TY - JOUR A1 - Güder, Gülmisal A1 - Wilkesmann, Joana A1 - Scholz, Nina A1 - Leppich, Robert A1 - Düking, Peter A1 - Sperlich, Billy A1 - Rost, Christian A1 - Frantz, Stefan A1 - Morbach, Caroline A1 - Sahiti, Floran A1 - Stefenelli, Ulrich A1 - Breunig, Margret A1 - Störk, Stefan T1 - Establishing a cardiac training group for patients with heart failure: the "HIP-in-Würzburg" study JF - Clinical Research in Cardiology N2 - Background Exercise training in heart failure (HF) is recommended but not routinely offered, because of logistic and safety-related reasons. In 2020, the German Society for Prevention&Rehabilitation and the German Society for Cardiology requested establishing dedicated ""HF training groups."" Here, we aimed to implement and evaluate the feasibility and safety of one of the first HF training groups in Germany. Methods Twelve patients (three women) with symptomatic HF (NYHA class II/III) and an ejection fraction ≤ 45% participated and were offered weekly, physician-supervised exercise training for 1 year. Patients received a wrist-worn pedometer (M430 Polar) and underwent the following assessments at baseline and after 4, 8 and 12 months: cardiopulmonary exercise test, 6-min walk test, echocardiography (blinded reading), and quality of life assessment (Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire, KCCQ). Results All patients (median age [quartiles] 64 [49; 64] years) completed the study and participated in 76% of the offered 36 training sessions. The pedometer was worn ≥ 1000 min per day over 86% of the time. No cardiovascular events occurred during training. Across 12 months, NT-proBNP dropped from 986 pg/ml [455; 1937] to 483 pg/ml [247; 2322], and LVEF increased from 36% [29;41] to 41% [32;46]%, (p for trend = 0.01). We observed no changes in exercise capacity except for a subtle increase in peak VO2% predicted, from 66.5 [49; 77] to 67 [52; 78]; p for trend = 0.03. The physical function and social limitation domains of the KCCQ improved from 60 [54; 82] to 71 [58; 95, and from 63 [39; 83] to 78 [64; 92]; p for trend = 0.04 and = 0.01, respectively. Positive trends were further seen for the clinical and overall summary scores. Conclusion This pilot study showed that the implementation of a supervised HF-exercise program is feasible, safe, and has the potential to improve both quality of life and surrogate markers of HF severity. This first exercise experiment should facilitate the design of risk-adopted training programs for patients with HF. KW - m exercise training KW - heart failure KW - cardiac training group KW - heart failure training group Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-266678 SN - 1861-0692 VL - 111 ER - TY - THES A1 - Sahiti, Floran T1 - Myocardial Work – Application and Clinical Characterization of a New Echocardiographic Tool T1 - Myocardial Work – Anwendung und klinische Charakterisierung einer neuen Echokardiographie-basierten Methode N2 - 1 Summary Left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) and global longitudinal strain (GLS) are the most commonly used measures of LV function. Yet, they are highly dependent on loading conditions since higher afterload yields lower systolic deformation and thereby a lower LVEF and GLS – despite presumably unchanged LV myocardial contractile strength. Invasive pressure-volume loop measurements represent the reference standard to assess LV function, also considering loading conditions. However, this procedure cannot be used in serial investigations or large sample populations due to its invasive nature. The novel concept of echocardiography-derived assessment of myocardial work (MyW) is based on LV pressure-strain loops, may be a valuable alternative to overcome these challenges, and may also be used with relative ease in large populations. As MyW also accounts for afterload, it is considered less load-dependent than LVEF and GLS. The current PhD work addresses the application and clinical characterization of MyW, an innovative echocardiographic tool. As the method is new, we focused on four main topics: (a) To establish reference values for MyW indices, i.e., Global Work Index (GWI), Global Constructive Work (GCW), Global Wasted Work (GWW), and Global Work Efficiency (GWE); we addressed a wide age range and evaluated the association of MyW indices with age, sex and other clinical and