TY - JOUR A1 - El-Helou, Sabine M. A1 - Biegner, Anika-Kerstin A1 - Bode, Sebastian A1 - Ehl, Stephan R. A1 - Heeg, Maximilian A1 - Maccari, Maria E. A1 - Ritterbusch, Henrike A1 - Speckmann, Carsten A1 - Rusch, Stephan A1 - Scheible, Raphael A1 - Warnatz, Klaus A1 - Atschekzei, Faranaz A1 - Beider, Renata A1 - Ernst, Diana A1 - Gerschmann, Stev A1 - Jablonka, Alexandra A1 - Mielke, Gudrun A1 - Schmidt, Reinhold E. A1 - Schürmann, Gesine A1 - Sogkas, Georgios A1 - Baumann, Ulrich H. A1 - Klemann, Christian A1 - Viemann, Dorothee A1 - Bernuth, Horst von A1 - Krüger, Renate A1 - Hanitsch, Leif G. A1 - Scheibenbogen, Carmen M. A1 - Wittke, Kirsten A1 - Albert, Michael H. A1 - Eichinger, Anna A1 - Hauck, Fabian A1 - Klein, Christoph A1 - Rack-Hoch, Anita A1 - Sollinger, Franz M. A1 - Avila, Anne A1 - Borte, Michael A1 - Borte, Stephan A1 - Fasshauer, Maria A1 - Hauenherm, Anja A1 - Kellner, Nils A1 - Müller, Anna H. A1 - Ülzen, Anett A1 - Bader, Peter A1 - Bakhtiar, Shahrzad A1 - Lee, Jae-Yun A1 - Heß, Ursula A1 - Schubert, Ralf A1 - Wölke, Sandra A1 - Zielen, Stefan A1 - Ghosh, Sujal A1 - Laws, Hans-Juergen A1 - Neubert, Jennifer A1 - Oommen, Prasad T. A1 - Hönig, Manfred A1 - Schulz, Ansgar A1 - Steinmann, Sandra A1 - Klaus, Schwarz A1 - Dückers, Gregor A1 - Lamers, Beate A1 - Langemeyer, Vanessa A1 - Niehues, Tim A1 - Shai, Sonu A1 - Graf, Dagmar A1 - Müglich, Carmen A1 - Schmalzing, Marc T. A1 - Schwaneck, Eva C. A1 - Tony, Hans-Peter A1 - Dirks, Johannes A1 - Haase, Gabriele A1 - Liese, Johannes G. A1 - Morbach, Henner A1 - Foell, Dirk A1 - Hellige, Antje A1 - Wittkowski, Helmut A1 - Masjosthusmann, Katja A1 - Mohr, Michael A1 - Geberzahn, Linda A1 - Hedrich, Christian M. A1 - Müller, Christiane A1 - Rösen-Wolff, Angela A1 - Roesler, Joachim A1 - Zimmermann, Antje A1 - Behrends, Uta A1 - Rieber, Nikolaus A1 - Schauer, Uwe A1 - Handgretinger, Rupert A1 - Holzer, Ursula A1 - Henes, Jörg A1 - Kanz, Lothar A1 - Boesecke, Christoph A1 - Rockstroh, Jürgen K. A1 - Schwarze-Zander, Carolynne A1 - Wasmuth, Jan-Christian A1 - Dilloo, Dagmar A1 - Hülsmann, Brigitte A1 - Schönberger, Stefan A1 - Schreiber, Stefan A1 - Zeuner, Rainald A1 - Ankermann, Tobias A1 - Bismarck, Philipp von A1 - Huppertz, Hans-Iko A1 - Kaiser-Labusch, Petra A1 - Greil, Johann A1 - Jakoby, Donate A1 - Kulozik, Andreas E. A1 - Metzler, Markus A1 - Naumann-Bartsch, Nora A1 - Sobik, Bettina A1 - Graf, Norbert A1 - Heine, Sabine A1 - Kobbe, Robin A1 - Lehmberg, Kai A1 - Müller, Ingo A1 - Herrmann, Friedrich A1 - Horneff, Gerd A1 - Klein, Ariane A1 - Peitz, Joachim A1 - Schmidt, Nadine A1 - Bielack, Stefan A1 - Groß-Wieltsch, Ute A1 - Classen, Carl F. A1 - Klasen, Jessica A1 - Deutz, Peter A1 - Kamitz, Dirk A1 - Lassy, Lisa A1 - Tenbrock, Klaus A1 - Wagner, Norbert A1 - Bernbeck, Benedikt A1 - Brummel, Bastian A1 - Lara-Villacanas, Eusebia A1 - Münstermann, Esther A1 - Schneider, Dominik T. A1 - Tietsch, Nadine A1 - Westkemper, Marco A1 - Weiß, Michael A1 - Kramm, Christof A1 - Kühnle, Ingrid A1 - Kullmann, Silke A1 - Girschick, Hermann A1 - Specker, Christof A1 - Vinnemeier-Laubenthal, Elisabeth A1 - Haenicke, Henriette A1 - Schulz, Claudia A1 - Schweigerer, Lothar A1 - Müller, Thomas G. A1 - Stiefel, Martina A1 - Belohradsky, Bernd H. A1 - Soetedjo, Veronika A1 - Kindle, Gerhard A1 - Grimbacher, Bodo T1 - The German national registry of primary immunodeficiencies (2012-2017) JF - Frontiers in Immunology N2 - Introduction: The German PID-NET registry was founded in 2009, serving as the first national registry of patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PID) in Germany. It is part of the European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID) registry. The primary purpose of the registry is to gather data on the epidemiology, diagnostic delay, diagnosis, and treatment of PIDs. Methods: Clinical and laboratory data was collected from 2,453 patients from 36 German PID centres in an online registry. Data was analysed with the software Stata® and Excel. Results: The minimum prevalence of PID in Germany is 2.72 per 100,000 inhabitants. Among patients aged 1-25, there was a clear predominance of males. The median age of living patients ranged between 7 and 40 years, depending on the respective PID. Predominantly antibody disorders were the most prevalent group with 57% of all 2,453 