TY  - JOUR
A1  - Tretter, Verena
A1  - Mukherjee, Jayanta
A1  - Maric, Hans-Michael
A1  - Schindelin, Hermann
A1  - Sieghart, Werner
A1  - Moss, Stephen J.
T1  - Gephyrin, the enigmatic organizer at GABAergic synapses
JF  - Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
N2  - GABA(A) receptors are clustered at synaptic sites to achieve a high density of postsynaptic receptors opposite the input axonal terminals. This allows for an efficient propagation of GABA mediated signals, which mostly result in neuronal inhibition. A key organizer for inhibitory synaptic receptors is the 93 kDa protein gephyrin that forms oligomeric superstructures beneath the synaptic area. Gephyrin has long been known to be directly associated with glycine receptor beta subunits that mediate synaptic inhibition in the spinal cord. Recently, synaptic GABA(A) receptors have also been shown to directly interact with gephyrin and interaction sites have been identified and mapped within the intracellular loops of the GABA(A) receptor alpha 1, alpha 2, and alpha 3 subunits. Gephyrin-binding to GABA(A) receptors seems to be at least one order of magnitude weaker than to glycine receptors (GlyRs) and most probably is regulated by phosphorylation. Gephyrin not only has a structural function at synaptic sites, but also plays a crucial role in synaptic dynamics and is a platform for multiple protein-protein interactions, bringing receptors, cytoskeletal proteins and downstream signaling proteins into close spatial proximity.
KW  - scaffolding protein gephyryrin
KW  - containing GABA(A) receptors
KW  - GABA(A) receptors
KW  - inhibitory synapse
KW  - gamma-aminobutyric-acid
KW  - receptor-beta subunits
KW  - molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis
KW  - temporal-lobe epilepsy
KW  - cultured hippocampal-neurons
KW  - exchange factor collybistin
KW  - rat spinal-cord
KW  - glycine
KW  - gephyrin
KW  - receptor clustering
KW  - synapse formation
Y1  - 2012
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-133356
VL  - 6
IS  - 23
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Maric, Hans-Michael
T1  - Molecular Basis of the Multivalent Glycine and γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor Anchoring
T1  - Molekulare Basis der Multivalenten Verankerung der Glycin und γ-Aminobuttersäure Typ A Rezeptoren
N2  - γ-Aminobuttersäure-Rezeptoren vom Typ A (GABAARs) und Glyzin-Rezeptoren (GlyRs) sind die wichtigsten Vermittler der schnellen synaptischen Inhibition im zentralen Nervensystem. Von wesentlicher Bedeutung für ihre ordnungsgemäße Funktion in der inhibitorischen Signalübertragung ist ihre präzise Lokalisation und Konzentration innerhalb der neuronalen Oberflächenmembran. Diese Eigenschaften werden durch Gerüstproteine vermittelt, welche direkt an die großen intrazellulären Schleifen der Rezeptoren, sowie an Bausteine des neuronalen Zytoskeletts binden. In meiner Dissertation habe ich die molekularen Details mehrerer zugrunde liegenden Protein-Protein Wechselwirkungen untersucht. Im Speziellen habe ich die Interaktion ausgewählter GABAAR und GlyR Untereinheiten mit den Gerüstproteinen Gephyrin, Radixin und Collybistin analysiert. Ich habe kurze lineare Aminosäuren-Motive innerhalb der großen intrazellulären Schleifen der Rezeptoren identifiziert, welche die direkten und Untereinheit-spezifischen Interaktionen vermitteln. Die Quantifizierung der jeweiligen Bindungsstärke ergab, dass Gephyrins E-Domäne