echocardiography parameters in apparently cardiovascular healthy individuals. (b) To investigate the impact of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors on MyW indices and characterize the severity of subclinical LV deterioration in the general population. (c) To assess the association of the LV geometry, i.e., LV mass and dimensions, with MyW indices. (d) To evaluate in-hospital dynamics of MyW indices in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure (AHF). For the PhD thesis, we could make use of two larger cohorts: The STAAB population-based cohort study prospectively recruited and phenotyped a representative sample (5,000 individuals) of the general population of the City of Würzburg, aged 30-79 years and free from symptomatic heart failure at the time of inclusion. We focused on the first half of the study sample (n=2473 individuals), which fulfilled the anticipated strata regarding age and sex. The Acute Heart Failure (AHF) Registry is a prospective clinical registry recruiting and phenotyping consecutive patients admitted for decompensated AHF to the Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, and observing the natural course of the disease. The AHF Registry focuses on the pathophysiological understanding, particularly in relation to the early phase after cardiac decompensation, with the aim to improve diagnosis and better-tailored treatment of patients with AHF. For the current study, we concentrated on patients who provided pairs of echocardiograms acquired early after index hospital admission and prior to discharge. The main findings of the PhD thesis were: From the STAAB cohort study, we determined the feasibility of large-scale MyW derivation and the accuracy of the method. We established reference values for MyW indices based on 779 analyzable, apparently healthy participants (mean age 49 ± 10 years, 59% women), who were in sinus rhythm, free from CV risk factors or CV disease, and had no significant LV valve disease. Apart from GWI, there were no associations of other MyW indices with sex. Further, we found a disparate association with age, where MyW showed stable values until the age of 45 years, with an upward shift occurring beyond the age of 45. A higher age decade was associated with higher GWW and lower GWE, respectively. MyW indices only correlated weakly with common echocardiographic parameters, suggesting that MyW may add incremental information to clinically established parameters. Further analyses from the STAAB cohort study contributed to a better understanding of the impact of CV risk factors on MyW indices and the association of LV geometry with LV performance. We demonstrated that CV risk factors impacted selectively on GCW and GWW. Hypertension appears to profoundly compromise the work of the myocardium, in particular, by increasing both GCW and GWW. The LV in hypertension seems to operate at a higher energy level yet lower efficiency. Other classical CV risk factors (Diabetes mellitus, Obesity, Dyslipidemia, Smoking) – independent of blood pressure – impacted consistently and adversely on GCW but did not affect GWW. Further, all CV risk factors affected GWE adversely. We observed that any deviation from a normal LV geometric profile was associated with alterations on MyW. Of note, MyW was sensitive to early changes in LV mass and dimensions. Individuals with normal LV geometry yet established arterial hypertension exhibited a MyW pattern that is typically found in LV hypertrophy. Therefore, such a pattern might serve as an early sign of myocardial damage in hypertensive heart disease and might aid in risk stratification and primary prevention. From the AHF Registry, we selected individuals with serial in-hospital echocardiograms and described in-hospital changes in myocardial performance during recompensation. In patients presenting with a reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), decreasing N-terminal pro-natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels as a surrogate of successful recompensation were associated with an improvement in GCW and GWI and consecutively in GWE. In contrast, in patients presenting with a preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), there was no significant change in GCW and GWI. However, unsuccessful recompensation, i.e., no change or an increase in NT-proBNP levels, was