PID patients (including 728 CVID patients). A gene defect was identified in 36% of patients. Familial cases were observed in 21% of patients. The age of onset for presenting symptoms ranged from birth to late adulthood (range 0-88 years). Presenting symptoms comprised infections (74%) and immune dysregulation (22%). Ninety-three patients were diagnosed without prior clinical symptoms. Regarding the general and clinical diagnostic delay, no PID had undergone a slight decrease within the last decade. However, both, SCID and hyper IgE-syndrome showed a substantial improvement in shortening the time between onset of symptoms and genetic diagnosis. Regarding treatment, 49% of all patients received immunoglobulin G (IgG) substitution (70%-subcutaneous; 29%-intravenous; 1%-unknown). Three-hundred patients underwent at least one hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Five patients had gene therapy. Conclusion: The German PID-NET registry is a precious tool for physicians, researchers, the pharmaceutical industry, politicians, and ultimately the patients, for whom the outcomes will eventually lead to a more timely diagnosis and better treatment. KW - registry for primary immunodeficiency KW - primary immunodeficiency (PID) KW - German PID-NET registry KW - PID prevalence KW - European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID) KW - IgG substitution therapy KW - CVID Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226629 VL - 10 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Diers, Johannes A1 - Baum, Philip A1 - Lehmann, Kai A1 - Uttinger, Konstatin A1 - Baumann, Nikolas A1 - Pietryga, Sebastian A1 - Hankir, Mohammed A1 - Matthes, Niels A1 - Lock, Johann F. A1 - Germer, Christoph-Thomas A1 - Wiegering, Armin T1 - Disproportionately high failure to rescue rates after resection for colorectal cancer in the geriatric patient population - A nationwide study JF - Cancer Medicine N2 - Background Colorectal cancer incidence increases with patient age. The aim of this study was to assess, at the nationwide level, in-hospital mortality, and failure to rescue in geriatric patients (≥ 80 years old) with colorectal cancer arising from postoperative complications. Methods All patients receiving surgery for colorectal cancer in Germany between 2012 and 2018 were identified in a nationwide database. Association between age and in-hospital mortality following surgery and failure to rescue, defined as death after complication, were determined in univariate and multivariate analyses. Results Three lakh twenty-eight thousands two hundred and ninety patients with colorectal cancer were included of whom 77,287 were 80 years or older. With increasing age, a significant relative increase in right hemicolectomy was observed. In general, these patients had more comorbid conditions and higher frailty. In-hospital mortality following colorectal cancer surgery was 4.9% but geriatric patients displayed a significantly higher postoperative in-hospital mortality of 10.6%. The overall postoperative complication rate as well as failure to rescue increased with age. In contrast, surgical site infection (SSI) and anastomotic leakage (AL) did not increase in geriatric patients, whereas the associated mortality increased disproportionately (13.3% for SSI and 29.9% mortality for patients with AI, both p < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis adjusting for confounders showed that geriatric patients had almost five-times higher odds for death after surgery than the baseline age group below 60 (OR 4.86; 95%CI [4.45–5.53], p < 0.001). Conclusion Geriatric patients have higher mortality after colorectal cancer surgery. This may be partly due to higher frailty and disproportionately higher rates of failure to rescue arising from postoperative complications. KW - colorectal cancer KW - geriatric KW - octogenerians KW - surgery Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312858 VL - 11 IS - 22 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hanitsch, Leif A1 - Baumann, Ulrich A1 - Boztug, Kaan A1 - Burkhard‐Meier, Ulrike A1 - Fasshauer, Maria A1 - Habermehl, Pirmin A1 - Hauck, Fabian A1 - Klock, Gerd A1 - Liese, Johannes A1 - Meyer, Oliver A1 - Müller, Rainer A1 - Pachlopnik‐Schmid, Jana A1 - Pfeiffer‐Kascha, Dorothea A1 - Warnatz, Klaus A1 - Wehr, Claudia A1 - Wittke, Kirsten A1 - Niehues, Tim A1 - von Bernuth, Horst T1 - Treatment and management of primary antibody deficiency: German interdisciplinary evidence‐based consensus guideline JF - European Journal of Immunology N2 - This evidence‐based clinical guideline provides consensus‐recommendations for the treatment and care of patients with primary antibody deficiencies (PADs). The guideline group comprised 20 clinical and scientific expert associations of the German, Swiss, and Austrian healthcare system and representatives of patients. Recommendations were based on results of a systematic literature search, data extraction, and evaluation of methodology and study quality in combination with the clinical expertise of the respective representatives. Consensus‐based recommendations were determined via nominal group technique. PADs are the largest clinically relevant group of primary immunodeficiencies. Most patients with PADs present with increased susceptibility to infections, however immune dysregulation, autoimmunity, and cancer affect a significant number of patients and may precede infections. This guideline therefore covers interdisciplinary clinical and therapeutic aspects of infectious (e.g., antibiotic prophylaxis, management of bronchiectasis) and non‐infectious manifestations (e.g., management of granulomatous disease, immune cytopenia). PADs are grouped into disease entities with definitive, probable, possible, or unlikely benefit of IgG‐replacement therapy. Summary and consensus‐recommendations are provided for treatment indication, dosing, routes of administration, and adverse events of IgG‐replacement therapy. Special aspects of concomitant impaired T‐cell function are highlighted as well as clinical data on selected monogenetic inborn errors of immunity formerly classified into PADs (APDS, CTLA‐4‐, and LRBA‐deficiency). KW - autoimmunity KW - CVID KW - hypogammaglobulinemia KW - immunoglobulins KW - primary antibody deficiency Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225731 VL - 50 IS - 10 SP - 1432 EP - 1446 ER - TY - THES A1 - Baumann, Johannes T1 - Induced Superconductivity in HgTe Quantum Point Contacts T1 - Induzierte Supraleitung in Quecksilbertellurid Quantenpunktkontakten N2 - In this thesis, the Josephson effect in mercury telluride based superconducting quantum point contacts (SQPCs) is studied. Implementing such confined structures into topological superconductors has been proposed as a means to detect and braid Majorana fermions. For the successful realization of such experiments though, coherent transport across the constriction is essential. By demonstrating the Josephson effect in a confined topological system, the presented experiments lay the foundation for future quantum devices that can be used for quantum computation. In addition, the experiments also provide valuable insights into the behavior of the Josephson effect in the low-channel limit (N<20). Due to the confinement of the weak link, we can also study the Josephson effect in a topological insulator, where the edge modes interact. In conclusion, this thesis discusses the fabrication of, and low-temperature measurements on mercury telluride quantum point contacts embedded within Josephson junctions. We find that the merging of the currently used fabrication methods for mercury telluride quantum point contacts and Josephson junctions does not yield a good enough device quality to resolve subbands of the quantum point contact as quantization effects in the transport properties. As we attribute this to the long dry etching time that is necessary for a top-contact, the fabrication process was adapted to reduce the defect density at the superconductor-semiconductor interface. Employing a technique that involves side contacting the mercury telluride quantum well and reducing the size of the mercury telluride mesa to sub-micrometer dimensions yields a quantized supercurrent across the junction. The observed supercurrent per mode is in good agreement with theoretical predictions for ballistic, one-dimensional modes that are longer than the Josephson penetration depth. Moreover, we find that oscillatory features superimpose the plateaus of the supercurrent and the conductance. The strength of these oscillatory features are sample-dependent and complicate