TY - JOUR A1 - Klingler, Werner A1 - Heiderich, Sebastian A1 - Girard, Thierry A1 - Gravino, Elvira A1 - Heffron, James J. A. A1 - Johannsen, Stephan A1 - Jurkat-Rott, Karin A1 - Rüffert, Henrik A1 - Schuster, Frank A1 - Snoeck, Marc A1 - Sorrentino, Vincenzo A1 - Tegazzin, Vincenzo A1 - Lehmann-Horn, Frank T1 - Functional and genetic characterization of clinical malignant hyperthermia crises: a multi-centre study JF - Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases N2 - Background: Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a rare pharmacogenetic disorder which is characterized by life-threatening metabolic crises during general anesthesia. Classical triggering substances are volatile anesthetics and succinylcholine (SCh). The molecular basis of MH is excessive release of Ca2+ in skeletal muscle principally by a mutated ryanodine receptor type 1 (RyR1). To identify factors explaining the variable phenotypic presentation and complex pathomechanism, we analyzed proven MH events in terms of clinical course, muscle contracture, genetic factors and pharmocological triggers. Methods: In a multi-centre study including seven European MH units, patients with a history of a clinical MH episode confirmed by susceptible (MHS) or equivocal (MHE) in vitro contracture tests (IVCT) were investigated. A test result is considered to be MHE if the muscle specimens develop pathological contractures in response to only one of the two test substances, halothane or caffeine. Crises were evaluated using a clinical grading scale (CGS), results of IVCT and genetic screening. The effects of SCh and volatile anesthetics on Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) were studied in vitro. Results: A total of 200 patients met the inclusion criteria. Two MH crises (1%) were triggered by SCh (1 MHS, 1 MHE), 18% by volatile anesthetics and 81% by a combination of both. Patients were 70% male and 50% were younger than 12 years old. Overall, CGS was in accord with IVCT results. Crises triggered by enflurane had a significantly higher CGS compared to halothane, isoflurane and sevoflurane. Of the 200 patients, 103 carried RyR1 variants, of which 14 were novel. CGS varied depending on the location of the mutation within the RyR1 gene. In contrast to volatile anesthetics, SCh did not evoke Ca2+ release from isolated rat SR vesicles. Conclusions: An MH event could depend on patient-related risk factors such as male gender, young age and causative RyR1 mutations as well as on the use of drugs lowering the threshold of myoplasmic Ca2+ release. SCh might act as an accelerant by promoting unspecific Ca2+ influx via the sarcolemma and indirect RyR1 activation. Most MH crises develop in response to the combined administration of SCh and volatile anesthetics. KW - susceptibility KW - central core disease KW - skeletal muscle KW - North American KW - malignant hyperthermia KW - succinylcholine KW - suxamethonium KW - volatile anesthetics KW - RyR1 mutations KW - New Zealand KW - inhalation anesthetics KW - sarcoplasmic reticulum KW - ryanodine receptor gene KW - vitro contracture test Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-117630 SN - 1750-1172 VL - 9 IS - 8 ER - TY - THES A1 - Lehmann, Frank T1 - Prozessierung und elektrische Charakterisierung von ZnSe Heterostrukturen in verschiedenen Messgeometrien zum eindeutigen Nachweis der elektrischen Spininjektion T1 - Processing and electrical characterization of ZnSe heterostructures in various measurement geometries to unambiguously detect electrical spin injection N2 - 2-Punkt Transportmessungen, die in der Vergangenheit an ZnSe-basierenden DMS/NMS/DMS Multischichtsystemem durchgeführt wurden, zeigten eine 25-prozentige Erhöhung des Widerstandes beim Übergang vom unpolarisierten in den polarisierten Zustand des DMS. Dieser Magnetowiderstandseffekt wurde durch elektrische Spininjektion in den NMS erklärt. In dieser Arbeit wird zunächst anhand von 4-Punkt Transportmessungen an miniaturisierten, elektronenstrahllithographisch gefertigten DMS/NMS/DMS Strukturen dieser Widerstandseffekt näher untersucht, um eine Bestimmung der Spinrelaxationslänge im nichtmagnetischen II-VI Halbleiter zu erlauben. Aufgrund der im Rahmen dieser Experimente erhaltenen Ergebnisse muss jedoch die Verknüpfung des positiven Magnetowiderstandseffekts mit der elektrischen Spininjektion in den NMS des Multischichtsystems revidiert werden. Im weiteren Verlauf der Arbeit werden Strukturen mit Abmessungen in der Größenordnung von 1 µm hergestellt und gemessen, mit deren Hilfe ein eindeutiger Nachweis der elektrischen Spininjektion in einen nichtmagnetischen Halbleiter mittels Transportmessungen ermöglicht wird. Mit diesen Resultaten kann eine oberer Grenzwert für die Spinfliplänge in ZnBeSe von 100 nm abgeschätzt werden. N2 - 2-probe transport measurements that were performed in the past on ZnSe-based DMS/NMS/DMS multilayer-systems showed a 25% increase of the resistance during the transition of the DMS from its unpolarized to its polarized state. This magnetoresistance effect was described by spin injection into the NMS. In this work, this resistance effect is further investigated by 4-probe transport measurements on miniaturized DMS/NMS/DMS structures that were fabricated by electron beam lithography to allow the determination of the spin-relaxation length in the non-magnetic II-VI semiconductor. On the basis of the results that were obtained in the framework of these experiments the connection of the positive magnetoresistance effect with spin injection into the NMS of the multilayer-system has to be revised. In the further course of this work structures with dimensions of the order of 1 µm are fabricated und measured that allow the unambiguous detection of electrical spin injection into a non-magnetic semiconductor by transport measurements. With these results an upper limit of the spin-flip length in