associated with an increase in GWW. This suggests a differential myocardial response to de- and recompensation depending on the HF phenotype. Further, GWW as a surrogate of inappropriate LV energy consumption was elevated in all patients with AHF (compared to reference values) and was not associated with conventional markers as LVEF or NT-proBNP. In an exploratory analysis, GWW predicted the risk of death or rehospitalization within six months after discharge. Hence, GWW might carry incremental information beyond conventional markers of HF severity. N2 - 2 Zusammenfassung Die linksventrikuläre (LV) Ejektionsfraktion (EF) und der Global Longitudinal Strain (GLS) sind die am häufigsten verwendeten Maße der LV-Funktion. Sie sind jedoch stark von den jeweiligen Belastungsbedingungen abhängig, da eine höhere Nachlast zu einer geringeren systolischen Deformation und somit zu einer niedrigeren LVEF und GLS führt, trotz einer vermutlich unveränderten myokardialen Kontraktionsstärke. Intrakardiale Druck-Volumen-Schleifenmessungen stellen den Referenzstandard zur Beurteilung der LV-Funktion dar, da hiermit auch die umfassende Berücksichtigung der Lastbedingungen (Vorlast, Nachlast) möglich ist. Dieses Verfahren lässt sich jedoch aufgrund des invasiven Charakters nur schwer in Follow-up Untersuchungen oder großen Studienpopulationen einsetzen. Angelehnt an die Prinzipien dieser invasiven Technik, wurde vor kurzem das neuartige Konzept der Echokardiographie-abgeleiteten Beurteilung der Myokardarbeit (MyW) entwickelt. Dieser Ansatz wertet Druck-Strain-Schleifen aus und berücksichtigt den Einfluss der Nachlast, so dass MyW als weniger lastabhängig gilt verglichen mit LVEF und GLS. Die Analyse von MyW könnte deshalb eine wertvolle Alternative sein, um den o.g. Herausforderungen zu begegnen. Die Methode lässt sich in großen Stichproben, ggf. auch wiederholt, einsetzen. Die hier vorgelegte Dissertation befasst sich mit der Anwendung und klinischen Charakterisierung von MyW, einer innovativen echokardiographischen Methode. Der Fokus lag auf vier Themenbereichen: (a) Festlegung von Referenzwerten für MyW-Indizes, d. h. Global Work Index (GWI), Global Constructive Work (GCW), Global Wasted Work (GWW) und Global Work Efficiency (GWE); wir adressierten einen breiten Altersbereich und quantifizierten die Assoziation der MyW-Indizes mit Alter, Geschlecht und weiteren klinischen und echokardiographischen Parametern bei kardiovaskulär gesunden Normalpersonen. (b) Untersuchung des Einflusses kardiovaskulärer Risikofaktoren auf die MyW-Indizes und die Charakterisierung einer subklinischen LV-Verschlechterung in der Allgemeinbevölkerung. (c) Bewertung der Assoziation der MyW-Indizes mit der LV-Geometrie, insbesondere der LV-Masse und der LV-Dimensionen. (d) Bewertung der Dynamik der MyW-Indizes im Krankenhaus bei Patienten, die wegen akuter Herzinsuffizienz (AHF) ins Krankenhaus aufgenommen wurden. Im Rahmen der hier vorgelegten Dissertation wurden die Daten zweier größerer Kohorten herangezogen: Die bevölkerungsbasierte STAAB-Kohortenstudie rekrutierte und phänotypisierte prospektiv eine repräsentative Stichprobe (5.000 Personen) der Allgemeinbevölkerung der Stadt Würzburg im Alter von 30-79 Jahren, die zum Zeitpunkt des Einschlusses keine vorbeschriebene Herzinsuffizienz hatten. Wir konzentrierten uns auf die erste Hälfte der Studienstichprobe (n=2473 Personen), welche die erwarteten Stratifizierung bezüglich Alter und Geschlecht erfüllten. Das Acute Heart Failure (AHF) Register ist ein klinisches Register zur Rekrutierung und Phänotypisierung von konsekutiven Patienten, die wegen akut dekompensierter Herzinsuffizienz in die Medizinische Klinik I des Universitätsklinikums Würzburg aufgenommen wurden. Ziel dieser Studie ist es, das pathophysiologische Verständnis insbesondere in Bezug auf die Frühphase nach einer kardialen Dekompensation zu verbessern und damit die gezielte Diagnostik und Therapie von Patienten mit AHF zu verbessern. Wir fokussierten hier auf Patienten, bei denen im Krankenhaus zwei Echokardiogramme durchgeführt wurden: früh nach Aufnahme ins Krankenhaus und kurz vor der Entlassung. Die wichtigsten Erkenntnisse der hier vorgelegten Dissertation sind: Aus den Daten der STAAB-Kohortenstudie wurden Referenzwerte für MyW-Indizes etabliert, die auf Auswertungen von insgesamt 779 gesunden Normalpersonen (mittleres Alter 49 ± 