TY - JOUR A1 - König, Markus A1 - Baenninger, Matthias A1 - Garcia, Andrei G. F. A1 - Harjee, Nahid A1 - Pruitt, Beth L. A1 - Ames, C. A1 - Leubner, Philipp A1 - Brüne, Christoph A1 - Buhmann, Hartmut A1 - Molenkamp, Laurens W. A1 - Goldhaber-Gordon, David T1 - Spatially Resolved Study of Backscattering in the Quantum Spin Hall State JF - Physical Review X N2 - The discovery of the quantum spin Hall (QSH) state, and topological insulators in general, has sparked strong experimental efforts. Transport studies of the quantum spin Hall state have confirmed the presence of edge states, showed ballistic edge transport in micron-sized samples, and demonstrated the spin polarization of the helical edge states. While these experiments have confirmed the broad theoretical model, the properties of the QSH edge states have not yet been investigated on a local scale. Using scanning gate microscopy to perturb the QSH edge states on a submicron scale, we identify well-localized scattering sites which likely limit the expected nondissipative transport in the helical edge channels. In the micron-sized regions between the scattering sites, the edge states appear to propagate unperturbed, as expected for an ideal QSH system, and are found to be robust against weak induced potential fluctuations. KW - mesoscopics KW - topological insulators KW - transport KW - charge KW - wells KW - branched flow KW - nanostructures Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-127225 SN - 2160-3308 VL - 3 IS - 2 ER - TY - THES A1 - König, Markus T1 - Spin-related transport phenomena in HgTe-based quantum well structures T1 - Spin-bezogene Transportphänomene in HgTe-basierten Quantentrogstrukturen N2 - Within the scope of this thesis, spin related transport phenomena have been investigated in HgTe/HgCdTe quantum well structures. This material exhibits peculiar band structure properties, which result in a strong spin-orbit interaction of the Rashba type. An inverted band structure, i.e., a reversed ordering of the energy states in comparison to common semiconductors, is obtained for quantum well layers above a critical thickness. Furthermore, the band structure properties can be controlled in the experiments by moderate gate voltages. Most prominently, the type of carriers in HgTe quantum wells can be changed from n to p due to the narrow energy gap. Along with the inverted band structure, this unique transition is the basis for the demonstration of the Quantum Spin Hall state, which is characterized by the existence of two one-dimensional spin-polarized edge states propagating in opposite directions, while the Fermi level in the bulk is in the energy gap. Since elastic scattering is suppressed by time reversal symmetry, a quantized conductance for charge and spin transport is predicted. Our experiments provide the first experimental demonstration of the QSH state. For samples with characteristic dimensions below the inelastic mean free path, charge conductance close to the expected value of 2e^2/h has been observed. Strong indication for the edge state transport was found in the experiments as well. For large samples, potential fluctuations lead to the appearance of local n-conducting regions which are considered to be the dominant source of backscattering. When time reversal symmetry is broken in a magnetic field, elastic scattering becomes possible and conductance is significantly suppressed. The suppression relies on a dominant orbital effect in a perpendicular field and a smaller Zeeman-like effect present for any field direction. For large perpendicular fields, a re-entrant quantum Hall state appears. This unique property is directly related to the non-trivial QSH insulator state. While clear evidence for the properties of charge transport was provided, the spin properties could not be addressed. This might be the goal of future experiments. In another set of experiments, the intrinsic spin Hall effect was studied. Its investigation was motivated by the possibility to create and to detect pure spin currents and spin accumulation. A non-local charging attributed to the SHE has been observed in a p-type H-shaped structure with large SO interaction, providing the first purely electrical demonstration of the SHE in a