TY - JOUR A1 - Pollitt, Alice Y. A1 - Poulter, Natalie S. A1 - Gitz, Eelo A1 - Navarro-Nuñez, Leyre A1 - Wang, Ying-Jie A1 - Hughes, Craig E. A1 - Thomas, Steven G. A1 - Nieswandt, Bernhard A1 - Douglas, Michael R. A1 - Owen, Dylan M. A1 - Jackson, David G. A1 - Dustin, Michael L. A1 - Watson, Steve P. T1 - Syk and Src Family Kinases Regulate C-type Lectin Receptor 2 (CLEC-2)-mediated Clustering of Podoplanin and Platelet Adhesion to Lymphatic Endothelial Cells* JF - The Journal of Biological Chemistry N2 - The interaction of CLEC-2 on platelets with Podoplanin on lymphatic endothelial cells initiates platelet signalling events that are necessary for prevention of blood-lymph mixing during development. In the present study, we show that CLEC-2 signalling via Src family and Syk tyrosine kinases promotes platelet adhesion to primary mouse lymphatic endothelial cells at low shear. Using supported lipid bilayers containing mobile Podoplanin, we further show that activation of Src and Syk in platelets promotes clustering of CLEC-2 and Podoplanin. Clusters of CLEC-2-bound Podoplanin migrate rapidly to the centre of the platelet to form a single structure. Fluorescence life-time imaging demonstrates that molecules within these clusters are within 10 nm of one another and that the clusters are disrupted by inhibition of Src and Syk family kinases. CLEC-2 clusters are also seen in platelets adhered to immobilised Podoplanin using direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM). These findings provide mechanistic insight by which CLEC-2 signalling promotes adhesion to Podoplanin and regulation of Podoplanin signalling thereby contributing to lymphatic vasculature development. KW - endothelial cell KW - lipid bilayer KW - platelet receptor KW - tyrosine-protein kinase KW - CLEC-2 ITAM KW - podoplanin KW - Src family KW - kinase Syk Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-120770 VL - 289 IS - 52 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rittner, Heike L. A1 - Wang, Ying A1 - Gehringer, Rebekka A1 - Mousa, Shaaban A. A1 - Hackel, Dagmar A1 - Brack, Alexander T1 - CXCL10 Controls Inflammatory Pain via Opioid Peptide- Containing Macrophages in Electroacupuncture N2 - Acupuncture is widely used for pain treatment in patients with osteoarthritis or low back pain, but molecular mechanisms remain largely enigmatic. In the early phase of inflammation neutrophilic chemokines direct opioid-containing neutrophils in the inflamed tissue and stimulate opioid peptide release and antinociception. In this study the molecular pathway and neuroimmune connections in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced hind paw inflammation and electroacupuncture for peripheral pain control were analyzed. Free moving Wistar rats with hind paw inflammation were treated twice with electroacupuncture at GB30 (Huan Tiao - gall bladder meridian) (day 0 and 1) and analyzed for mechanical and thermal nociceptive thresholds. The cytokine profiles as well as the expression of opioid peptides were quantified in the inflamed paw. Electroacupuncture elicited long-term antinociception blocked by local injection of anti-opioid peptide antibodies (beta-endorphin, met-enkephalin, dynorphin A). The treatment altered the cytokine profile towards an anti-inflammatory pattern but augmented interferon (IFN)-gamma and the chemokine CXCL10 (IP-10: interferon gamma-inducible protein) protein and mRNA expression with concomitant increased numbers of opioid peptide-containing CXCR3+ macrophages. In rats with CFA hind paw inflammation without acupuncture repeated injection of CXCL10 triggered opioid-mediated antinociception and increase opioid-containing macrophages. Conversely, neutralization of CXCL10 