10 Jahre, 59% Frauen) mit Sinusrhythmus beruhen. Diese Probanden wiesen gemäß der Ergebnisse einer umfangreichen Eingangsuntersuchung keine kardiovaskulären Risikofaktoren oder Erkrankungen auf und zeigten echokardiographisch keinen Hinweis auf eine LV-Klappenerkrankung. Mit der Ausnahme von GWI fanden sich keine Assoziationen der MyW-Indizes mit dem Geschlecht. Darüber hinaus zeigte sich eine Altersabhängigkeit der MyW-Indizes. Bis zum Alter von 45 Jahren wies MyW stabile Werte auf, jenseits des 45. Lebensjahres jedoch eine Aufwärtsverschiebung: dabei war eine zunehmend höhere Altersdekade mit mehr GWW bzw. weniger GWE verbunden. Die MyW-Indizes korrelierten nur schwach mit üblichen echokardiographischen Parametern, was darauf hindeuten könnte, dass MyW zusätzliche Informationen jenseits klinisch etablierter Variablen beitragen kann. Weitere Analysen aus der STAAB-Kohortenstudie trugen zu einem besseren Verständnis des Einflusses kardiovaskulärer Risikofaktoren auf die MyW-Indizes und der Assoziation der LV-Geometrie mit der LV-Leistung bei. Wir zeigten, dass kardiovaskuläre Risikofaktoren sich selektiv auf GCW und GWW auswirken. Hypertonie beeinträchtigte die Arbeit des Myokards zutiefst, insbesondere durch die Erhöhung sowohl des GCW als auch des GWW. Der LV arbeitet demnach bei Hypertonie auf einem höheren Energieniveau – jedoch mit geringerer Effizienz. Andere klassische kardiovaskuläre Risikofaktoren (Diabetes mellitus, Adipositas, Dyslipidämie, Rauchen), wirkten sich unabhängig vom Blutdruck durchweg negativ auf GCW aus, zeigten jedoch keinen Einfluss auf GWW. Darüber hinaus wirkten sich alle kardiovaskulären Risikofaktoren nachteilig auf GWE aus. Jede Abweichung von einem normalen LV-Geometrie Profil war mit Änderungen der MyW verbunden. Bemerkenswert war, dass MyW empfindlich auf frühe Veränderungen der LV-Masse und -Dimensionen reagierte. Personen mit arterieller Hypertonie aber noch normaler LV-Geometrie zeigten ein myokardiales Arbeitsmuster, das ansonsten typischerweise bei LV-Hypertrophie zu finden ist. Somit könnte dieses Muster als frühes Zeichen einer Myokardschädigung bei hypertensiver Herzerkrankung dienen und bei der Risikostratifizierung und Primärprävention helfen. Aus dem AHF-Register wählten wir Personen mit seriellen Echokardiogrammen im Krankenhaus aus und beschrieben Veränderungen der myokardialen Leistung während der Rekompensationsphase beschrieben. Als Surrogat einer Rekompensation zogen wir während der Hospitalisierung sinkende Spiegel von N-terminalem pro-natriuretischem Peptid (NT-proBNP) heran. Bei Patienten mit reduzierter Ejektonfraktion (HFrEF) waren fallende NT-proBNP Werte (i. S. einer erfolgreichen Rekompensation) mit einer Verbesserung von GCW und GWI und konsekutiv auch von GWE verbunden. Im Gegensatz dazu gab es bei Patienten, die eine erhaltene Ejektonfraktionsfraktion aufwiesen (HFpEF), keine signifikante Veränderung von GCW und GWI. Eine erfolglose Rekompensation, d. h. keine Veränderung oder ein potenzieller Anstieg von NT-proBNP, war jedoch mit einem Anstieg von GWW verbunden. Wir interpretierten dies als unterschiedliche myokardiale Reaktion auf De- und Rekompensation in Abhängigkeit vom Herzinsuffizienz-Phänotyp. Darüber hinaus war GWW als Surrogat eines unangemessenen LV-Energieverbrauchs bei allen Patienten mit AHF erhöht (im Vergleich zu Referenzwerten) und korrelierte mit keinem der konventionellen Marker. In einer explorativen Analyse war GWW ein starker Prädiktor für das Risiko, im Verlauf der nächsten sechs Monaten nach Krankenhausentlassung zu sterben oder erneut hospitalisiert zu werden. Damit könnte die GWW zusätzliche Informationen enthalten, die über die konventionellen Marker für den Schweregrad der Herzinsuffizienz hinausgehen. KW - Myocardial Work KW - Echocardiography KW - Heart Failure KW - Hypertension KW - STAAB Cohort Study KW - Wasted Work KW - Cardiac Efficiency KW - Herzinsuffizienz KW - Echokardiographie KW - myokardiale Arbeit KW - LV Function Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-282261 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Henneges, Carsten A1 - Morbach, Caroline A1 - Sahiti, Floran A1 - Scholz, Nina A1 - Frantz, Stefan A1 - Ertl, Georg A1 - Angermann, Christiane E. A1 - Störk, Stefan T1 - Sex-specific bimodal clustering of left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with acute heart