the identification of plateaus. We suggest that the oscillatory features originate mainly from local defects and the short gate electrode. Additionally, resonances are promoted within the weak link if the transparency of the superconductor-HgTe interface differs from one. Furthermore, the research explores the regimes of the quantum spin Hall effect and the 0.5 anomaly. Notably, a small yet finite supercurrent is detected in the QSH regime. In samples fabricated from thick mercury telluride quantum wells, the supercurrent appears to vanish when the quantum point contact is tuned into the regime of the 0.5 anomaly. For samples fabricated from thin mercury telluride quantum wells, the conductance as well as the supercurrent vanish for strong depopulation. In these samples though, the supercurrent remains detectable even for conductance values significantly below 2 e²/h. Numerical calculation reproduce the transport behavior of the superconducting quantum point contacts. Additionally, the topological nature of the weak link is thoroughly investigated using the supercurrent diffraction pattern and the absorption of radio frequency photons. The diffraction pattern reveals a gate independent, monotonous decay of $I_\text{sw}(B)$, which is associated with the quantum interference of Andreev bound states funneled through the quantum point contact. Interestingly, the current distribution in the weak link appears unaffected as the quantum point contact is depleted. In the RF measurements, indications of a 4π periodic supercurrent are observed as a suppression of odd Shapiro steps. The ratio of the 4π periodic current to the 2π periodic current appears to decrease for smaller supercurrents, as odd Shapiro steps are exclusively suppressed for large supercurrents. Additionally, considering the observation that the supercurrent is small when the bulk modes in the quantum point contact are fully depleted, we suggest that the re-emerging of odd Shapiro steps is a consequence of the group velocity of the edge modes being significantly suppressed when the bulk modes are absent. Consequently, the topological nature of the superconducting quantum point contact is only noticeable in the transport properties when bulk modes are transmitted through the superconducting quantum point contact. The shown experiments are the first demonstration of mercury telluride superconducting quantum point contacts that exhibit signatures of quantization effects in the conductance as well as the supercurrent. Moreover, the experiments suggest that the regime of interacting topological edge channels is also accessible in mercury telluride superconducting quantum point contacts. This is potentially relevant for the realization of Majorana fermions and their application in the field of quantum computation. N2 - Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist der Josephson-Effekt in supraleitenden Quantenpunktkontakten (SQPCs) aus Quecksilbertellurid. Grundsätzlich wurde postuliert, dass räumlich eingeschränkte topologische Supraleitung in Quantenpunktkontakten verwendet werden kann, um Majorana-Fermionen zu realisieren und zu manipulieren. Dafür ist allerdings kohärente Supraleitung durch die Verjüngung des Quantenpunktkontaktes unerlässlich. Dies wird durch die Beobachtung des Josephson-Effektes durch den Quecksilbertellurid-Quantenpunktkontakt demonstriert. Somit legen die präsentierten Experimente den Grundstein für zukünftige Quanten-Bauelemente mit Anwendung im Bereich des Quantencomputings. Darüber hinaus liefern die Experimente auch einen Einblick in das Verhalten eines Josephson-Kontaktes, wenn dessen Verbindungsstück nur eine kleinen Anzahl an Transportmoden befördern kann (N<20). Durch die räumliche Nähe der Randkanäle des zwei-dimensionalen topologischen Isolators in der Verjüngung wird außerdem untersucht, wie sich der Josephson-Effekt unter Interaktion der helikalen Randkanäle verhält. Grundsätzlich behandelt diese Arbeit die Herstellung und Vermessung von supraleitenden Quecksilbertellurid-Quantenpunktkontakten, welche in einen Josephson-Kontakt eingebettet sind. Zunächst wird gezeigt, dass bei dem Versuch einen supraleitenden Quecksilbertellurid-Quantenpunktkontakt durch Anwenden der bekannten Fabrikationsprozesse von Quecksilbertellurid-Quantenpunktkontakten und Josephson-Kontakten