TY  - THES
A1  - Schneider, Hannah
T1  - Untersuchung der drei Isoformen des Elongationsfaktors 1A von Xenopus laevis: 42Sp50 versus EF1A-1/EF1A-2
T1  - Analysis of the three isoforms of elongation factor 1A of Xenopus laevis: 42Sp50 versus EF1A-1/EF1A-2
N2  - Im ersten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der monoklonale Antikörper IV´D4 biochemisch charakterisiert und die zelluläre Verteilung des Antigens mittels Immunfluoreszenz-Mikroskopie untersucht. Durch elektronenmikroskopische Lokalisierungsexperimente wurde gezeigt, dass es sich dabei um Nuage handelt. Obwohl der Antikörper eine oozytenspezifische Struktur markierte, färbte er in der Immunfluoreszenz überraschenderweise auch somatische Xenopus Kulturzellen (A6 und XTC) an. Als nächstes wurde das Antigen von IV´D4 und damit eine neue Proteinkomponente der Nuage identifiziert. Durch Immunblots von prävitellogenen Oozyten und Expression rekombinanter Proteine wurde festgestellt, dass der Antikörper das Protein 42Sp50 erkennt. Es war nicht auszuschließen, dass die Nuage lediglich die somatischen EF1A-Isoformen akkumulieren. Tatsächlich werden alle drei EF1A-Isoformen in Oozyten exprimiert, wie RT-PCR-Experimente belegten. Die ubiquitäre Expression und hohe Sequenzverwandtschaft der beiden traditionellen Xenopus EF1A-Isoformen mit denen der Säuger veranlassten uns, die Nomenklatur anzugleichen (Xenopus EF1A-1 für EF1A-S und EF1A-2 für EF1A-O). Durch Mikroinjektion entsprechender mRNAs wurden Fluoreszenz-EF1A Fusionsproteine (gekoppelt an EGFP, monomeres DsRed oder monomeres RFP) in lebenden Oozyten exprimiert und lokalisiert. Neben 42Sp50 wurde auch die zweite Proteinkomponente der 42S Partikel, 42Sp43, in Form von fluoreszierenden Fusionsproteinen in Oozyten exprimiert und lokalisiert. In einem weiteren Teil der Arbeit wurde die Dynamik der Nuage untersucht. Dazu wurden Versuche mit verschiedenen Inhibitoren durchgeführt. Es sollte überprüft werden, ob die Hemmung unterschiedlicher zellulärer Prozesse Einfluss auf die strukturelle Organisation der Nuage hat. Zu Beginn der Arbeit lagen keine Kenntnisse darüber vor, in welchem Zellkompartiment das Assembly der 42S RNPs stattfindet. Zunächst wurden deshalb die beiden Proteine 42Sp50 und 42Sp43 als fluoreszierende Fusionsproteine in prävitellogenen Ooyzten koexprimiert. Ein eindeutiger Nachweis der spezifischen Interaktion zwischen 42Sp43 und 42Sp50 gelang insbesondere durch die transiente Expression der entsprechenden fluoreszenzmarkierten Proteinpaare in somatischen Kulturzellen (Xenopus A6 und Säuger COS-7 Zellen). Die hier beschriebene Koexpression von Proteinpaaren mit unterschiedlichen Fluoreszenzfarbstoffen in Säugerzellen stellt eine einfache Methode dar, um in vivo Interaktionen mikroskopisch sichtbar zu machen. Damit sollte es möglich sein, durch gezielte Mutationen und Deletionen von 42Sp50 und 42Sp43 diejenigen Aminosäuren und strukturellen Determinanten zu identifzieren, die bei der spezifischen Interaktion und damit beim Assembly der 42S Partikel eine Rolle spielen.
N2  - In the first part of the present work the monoclonal antibody IV´D4 was characterized biochemically and the cellular distribution of the antigen was analyzed using immunofluorescence microscopy. Electron microscopic localization experiments identified them as nuage. Although the antibody marked an oocyte specific structure, immunofluorescence surprisingly showed that it also stained somatic Xenopus culture cells (A6 and XTC). Next, the antigen recognized by IV´D4 was identified as a new protein component of nuage. By immunoblotting of previtellogenic oocytes and by expression of recombinant proteins it was observed that the antibody recognizes the protein 42Sp50. Hence, it was impossible to obtain evidence that nuage really contain 42Sp50 and therefore are sites of 42S RNP formation. It could not be excluded that nuage accumulate only somatic EF1A-isoforms. RT-PCR experiments demonstrated that in fact, all three isoforms are expressed in oocytes. The ubiquitous expression and the high sequence similarity of traditional Xenopus EF1A-isoforms prompted us to adopt the nomenclature (Xenopus EF1A-1 for EF1A-S and EF1A-2 for EF1A-2). Fluorescent EF1A fusion proteins (linked to EGFP, monomeric DsRed and monomeric RFP) were expressed and localized in living oocytes by microinjection of accordant mRNAs. Beside 42Sp50, the second protein component of the 42S particle, 42Sp43, was expressed and localized as fluorescent fusion protein in oocytes. The dynamics of nuage were analyzed in another part of the present work. For that purpose, experiments were carried out with different inhibitors. It was analyzed if the structural organization of nuage was influenced by the inhibition of different cellular processes. At the beginning of the present work it was unknown in which compartment of the cell the assembly of 42S RNPs takes place. Therefore, both proteins of the 42S particle were coexpressed in previtellogenic Xenopus oocytes as fluorescent fusion proteins. Distinct evidence for a specific interaction between 42Sp43 and 42Sp50 was obtained by transient expression of the fluorescence labeled protein pairs in somatic cuture cells (Xenopus A6 and mammalian COS7 cells). The described coexpression of protein pairs with different fluorescent dyes in mammalian cells describes a simple method to visualize in vivo interactions microscopically. By analyzing specific mutations and deletions of 42Sp50 and 42Sp43 it should be possible to identify those amino acids and structural determinants which are responsible for specific interactions important for the assembly of 42S particles.