failure JF - ESH Heart Failure N2 - Aims There is an ongoing discussion whether the categorization of patients with heart failure according to left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is scientifically justified and clinically relevant. Major efforts are directed towards the identification of appropriate cut-off values to correctly allocate heart failure-specific pharmacotherapy. Alternatively, an LVEF continuum without definite subgroups is discussed. This study aimed to evaluate the natural distribution of LVEF in patients presenting with acutely decompensated heart failure and to identify potential subgroups of LVEF in male and female patients. Methods and results We identified 470 patients (mean age 75 ± 11 years, n = 137 female) hospitalized for acute heart failure in whom LVEF could be quantified by Simpson's method in an in-hospital echocardiogram. Non-parametric modelling revealed a bimodal shape of the LVEF distribution. Parametric modelling identified two clusters suggesting two LVEF peaks with mean (variance) of 61% (9%) and 31% (10%), respectively. Sub-differentiation by sex revealed a sex-specific bimodal clustering of LVEF. The respective threshold differentiating between ‘high’ and ‘low’ LVEF was 45% in men and 52% in women. Conclusions In patients presenting with acute heart failure, LVEF clustered in two subgroups and exhibited profound sex-specific distributional differences. These findings might enrich the scientific process to identify distinct subgroups of heart failure patients, which might each benefit from respectively tailored (pharmaco)therapies. KW - heart failure KW - left ventricular ejection fraction KW - sex differences Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-265839 VL - 9 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Morbach, Caroline A1 - Beyersdorf, Niklas A1 - Kerkau, Thomas A1 - Ramos, Gustavo A1 - Sahiti, Floran A1 - Albert, Judith A1 - Jahns, Roland A1 - Ertl, Georg A1 - Angermann, Christiane E. A1 - Frantz, Stefan A1 - Hofmann, Ulrich A1 - Störk, Stefan T1 - Adaptive anti-myocardial immune response following hospitalization for acute heart failure JF - ESC Heart Failure N2 - Aims It has been hypothesized that cardiac decompensation accompanying acute heart failure (AHF) episodes generates a pro-inflammatory environment boosting an adaptive immune response against myocardial antigens, thus contributing to progression of heart failure (HF) and poor prognosis. We assessed the prevalence of anti-myocardial autoantibodies (AMyA) as biomarkers reflecting adaptive immune responses in patients admitted to the hospital for AHF, followed the change in AMyA titres for 6 months after discharge, and evaluated their prognostic utility. Methods and results AMyA were determined in n = 47 patients, median age 71 (quartiles 60; 80) years, 23 (49%) female, and 24 (51%) with HF with preserved ejection fraction, from blood collected at baseline (time point of hospitalization) and at 6 month follow-up (visit F6). Patients were followed for 18 months (visit F18). The prevalence of AMyA increased from baseline (n = 21, 45%) to F6 (n = 36, 77%; P < 0.001). At F6, the prevalence of AMyA was higher in patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction (n = 21, 88%) compared with patients with reduced ejection fraction (n = 14, 61%; P = 0.036). During the subsequent 12 months after F6, that is up to F18, patients with newly developed AMyA at F6 had a higher risk for the combined endpoint of death or rehospitalization for HF (hazard ratio 4.79, 95% confidence interval 1.13–20.21; P = 0.033) compared with patients with persistent or without AMyA at F6. Conclusions Our results support the hypothesis that AHF may induce patterns of adaptive immune responses. More studies in larger populations and well-defined patient subgroups are needed to further clarify the role of the adaptive immune system in HF progression. KW - adaptive immune response KW - acute heart failure KW - anti-myocardial KW - autoantibody KW - inflammation Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-258907 VL - 8 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sahiti, Floran A1 - Morbach, Caroline A1 - Cejka, Vladimir A1 - Tiffe, Theresa A1 - Wagner, Martin A1 - Eichner, Felizitas A. A1 - Gelbrich, Götz A1 - Heuschmann, Peter U. A1 - Störk, Stefan T1 - Impact of cardiovascular