time-dependently decreased electroacupuncture-induced antinociception and the number of infiltrating opioid peptide-expressing CXCR3+ macrophages. In summary, we describe a novel function of the chemokine CXCL10 - as a regulator for an increase of opioid-containing macrophages and antinociceptive mediator in inflammatory pain and as a key chemokine regulated by electroacupuncture. KW - opioids KW - inflammation KW - macrophages KW - cytokines KW - chemokines KW - enzyme-linkes immunoassays KW - acupuncture KW - analysis of variance Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-112979 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rittner, Heike L. A1 - Sauer, Reine-Solange A1 - Hackel, Dagmar A1 - Morschel, Laura A1 - Sahlbach, Henrike A1 - Wang, Ying A1 - Mousa, Shaaban A. A1 - Roewer, Norbert A1 - Brack, Alexander T1 - Toll like receptor (TLR)-4 as a regulator of peripheral endogenous opioid-mediated analgesia in inflammation N2 - Background Leukocytes containing opioid peptides locally control inflammatory pain. In the early phase of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced hind paw inflammation, formyl peptides (derived e.g. from Mycobacterium butyricum) trigger the release of opioid peptides from neutrophils contributing to tonic basal antinociception. In the later phase we hypothesized that toll-like-receptor-(TLR)-4 activation of monocytes/macrophages triggers opioid peptide release and thereby stimulates peripheral opioid-dependent antinociception. Results In Wistar rats with CFA hind paw inflammation in the later inflammatory phase (48–96 h) systemic leukocyte depletion by cyclophosphamide (CTX) or locally injected naloxone (NLX) further decreased mechanical and thermal nociceptive thresholds. In vitro β-endorphin (β-END) content increased during human monocyte differentiation as well as in anti-inflammatory CD14+CD16- or non-classical M2 macrophages. Monocytes expressing TLR4 dose-dependently released β-END after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) dependent on intracellular calcium. Despite TLR4 expression proinflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages only secreted opioid peptides in response to ionomycin, a calcium ionophore. Intraplantar injection of LPS as a TLR4 agonist into the inflamed paw elicited an immediate opioid- and dose-dependent antinociception, which was blocked by TAK-242, a small-molecule inhibitor of TLR4, or by peripheral applied NLX. In the later phase LPS lowered mechanical and thermal nociceptive thresholds. Furthermore, local peripheral TLR4 blockade worsened thermal and mechanical nociceptive pain thresholds in CFA inflammation. Conclusion Endogenous opioids from monocytes/macrophages mediate endogenous antinociception in the late phase of inflammation. Peripheral TLR4 stimulation acts as a transient counter-regulatory mechanism for inflammatory pain in vivo, and increases the release of opioid peptides from monocytes in vitro. TLR4 antagonists as new treatments for sepsis and neuropathic pain might unexpectedly transiently enhance pain by impairing peripheral opioid analgesia. KW - Toll like receptors KW - Analgesia KW - Inflammatory pain KW - Endogenous opioids Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-110193 ER - TY - THES A1 - Wang, Ying T1 - Immune and peripheral endogenous opioid mechanisms of electroacupuncture analgesia T1 - Immunologische und periphere endogene Opioidmechanismen bei Analgesie durch Elektroakupunktur N2 - A precious treasure in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), acupuncture played a vital and irreplaceable role in contributing to people’s health in the thousands of years of Chinese history, and in 2010 was officially added to