vor allem an die GABAAR α1 (Kd = 17 M) und α3 (Kd = 5 M) -Untereinheiten bindet, wohingegen die SH3-Domäne von Collybistin hauptsächlich mit der GABAAR α2-Untereinheit interagiert (Kd = 1 M). Demgegenüber bindet die FERM-Domäne von Radixin fest an die α5-Untereinheit des GABAAR (Kd = 8 µM). Weiterhin zeigt meine Arbeit, dass diese einfache Beziehung durch (i) fehlende oder (ii) überlappende Bindungsspezifitäten zwischen den Gerüstproteinen und den Rezeptor-Untereinheiten komplex reguliert wird. Ferner beschreibe ich hier, wie im Folgenden ausgeführt, die Möglichkeit einer (iii) negativen Modulation mittels posttranslationaler Modifikation, sowie einer Verstärkung der Bindung durch (iv) Aviditäts-Effekte. (i) Als erstes habe ich mit Hilfe biochemischer Methoden die Radixin-GABAAR α5 Interaktion im Detail untersucht. Meine Strukturanalyse und Kompetitionsstudien legen den Schluss nahe, dass Radixin die betreffende Rezeptor-Untereinheit mittels einer universellen Bindungstasche in der F3 Subdomäne innerhalb seiner FERM Domäne bindet. Diese Bindungsstelle wird durch zwei markante Strukturelemente gebildet: Einer α-Helix, die eine große hydrophobe Tasche bildet, welche eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher hydrophober Reste in verschiedenen Konformationen akzeptiert, sowie ein β-Strang, der Peptidrückgrat-Interaktionen eingehen kann. Es überrascht nicht, dass eine Vielzahl an Studien die Beteiligung dieser Bindungsseite mit unterschiedlichen Liganden beschrieben hat. Diese Promiskuität unterstreicht die Bedeutung des Aktivierungsmechanismus der zuvor für die Radixin FERM GABAAR α5-Untereinheit beschrieben wurde und impliziert weitere Regulationsmechanismen, die eine koordinierte Interaktion in vivo ermöglichen. (ii) Weiterhin habe ich mich ausführlich der Analyse der Gephyrin-vermittelten GABAAR Clusterbildung gewidmet. Meine röntgenkristallographischen Studien und Bindungsstudien zeigen, dass Gephyrin mit den GABAAR α1, α2 und α3 Untereinheiten über eine universelle Bindungsstelle interagiert, welche auch die Wechselwirkungen mit der β-Untereinheit des GlyR vermittelt. Mittels Struktur-basierter Mutagenesestudien konnte ich die Schlüsselreste innerhalb von Gephyrin und der Rezeptor-Untereinheiten identifizieren, die einen entscheidenden Beitrag zur Gesamt-Bindungsstärke liefern. Insbesondere zwei konservierte aromatische Reste in der N-terminalen Hälfte der Rezeptorbindungsregion gehen entscheidende hydrophobe Wechselwirkungen mit Gephyrin ein. Dementsprechend konnte J. Mukherjee, ein Mitarbeiter in der Gruppe unseres Kooperationspartners Steven J. Moss, zeigen, dass der Austausch dieser Reste innerhalb der α2-Untereinheit des GABAAR ausreicht, um einen deutlichen Rückgang der Rezeptor Cluster-Anzahl und ihrer Größe in primären hippokampalen Neuronen zu verursachen. Die Ausweitung meiner Rezeptor-Interaktions-Studien auf Collybistin (CB) ergab, dass dieses Protein im Vergleich zu Gephyrin eine umgekehrte, aber dennoch überlappende Rezeptor-Untereinheiten-Präferenz aufweist. Die GABAAR α3-Untereinheit bindet ausschließlich an Gephyrin (Kd = 5 µM), während die GABAAR α1-Untereinheit zwar vor allem Gephyrin bindet (Kd = 17 µM), zusätzlich jedoch eine schwache Affinität (Kd ≈ 400 µM) für die SH3-Domäne von CB aufweist. Im Gegensatz dazu bindet die GABAAR α2-Untereinheit hochaffin an die SH3-Domäne von CB (Kd = 1 µM) und zeigt zusätzlich eine schwache Gephyrin Affinität (Kd ≈ 500 µM). Interessanterweise