TY - THES A1 - Krones, David T1 - The Role of Acid Sphingomyelinase in \(Staphylococcus\) \(aureus\) Infection of Endothelial Cells T1 - Die Rolle der sauren Sphingomyelinase bei \(Staphylococcus\) \(aureus\) Infektionen von Endothelzellen N2 - Staphylococcus aureus is a human bacterial pathogen responsible for a variety of diseases including bacterial pneumonia and sepsis. Recent studies provided an explanation, how S. aureus and its exotoxins contribute to the degradation of endothelial junction proteins and damage lung tissue [4]. Previous findings were indicating an involvement of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) activity in cell barrier degradation [5]. In the presented study the impact of singular virulence factors, such as staphylococcal α-toxin, on in vitro cell barrier integrity as well as their ability to elicit an activation of ASM were investigated. Experiments with bacterial supernatants performed on human endothelial cells demonstrated a rapid dissociation after treatment, whereas murine endothelial cells were rather resistant against cell barrier degradation. Furthermore, amongst all tested staphylococcal toxins it was found that only α-toxin had a significant impact on endothelial junction proteins and ASM activity. Ablation of this single toxin was sufficient to protect endothelial cells from cell barrier degradation and activation of ASM was absent. In this process it was verified, that α-toxin induces a recruitment of intracellular ASM, which is accompanied by rapid and oscillating changes in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration and an increased exposure of Lysosomal associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) on the cell surface. Recruitment of lysosomal ASM is associated, among other aspects, to plasma membrane repair and was previously described to be involved with distinct pathogens as well as other pore forming toxins (PFT). However, with these findings a novel feature for α-toxin has been revealed, indicating that the staphylococcal PFT is able to elicit a similar process to previously described plasma membrane repair mechanisms. Increased exposure and intake of surface membrane markers questioned the involvement of ASM activity in S. aureus internalization by non-professional phagocytes such as endothelial cells. By modifying ASM expression pattern as well as application of inhibitors it was possible to reduce the intracellular bacterial count. Thus, a direct connection between ASM activity and S. aureus infection mechanisms was observed, therefore this study exemplifies how S. aureus is able to exploit the host cell sphingolipid metabolism as well as benefit of it for invasion into non-professional phagocytic cells N2 - Staphylococcus aureus ist ein bakterieller Erreger, der für eine Vielzahl von Erkrankungen des Menschen verantwortlich ist, darunter bakterielle Lungenentzündung und Sepsis. Neuere Studien konnten einen Ansatz dafür liefern, wie S. aureus und seine Exotoxine zur Degradation von endothelialen Verbindungsproteinen beitragen und das Lungengewebe schädigen. Weitere Befunde weisen auf eine Beteiligung der sauren Sphingomyelinase (ASM) bei der Degradation der Zellbarriere hin. In der vorliegenden Studie soll der Einfluss einzelner Virulenzfaktoren, wie z. B. Staphylokokkus α-Toxin, auf die Integrität der Zellbarriere in vitro sowie deren Fähigkeit, eine Aktivierung der ASM hervorzurufen, untersucht werden.Experimente mit bakteriellen Überständen die an humanen Endothelzellen durchgeführt wurden, zeigten eine rasche Dissoziation nach Behandlung, während murine Endothelzellen vorwiegend resistent gegen eine Degradation der Zellbarriere waren. Darüber hinaus wurde unter allen getesteten Staphylokokken-Toxinen festgestellt, dass nur α-Toxin einen signifikanten Einfluss auf endotheliale Verbindungssproteine und ASM-Aktivität hat. Die genetische Ablation des Toxins alleine reichte aus, um Endothelzellen vor einer Degradation der Zellbarriere zu schützen, und die Aktivierung von ASM blieb aus. Dabei konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass α-Toxin eine Rekrutierung von intrazellulärem ASM induziert, die mit schnellen oszillierenden Veränderungen der zytoplasmatischen Ca2+-Konzentration und einer erhöhten Exposition von Lysosome associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) an der Zelloberfläche einhergeht. Die Rekrutierung lysosomaler ASM ist u.a. mit der Reparatur von Plasmamembran assoziiert und wurde bereits im Zusammenhang mit verschiedenen Pathogenen sowie anderer porenbildende Toxine (PFT) beschrieben. Mit diesen Befunden konnte jedoch eine neue Eigenschaft für α-Toxin beschrieben werden, die darauf hindeutet, dass das Staphylokokken-PFT einen ähnlichen Prozess auslösen kann wie zuvor beschriebene Plasmamembran-Reparaturmechanismen. Die vermehrte Exposition und Aufnahme von Oberflächenmembranmerkmalen stellte die Beteiligung der ASM-Aktivität an der Internalisierung von S. aureus durch nicht-professionelle Phagozyten wie Endothelzellen in Frage. Durch Modifikation des ASM-Expressionsmusters sowie Applikation von Inhibitoren war es möglich, die intrazelluläre Keimzahl zu reduzieren. Somit konnte ein direkter Zusammenhang zwischen ASM-Aktivität und den Infektionsmechanismen von S. aureus beobachtet werden. Diese Studie verdeutlicht somit, wie S. aureus den Sphingolipid-Stoffwechsel der Wirtszelle ausnutzen und für die Invasion in nicht-professionelle phagozytische Zellen nutzen kann KW - Staphylococcus aureus KW - Endothelzelle KW - Endothelial cells KW - Acid Sphingomyelinase KW - Plasma membrane repair Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-290492 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krones, David A1 - Rühling, Marcel A1 - Becker, Katrin Anne A1 - Kunz, Tobias C. A1 - Sehl, Carolin A1 - Paprotka, Kerstin A1 - Gulbins, Erich A1 - Fraunholz, Martin T1 - Staphylococcus aureus α-Toxin Induces Acid Sphingomyelinase Release From a Human Endothelial Cell Line JF - Frontiers in Microbiology N2 - Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is well known to express a plethora of toxins of which the pore-forming hemolysin A (α-toxin) is the best-studied cytolysin. Pore-forming toxins (PFT) permeabilize host membranes during infection thereby causing concentration-dependent effects in host cell membranes ranging from disordered ion fluxes to cytolysis. Host cells possess defense mechanisms against PFT attack, resulting in endocytosis of the breached membrane area and delivery of repair vesicles to the insulted plasma membrane as well as a concurrent release of membrane repair enzymes. Since PFTs from several pathogens have been shown to recruit membrane repair components, we here investigated whether staphylococcal α-toxin is able to induce these mechanisms in endothelial cells. We show that S. aureus α-toxin induced increase in cytosolic Ca2+ in endothelial cells, which was accompanied by p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Toxin challenge led to increased endocytosis of an extracellular fluid phase marker as well as increased externalization of LAMP1-positive membranes suggesting that peripheral lysosomes are recruited to the insulted plasma membrane. We further observed that thereby the lysosomal protein acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) was released into the cell culture medium. Thus, our results show that staphylococcal α-toxin triggers mechanisms in endothelial cells, which have been implicated in membrane repair after damage of other cell types by different toxins. KW - acid sphingomyelinase KW - staphylococcal alpha-toxin KW - sphingomyelinase release KW - lysosomal recruitment KW - Staphylococcus aureus Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-244843 SN - 1664-302X VL - 12 ER -