TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lotz, Christian
A1  - Schmid, Freia F.
A1  - Rossi, Angela
A1  - Kurdyn, Szymon
A1  - Kampik, Daniel
A1  - De Wever, Bart
A1  - Walles, Heike
A1  - Groeber, Florian K.
T1  - Alternative Methods for the Replacement of Eye Irritation Testing
JF  - ALTEX - Alternatives to Animal Experimentation
N2  - In the last decades significant regulatory attempts were made to replace, refine and reduce animal testing to assess the risk of consumer products for the human eye. As the original in vivo Draize eye test is criticized for limited predictivity, costs and ethical issues, several animal-free test methods have been developed to categorize substances according to the global harmonized system (GHS) for eye irritation. This review summarizes the progress of alternative test methods for the assessment of eye irritation. Based on the corneal anatomy and current knowledge of the mechanisms causing eye irritation, different ex vivo and in vitro methods will be presented and discussed with regard to possible limitations and status of regulatory acceptance. In addition to established in vitro models, this review will also highlight emerging, full thickness cornea models that might be suited to predict all GHS categories.
KW  - eye irritation testing
KW  - alternatives
KW  - Draize eye test
KW  - OECD guideline
KW  - corneal equivalent
Y1  - 2016
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-164444
VL  - 33
IS  - 1
ER  -