mm-3 x min-1, n=13, p<0.05). Außerdem war die ROS Konzentration in Herzen von nNOS überexprimierenden Mäusen signifikant vermindert (6.14±0.685 vs. 14.53±1.7μM, n=8, p<0.01). Die Zugabe von verschiedenen Inhibitoren, Western Blot- und Aktivitätsuntersuchungen zeigten schließlich, dass diese niedrigere ROS Konzentration durch eine verminderte Xanthin Oxidoreduktase Aktivität hervorgerufen wurde. Zusammenfassend hat diese Arbeit gezeigt, dass eine induzierbare und myokardspezifische Überexpression von nNOS unter pathophysiologischen Bedingungen (Ischämie-Reperfusion) kardioprotektiv wirkt. Zusätzlich zu der Verminderung des myokardialen Ca2+-Überschusses nach Reperfusion könnte dieser protektive Effekt durch eine Hemmung der Mitochondrienfunktion bedingt sein, schließlich wird der Sauerstoffverbrauch schon unter basalen Bedingungen reduziert N2 - Summary: I previously demonstrated that conditional overexpression of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibited L-type Ca2+-channels and decreased myocardial contractility1 (Burkard N. et al. (2007). Circ Res 100, 32-44). However, nNOS has multiple targets within the cardiac myocyte and it is possible that interesting biological functions of this protein remain to be elucidated. In this study, I showed that nNOS overexpression has a cardioprotective effect after ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting mitochondrial function and reducing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The effect of conditional nNOS overexpression in cardiac myocytes in ischemiareperfusion injury was assessed. Ischemia-reperfusion injury in WT mice resulted in nNOS accumulation in the mitochondria. Similary, transgenic nNOS overexpression caused nNOS abundance in mitochondria. Electron microscopy of mouse myocardium from nNOS overexpressing mice showed that after induction of its expression, nNOS is additionally localised in mitochondria. nNOS translocation into mitochondria was dependent on HSP90. Ischemia-reperfusion experiments in isolated hearts showed a cardioprotective effect of nNOS overexpression (30min post-ischemia, LVDP 27.0±2.5mmHg in non-induced animals vs. 45.2±1.9mmHg in nNOS overexpressing mice, n=12, p<0.05). Consistently with this finding, in vivo the infarct size within the area at risk was significantly decreased in nNOS overexpressing mice compared to non-induced animals (36.6±8.4 relative % vs. 61.1±2.9 relative %, n=12, p<0.05). nNOS overexpression also caused a significant increase in mitochondrial nitrite levels accompanied by a decrease of cytochrome c oxidase activity (72.0±8.9units/ml in nNOS overexpressing mice vs. 113.2±17.1units/ml in non-induced mice, n=12, p<0.01) resulting in an inhibition of mitochondrial function. Accordingly, O2-consumption (MVO2) in isolated heart muscle stripes was decreased in nNOS overexpressing mice, already under resting conditions (0.016±0.0015 vs. 0.024±0.006ml[O2] x mm-3 x min-1, n=13, p<0.05). Additionally, this study showed that the ROS concentration was significantlydecreased in hearts of nNOS overexpressing mice compared to non-induced animals (6.14±0.685 vs. 14.53±1.7μM, n=8, p<0.01). Application of different inhibitors, Western Blot analysis and activity assays showed that the lower ROS concentration in nNOS overexpressing mice was caused by inhibition of the xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) activity by the increased abundance of nNOS expression. In summary, this study demonstrated that the conditional transgenic overexpression of nNOS resulted in myocardial protection after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Besides reduction of myocardial Ca2+-overload after reperfusion this might be caused by inhibition of mitochondrial function through nNOS, which reduced myocardial oxygen consumption already under baseline conditions (Burkard N. conditionally accepted by KW - Herzhypertrophie KW - Signaltransduktion KW - Prävention KW - kardioprotektiv KW - Ischämie-Reperfusion KW - nNOS KW - cardioprotection KW - ischemia-reperfusion KW - nNOS Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-51832 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Burkard, Natalie A1 - Meir, Michael A1 - Kannapin, Felix A1 - Otto, Christoph A1 - Petzke, Maximilian A1 - Germer, Christoph-Thomas A1 - Waschke, Jens A1 - Schlegel, Nicolas T1 - Desmoglein2 Regulates Claudin2 Expression by Sequestering PI-3-Kinase in Intestinal Epithelial Cells JF - Frontiers in Immunology N2 - Inflammation-induced reduction of intestinal desmosomal cadherin Desmoglein 2 (Dsg2) is linked to changes of tight junctions (TJ) leading to impaired intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) function by undefined mechanisms. We characterized the interplay between loss of Dsg2 and upregulation of pore-forming TJ protein Claudin2. Intraperitoneal application of Dsg2-stablising Tandem peptide (TP) attenuated impaired IEB function, reduction of Dsg2 and increased Claudin2 in