ZnBeSe of 100 nm can be estimated. KW - Zinkselenid KW - Heterostruktur KW - Elektronenspin KW - Diffusionsverfahren KW - Spininjektion KW - ZnSe-Heterostruktur KW - Transportmessung KW - Prozessierung KW - spin injection KW - ZnSe heterostructure KW - transport measurement KW - processing Y1 - 2005 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-15003 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hecht, Markus A1 - Leowanawat, Pawaret A1 - Gerlach, Tabea A1 - Stepanenko, Vladimir A1 - Stolte, Matthias A1 - Lehmann, Matthias A1 - Würthner, Frank T1 - Self‐Sorting Supramolecular Polymerization: Helical and Lamellar Aggregates of Tetra‐Bay‐Acyloxy Perylene Bisimide JF - Angewandte Chemie International Edition N2 - A new perylene bisimide (PBI), with a fluorescence quantum yield up to unity, self‐assembles into two polymorphic supramolecular polymers. This PBI bears four solubilizing acyloxy substituents at the bay positions and is unsubstituted at the imide position, thereby allowing hydrogen‐bond‐directed self‐assembly in nonpolar solvents. The formation of the polymorphs is controlled by the cooling rate of hot monomer solutions. They show distinctive absorption profiles and morphologies and can be isolated in different polymorphic liquid‐crystalline states. The interchromophoric arrangement causing the spectral features was elucidated, revealing the formation of columnar and lamellar phases, which are formed by either homo‐ or heterochiral self‐assembly, respectively, of the atropoenantiomeric PBIs. Kinetic studies reveal a narcissistic self‐sorting process upon fast cooling, and that the transformation into the heterochiral (racemic) sheetlike self‐assemblies proceeds by dissociation via the monomeric state. KW - liquid crystals KW - noncovalent interactions KW - self-assembly KW - structure elucidation KW - supramolecular chemistry Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-224586 VL - 59 IS - 39 SP - 17084 EP - 17090 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hoppe, Kerstin A1 - Sartorius, Tina A1 - Chaiklieng, Sunisa A1 - Wietzorrek, Georg A1 - Ruth, Peter A1 - Jurkat-Rott, Karin A1 - Wearing, Scott A1 - Lehmann-Horn, Frank A1 - Klingler, Werner T1 - Paxilline Prevents the Onset of Myotonic Stiffness in Pharmacologically Induced Myotonia: A Preclinical Investigation JF - Frontiers in Physiology N2 - Reduced Cl\(^{-}\) conductance causes inhibited muscle relaxation after forceful voluntary contraction due to muscle membrane hyperexcitability. This represents the pathomechanism of myotonia congenita. Due to the prevailing data suggesting that an increased potassium level is a main contributor, we studied the effect of a modulator of a big conductance Ca\(^{2+}\)- and voltage-activated K\(^{+}\) channels (BK) modulator on contraction and relaxation of slow- and high-twitch muscle specimen before and after the pharmacological induction of myotonia. Human and murine muscle specimens (wild-type and BK\(^{-/-}\)) were exposed to anthracene-9-carboxylic acid (9-AC) to inhibit CLC-1 chloride channels and to induce myotonia in-vitro. Functional effects of BK-channel activation and blockade were investigated by exposing slow-twitch (soleus) and fast-twitch (extensor digitorum longus) murine muscle specimens or human musculus vastus lateralis to an activator (NS1608) and a blocker (Paxilline), respectively. Muscle-twitch force and relaxation times (T\(_{90/10}\)) were monitored. Compared to wild type, fast-twitch muscle specimen of BK\(^{-/-}\) mice resulted in a significantly decreased T\(_{90/10}\) in presence of 9-AC. Paxilline significantly shortened T\(_{90/10}\) of murine slow- and fast-twitch muscles as well as human vastus lateralis muscle. Moreover, twitch force was significantly reduced after application of Paxilline in myotonic muscle. NS1608 had opposite effects to Paxilline and aggravated the onset of myotonic activity by prolongation of T\(_{90/10}\). The currently used standard therapy for myotonia is, in some individuals, not very effective. This in vitro study demonstrated that a BK channel blocker lowers myotonic stiffness and thus highlights its potential therapeutic option in myotonia congenital (MC). KW - paxilline KW - NS1608 KW - repetitive firing KW - myotonia congenita KW - muscle disease KW - BK channel Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-218152 VL - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herbst, Stefanie A1 - Soberats, Bartolome A1 - Leowanawat, Pawaret A1 - Stolte, Matthias A1 - Lehmann, Matthias A1 - Würthner, Frank T1 - Self-assembly of multi-stranded perylene dye J-aggregates in columnar liquid-crystalline phases JF - Nature Communications N2 - Many discoid dyes self-assemble into columnar liquid-crystalline (LC) phases with packing arrangements that are undesired for photonic applications due to H-type exciton coupling. Here, we report a series of crystalline and LC perylene bisimides (PBIs) self-assembling into single or multi-stranded (two, three, and four strands) aggregates with predominant J-type exciton coupling. These differences in the supramolecular packing and optical properties are achieved by molecular design variations of tetra-bay phenoxy-dendronized PBIs with two N–H groups at the imide positions. The self-assembly is driven by hydrogen bonding, slipped π–π stacking, nanosegregation, and steric requirements of the peripheral building blocks. We could determine the impact of the packing motifs on the spectroscopic properties and demonstrate different J- and H-type coupling contributions between the chromophores. Our findings on structure–property relationships and strong J-couplings in bulk LC materials open a new avenue in the molecular engineering of PBI J-aggregates with prospective applications in photonics. KW - liquid crystals KW - self-assembly Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-319914 VL - 9 ER -