semiconductor system. A possibly more direct way to study the spin Hall effects opens up when the spin properties of the QSH edge states are taken into account. Then, the QSH edge states can be used either as an injector or a detector of spin polarization, depending on the actual configuration of the device. The experimental results indicate the existence of both intrinsic SHE and the inverse SHE independently of each other. If a spin-polarized current is injected from the QSH states into a region with Rashba SO interaction, the precession of the spin can been observed via the SHE. Both the spin injection and precession might be used for the realization of a spin-FET similar to the one proposed by Datta and Das. Another approach for the realization of a spin-based FET relies on a spin-interference device, in which the transmission is controlled via the Aharonov-Casher phase and the Berry phase, both due to the SO interaction. In the presented experiments, ring structures with tuneable SO coupling were studied. A complex interference pattern is observed as a function of external magnetic field and gate voltage. The dependence on the Rashba splitting is attributed to the Aharonov-Casher phase, whereas effects due to the Berry phase remain unresolved. This interpretation is confirmed by theoretical calculations, where multi-channel transport through the device has been assumed in agreement with the experimental results. Thus, our experiments provide the first direct observation of the AC effect in semiconductor structures. In conclusion, HgTe quantum well structures have proven to be an excellent template for studying spin-related transport phenomena: The QSHE relies on the peculiar band structure of the material and the existence of both the SHE and the AC effect is a consequence of the substantial spin-orbit interaction. While convincing results have been obtained for the various effects, several questions can not be fully answered yet. Some of them may be addressed by more extensive studies on devices already available. Other issues, however, ask, e.g., for further advances in sample fabrication or new approaches by different measurements techniques. Thus, future experiments may provide new, compelling insights for both the effects discussed in this thesis and, more generally, other spin-orbit related transport properties. N2 - Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden spin-bezogene Transportphänomene in HgTe/HgCdTe-Quantentrogstrukturen untersucht. Dieses Materialsystem weist besondere Bandstruktureigenschaften auf, die u.a. zu einer starken Rashba-Spin-Bahn-Wechselwirkung führen. Eine invertierte Bandstruktur, d.h. eine umgekehrte Anordnung der energetischen Zustände im Vergleich zu üblichen Halbleitern, ergibt sich für Quantentrogschichten oberhalb einer kritischen Dicke. Darüber hinaus können die Bandstruktur-Eigenschaften im Experiment mittels moderater Gatespannungen kontrolliert werden. Hervorzuheben ist, dass die Art der Ladungsträger im HgTe-Quantentrog aufgrund der geringen Bandlücke von n- nach p-Typ geändert werden kann. Dieser einzigartige Übergang bildet zusammen mit der invertierten Bandstruktur die Grundlage für den Nachweis der Quanten-Spin-Hall-Zustands, bei dem sich zwei eindimensionale spinpolarisierte Randkanäle in entgegen gesetzte Richtung ausbreiten, während die Fermi-Energie im Probeninneren in der Bandlücke liegt. Da elastische Streuprozesse aufgrund der Zeitumkehr-Invarianz verboten sind, ist der Leitwert für Ladungs- und Spintransport quantisiert. Unsere Messungen liefern den ersten experimentellen Nachweis des QSH-Zustands. Für Proben mit charakteristischen Abmessungen unterhalb der inelastischen freien Weglänge wurde ein Leitwert nahe des theoretisch erwarteten Wertes von 2e^2/h beobachtet. Die Experimente lieferten außerdem deutliche Anzeichen für den Randkanaltransport. In größeren Proben verursachen Potenzialfluktuationen lokale n-leitende Bereiche, die als Hauptursache für Rückstreuung angesehen werden können. Wird die Zeitumkehr-Invarianz im Magnetfeld gebrochen, können elastische Streuprozesse auftreten und der Leitwert sinkt deutlich. Die Ursache dafür sind ein dominanter orbitaler Effekt für senkrechte Felder sowie ein schwächerer Zeeman-ähnlicher