TY - THES A1 - Gerner, Frank T1 - Functional analysis of polarization and podosome formation of murine and human megakaryocytes T1 - Funktionale Untersuchungen der Polarisation und Podosomenbildung muriner und humaner Megakaryozyten N2 - In mammals, blood platelets are produced by large bone marrow (BM) precursor cells, megakaryocytes (MK) that extend polarized cell protrusions (proplateles) into BM sinusoids. Proplatelet formation (PPF) requires substantial cytoskeletal rearrangements that have been shown to involve the formation of podosomes, filamentous actin (F-actin) and integrin-rich structures. However, the exact molecular mechanisms regulating MK podosome formation, polarization and migration within the BM are poorly defined. According to current knowledge obtained from studies with other cell types, these processes are regulated by Rho GTPase proteins like RhoA and Cdc42. In this thesis, polarization and podosome formation were investigated in MKs from genetically modified mice, as well as the cell lines K562 and Meg01 by pharmacological modulation of signaling pathways. The first part of this thesis describes establishment of the basic assays for investigation of MK polarization. Initial data on polarization of the MK-like erythroleukemia cell line K562 revealed first insights into actin and tubulin dynamics of wild type (WT) and RhoA knock-out (RhoA-/-) K562 cells. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induction of K562 cells led to the expected MK-receptor upregulation but also RhoA depletion and altered polarization patterns. The second part of this thesis focuses on podosome formation of MKs. RhoA is shown to be dispensable for podosome formation. Cdc42 is revealed as an important, but not essential regulator of MK spreading and podosome formation. Studies of signaling pathways of podosome formation reveal the importance of the tyrosine kinases Src, Syk, as well as glycoprotein (GP)VI in MK spreading and podosome formation. This thesis provides novel insights into the mechanisms underlying polarization and podosome formation of MKs and reveals new, important information about cytoskeletal dynamics of MKs and potentially also platelets. N2 - Bei Säugetieren entstehen Blutplättchen aus großen Knochenmark-vorläuferzellen, Megakaryozyten, die lange, polarisierte Zellprotrusionen (Proplättchen) in Knochenmarkssinusoide ausstülpen. Die Bildung von Proplättchen erfordert eine umfangreiche Reorganisation des Zytoskeletts, die die Bildung von Podosomen, F-Aktin- und Integrinreichen Strukturen beinhaltet. Die genauen molekularen Mechanismen, die megakaryozytäre Podosomenbildung, Polarisation und Migration im Knochenmark regulieren, sind jedoch bisher unzureichend erforscht. Rho GTPasen wie beispielsweise RhoA und Cdc42 sind nachgewiesenermaßen beteiligt an der klassischen Zytoskelettregulierung. In dieser Dissertation wurden die obengenannten Reifungsprozesse mithilfe von Megakaryozyten von genetisch modifizierten Mäusen sowie den Zelllinien K562 und Meg01 durch pharmakologische Beeinflussung zellulärer Signaltransmitter erforscht. Im ersten Teil der Dissertation wurden Experimente zur Untersuchung megakaryozytärer Polarisation etabliert. Initiale Daten über die Polarisation der megakaryozytären, erythroleukämischen Zelllinie K562 erlaubten Einblicke in Aktin- und Tubulindynamik von Wildtyp- und RhoA-defizienten K562 Zellen. Phorbol-12-myristat-13-acetat (PMA)-induzierte K562-Differenzierung verursachte die erwartete Hochregulierung megakaryozytärer Rezeptoren, aber auch eine unerwartete RhoA-Depletion und bisher unbeobachtete Polarisationsmuster. Der zweite Teil dieser Dissertation galt der Untersuchung der Podosomenbildung von Megakaryozyten. RhoA zeigte sich als entbehrlich für die Podosomenbildung, während Cdc42 sich als wichtiger, dennoch nicht essentieller Regulator der podosomenbildenden Zytoskelettdynamik erwies. Untersuchungen von Signalwegen in der Podosomenbildung von Megakaryozyten offenbarten die Bedeutung von Tyrosinkinasen Src, Syk sowie Glykoprotein VI bei der MK-Adhäsion und der Bildung von Podosomen. Somit liefert diese Dissertation neue Einblicke in die Signalwege der dynamischen Regulation des Zytoskeletts in Megakaryozyten. KW - Megakaryozyt KW - megakaryocyte KW - polarization KW - RhoA KW - CDC42 KW - podosome formation Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-160508 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dütting, Sebastian A1 - Gaits-Iacovoni, Frederique A1 - Stegner, David A1 - Popp, Michael A1 - Antkowiak, Adrien A1 - van Eeuwijk, Judith M.M. A1 - Nurden, Paquita A1 - Stritt, Simon A1 - Heib, Tobias A1 - Aurbach, Katja A1 - Angay, Oguzhan A1 - Cherpokova, Deya A1 - Heinz, Niels A1 - Baig, Ayesha A. A1 - Gorelashvili, Maximilian G. A1 - Gerner, Frank A1 - Heinze, Katrin G. A1 - Ware, Jerry A1 - Krohne, Georg A1 - Ruggeri, Zaverio M. A1 - Nurden, Alan T. A1 - Schulze, Harald A1 - Modlich, Ute A1 - Pleines, Irina A1 - Brakebusch, Cord A1 - Nieswandt, Bernhard T1 - A Cdc42/RhoA regulatory circuit downstream of glycoprotein Ib guides transendothelial platelet biogenesis JF - Nature Communications N2 - Blood platelets are produced by large bone marrow (BM) precursor cells, megakaryocytes (MKs), which extend cytoplasmic protrusions (proplatelets) into BM sinusoids. The molecular cues that control MK polarization towards sinusoids and limit transendothelial crossing to proplatelets remain unknown. Here, we show that the small GTPases Cdc42 and RhoA act as a regulatory circuit downstream of the MK-specific mechanoreceptor GPIb to coordinate polarized transendothelial platelet biogenesis. Functional deficiency of either GPIb or Cdc42 impairs transendothelial proplatelet formation. In the absence of RhoA, increased Cdc42 activity and MK hyperpolarization triggers GPIb-dependent transmigration of entire MKs into BM sinusoids. These findings position Cdc42 (go-signal) and RhoA (stop-signal) at the centre of a molecular checkpoint downstream of GPIb that controls transendothelial platelet biogenesis. Our results may open new avenues for the treatment of platelet production disorders and help to explain the thrombocytopenia in patients with Bernard–Soulier syndrome, a bleeding disorder caused by defects in GPIb-IX-V. KW - megakaryocytes KW - blood platelets KW - regulatory circuit downstream KW - glycoprotein Ib Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-170797 VL - 8 IS - 15838 ER -