TY - JOUR A1 - Westermaier, Thomas T1 - Neuroprotective Treatment Strategies for Delayed Cerebral Ischemia after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage – Review of Literature and Future Prospects N2 - This article reviews experimental and clinical data on the use of various neuroprotective agents and therapeutic measures after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). While calcium antagonists have been used in the past and are still part of the standard treatment regimen in most departments involved in the treatment of SAH, other classes of drugs and various other methods have been tested for their potential to inhibit delayed ischemia after SAH. This article reviews the literature about clinical studies about the efficacy of various neuroprotective agents and methods including statins, steroids and Endothelin-antagonists and other - alternative - methods like cisternal lavage, intrathecal drug delivery and hypercapnia, offering future perspectives for the treatment of this hazardous disease. KW - Cerebral Ischemia KW - Subarachnoid hemorrhage KW - Neuroprotection KW - Delayed cerebral infarction KW - Delayed ischemic neurological deficit Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-112631 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lilla, Nadine A1 - Kessler, Almuth F. A1 - Weiland, Judith A1 - Ernestus, Ralf-Ingo A1 - Westermaier, Thomas T1 - Case Report: A Case Series Using Natural Anatomical Gaps — Posterior Cervical Approach to Skull Base and Upper Craniocervical Meningiomas Without Bone Removal JF - Frontiers in Surgery N2 - Background: Removal of anteriorly located tumors of the upper cervical spine and craniovertebral junction (CVJ) is a particular surgical challenge. Extensive approaches are associated with pain, restricted mobility of neck and head and, in case of foramen magnum and clivus tumors, with retraction of brainstem and cerebellum. Methods: Four symptomatic patients underwent resection of anteriorly located upper cervical and lower clivus meningiomas without laminotomy or craniotomy using a minimally invasive posterior approach. Distances of natural gaps between C0/C1, C1/C2, and C2/C3 were measured using preoperative CT scans and intraoperative lateral x-rays. Results: In all patients, safe and complete resection was conducted by the opening of the dura between C0/C1, C1/C2, and C2/C3, respectively. There were no surgical complications. Local pain was reported as very moderate by all patients and postoperative recovery was extremely fast. All tumors had a rather soft consistency, allowing mass reduction prior to removal of the tumor capsule and were well separable from lower cranial nerves and vascular structures. Conclusion: If tumor consistency is appropriate for careful mass reduction before removal of the tumor capsule and if tumor margins are not firmly attached to crucial structures, then upper cervical, foramen magnum, and lower clivus meningiomas can be safely and completely removed through natural gaps in the CVJ region. Both prerequisites usually become clear early during surgery. Thus, this tumor entity may be planned using this minimally invasive approach and may be extended if tumor consistency turns out to be less unfavorable for resection or if crucial structures cannot be easily separated from the tumor. KW - minimally invasive KW - meningioma KW - cervical spine KW - spinal tumor operation KW - craniovertebral junction Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-244613 SN - 2296-875X VL - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Linsenmann, Thomas A1 - Monoranu, Camelia M. A1 - Kessler, Almuth F. A1 - Ernestus, Ralf I. A1 - Westermaier, Thomas T1 - Bone chips, fibrin glue, and osteogeneration following lateral suboccipital craniectomy: a case report JF - BMC Research Notes N2 - Background Suboccipital craniectomy is a conventional approach for exploring cerebellopontine angle lesions. A variety of techniques have been successfully employed to reconstruct a craniectomy. This is the first report about the histological findings after performing a cranioplasty by using a mixture of autologous bone chips and human allogenic fibrin glue. Case presentation A 53-year-old German woman underwent left lateral suboccipital retrosigmoidal craniectomy for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia in 2008. Cranioplasty was perfomed by using a mixture of autologous bone chips and human allogenic fibrin glue. Due to recurrent neuralgia, a second left lateral suboccipital craniectomy was performed in 2012. The intraoperative findings revealed a complete ossification of the former craniotomy including widely mature trabecular bone tissue in the histological examination. Conclusion A mixture of autologous bone chips and human allogenic fibrin glue seems to provide sufficient bone-regeneration revealed by histological and neuroradiological examinations. KW - Bone chips KW - Fibrin glue KW - Osteogeneration KW - Lateral suboccipital craniectomy Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-97346 UR - http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/6/523 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Westermaier, Thomas A1 - Stetter, Christian A1 - Kunze, Ekkehard A1 - Willner, Nadine A1 - Raslan, Furat A1 - Vince, Giles H. A1 - Ernestus, Ralf-Ingo T1 - Magnesium treatment for neuroprotection in ischemic diseases of the brain JF - Experimental and Translational Stroke Medicine N2 - This article reviews experimental and clinical data on the use of magnesium as a neuroprotective agent in various conditions of cerebral ischemia. Whereas magnesium has shown neuroprotective properties in animal models of global and focal cerebral ischemia, this effect could not be reproduced in a large human stroke trial. These conflicting results may be explained by the timing of treatment. While treatment can be started before or early after ischemia in experimental studies, there is an inevitable delay of treatment in human stroke. Magnesium administration to women at risk for preterm birth has been investigated in several randomized controlled trials and was found to reduce the risk of neurological deficits for the premature infant. Postnatal administration of magnesium to babies after perinatal asphyxia has been studied in a number of controlled clinical trials. The results are promising but the trials have, so far, been underpowered. In aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), cerebral ischemia arises with the onset of delayed cerebral vasospasm several days after aneurysm rupture. Similar to perinatal asphyxia in impending preterm delivery, treatment can be started prior to ischemia. The results of clinical trials are conflicting. Several clinical trials did not show an additive effect of magnesium with nimodipine, another calcium antagonist which is routinely administered to SAH patients in many centers. Other trials found a protective effect after magnesium therapy. Thus, it may still be a promising substance in the treatment of secondary cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal SAH. Future prospects of magnesium therapy are discussed. KW - Medizin Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-96729 UR - http://www.etsmjournal.com/content/5/1/6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Linsenmann, Thomas A1 - Monoranu, Camelia M. A1 - Vince, Giles H. A1 - Westermaier, Thomas A1 - Hagemann, Carsten A1 - Kessler, Almuth F. A1 - Ernestus, Ralf-Ingo A1 - Löhr, Mario T1 - Long-term tumor control of spinal dissemination of cerebellar glioblastoma multiforme by combined adjuvant bevacizumab antibody therapy: a case report N2 - Background Glioblastoma multiforme located in the posterior fossa is extremely rare with a frequency up to 3.4%. Compared with glioblastoma of the hemispheres the prognosis of infratentorial glioblastoma seems to be slightly better. Absence of brainstem invasion and low expression rates of epidermal growth factor receptor are described as factors for long-time survival due to the higher radiosensitivity of these tumors. Case presentation In this case study, we report a German female patient with an exophytic glioblastoma multiforme arising from the cerebellar tonsil and a secondary spinal manifestation. Furthermore, the tumor showed no O (6)-Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase promotor-hypermethylation and no isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutations. All these signs are accompanied by significantly shorter median overall survival. A long-term tumor control of the spinal metastases was achieved by a combined temozolomide/bevacizumab and irradiation therapy, as part of a standard care administered by the treating physician team. Conclusion To our knowledge this is the first published case of a combined cerebellar exophytic glioblastoma with a subsequent solid spinal manifestation. Furthermore this case demonstrates a benefit undergoing this special adjuvant therapy regime in terms of overall survival. Due to the limited overall prognosis of the disease, spinal manifestations of glioma are rarely clinically relevant. The results of our instructive case, however, with a positive effect on both life quality and survival warrant treating future patients in the frame of a prospective clinical study. KW - Glioblastoma KW - Spinal dissemination KW - Bevacizumab KW - Temozolomide KW - Irradiation Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-110536 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Linsenmann, Thomas A1 - Cattaneo, Andrea A1 - März, Alexander A1 - Weiland, Judith A1 - Stetter, Christian A1 - Nickl, Robert A1 - Westermaier, Thomas T1 - Combined frameless stereotactical biopsy and intraoperative cerebral angiography by 3D-rotational fluoroscopy with intravenous contrast administration: a feasibility study JF - BMC Medical Imaging N2 - Background Mobile 3-dimensional fluoroscopes are an integral part of modern neurosurgical operating theatres and can also be used in combination with free available image post processing to depict cerebral vessels. In preparation of stereotactic surgery, preoperative Computed Tomography (CT) may be required for image fusion. Contrast CT may be of further advantage for image fusion as it regards the vessel anatomy in trajectory planning. Time-consuming in-hospital transports are necessary for this purpose. Mobile 3D-fluoroscopes may be used to generate a CT equal preoperative data set without an in-hospital transport. This study was performed to determine the feasibility and image quality of intraoperative 3-dimensional fluoroscopy with