konnte ich Synergieeffekte zwischen der GABAAR α2-Untereinheit, Gephyrins E-Domäne und CBs SH3-Domäne ausschließen und statt dessen zeigen, dass diese Rezeptor-Untereinheit exklusiv entweder Gephyrin oder CB bindet. Diese Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, dass die Rolle von CB in der Rezeptor-Anhäufung allein durch die konkurrierenden Bindungs-Ereignisse seiner konstituierenden Domänen bestimmt wird. Die intramolekulare Assoziation zwischen der PH und der DH-Domäne mit der SH3-Domäne von CB konkurriert mit unterschiedlichen intermolekularen Wechselwirkungen von CB. Und zwar mit der GABAAR α2-Untereinheit-Bindung an die SH3-Domäne, mit der PIP2-Bindung an die PH-Domäne, sowie mit der Gephyrin-Bindung, welche vermutlich von der PH und DH-Domäne von CB vermittelt wird. (iii) Interessanterweise bestätigen frühere Studien, dass die Rezeptor-Motive, die ich hier identifiziert habe und welche direkt mit den Gerüst-Proteinen wechselwirken, in vivo posttranslational modifiziert vorliegen. Insbesondere wurde gezeigt, dass die Gephyrin-Bindemotive der GABAAR α1-Untereinheit und GlyR β-Untereinheiten Ziele des ERK/MAPK und PKC-Phosphorylierungs-Weges sind, während das Radixin-Bindungs-Motiv innerhalb der GABAAR α5-Untereinheit ubiquitiniert vorliegt. In dieser Dissertation habe ich im Besonderen die ERK-Phosphorylierung von Thr348 in der GABAAR α1-Untereinheit untersucht. Tatsächlich konnten meine Bindungs-Assays eine starke Reduktion der direkten Gephyrin Bindungsstärke beim Einbringen eines phosphomimetischen Restes bestätigen. Darüber hinaus konnte J. Mukherjee eine signifikante Reduktion der Cluster-Anzahl und Größe beim Einführen der gleichen Mutation in die α1-Untereinheit beinhaltenden GABAARs in hippokampalen Neuronen beobachten. Der ERK/MAPK-Regulation-Weg ist daher ein aussichtsreicher Kandidat für die Regulation der GABAergen-Signalübertragung. (iv) In vivo bildet Gephyrin vermutlich durch Selbstorganisation seiner G (GephG) und E-Domänen (GephE) ein multivalentes Gerüst. Angesichts der multimeren Natur Gephyrins und der pentameren Rezeptorarchitektur habe ich die Möglichkeit von Aviditäts-Effekten im Prozess der synaptischen Neurotransmitter-Rezeptor-Anhäufung untersucht. Die Kristallstrukturen von GephE im Komplex mit ausgewählten Peptiden zeigen zwei Rezeptor-Bindungsstellen in räumlicher Nähe (15 Å). Auf der Basis dieser Information habe ich bivalente Peptide entworfen, welche beide Rezeptor-Bindungsstellen in Gephyrin simultan besetzen können und, wie erwartet, konnte ich mit Hilfe verschiedener biophysikalischen Methoden eine unübertroffen hohe, durch Avidität potenzierte, Gephyrin-Affinität nachweisen. Mir gelang es diesen Aviditäts-Effekt für einen schwachen Gephyrin Liganden, ein GABAAR-abgeleitetes Peptid, welcher nicht mit herkömmlichen monomeren Liganden untersucht werden konnte, nutzbar zu machen. Darüber hinaus konnte ich zeigen, dass diese Verbindung gezielt die Rezeptor-Bindungsstelle in GephE besetzt und auf diese Weise hemmend auf Gephyrins Rezeptorbindungsaktivität wirkt. Eine weitere Entwicklung dieser Verbindung könnte die Möglichkeit eröffnen, spezifisch die Wirkung der Entkopplung der Gephyrin Rezeptor-Interaktion in der Zellkultur-Experimenten zu analysieren ohne dabei die Anzahl oder die Funktion der Proteine zu beeinträchtigen, was einen Nebeneffekt von konventionellen Methoden wie Gen „knock-out“, RNA-Interferenz oder den Einsatz von Antikörpern darstellt.