the “Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity” by the United Nations. Because of the side-effects of long-term drug therapy for pain, and the risks of dependency, acupuncture has been widely accepted as one of the most important alternative choice therapies for treating varieties of acute and chronic pain-related disorders. The clinical application and scientific mechanism research of acupuncture have therefore increased intensively in the last few decades. Besides hand acupuncture, other treatment approaches e.g. electroacupuncture (EA) have been widely accepted and applied as an important acupuncture-related technique for acupuncture analgesia (AA) research. The involvement of opioid peptides and receptors in acute AA has been shown via pre-EA application of opioid receptor/peptide antagonists. However, existing publications still cannot illuminate the answer to the following question: how does sustained antinociception happen by EA treatment? The hypothesis of opioid peptide-mediated tonic AA might be able to answer the question. In the first part of this thesis, the institution of a reproducible acupuncture treatment model as well as the endogenous opioid-related mechanisms was demonstrated. An anatomically-based three-dimensional (3D) rat model was established to exhibit a digital true-to-life organism, accurate acupoint position and EA treatment protocol on bilateral acupoint GB-30 Huantiao. The optimal EA treatment protocol (100 Hz, 2-3 mA, 0.1 ms, 20 min) at 0 and 24 h after induction of inflammatory pain by complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) on conscious free-moving rats was then established. EA elicited significant sustained mechanical and thermal antinociception up to 144 h. Post-EA application of opioid receptors (mu opioid receptor, MOR; delta opioid receptor, DOR) antagonists naloxone (NLX) and naltrindole (NTI), or opioid peptide antibodies anti-beta-endorphin (anti-END), met-enkephalin (anti-ENK) or -dynorphin A (anti-DYN) could also block this effect at a late phase (96 h) of CFA post-EA, which suggested opioid-dependent tonic analgesia was produced by EA. Meanwhile, EA also reduced paw temperature and volume at 72-144 h post CFA indicating anti-inflammatory effects. Nociceptive thresholds were assessed by paw pressure threshold (Randall-Sellito) or paw withdrawal latency (Hargreaves) and an anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated by measurement of plantar temperature and volume of inflamed paw. The second part of the thesis further suggests the correlation between the chemokine CXCL10 (= interferon-gamma inducible protein 10, IP-10) and opioid peptides in EA-induced antinociception. Based on a comprehensive Cytokine Array of 29 cytokines, targeted cytokines interleukin (IL)-1alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-4, interleukin (IL)-13, interferon (IFN)-gamma as well as CXCL10 were selected and quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) quantification confirmed upregulation of CXCL10 mRNA at both 72 and 96 h. The following hyperalgesic assessment suggested the antinociceptive effect of CXCL10. The double immunostaining localizing opioid peptides with macrophages expressed the evident upregulation of CXCR3-receptor of CXCL10 in EA treated samples as well as the significant upregulation or downregulation of opioid peptides by repeated treatment of CXCL10 or antibody of CXCL10 via behavioral tests and immune staining. Subsequent immunoblotting measurements showed non-alteration of opioid receptor level by EA, indicating that the opioid receptors did not apparently contribute to AA in the present studies. In vitro, CXCL10 did not directly trigger opioid peptide END release from