risk factors on myocardial work-insights from the STAAB cohort study JF - Journal of Human Hypertension N2 - Myocardial work is a new echocardiography-based diagnostic tool, which allows to quantify left ventricular performance based on pressure-strain loops, and has been validated against invasively derived pressure-volume measurements. Myocardial work is described by its components (global constructive work [GCW], global wasted work [GWW]) and indices (global work index [GWI], global work efficiency [GWE]). Applying this innovative concept, we characterized the prevalence and severity of subclinical left ventricular compromise in the general population and estimated its association with cardiovascular (CV) risk factors. Within the Characteristics and Course of Heart Failure STAges A/B and Determinants of Progression (STAAB) cohort study we comprehensively phenotyped a representative sample of the population of Würzburg, Germany, aged 30-79 years. Indices of myocardial work were determined in 1929 individuals (49.3% female, mean age 54 ± 12 years). In multivariable analysis, hypertension was associated with a mild increase in GCW, but a profound increase in GWW, resulting in higher GWI and lower GWE. All other CV risk factors were associated with lower GCW and GWI, but not with GWW. The association of hypertension and obesity with GWI was stronger in women. We conclude that traditional CV risk factors impact selectively and gender-specifically on left ventricular myocardial performance, independent of systolic blood pressure. Quantifying active systolic and diastolic compromise by derivation of myocardial work advances our understanding of pathophysiological processes in health and cardiac disease. KW - myocardial work KW - left ventricular performance KW - cardiovascular risk factors Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-271770 SN - 1476-5527 VL - 36 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sahiti, Floran A1 - Morbach, Caroline A1 - Cejka, Vladimir A1 - Albert, Judith A1 - Eichner, Felizitas A. A1 - Gelbrich, Götz A1 - Heuschmann, Peter U. A1 - Störk, Stefan T1 - Left Ventricular Remodeling and Myocardial Work: Results From the Population-Based STAAB Cohort Study JF - Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine N2 - Introduction: Left ventricular (LV) dilatation and LV hypertrophy are acknowledged precursors of myocardial dysfunction and ultimately of heart failure, but the implications of abnormal LV geometry on myocardial function are not well-understood. Non-invasive LV myocardial work (MyW) assessment based on echocardiography-derived pressure-strain loops offers the opportunity to study detailed myocardial function in larger cohorts. We aimed to assess the relationship of LV geometry with MyW indices in general population free from heart failure. Methods and Results: We report cross-sectional baseline data from the Characteristics and Course of Heart Failure Stages A-B and Determinants of Progression (STAAB) cohort study investigating a representative sample of the general population of Würzburg, Germany, aged 30–79 years. MyW analysis was performed in 1,926 individuals who were in sinus rhythm and free from valvular disease (49.3% female, 54 ± 12 years). In multivariable regression, higher LV volume was associated with higher global wasted work (GWW) (+0.5 mmHg% per mL/m\(^2\), p < 0.001) and lower global work efficiency (GWE) (−0.02% per mL/m\(^2\), p < 0.01), while higher LV mass was associated with higher GWW (+0.45 mmHg% per g/m\(^2\), p < 0.001) and global constructive work (GCW) (+2.05 mmHg% per g/m\(^2\), p < 0.01) and lower GWE (−0.015% per g/m\(^2\), p < 0.001). This was dominated by the blood pressure level and also observed in participants with normal LV geometry and concomitant hypertension. Conclusion: Abnormal LV geometric profiles were associated with a higher amount of wasted work, which translated into reduced work efficiency. The pattern of a disproportionate increase in GWW with higher LV mass might be an early sign of hypertensive heart disease. KW - myocardial work KW - myocardial work efficiency KW - left ventricular geometry KW - left ventricular mass KW - LV dilatation KW - left ventricular geometric abnormality KW - left ventricular remodeling Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-240480 SN - 2297-055X VL - 8 ER -