N2  - γ-Aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAARs) and glycine receptors (GlyRs) are the major mediators of fast synaptic inhibition in the central nervous system. For proper synaptic function their precise localization and exact concentration within the neuronal surface membrane is essential. These properties are mediated by scaffolding proteins which directly contact the large intracellular loops of the receptors and tether them to cytoskeletal elements of the neuronal cells. In my thesis I deciphered the molecular details of several underlying protein-protein interactions, namely the interaction of a subset of GABAAR and GlyR subunits with the scaffolding proteins gephyrin, radixin and collybistin. I determined short linear motifs within the large intracellular loops of the receptors that directly engage in subunit specific scaffold protein interactions. My quantitative binding studies revealed that gephyrins E domain primarily recognizes the GABAAR α1 (Kd = 17 M) and α3 (Kd = 5 M) subunits, in contrast, the SH3 domain of collybistin mainly interacts with the GABAAR α2 subunit (Kd = 1 µM), while the FERM domain of radixin tightly binds to the GABAAR α5 subunit (Kd = 8 µM). My work additionally demonstrated that this simple relationship is complicated by (i) missing or (ii) overlapping binding specificities between the scaffold proteins and the receptor subunits. Moreover, this thesis addressed the possibility of (iii) posttranslational negative regulation as well as amplification generated by (iv) avidity effects as summarized below. (i) First, using biochemical methods I mapped the radixin-GABAAR α5 interaction in detail. My structural analysis and competition assays suggest that radixin mediates the receptor subunit binding via a universal binding site within the F3 subdomain of its FERM domain. This binding site is formed by an α-helix that offers a large hydrophobic pocket, which accepts a variety of different hydrophobic residues adopting different conformations, and a β-strand that readily engages in peptide backbone interactions. Not surprisingly, this binding site has been implicated in a wide variety of different scaffold interactions, thus emphasizing the importance of the essential FERM activation mechanism described earlier and suggesting additional pathways to allow tight regulation of this interaction. (ii) Next, I analyzed in detail the process of gephyrin-mediated GABAAR clustering. My X-ray crystallographic studies and binding assays revealed that gephyrin mediates binding of the GABAAR α1, α2 and α3 subunit via a universal binding site that also mediates the interactions with the GlyR β subunit. Using structure-guided mutagenesis I identified key residues within gephyrin and the receptor subunits that act as major contributors to the overall binding strength. Namely, two conserved aromatic residues within the N-terminal half of the receptor binding region engage in crucial hydrophobic interactions with gephyrin. Accordingly, J. Mukherjee from the group of our collaborator Steven J. Moss verified a substantial decrease in GABAAR cluster number and size in primary hippocampal neurons upon exchange of these residues within the GABAAR α2 subunit. Extension of my studies to collybistin (CB) revealed an overlapping but reciprocal subunit preference for this protein in comparison to gephyrin. The GABAAR α3 subunit exclusively binds gephyrin, in contrast the GABAAR α1 subunit mainly targets gephyrin (Kd = 17 µM) but additionally displays a moderate affinity (Kd ≈ 400 µM) towards the SH3 domain of CB. The GABAAR α2 subunit binds tightly to the SH3 domain of CB (Kd = 1 µM) and additionally displays a weak gephyrin affinity (Kd ≈ 500 µM). Notably, I could exclude the possibility of synergistic effects between gephyrins E domain, the SH3 domain of CB and the GABAAR α2 subunit. Instead, I found that the GABAAR α2 subunit binds gephyrin and CB in a mutually exclusive manner. These results suggest that CBs role in receptor clustering is solely determined by competing binding events of its constituting domains. Namely, the intra-molecular association between the PH/DH domain and the SH3 domain within CB competes with different inter-molecular interactions of CB: GABAAR α2 binding to the SH3 domain, PIP2 binding to the PH domain and gephyrin presumably binding to the PH and DH domain of CB. (iii) Interestingly, the receptor motifs, which have been mapped in my thesis to directly interact with the scaffold proteins, were shown in earlier studies to be posttranslationally modified in vivo. In particular, the GABAAR α1 and GlyR β subunits have been implicated as targets of the ERK/MAPK and PKC phosphorylation-pathways, respectively, while the GABAAR α5 subunit motif was shown to be ubiquitinated. In this dissertation, I analyzed Thr348, a possible ERK phosphorylation site within GABAAR α1. My binding assays verified a severe reduction of the direct gephyrin binding strength upon introduction of the respective phosphomimetic residue. The relevance of this in vitro result was highlighted by J. Mukherjee who confirmed a significant reduction in GABAAR cluster number and size upon introduction of the same mutation. The ERK/MAPK pathway is therefore a promising candidate for regulation of GABAergic transmission. (iv) In vivo, gephyrin presumably forms a multivalent scaffold, which is based on the self-association of its G (GephG) and E domains (GephE). Given the multimeric nature of gephyrin and the pentameric receptor architecture, I tested the possibility of avidity in the clustering of inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors. Cocrystallization of selected minimum peptides with GephE and their crystal structure analyses enabled me to define a receptor-derived peptide that offers a maximized gephyrin affinity. The structure of the GephE-GlyR  receptor complex reveals two receptor-binding sites in close spatial vicinity (15 Å). I therefore designed bivalent peptides that enable to target both GephE sites at the same time and, as expected, a variety of biophysical methods verified an avidity-potentiated and unmatched high gephyrin affinity for these bidentate compounds. Notably, I could extend the dimerization approach to low affinity gephyrin ligands, namely short GABAAR-derived peptides that could not be studied using conventional monomeric ligands. Additionally, I verified that this compound specifically targets GephEs receptor binding site, and that it thereby inhibits its receptor binding activity. Further development of this molecule may offer the possibility to specifically analyze the effect of uncoupling the gephyrin-receptor interaction in cell culture-based assays, without altering protein function or expression level that accompanies conventional methods such as protein knock-out, RNA interference or the usage of antibodies.