herzustellen, die Qualität der Probe nicht gut genug ist, um quantisierten Transport durch einzelne Subbänder des Quantenpunktkontaktes aufzuweisen. Dies wird auf das lange Trockenätzen zurückgeführt, welche für einen Kontakt von oben notwendig ist. Daher wurde der Strukturierungsprozess angepasst, um die Defektdichte an dem Supraleiter-Halbleiter-Kontakt zu verringern. Durch das seitliche Kontaktieren des Quecksilbertellurid-Quantentroges und die Verkleinerung der Mesa auf submikrometer Größe, wird ein quantisierter Suprastrom durch den Josepshon-Kontakt beobachtet. Hierbei stimmt der von den Transportmoden getragene Suptrastrom gut mit den theoretischen Vorhersagen für ballistische, eindimensionale Moden überein, wenn deren Modenlänge größer als die Josephson-Eindringtiefe ist. Darüber hinaus wird beobachtet, dass die Stufen im Suprastrom und im Leitwert von Oszillationen überlagert werden. Die Stärke der Oszillationen ist hierbei probenabhängig, was die Identifikation einzelner Stufen erschwert. Die Oszillationen sind auf lokale Defekte und die kurze Gateelektrode zurückzuführen. Zusätzlich entstehen Resonanzen im Verbindungsstück des Josephson-Kontaktes, wenn die Transparenz der Supraleiter-HgTe-Kontaktes von eins abweicht. Des Weiteren werden die Bereiche des Quanten-Spin-Hall-Effektes und der 0.5-Anomalie untersucht. Bemerkenswerterweise wird im Quanten-Spin-Hall-Regime ein kleiner, aber endlicher Suprastrom detektiert. In Proben aus dicken Quecksilbertellurid-Quantentrögen verschwindet der Suprastrom, wenn der Quantenpunktkontakt in das Regime der 0.5-Anomalie gebracht wird. Bei dünnen Quecksilbertellurid-Quantentrögen verschwinden sowohl Leitwert als auch Suprastrom, wenn die Ladungsträgerdichte über das Quanten-Spin-Hall-Regime hinaus verringert wird. In diesen Proben bleibt allerdings der Suprastrom selbst für Leitwerte, die deutlich unter G=2 e²/h liegen, eindeutig erhalten. Das Transportverhalten der supraleitenden Quantenpunktkontakte wird durch numerische Simulationen reproduziert. Letztendlich werden die topologischen Eigenschaften des Verbindungsstückes auch durch das Beugungsbild des Suprastromes und durch die Absorption von RF-Photonen untersucht. Das Beugungsbild des Suprastromes zeigt einen monotonen Abfall von ebendiesem bei ansteigendem Magnetfeld, welcher unabhängig von der angelegten Gatespannung ist. Dieses Verhalten basiert auf Interferenzeffekten von gebundenen Andreev-Zuständen, welche die Verjüngung passieren. Interessanterweise scheint die Stromverteilung in dem Verbindungsstück unverändert zu bleiben, wenn der Quantenpunktkontakt entleert wird. In den RF-Messungen wird mit der Unterdrückung von ungeraden Shapiro-Stufen ein Anzeichen für einen 4\π-periodischen Suprastroms beobachtet. Das Verhältnis des 4π-periodischen Anteils des Suprastroms zum 2π-periodischen Anteil des Suprastroms wird kleiner, wenn der gesamte Suprastrom verringert wird. Demnach sind ungerade Shapiro-Stufen nur für große Supraströme unterdrückt. Wenn man darüber hinaus berücksichtigt, dass der Suprastrom klein ist, wenn die Volumenzustände im Quantenpunktkontakt entleert sind, liegt es nahe, dass das Wiederauftreten der ungeraden Shapiro-Stufen eine Konsequenz daraus ist, dass die Gruppengeschwindigkeit der helikalen Randkanäle unter Abwesenheit von Volumenzuständen deutlich verringert ist. Demzufolge sind die topologischen Eigenschaften des Verbindungsstückes nur bemerkbar, wenn auch Volumenzustände die Verjüngung passieren. Die gezeigten Experimente sind der erste Nachweis von supraleitenden Quantenpunktkontakten im zwei-dimensionalen topologischen Isolator Quecksilbertellurid, welche Kennzeichen von Quantisierungseffekte sowohl im Leitwert als auch im Suprastrom aufzeigen. Darüber hinaus implizieren die Experimente, dass der Bereich von interagierenden topologischen Randkanälen auch in supraleitenden Quecksilbertellurid-Quantenpunktkontakten zugänglich ist. Dies hat potenziell Relevanz für die Realisierung von Majorana-Fermionen in vergleichbaren Systemen und deren Anwendung im Bereich des Quantencomputing. KW - Topologischer Isolator KW - Supraleitung KW - Quecksilbertellurid KW - Niederdimensionaler Halbleiter KW - Topologische Supraleitung KW - Topological superconductivity KW - HgTe Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-369405 ER -