Effekt für beliebige Feldrichtungen. Bei starken senkrechten Feldern kommt es zu einem Wieder-Eintritt in den Quanten-Hall-Zustands, was direkt mit dem nicht-trivialen isolierenden Zustand des QSH-Effekts verknüpft ist. Während die Messungen einige Eigenschaften des Ladungstransports deutlich belegen, können die Spineigenschaften nicht untersucht werden. Dies kann jedoch ein Ziel zukünftiger Messungen sein. Außerdem wurde der intrinsische Spin-Hall-Effekt untersucht, um die Erzeugung von Spinungleichgewichten und reinen Spinströmen nachzuweisen. Eine nicht-lokale Spannung, die auf den SHE zurückzuführen ist, wurde in einer p-leitenden H-förmigen Struktur beobachtet und liefert somit den ersten rein elektrischen Nachweis des SHE in einem Halbleiter-System. Ein direkterer Weg zur Untersuchung von Spin-Hall-Effekten ergibt sich, wenn die Spinpolarisation der QSH-Randkanäle berücksichtigt wird. Dabei können die QSH-Kanäle - abhängig von der Probenkonfiguration - eine Spinpolarisation wahlweise injizieren oder detektieren. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse weisen unabhängig voneinander den intrinsischen SHE und den inversen SHE nach. Wenn durch die QSH-Kanäle ein spin-polarisierter Strom in ein Gebiet mit Rashba-Spin-Bahn-Wechselwirkung injiziert wird, kann die resultierende Spinpräzession mittels des SHE beobachtet werden. Sowohl die Spininjektion als auch die Präzession können zur Umsetzung eines Spin-FETs verwendet werden, wie er von Datta und Das vorgeschlagen wurde. Eine andere Herangehensweise zur Realisierung eines spin-basierten FETs beruht auf einem Spin-Interferenz-Bauteil, in dem die Transmission über Spin-Bahn-abhängige Phasen - die Aharonov-Casher-Phase und die Berry-Phase - gesteuert wird. Bei der Untersuchung von Ringstrukturen mit variabler Spin-Bahn-Wechselwirkung zeigt sich bei einer Variation des Magnetfeld und der Gate-Spannung ein komplexes Interferenzmuster. Die Abhängigkeit von der Rashba-Aufspaltung wird der Aharonov-Casher-Phase zugeschrieben, wohingegen Effekte aufgrund der Berry-Phase nicht nachgewiesen werden können. Diese Interpretation wird durch theoretische Berechnungen bestätigt, in denen Mehr-Kanal-Transport durch den Ring angenommen wurde. Somit liefern unsere Experimente den ersten direkten Nachweis des AC-Effektes in Halbleiterstrukturen. Insgesamt stellen die HgTe-Quantentröge ein als exzellentes System zur Untersuchung von spin-bezogenen Transportphänomenen dar: Der QSHE beruht auf der besonderen Bandstruktur; und sowohl der SHE als auch der AC-Effekt treten aufgrund der deutlichen Spin-Bahn-Wechselwirkung auf. Für alle Effekte wurden überzeugende Ergebnisse erzielt; allerdings konnten einige Fragen noch nicht vollständig beantwortet werden. Einige können möglicherweise mittels umfangreicherer Untersuchungen geklärt werden. Andere jedoch verlangen z.B. nach Fortschritten in der Probenherstellung oder anderen Untersuchungsmethoden. Daher können zukünftige Experimente weitere neue faszinierende Einblicke sowohl in die hier diskutierten Effekte als auch in andere Spin-Bahn-bezogene Transportphänomene bieten. KW - Spin-Bahn-Wechselwirkung KW - Quantenwell KW - Elektronischer Transport KW - Interferenz KW - Quanten-Hall-Effekt KW - Spin KW - Zwei-Sechs-Halbleiter KW - mesoskopischer Transport KW - Quanten-Spin-Hall-Effekt KW - Spin-Hall-Effekt KW - Aharonov-Casher-Effekt KW - mesoscopic transport KW - spin-orbit-interaction KW - narrow-gap semiconductor KW - quantum spin Hall effect KW - spin Hall effect KW - Aharonov-Casher phase Y1 - 2007 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-27301 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kolling, Markus A1 - Backhaus, Joy A1 - Hofmann, Norbert A1 - Keß, Stefan A1 - Krastl, Gabriel A1 - Soliman, Sebastian A1 - König, Sarah T1 - Students’ perception of three-dimensionally printed teeth in endodontic training JF - European Journal of Dental Education N2 - Introduction In endodontic education, there is a need for thorough training prior to students embarking on clinical treatment. The aim of this study was to use three-dimensional printing technology to create a new model and to compare its suitability for training purposes with resin blocks and extracted teeth. Materials and Methods