KW  - Gephyrin
KW  - Neurotransmitter-Rezeptor
KW  - GABAA-Rezeptor
KW  - Glyzinrezeptor
KW  - Gephyrin
KW  - Neurotransmitter Rezeptoren
KW  - GABA A Rezeptoren
KW  - Rezeptor Verankerung
KW  - Glyzin Rezeptoren
KW  - Gephyrin
KW  - Neurotransmitter Receptors
KW  - GABA A Receptors
KW  - Receptor Anchoring
KW  - Glycine Receptors
Y1  - 2012
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-85712
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Makbul, Cihan
A1  - Khayenko, Vladimir
A1  - Maric, Hans Michael
A1  - Böttcher, Bettina
T1  - Conformational Plasticity of Hepatitis B Core Protein Spikes Promotes Peptide Binding Independent of the Secretion Phenotype
JF  - Microorganisms
N2  - Hepatitis B virus is a major human pathogen, which forms enveloped virus particles. During viral maturation, membrane-bound hepatitis B surface proteins package hepatitis B core protein capsids. This process is intercepted by certain peptides with an “LLGRMKG” motif that binds to the capsids at the tips of dimeric spikes. With microcalorimetry, electron cryo microscopy and peptide microarray-based screens, we have characterized the structural and thermodynamic properties of peptide binding to hepatitis B core protein capsids with different secretion phenotypes. The peptide “GSLLGRMKGA” binds weakly to hepatitis B core protein capsids and mutant capsids with a premature (F97L) or low-secretion phenotype (L60V and P5T). With electron cryo microscopy, we provide novel structures for L60V and P5T and demonstrate that binding occurs at the tips of the spikes at the dimer interface, splaying the helices apart independent of the secretion phenotype. Peptide array screening identifies “SLLGRM” as the core binding motif. This shortened motif binds only to one of the two spikes in the asymmetric unit of the capsid and induces a much smaller conformational change. Altogether, these comprehensive studies suggest that the tips of the spikes act as an autonomous binding platform that is unaffected by mutations that affect secretion phenotypes.
KW  - hepatitis B core protein
KW  - hepatitis B virus
KW  - peptide inhibitor of envelopment
KW  - isothermal titration calorimetry
KW  - electron cryo microscopy
KW  - low-secretion phenotype mutants
KW  - peptide microarray
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-236720
SN  - 2076-2607
VL  - 9
IS  - 5
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schulte, Clemens
A1  - Soldà, Alice
A1  - Spänig, Sebastian
A1  - Adams, Nathan
A1  - Bekić, Ivana
A1  - Streicher, Werner
A1  - Heider, Dominik
A1  - Strasser, Ralf
A1  - Maric, Hans Michael
T1  - Multivalent binding kinetics resolved by fluorescence proximity sensing
JF  - Communications Biology
N2  - Multivalent protein interactors are an attractive modality for probing protein function and exploring novel pharmaceutical strategies. The throughput and precision of state-of-the-art methodologies and workflows for the effective development of multivalent binders is currently limited by surface immobilization, fluorescent labelling and sample consumption. Using the gephyrin protein, the master regulator of the inhibitory synapse, as benchmark, we exemplify the application of Fluorescence proximity sensing (FPS) for the systematic kinetic and thermodynamic optimization of multivalent peptide architectures. High throughput synthesis of +100 peptides with varying combinatorial dimeric, tetrameric, and octameric architectures combined with direct FPS measurements resolved on-rates, off-rates, and dissociation constants with high accuracy and low sample consumption compared to three complementary technologies. The dataset and its machine learning-based analysis deciphered the relationship of specific architectural features and binding kinetics and thereby identified binders with unprecedented protein inhibition capacity; thus, highlighting the value of FPS for the rational engineering of multivalent inhibitors.
KW  - combinatorial libraries
KW  - kinetics
KW  - peptides
KW  - screening
KW  - thermodynamics
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-301157
VL  - 5
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Khayenko, Vladimir
A1  - Maric, Hans Michael
T1  - Innovative affinitätsbasierte Markierungen für die High-End-Mikroskopie
JF  - BIOspektrum
N2  - Advanced tissue imaging techniques and super resolution microscopy are opening new avenues of investigations in life sciences. These mainly instrumentation-driven innovations require the development of appropriate molecular labelling tools. Here, we discuss currently used and upcoming manipulation-free protein labelling strategies and their potential for the precise and interference-free visualization of endogenous proteins.
KW  - Fluoreszenzsonden
KW  - High-End-Mikroskopie
KW  - Proteinmarkierungen
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-287377
VL  - 27
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Khayenko, Vladimir
A1  - Maric, Hans Michael
T1  - Targeting GABA\(_A\)R-associated proteins: new modulators, labels and concepts
JF  - Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience
N2  - γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABA\(_A\)Rs) are the major mediators of synaptic inhibition in the brain. Aberrant GABA\(_A\)R activity or regulation is observed in various neurodevelopmental disorders, neurodegenerative diseases and mental illnesses, including epilepsy, Alzheimer’s and schizophrenia. Benzodiazepines, anesthetics and other pharmaceutics targeting these receptors find broad clinical use, but their inherent lack of receptor subtype specificity causes unavoidable side effects, raising a need for new or adjuvant medications. In this review article, we introduce a new strategy to modulate GABAeric signaling: targeting the intracellular protein interactors of GABA\(_A\)Rs. Of special interest are scaffolding, anchoring and supporting proteins that display high GABA\(_A\)R subtype specificity. Recent efforts to target gephyrin, the major intracellular integrator of GABAergic signaling, confirm that GABA\(_A\)R-associated proteins can be successfully targeted through diverse molecules, including recombinant proteins, intrabodies, peptide-based probes and small molecules. Small-molecule artemisinins and peptides derived from endogenous interactors, that specifically target the universal receptor binding site of gephyrin, acutely affect synaptic GABA\(_A\)R numbers and clustering, modifying neuronal transmission. Interference with GABA\(_A\)R trafficking provides another way to modulate inhibitory signaling. Peptides blocking the binding site of GABA\(_A\)R to AP2 increase the surface concentration of GABA\(_A\)R clusters and enhance GABAergic signaling. Engineering of gephyrin binding peptides delivered superior means to interrogate neuronal structure and function. Fluorescent peptides, designed from gephyrin binders, enable live neuronal staining and visualization of gephyrin in the post synaptic sites with submicron resolution. We anticipate that in the future, novel fluorescent probes, with improved size and binding efficiency, may find wide application in super resolution microscopy studies, enlightening the nanoscale architecture of the inhibitory synapse. Broader studies on GABA\(_A\)R accessory proteins and the identification of the exact molecular binding interfaces and affinities will advance the development of novel GABA\(_A\)R modulators and following in vivo studies will reveal their clinical potential as adjuvant or stand-alone drugs.
KW  - GABAA receptors
KW  - gephyrin
KW  - collybistin
KW  - protein-protein interaction (PPI)
KW  - super resolution microscopy
KW  - fluorescent probes
KW  - dimeric peptide
KW  - peptide inhibitor design
Y1  - 2019
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-201876
VL  - 12
IS  - 162
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Nishida Xavier da Silva, Thamara
A1  - Schulte, Clemens
A1  - Nunes Alves, Ariane
A1  - Maric, Hans Michael
A1  - Friedmann Angeli, José Pedro
T1  - Molecular characterization of AIFM2/FSP1 inhibition by iFSP1-like molecules
JF  - Cell Death & Disease
N2  - Ferroptosis is a form of cell death characterized by phospholipid peroxidation, where numerous studies have suggested that the induction of ferroptosis is a therapeutic strategy to target therapy refractory cancer entities. Ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1), an NAD(P)H-ubiquinone reductase, is a key determinant of ferroptosis vulnerability, and its pharmacological inhibition was shown to strongly sensitize cancer cells to ferroptosis. A first generation of FSP1 inhibitors, exemplified by the small molecule iFSP1, has been reported; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying inhibition have not been characterized in detail. In this study, we explore the species-specific inhibition of iFSP1 on the human isoform to gain insights into its mechanism of action. Using a combination of cellular, biochemical, and computational methods, we establish a critical contribution of a species-specific aromatic architecture that is essential for target engagement. The results described here provide valuable insights for the rational development of second-generation FSP1 inhibitors combined with a tracer for screening the druggable pocket. In addition, we pose a cautionary notice for using iFSP1 in animal models, specifically murine models.
KW  - cell biology
KW  - chemical libraries
Y1  - 2023
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-357943
VL  - 14
ER  -