DSS-induced colitis in C57Bl/6 mice. TP blocked loss of Dsg2-mediated adhesion and upregulation of Claudin2 in Caco2 cells challenged with TNFα. In Dsg2-deficient Caco2 cells basal expression of Claudin2 was increased which was paralleled by reduced transepithelial electrical resistance and by augmented phosphorylation of AKT\(^{Ser473}\) under basal conditions. Inhibition of phosphoinositid-3-kinase proved that PI-3-kinase/AKT-signaling is critical to upregulate Claudin2. In immunostaining PI-3-kinase dissociated from Dsg2 under inflammatory conditions. Immunoprecipitations and proximity ligation assays confirmed a direct interaction of Dsg2 and PI-3-kinase which was abrogated following TNFα application. In summary, Dsg2 regulates Claudin2 expression by sequestering PI-3-kinase to the cell borders in intestinal epithelium. KW - Claudin2 KW - Dsg2 KW - inflammation KW - intestinal barrier KW - PI-3-kinase KW - inflammatory bowel disease KW - desmosome KW - tight junction Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-247059 SN - 1664-3224 VL - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kress, Sebastian A1 - Baur, Johannes A1 - Otto, Christoph A1 - Burkard, Natalie A1 - Braspenning, Joris A1 - Walles, Heike A1 - Nickel, Joachim A1 - Metzger, Marco T1 - Evaluation of a miniaturized biologically vascularized scaffold in vitro and in vivo JF - Scientific Reports N2 - In tissue engineering, the generation and functional maintenance of dense voluminous tissues is mainly restricted due to insufficient nutrient supply. Larger three-dimensional constructs, which exceed the nutrient diffusion limit become necrotic and/or apoptotic in long-term culture if not provided with an appropriate vascularization. Here, we established protocols for the generation of a pre-vascularized biological scaffold with intact arterio-venous capillary loops from rat intestine, which is decellularized under preservation of the feeding and draining vascular tree. Vessel integrity was proven by marker expression, media/blood reflow and endothelial LDL uptake. In vitro maintenance persisted up to 7 weeks in a bioreactor system allowing a stepwise reconstruction of fully vascularized human tissues and successful in vivo implantation for up to 4 weeks, although with time-dependent decrease of cell viability. The vascularization of the construct lead to a 1.5× increase in cellular drug release compared to a conventional static culture in vitro. For the first time, we performed proof-of-concept studies demonstrating that 3D tissues can be maintained within a miniaturized vascularized scaffold in vitro and successfully implanted after re-anastomosis to the intrinsic blood circulation in vivo. We hypothesize that this technology could serve as a powerful platform technology in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. KW - biological models KW - translational research Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176343 VL - 8 IS - 4719 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meir, Michael A1 - Kannapin, Felix A1 - Diefenbacher, Markus A1 - Ghoreishi, Yalda A1 - Kollmann, Catherine A1 - Flemming, Sven A1 - Germer, Christoph-Thomas A1 - Waschke, Jens A1 - Leven, Patrick A1 - Schneider, Reiner A1 - Wehner, Sven A1 - Burkard, Natalie A1 - Schlegel, Nicolas T1 - Intestinal epithelial barrier maturation by enteric glial cells is GDNF-dependent JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences N2 - Enteric glial cells (EGCs) of the enteric nervous system are critically involved in the maintenance of intestinal epithelial barrier function (IEB). The underlying mechanisms remain undefined. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) contributes to IEB maturation and may therefore be the predominant mediator of this process by EGCs. Using GFAP\(^{cre}\) x Ai14\(^{floxed}\) mice to isolate EGCs by Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), we confirmed that they synthesize GDNF in vivo as well as in primary cultures demonstrating that EGCs are a rich source of GDNF in vivo and in vitro. Co-culture of EGCs with Caco2 cells resulted in IEB maturation which was abrogated when GDNF was either depleted from EGC supernatants, or knocked down in EGCs or when the GDNF receptor RET was blocked. Further, TNFα-induced loss of IEB function in Caco2 cells and in organoids was attenuated by EGC supernatants or by recombinant GDNF. These barrier-protective effects were blunted when using supernatants from GDNF-deficient EGCs or by RET receptor blockade. Together, our data show that EGCs produce GDNF to maintain IEB function in vitro through the RET receptor. KW - enteric glial cells KW - neurotrophic factors KW - intestinal epithelial barrier KW - GDNF5 KW - RET6 KW - inflammatory bowel disease KW - enteric nervous system KW - gut barrier KW - intercellular junctions Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-258913 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 22 IS - 4 ER -