freshly isolated rat macrophages. This might implicate an indirect property of CXCL10 in vitro stimulating the opioid peptide-containing macrophages by requiring additional mediators in inflammatory tissue. In summary, this project intended to explore the peripheral opioid-dependent analgesic mechanisms of acupuncture with a novel 3D treatment rat model and put forward new information to support the pivot role of chemokine CXCL10 in mediating EA-induced tonic antinociception via peripheral opioid peptides. N2 - Als wertvoller Schatz in der traditionellen chinesischen Medizin (TCM) spielt die Akupunktur eine wichtige und unersetzliche Rolle für die Gesundheit der Menschen in der über tausendjährigen Geschichte von China und wurde im Jahr 2010 offiziell in das "Weltkulturerbe" der Vereinten Nationen aufgenommen. Aufgrund der Nebenwirkungen von Langzeittherapien zur Schmerzbehandlung und dem Risiko der Abhängigkeit wird Akupunktur weithin als eine wichtigste Alternative für die Behandlung von akuten und chronischen Schmerzen eingesetzt. Die klinische Anwendung und Forschung in der Akupunktur wurden in den letzten Jahrzehnten intensiv vorangetrieben. Neben Handakupunktur gibt es noch andere Behandlungsmöglichkeiten, wie z.B. die Elektroakupunktur (EA). EA ist vor allem eine allgemein akzeptierte und wichtige akupunkturbezogene Technik für die Akupunkturanalgesie (AA) in der Forschung. Die Beteiligung von Opioidpeptiden und Opioidrezeptoren in der akuten AA wurde mittels Anwendung von Opioidrezeptorantagonisten/Opioidpeptidantikörpern appliziert vor EA gezeigt. Nach dem aktuellen Forschungsstand kann man jedoch nicht die Frage beantworten, wie die längerfristige (tonische) Antinozizeption nach EA-Behandlung funktioniert. Mit einer Hypothese zur Opioidpeptid vermittelten tonischen AA könnte man die Frage hierzu beantworten. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden in einem Modell der Akupunktur zum ersten Mal endogene Opioid-vermittelte Mechanismen reproduzierbar nachgewiesen. Es wurde ein dreidimensionales (3D) anatomisch-basiertes Rattenmodell entworfen, um am wachen Tier ein genaue Akupunkturbehandlung (EA) an den Akupunkten GB-30 Huantiao beidseitig durchzuführen. Darüber hinaus wurde ein optimiertes Behandlungsprotokoll von EA (100 Hz, 2-3 mA, 0.1 ms, 20 min) bei Ratten 0 und 24 h nach intraplantarer Injektion von komplettem Freunds Adjuvans (CFA) etabliert. Nozizeptive Schwellen wurden mittels Pfotendruckschwelle (Randall-Sellito) oder Pfotenrückzugslatenzzeit (Hargreaves) gemessen und die entzündungshemmende Wirkung durch Messung der Pfotentemperatur und Volumen der entzündeten Pfote ausgewertet. EA bewirkte eine signifikante mechanische und thermische Antinozizeption, welche bis zu 144 h anhielt. Die antinozizeptive Wirkung durch EA war nach Injektion von Opioidrezeptorantagonisten (mu opioid receptor, MOR; delta opioid receptor, DOR) Naloxon (NLX) und Naltrindol (NTI) oder Antikörpern gegen die Opioidpeptide beta-Endorphin (anti-END), Met-Enkephalin (anti-ENK) oder Dynorphin A (anti-DYN) während der späten Entzündungsphase (96 h) mit CFA blockierbar. Dies lässt auf eine durch EA induzierte tonische Analgesie schließen. Darüber hinaus reduzierte EA auch die erhöhte Pfotentemperatur und das erhöhte Pfotenvolumen, welche sehr typisch ist für eine 96-144 h Entzündung mit CFA. Dies spricht für eine entzündungshemmende Wirkung von EA. Nachfolgend wurde die Beteiligung von Opioidpeptiden und dem Chemokin CXCL10 (= Interferon-gamma induziertes Protein 10, IP-10) sowie die Korrelationen zwischen beiden geklärt. Basierend auf umfangreichenden Zytokinarrays mit 29 Zytokinen, wurden die Zytokine Interleukin (IL)-1alpha, Interleukin (IL)-1beta, Tumornekrosefaktor (TNF)-alpha, Interleukin (IL)-4, Interleukin (IL)-13, Interferon (IFN)-gamma und CXCL10 gezielt ausgewählt und im Enzym Immunoassay (ELISA) sowie durch eine Echtzeit Reverse Transkription-Polymerase Kettenreaktion (RT-PCR) quantifiziert. Die Quantifizierung auf mRNA-Ebene zeigte eine Hochregulation von CXCL10 bei 96 h und zum früheren Zeitpunkt von 72 h. Nachfolgende Schmerzschwellenmessungen wiesen auf eine antinozizeptive Wirkung von CXCL10 hin. Eine Doppelimmunfärbung zeigte die Lokalisation von Opioidpeptiden in Makrophagen. Nachweislich wurde die Expression des CXCR3-Rezeptor von CXCL10 in EA behandelten Pfoten erhöht. Ebenso kam es zu einer signifikanten Hochregulation von Opioidpeptiden durch wiederholte Behandlung mit CXCL10 bzw. Herunterregulation der Opioidpeptide nach wiederholter Behandlung mit anti-CXCL10 Antikörper. Dies wurde sowohl in Verhaltenstests als auch in der Immunfärbung zu beobachtet. Immunoblotting zeigte keine Veränderung der Expression von Opioidrezeptoren nach EA, was schließen lässt, dass die Menge an Opioidrezeptoren in den vorliegenden Untersuchungen keine Rolle spielen. Da CXCL10 in vitro keine direkten Effekt auf die Freisetzung des Opioidpeptides beta-END aus frisch isolierten Rattenmakrophagen hat, liegt die Vermutung nahe, dass CXCL10 in vitro eine indirekte Rolle als Mediator zukommt und indirekt die Opioidpeptidfreisetzung aus Makrophagen in entzündlichen Gewebe stimuliert wird. Zusammenfassend wurden in dem hier vorgestellten Projekt die Opioidpeptid-abhängigen analgetischen und peripheren Mechanismen der Akupunktur mit einem neuartigem 3D-Behandlungsmodell der Ratte untersucht und eine Schlüsselrolle des Chemokins CXCL10 bei der Vermittlung der EA-induzierten tonischen Antinozizeption in Abhändigkeit von peripheren Opioidpeptiden. (Translated by Dr. Dagmar Hackel and revised by Priv.-Doz. Dr. Heike Rittner) KW - Elektroakupunktur KW - electroacupuncture KW - peripheral analgesia KW - Chemokin CXCL10 KW - Analgesie KW - Cytokine KW - Ratte KW - opioid peptide KW - cytokines KW - Periphere Analgesie KW - Opioidpeptide Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-98326 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Davis, Lea K. A1 - Yu, Dongmei A1 - Keenan, Clare L. A1 - Gamazon, Eric R. A1 - Konkashbaev, Anuar I. A1 - Derks, Eske M. A1 - Neale, Benjamin M. A1 - Yang, Jian A1 - Lee, S. Hong A1 - Evans, Patrick A1 - Barr, Cathy L. A1 - Bellodi, Laura A1 - Benarroch, Fortu A1 - Berrio, Gabriel Bedoya A1 - Bienvenu, Oscar J. A1 - Bloch, Michael H. A1 - Blom, Rianne M. A1 - Bruun, Ruth D. A1 - Budman, Cathy L. A1 - Camarena, Beatriz A1 - Campbell, Desmond A1 - Cappi, Carolina A1 - Cardona Silgado, Julio C. A1 - Cath, Danielle C. A1 - Cavallini, Maria C. A1 - Chavira, Denise A. A1 - Chouinard, Sylvian A1 - Conti, David V. A1 - Cook, Edwin H. A1 - Coric, Vladimir A1 - Cullen, Bernadette A. A1 - Deforce, Dieter A1 - Delorme, Richard A1 - Dion, Yves A1 - Edlund, Christopher K. A1 - Egberts, Karin A1 - Falkai, Peter A1 - Fernandez, Thomas V. A1 - Gallagher, Patience J. A1 - Garrido, Helena A1 - Geller, Daniel A1 - Girard, Simon L. A1 - Grabe, Hans J. A1 - Grados, Marco A. A1 - Greenberg, Benjamin D. A1 - Gross-Tsur, Varda A1 - Haddad, Stephen A1 - Heiman, Gary A. A1 - Hemmings, Sian M. J. A1 - Hounie, Ana G. A1 - Illmann, Cornelia A1 - Jankovic, Joseph A1 - Jenike, Micheal A. A1 - Kennedy, James L. A1 - King, Robert A. A1 - Kremeyer, Barbara A1 - Kurlan, Roger A1 - Lanzagorta, Nuria A1 - Leboyer, Marion A1 - Leckman, James F. A1 - Lennertz, Leonhard A1 - Liu, Chunyu A1 - Lochner, Christine A1 - Lowe, Thomas L. A1 - Macciardi, Fabio A1 - McCracken, James T. A1 - McGrath, Lauren M. A1 - Restrepo, Sandra C. Mesa A1 - Moessner, Rainald A1 - Morgan, Jubel