TY - JOUR A1 - Drenckhahn, Detlev A1 - Baumgartner, Werner A1 - Zonneveld, Ben T1 - Different genome sizes of Western and Eastern Ficaria verna lineages shed light on steps of Ficaria evolution JF - Forum Geobotanicum N2 - The genus Ficaria is now considered to comprize eight Eurasian species. The most widespread European species is the tetraploid F. verna Huds. The present study provides evidence for the existence of two main lineages of F. verna that differ considerably in their genomic size by about 3 pg. A Western F. verna lineage west of river Rhine displays a mean genome size (2C-value) of 34.2 pg and is almost precisely codistributed with the diploid F. ambigua Boreau (20 pg) north of the Mediterranean. The remaining part of Europe appears to be occupied by the Eastern F. verna lineage solely (mean genome size of 31.3 pg) which codistributes in South-Eastern Europe with the diploid F. calthifolia Rchb. (15 pg). There is little overlap at the boundary of Western and Eastern F. verna lineages with the occurrence of a separate intermediate group in the Netherlands (mean genomic size of 33.2 pg) that appears to result from hybridization of both lineages. On the basis of these observations and further considerations we propose development of F. ambigua and F. calthifolia south of the Alps with subsequent divergence to populate their current Western and Eastern European ranges, respectively. The Western F. verna lineage is proposed to originate from autotetraploidization of F. ambigua (precursor) with moderate genomic downsizing and the Eastern F. verna lineage from auto¬tetraploidization of F. calthifolia (precursor). KW - Ficaria verna KW - Ficaria calthifolia KW - Ficaria ambigua KW - Durchflusscytometrie KW - Evolution KW - Genom Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-155061 UR - http://www.forum-geobotanicum.net/articles/vol_7-2016/drenckhahn-baumgartner-zonnefeld_ficaria_verna/drenckhahn-baumgartner-zonnefeld_ficaria_verna.pdf SN - 1867-9315 VL - 7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Drenckhahn, Detlev T1 - Morphologie und Jahreszyklus von Ficaria calthifolia Rchb. – eine neu etablierte Sippe in Deutschland T1 - Morphology and annual cycle of Ficaria calthifolia Rchb. – a recently established species for Germany JF - Forum Geobotanicum N2 - Ficaria calthifolia (diploide Form, Typ1) wurde kürzlich nord-westlich des geschlossenen südosteuropäischen Verbreitungsgebiet auch in Deutschland gefunden, nämlich in Würzburg (2006) und an Elbedeichen in Brandenburg (2014) und Sachsen (2015). Ficaria calthifolia ist durch das Fehlen von verlängerten mehrgliedrigen Stängeln und die Abwesenheit von Brutknollen in den Blattachseln gekennzeichnet. Die 1–2 (3) Stängel von Ficaria calthifolia verbleiben überwiegend im Boden (hypogäisch), können aber im Laufe der Anthese aus dem Boden hervorwachsen. Die gestielten Laubblätter setzen sich aus Grundblättern und einer Rosette von bis zu 8 Stängelblättern pro Stängel zusammen. Letztere entspringen aus dem terminalen Stängelknoten (Stängelblatt-rosette). In Würzburg kommen zwei Populationen von Ficaria calthifolia vor, diploide Typ1-Pflanzen und triploide Typ2-Pflanzen. Letztere sind robuster, besitzen größere Blüten (bis 4 cm) und entwickeln nur vereinzelte reife Nüsschen. Pflanzen mit höherem Ploidiegrad (wahrscheinlich pentaploid, Typ3) wurden auch gefunden. Etwa 60% der 3 bis 8 Blütenstiele von Typ1-Pflanzen besitzt kein Stängelblatt, der Rest einen Knoten mit 1 bis 2 (3) Hochblättern. Die Zahl der Kronblätter beträgt 8 (vereinzelt 9), die durchschnittliche Zahl reifer, eiförmiger Nüsschen pro Fruchtstand beträgt 7 (Würzburg) / 14 (Elbe) (maximal 26). Aus vom Rhizom abgebrochenen und im Mai gepflanzten Speicherknollen keimten im Spätherbst desselben Jahrs neue Pflanzen. Der Jahreszyklus des Wurzelsystems wird beschrieben. Durch spontane Ablösungen einzelner Speicherknollen findet eine vegetative Vermehrung statt. Neben Nüsschen wären abgebrochene Speicherknollen für die Fernansiedlung der Sippe an Elbe (u.a. Verschleppung durch Hochwasser) und Main (Verschleppung durch Schiffe und andere Vektoren) ausreichend. N2 - Ficaria calthifolia (typical diploid form, type1) has recently been discovered to grow outside its southeastern European distribution area also in Germany, namely in Northern Bavaria (Würzburg) and at dikes of the river Elbe in Brandenburg and Saxony. Ficaria calthifolia is distinguished from Ficaria verna by the absence of both elongated multisegmental stems and axillary tubers (bulbils). The 1–2 (3) short stems of Ficaria calthifolia remain mostly underground and may extend during anthesis few cm above ground. Leaves form a rosette-like cluster consisting of ground leaves (directly arising from the rhizome) and a rosette of up to 8 stem-leaves that emanate from the single (terminal) node of the short stems. The majority of flower stalks are leafless (true pedicles) but about 40% contain a single, a pair or rarely a triplet of petiolate leaves. The number of petals is 8 (9). Diploid Ficaria calthifolia is fertile with average 7 (Würzburg) to 14 nutlets (Elbe population) per head (maximum 26). In Würzburg also triploid plants (type2) were encountered being more robust than diploid plants with larger flowers, larger blades and largely abortive nutlets. A small population of plants (type3) with higher numbers of chromosomes (probably pentaploid) was also found. Plants intermediate between Ficaria calthifolia and Ficaria verna are readily distinguished by axillary tubers at stem leaves. Tubers removed from rhizome of Ficaria calthifolia and planted in soil in May gave rise to new plants sprouting in late autumn. Annual cycle of the root system is described. Spontaneous shedding of tubers from rhizome appears to be a regular mechanism of vegetative proliferation of Ficaria calthifolia. Thus, accidental displacement not only of nutlets but also of tubers via rivers (i.e. river Elbe) or by other (anthropogenic) vectors could be sufficient for north-westward expansion of the distribution area. KW - Ficaria calthifolia KW - Morphotype KW - Ficaria verna KW - Karyotyp KW - morphotypes KW - karyotypes Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-136225 UR - http://www.forum-geobotanicum.net/articles/vol_7-2016/drenckhahn_ficaria/drenckhahn_ficaria_calthifolia.pdf SN - 1867-9315 VL - 7 ER -