KW  - Glatter Krallenfrosch
KW  - Elongationsfaktor 1A
KW  - Isoformen
KW  - Nuage
KW  - Elongation factor 1A
KW  - Nuage
Y1  - 2009
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-36124
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Chithelen, Janice
A1  - Franke, Hannah
A1  - Länder, Nora
A1  - Grafen, Anika
A1  - Schneider-Schaulies, Jürgen
T1  - The sphingolipid inhibitors ceranib-2 and SKI-II reduce measles virus replication in primary human lymphocytes: effects on mTORC1 downstream signaling
JF  - Frontiers in Physiology
N2  - The bioactive sphingolipids ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) are involved in the regulation of cell homeostasis and activity ranging from apoptosis to proliferation. We recently described that the two compounds ceranib-2 (inhibiting acid ceramidase) and SKI-II [inhibiting the sphingosine kinases 1 and − 2 (SphK1/2)] reduce mTORC1 activity and measles virus (MV) replication in human primary peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) by about one log step. We now further investigated whether mTORC1 downstream signaling and viral protein expression may be affected by ceranib-2 and/or SKI-II. Western blot analyses showed that in uninfected cells the phosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) was reduced by both inhibitors. Interestingly, MV infection led to an increase of rpS6 protein levels and phosphorylation of eIF4E. Treatment with both inhibitors reduced the rpS6 protein expression, and in addition, SKI-II reduced rpS6 phosphorylation. The phosphorylation of eIF4E was slightly reduced by both inhibitors. In addition, SKI-II led to reduced levels of IKK in MV-infected cells. Both inhibitors reduced the expression of viral proteins and the titers of newly synthesized MV by approximately one log step. As expected, SKI-II and rapamycin reduced also the virally encoded GFP expression; however, ceranib-2 astonishingly led to increased levels of GFP fluorescence. Our findings suggest that the inhibitors ceranib-2 and SKI-II act via differential mechanisms on MV replication. The observed effects on mTORC1 downstream signaling, predominantly the reduction of rpS6 levels by both inhibitors, may affect the translational capacity of the cells and contribute to the antiviral effect in human primary PBL.
KW  - acid ceramidase inhibitor ceranib-2
KW  - sphingosine kinase inhibitor SKI-II
KW  - mTORC1
KW  - translation
KW  - measles virus
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-265988
SN  - 1664-042X
VL  - 13
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Dahlhoff, Julia
A1  - Manz, Hannah
A1  - Steinfatt, Tim
A1  - Delgado-Tascon, Julia
A1  - Seebacher, Elena
A1  - Schneider, Theresa
A1  - Wilnit, Amy
A1  - Mokhtari, Zeinab
A1  - Tabares, Paula
A1  - Böckle, David
A1  - Rasche, Leo
A1  - Martin Kortüm, K.
A1  - Lutz, Manfred B.
A1  - Einsele, Hermann
A1  - Brandl, Andreas
A1  - Beilhack, Andreas
T1  - Transient regulatory T-cell targeting triggers immune control of multiple myeloma and prevents disease progression
JF  - Leukemia
N2  - Multiple myeloma remains a largely incurable disease of clonally expanding malignant plasma cells. The bone marrow microenvironment harbors treatment-resistant myeloma cells, which eventually lead to disease relapse in patients. In the bone marrow, CD4\(^{+}\)FoxP3\(^{+}\) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are highly abundant amongst CD4\(^{+}\) T cells providing an immune protective niche for different long-living cell populations, e.g., hematopoietic stem cells. Here, we addressed the functional role of Tregs in multiple myeloma dissemination to bone marrow compartments and disease progression. To investigate the immune regulation of multiple myeloma, we utilized syngeneic immunocompetent murine multiple myeloma models in two different genetic backgrounds. Analyzing the spatial immune architecture of multiple myeloma revealed that the bone marrow Tregs accumulated in the vicinity of malignant plasma cells and displayed an activated phenotype. In vivo Treg depletion prevented multiple myeloma dissemination in both models. Importantly, short-term in vivo depletion of Tregs in mice with established multiple myeloma evoked a potent CD8 T cell- and NK cell-mediated immune response resulting in complete and stable remission. Conclusively, this preclinical in-vivo study suggests that Tregs are an attractive target for the treatment of multiple myeloma.
KW  - Multiple myeloma
KW  - transient regulatory T-cell targeting
KW  - immune control
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-271787
SN  - 1476-5551
VL  - 36
IS  - 3
ER  -