A1 - Muller, Heike A1 - Murphy, Dennis L. A1 - Naarden, Allan L. A1 - Ochoa, William Cornejo A1 - Ophoff, Roel A. A1 - Osiecki, Lisa A1 - Pakstis, Andrew J. A1 - Pato, Michele T. A1 - Pato, Carlos N. A1 - Piacentini, John A1 - Pittenger, Christopher A1 - Pollak, Yehunda A1 - Rauch, Scott L. A1 - Renner, Tobias J. A1 - Reus, Victor I. A1 - Richter, Margaret A. A1 - Riddle, Mark A. A1 - Robertson, Mary M. A1 - Romero, Roxana A1 - Rosàrio, Maria C. A1 - Rosenberg, David A1 - Rouleau, Guy A. A1 - Ruhrmann, Stephan A1 - Ruiz-Linares, Andreas A1 - Sampaio, Aline S. A1 - Samuels, Jack A1 - Sandor, Paul A1 - Sheppard, Broke A1 - Singer, Harvey S. A1 - Smit, Jan H. A1 - Stein, Dan J. A1 - Strengman, E. A1 - Tischfield, Jay A. A1 - Valencia Duarte, Ana V. A1 - Vallada, Homero A1 - Van Nieuwerburgh, Flip A1 - Veenstra-VanderWeele, Jeremy A1 - Walitza, Susanne A1 - Wang, Ying A1 - Wendland, Jens R. A1 - Westenberg, Herman G. M. A1 - Shugart, Yin Yao A1 - Miguel, Euripedes C. A1 - McMahon, William A1 - Wagner, Michael A1 - Nicolini, Humberto A1 - Posthuma, Danielle A1 - Hanna, Gregory L. A1 - Heutink, Peter A1 - Denys, Damiaan A1 - Arnold, Paul D. A1 - Oostra, Ben A. A1 - Nestadt, Gerald A1 - Freimer, Nelson B. A1 - Pauls, David L. A1 - Wray, Naomi R. A1 - Stewart, S. Evelyn A1 - Mathews, Carol A. A1 - Knowles, James A. A1 - Cox, Nancy J. A1 - Scharf, Jeremiah M. T1 - Partitioning the Heritability of Tourette Syndrome and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Reveals Differences in Genetic Architecture JF - PLoS Genetics N2 - The direct estimation of heritability from genome-wide common variant data as implemented in the program Genome-wide Complex Trait Analysis (GCTA) has provided a means to quantify heritability attributable to all interrogated variants. We have quantified the variance in liability to disease explained by all SNPs for two phenotypically-related neurobehavioral disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette Syndrome (TS), using GCTA. Our analysis yielded a heritability point estimate of 0.58 (se = 0.09, p = 5.64e-12) for TS, and 0.37 (se = 0.07, p = 1.5e-07) for OCD. In addition, we conducted multiple genomic partitioning analyses to identify genomic elements that concentrate this heritability. We examined genomic architectures of TS and OCD by chromosome, MAF bin, and functional annotations. In addition, we assessed heritability for early onset and adult onset OCD. Among other notable results, we found that SNPs with a minor allele frequency of less than 5% accounted for 21% of the TS heritability and 0% of the OCD heritability. Additionally, we identified a significant contribution to TS and OCD heritability by variants significantly associated with gene expression in two regions of the brain (parietal cortex and cerebellum) for which we had available expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs). Finally we analyzed the genetic correlation between TS and OCD, revealing a genetic correlation of 0.41 (se = 0.15, p = 0.002). These results are very close to previous heritability estimates for TS and OCD based on twin and family studies, suggesting that very little, if any, heritability is truly missing (i.e., unassayed) from TS and OCD GWAS studies of common variation. The results also indicate that there is some genetic overlap between these two phenotypically-related neuropsychiatric disorders, but suggest that the two disorders have distinct genetic architectures. KW - TIC disorders KW - missing heritability KW - complex diseases KW - neuropsychiatric disorders KW - common SNPS KW - gilles KW - family KW - brain KW - expression KW - autism Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-127377 SN - 1553-7390 VL - 9 IS - 10 ER -