intravenous contrast administration in combination with stereotactical procedures. Methods 6 patients were included in this feasibility study. After fixation in a radiolucent Mayfield clamp a rotational fluoroscopy scan was performed with 50 mL iodine contrast agent. The image data sets were merged with the existing MRI images at a planning station and visually evaluated by two observer. The operation times were compared between the frame-based and frameless systems (“skin-to-skin” and “OR entry to exit”). Results The procedure proves to be safe. The entire procedure from fluoroscope positioning to the transfer to the planning station took 5–6 min with an image acquisition time of 24 s. In 5 of 6 cases, the fused imaging was able to reproduce the vascular anatomy accurately and in good quality. Both time end-points were significantly shorter compared to frame-based interventions. Conclusion The images could easily be transferred to the planning and navigation system and were successfully merged with the MRI data set. The procedure can be completely integrated into the surgical workflow. Preoperative CT imaging or transport under anaesthesia may even be replaced by this technique in the future. Furthermore, hemorrhages can be successfully visualized intraoperatively and might prevent time delays in emergencies. KW - 3 D rotational fluoroscopy KW - neurosurgery KW - stereotaxy KW - frameless systems KW - intraoperative imaging Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-270370 VL - 21 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stetter, Christian A1 - Weidner, Franziska A1 - Lilla, Nadine A1 - Weiland, Judith A1 - Kunze, Ekkehard A1 - Ernestus, Ralf-Ingo A1 - Muellenbach, Ralf Michael A1 - Westermaier, Thomas T1 - Therapeutic hypercapnia for prevention of secondary ischemia after severe subarachnoid hemorrhage: physiological responses to continuous hypercapnia JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Temporary hypercapnia has been shown to increase cerebral blood flow (CBF) and might be used as a therapeutical tool in patients with severe subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). It was the aim of this study was to investigate the optimum duration of hypercapnia. This point is assumed to be the time at which buffer systems become active, cause an adaptation to changes of the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and annihilate a possible therapeutic effect. In this prospective interventional study in a neurosurgical ICU the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO\(_2\)) was increased to a target range of 55 mmHg for 120 min by modification of the respiratory minute volume (RMV) one time a day between day 4 and 14 in 12 mechanically ventilated poor-grade SAH-patients. Arterial blood gases were measured every 15 min. CBF and brain tissue oxygen saturation (StiO\(_2\)) were the primary and secondary end points. Intracranial pressure (ICP) was controlled by an external ventricular drainage. Under continuous hypercapnia (PaCO\(_2\) of 53.17 ± 5.07), CBF was significantly elevated between 15 and 120 min after the start of hypercapnia. During the course of the trial intervention, cardiac output also increased significantly. To assess the direct effect of hypercapnia on brain perfusion, the increase of CBF was corrected by the parallel increase of cardiac output. The maximum direct CBF enhancing effect of hypercapnia of 32% was noted at 45 min after the start of hypercapnia. Thereafter, the CBF enhancing slowly declined. No relevant adverse effects were observed. CBF and StiO\(_2\) reproducibly increased by controlled hypercapnia in all patients. After 45 min, the curve of CBF enhancement showed an inflection point when corrected by cardiac output. It is concluded that 45 min might be the optimum duration for a therapeutic use and may provide an optimal balance between the benefits of hypercapnia and risks of a negative rebound effect after return to normal ventilation parameters. KW - cerebrovascular disorders KW - clinical trials KW - neurology KW - neurovascular disorders KW - Phase II trials Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-260779 VL - 11 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schadt, Fabian A1 - Israel, Ina A1 - Beez, Alexandra A1 - Alushi, Kastriot A1 - Weiland, Judith A1 - Ernestus, Ralf-Ingo A1 - Westermaier, Thomas A1 - Samnick, Samuel A1 - Lilla, Nadine T1 - Analysis of cerebral glucose metabolism following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage over 7 days JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Little is known about changes in brain metabolism following SAH, possibly leading towards secondary brain damage. Despite sustained progress in the last decade, analysis of in vivo acquired data still remains challenging. The present interdisciplinary study uses a semi-automated data analysis tool analyzing imaging data independently from the administrated radiotracer. The uptake of 2-[18F]Fluoro-2-deoxy-glucose ([\(^{18}\)F]FDG) was evaluated in different brain regions in 14 male Sprague–Dawley rats, randomized into two groups: (1) SAH induced by the endovascular filament model and (2) sham operated controls. Serial [\(^{18}\)F]FDG-PET measurements were carried out. Quantitative image analysis was performed by uptake ratio