Multi-jet-modelling (MJM) produced the 3D model replicating a common difficulty in root-canal morphology. An evaluation study comprising 88 students was run in the sixth semester (summer 2018 and winter 2018/2019). A new questionnaire assessed students’ perception of training models and educational environment. Welch's t-test analysed significant differences. Results The most pronounced differences between models were noted when rating material hardness, radiopacity, root-canal configuration and suitability for practising. Students estimated their learning outcome as greater with 3D-printed teeth compared to resin blocks. Three-dimensionally printed teeth received significantly lower ratings with regard to enthusiasm, the learning of fine motor skills and spatial awareness, when compared to human teeth (p ≤ .001). However, 3D-printed teeth were appreciated for additional benefits, such as their cleanliness, availability and standardisation of training opportunities with complex root-canal configurations. Conclusion Students preferred extracted human teeth to 3D-printed teeth with respect to their physical characteristics and training experience. However, educational advantages may compensate for the shortcomings. The new questionnaire proved both adequate and accurate to assess the models and educational environment in endodontic training. The new 3D-printed teeth enhanced the learning opportunities. KW - 3D-printed tooth KW - three-dimensional printing KW - teaching materials KW - root-canal treatment KW - endodontics KW - dental education Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-318676 VL - 26 IS - 4 SP - 653 EP - 661 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klimm, Fabian S. A1 - Bräu, Markus A1 - König, Sebastian A1 - Mandery, Klaus A1 - Sommer, Carolin A1 - Zhang, Jie A1 - Krauss, Jochen T1 - Importance of habitat area, quality and landscape context for heteropteran diversity in shrub ecotones JF - Landscape Ecology N2 - Context Habitat loss and degradation impose serious threats on biodiversity. However, not all habitats receive the attention commensurate with their ecological importance. Shrub ecotones (successional stages between grasslands and forests) can be highly species-diverse but are often restricted to small areas as prevalent management practices either promote open grassland or forest habitats, threatening the effective conservation of ecotone species. Objectives In this study, we assessed the importance of habitat and landscape features of shrub ecotones for the rarely studied true bugs (Heteroptera), a functionally diverse taxon that comprises highly specialized species and broad generalists. Methods True bugs were sampled with a beating tray in 118 spatially independent shrub ecotones in a region of 45,000 square kilometers in Germany. In addition to habitat area and landscape context, we used a hedge index to evaluate habitat quality. Results Shrub ecotones in open habitats harbored a greater species richness and abundance compared to shaded ones in later seral stages, and species composition differed. Richness and abundance were positively affected by increasing habitat area and quality, whereas an increase in the proportion of semi-natural habitats within 1 km only enhanced richness. While feeding and habitat specialists were more sensitive to habitat area reduction than generalists, this was not the case for weak dispersers and carnivores. Conclusions Our findings emphasize the importance of large and high-quality ecotones that form a patchy mosaic of shrubs and herbaceous plants. Such ecotones can benefit both grassland species and species depending on woody plants. Conservation authorities should balance between promoting shrubs and keeping such habitats open to maximize species diversity. KW - hedge index KW - hedgerow KW - true bug KW - semi-natural habitat KW - bush ecotone KW - succession KW - transitional shrubland Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-358106 SN - 0921-2973 VL - 39 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jung‐König, Mona A1 - Füllenbach, Christoph A1 - Murphy, Michael F. A1 - Manzini, Paola A1 - Laspina, Stefan A1 - Pendry, Kate A1 - Mühling, Jörg A1 - Wikman, Agneta A1 - Humbrecht, Catherine A1 - Rigal, