TY  - JOUR
A1  - Sonnenschein-van der Voort, Agnes M. M.
A1  - Arends, Lidia R.
A1  - de Jongste, Johan C.
A1  - Annesi-Maesano, Isabella
A1  - Arshad, S. Hasan
A1  - Barros, Henrique
A1  - Basterrechea, Mikel
A1  - Bisgaard, Hans
A1  - Chatzi, Leda
A1  - Corpeleijn, Eva
A1  - Correia, Sofia
A1  - Craig, Leone C.
A1  - Devereux, Graham
A1  - Dogaru, Cristian
A1  - Dostal, Miroslav
A1  - Duchen, Karel
A1  - Eggesbø, Merete
A1  - van der Ent, C. Kors
A1  - Fantini, Maria P.
A1  - Forastiere, Francesco
A1  - Frey, Urs
A1  - Gehring, Ulrike
A1  - Gori, Davide
A1  - van der Gugten, Anne C.
A1  - Hanke, Wojciech
A1  - Henderson, A. John
A1  - Heude, Barbara
A1  - Iñiguez, Carmen
A1  - Inskip, Hazel M.
A1  - Keil, Thomas
A1  - Kelleher, Cecily C.
A1  - Kogevinas, Manolis
A1  - Kreiner-Møller, Eskil
A1  - Kuehni, Claudia E.
A1  - Küpers, Leanne K.
A1  - Lancz, Kinga
A1  - Larsen, Pernille S.
A1  - Lau, Susanne
A1  - Ludvigsson, Johnny
A1  - Mommers, Monique
A1  - Andersen, Anne-Marie Nybo
A1  - Palkovicova, Lubica
A1  - Pike, Katherine C.
A1  - Pizzi, Constanza
A1  - Polanska, Kinga
A1  - Porta, Daniela
A1  - Richiardi, Lorenzo
A1  - Roberts, Graham
A1  - Schmidt, Anne
A1  - Sram, Radim J.
A1  - Sunyer, Jordi
A1  - Thijs, Carel
A1  - Torrent, Maties
A1  - Viljoen, Karien
A1  - Wijga, Alet H.
A1  - Vrijheid, Martine
A1  - Jaddoe, Vincent W. V.
A1  - Duijts, Liesbeth
T1  - Preterm birth, infant weight gain, and childhood asthma risk: A meta-analysis of 147,000 European children
JF  - The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
N2  - Background
Preterm birth, low birth weight, and infant catch-up growth seem associated with an increased risk of respiratory diseases in later life, but individual studies showed conflicting results.

Objectives
We performed an individual participant data meta-analysis for 147,252 children of 31 birth cohort studies to determine the associations of birth and infant growth characteristics with the risks of preschool wheezing (1-4 years) and school-age asthma (5-10 years).

Methods
First, we performed an adjusted 1-stage random-effect meta-analysis to assess the combined associations of gestational age, birth weight, and infant weight gain with childhood asthma. Second, we performed an adjusted 2-stage random-effect meta-analysis to assess the associations of preterm birth (gestational age <37 weeks) and low birth weight (<2500 g) with childhood asthma outcomes.

Results
Younger gestational age at birth and higher infant weight gain were independently associated with higher risks of preschool wheezing and school-age asthma (P < .05). The inverse associations of birth weight with childhood asthma were explained by gestational age at birth. Compared with term-born children with normal infant weight gain, we observed the highest risks of school-age asthma in children born preterm with high infant weight gain (odds ratio [OR], 4.47; 95% CI, 2.58-7.76). Preterm birth was positively associated with an increased risk of preschool wheezing (pooled odds ratio [pOR], 1.34; 95% CI, 1.25-1.43) and school-age asthma (pOR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.18-1.67) independent of birth weight. Weaker effect estimates were observed for the associations of low birth weight adjusted for gestational age at birth with preschool wheezing (pOR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.00-1.21) and school-age asthma (pOR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.01-1.27).

Conclusion
Younger gestational age at birth and higher infant weight gain were associated with childhood asthma outcomes. The associations of lower birth weight with childhood asthma were largely explained by gestational age at birth."
KW  - gestational age
KW  - low birth weight
KW  - infant growth
KW  - wheezing
KW  - asthma
KW  - epidemiology
KW  - cohort studies
KW  - children
Y1  - 2014
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-120714
VL  - 133
IS  - 5
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bielaszewska, Martina
A1  - Schiller, Roswitha
A1  - Lammers, Lydia
A1  - Bauwens, Andreas
A1  - Fruth, Angelika
A1  - Middendorf, Barbara
A1  - Schmidt, M. Alexander
A1  - Tarr, Phillip I.
A1  - Dobrindt, Ulrich
A1  - Karch, Helge
A1  - Mellmann, Alexander
T1  - Heteropathogenic virulence and phylogeny reveal phased pathogenic metamorphosis in Escherichia coli O2:H6
JF  - EMBO Molecular Medicine
N2  - Extraintestinal pathogenic and intestinal pathogenic (diarrheagenic) Escherichia coli differ phylogenetically and by virulence profiles. Classic theory teaches simple linear descent in this species, where non-pathogens acquire virulence traits and emerge as pathogens. However, diarrheagenic Shiga toxin-producing E.coli (STEC) O2:H6 not only possess and express virulence factors associated with diarrheagenic and uropathogenic E.coli but also cause diarrhea and urinary tract infections. These organisms are phylogenetically positioned between members of an intestinal pathogenic group (STEC) and extraintestinal pathogenic E.coli. STEC O2:H6 is, therefore, a 'heteropathogen,' and the first such hybrid virulent E.coli identified. The phylogeny of these E.coli and the repertoire of virulence traits they possess compel consideration of an alternate view of pathogen emergence, whereby one pathogroup of E.coli undergoes phased metamorphosis into another. By understanding the evolutionary mechanisms of bacterial pathogens, rational strategies for counteracting their detrimental effects on humans can be developed.
KW  - phased metamorphosis
KW  - phylogeny
KW  - heteropathogenicity
KW  - Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli
KW  - hemolytic-uremic syndrome
KW  - urinary-tract-infection
KW  - cytolethal distending toxin
KW  - shiga toxin
KW  - Crohns-disease
KW  - outbreak
KW  - genes
KW  - island
KW  - strains
KW  - parallel evolution
KW  - uropathogenic Escherichia coli
Y1  - 2014
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-117254
SN  - 1757-4684
VL  - 6
IS  - 3
ER  -