TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schulz, Erhard
A1  - Joseph, Alain
A1  - Baumhauer, Roland
A1  - Schultze, Ekkerhard
A1  - Sponholz, Barbara
T1  - Upper Pleistocene and Holocene history of the Bilma region (Kawar, NE-Niger)
T1  - Evolution de la region de Bilma (Kawar, NE-Niger) au Pleistocene superier et a l'Holocene
N2  - A 42 m drilling was pertormed in the depresalon of Bilma, Xawar, NE-Niger. The sediment and pollen records show that after an initial deposition of dune sands there were repeated lake phases which terminated by desiccation and consolidation of spring mounds. The pollen record indicates a continuous presence of savanna vegetation. The record probably covers the period between the Upper Pleistocene and the Late Holocene. The climate was characterised by a monssonal summer rain regime giving effective rain fall of about 450-500 mm per year. Groundwater recharge was possible but estimates of the amount of water resources are difficult because of the karstic system of the escarpment and the nearly unknown hydrogeological situation.
N2  - Dans la dépression de Bilma, Kawar, NE-Niger, un forage de 42 m a été réalisé. La séquence couvre la période entre le Pléistocene supérieur et l'Holocéne tardif. Apres une phase initiale de dépôts des sables dunaires, trois phases lacustres sont visibles, chaque fois terminées par une période de dessiccation et formation de dépôts de sources en buttes. Les invertigations polliniques montrent que, pendant toute la période, une végétation de savane était dominante. Le paléoclimat était caractérisé par un régime de mousson et des précipitations effectives d'environ 450-500 mm par an ainsi que des invasions de dépressions atlantiques. Une recharge de la nappe phréatique était possible, mais la connaissance insuffisante de l'hydrologéologie et du systeme karstique rend une estimation des ressources en eau tres difficile.
KW  - Pleistozän
KW  - Holozän
KW  - Bilma <Region>
Y1  - 1990
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-86828
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rösch, Manfred
A1  - Biester, Harald
A1  - Bogenrieder, Arno
A1  - Eckmeier, Eileen
A1  - Ehrmann, Otto
A1  - Gerlach, Renate
A1  - Hall, Mathias
A1  - Hartkopf-Fröder, Christoph
A1  - Herrmann, Ludger
A1  - Kury, Birgit
A1  - Lechterbeck, Jutta
A1  - Schier, Wolfram
A1  - Schulz, Erhard
T1  - Late neolithic agriculture in temperate Europe—a long-term experimental approach
JF  - Land
N2  - Long-term slash-and-burn experiments, when compared with intensive tillage without manuring, resulted in a huge data set relating to potential crop yields, depending on soil quality, crop type, and agricultural measures. Cultivation without manuring or fallow phases did not produce satisfying yields, and mono-season cropping on freshly cleared and burned plots resulted in rather high yields, comparable to those produced during modern industrial agriculture - at least ten-fold the ones estimated for the medieval period. Continuous cultivation on the same plot, using imported wood from adjacent areas as fuel, causes decreasing yields over several years. The high yield of the first harvest of a slash-and-burn agriculture is caused by nutrient input through the ash produced and mobilization from the organic matter of the topsoil, due to high soil temperatures during the burning process and higher topsoil temperatures due to the soil’s black surface. The harvested crops are pure, without contamination of any weeds. Considering the amount of work required to fight weeds without burning, the slash-and-burn technique yields much better results than any other tested agricultural approach. Therefore, in dense woodland, without optimal soils and climate, slash-and-burn agriculture seems to be the best, if not the only, feasible method to start agriculture, for example, during the Late Neolithic, when agriculture expanded from the loess belt into landscapes less suitable for agriculture. Extensive and cultivation with manuring is more practical in an already-open landscape and with a denser population, but its efficiency in terms of the ratio of the manpower input to food output, is worse. Slash-and-burn agriculture is not only a phenomenon of temperate European agriculture during the Neolithic, but played a major role in land-use in forested regions worldwide, creating anthromes on a huge spatial scale.
KW  - Neolithic agriculture
KW  - experimental archaeology
KW  - slash-and-burn
KW  - temperate Europe
Y1  - 2017
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-198103
SN  - 2073-445X
VL  - 6
IS  - 1
ER  -