using a self-developed MRI-template based data analysis tool. SAH animals showed significantly higher [\(^{18}\)F]FDG accumulation in gray matter, neocortex and olfactory system as compared to animals of the sham group, while white matter and basal forebrain region showed significant reduced tracer accumulation in SAH animals. All significant metabolic changes were visualized from 3 h, over 24 h (day 1), day 4 and day 7 following SAH/sham operation. This [\(^{18}\)F]FDG-PET study provides important insights into glucose metabolism alterations following SAH—for the first time in different brain regions and up to day 7 during course of disease. KW - SAH KW - metabolism KW - brain Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-300725 VL - 13 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Linsenmann, Thomas A1 - März, Alexander A1 - Dufner, Vera A1 - Stetter, Christian A1 - Weiland, Judith A1 - Westermaier, Thomas T1 - Optimization of radiation settings for angiography using 3D fluoroscopy for imaging of intracranial aneurysms JF - Computer Assisted Surgery N2 - Mobile 3D fluoroscopes have become increasingly available in neurosurgical operating rooms. We recently reported its use for imaging cerebral vascular malformations and aneurysms. This study was conducted to evaluate various radiation settings for the imaging of cerebral aneurysms before and after surgical occlusion. Eighteen patients with cerebral aneurysms with the indication for surgical clipping were included in this prospective analysis. Before surgery the patients were randomized into one of three different scan protocols according (default settings of the 3D fluoroscope): Group 1: 110 kV, 80 mA (enhanced cranial mode), group 2: 120 kV, 64 mA (lumbar spine mode), group 3: 120 kV, 25 mA (head/neck settings). Prior to surgery, a rotational fluoroscopy scan (duration 24 s) was performed without contrast agent followed by another scan with 50 ml of intravenous iodine contrast agent. The image files of both scans were transferred to an Apple PowerMac(R) workstation, subtracted and reconstructed using OsiriX(R) MD 10.0 software. The procedure was repeated after clip placement. The image quality regarding preoperative aneurysm configuration and postoperative assessment of aneurysm occlusion and vessel patency was analyzed by 2 independent reviewers using a 6-grade scale. This technique quickly supplies images of adequate quality to depict intracranial aneurysms and distal vessel patency after aneurysm clipping. Regarding these features, a further optimization to our previous protocol seems possible lowering the voltage and increasing tube current. For quick intraoperative assessment, image subtraction seems not necessary. Thus, a native scan without a contrast agent is not necessary. Further optimization may be possible using a different contrast injection protocol. KW - 3D fluoroscopy KW - aneurysm KW - fluoroscopy KW - intraoperative imaging Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259251 VL - 26 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vadokas, Georg A1 - Koehler, Stefan A1 - Weiland, Judith A1 - Lilla, Nadine A1 - Stetter, Christian A1 - Westermaier, Thomas T1 - Early antiinflammatory therapy attenuates brain damage after SAH in rats JF - Translational Neuroscience N2 - Background Early inflammatory processes may play an important role in the development of early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Experimental studies suggest that anti-inflammatory and membrane-stabilizing drugs might have beneficial effects, although the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of early treatment with methylprednisolone and minocycline on cerebral perfusion and EBI after experimental SAH. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to SAH using the endovascular filament model. 30 minutes after SAH, they were randomly assigned to receive an intravenous injection of methylprednisolone (16mg/kg body weight, n=10), minocycline (45mg/kg body weight, n=10) or saline (n=11). Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), intracranial pressure (ICP) and local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) over both hemispheres were recorded continuously for three hours following SAH. Neurological assessment was performed after 24 hours. Hippocampal damage was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining (caspase 3). Results Treatment with methylprednisolone or minocycline did not result in a significant improvement of MABP, ICP or LCBF. Animals of both treatment groups showed a non-significant trend to better neurological recovery compared to animals of the control group. Mortality was reduced and hippocampal damage significantly attenuated in both methylprednisolone and minocycline treated animals. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that inflammatory processes may play an important role in the pathophysiology of EBI after SAH. Early treatment with the anti-inflammatory drugs methylprednisolone or minocycline in the acute phase of SAH has the potential to reduce brain damage and exert a neuroprotective effect. KW - subarachnoid hemorrhage KW - early brain injury KW - methylprednisolone KW - minocycline KW - neuroprotection Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-201440 VL - 10 IS - 1 ER -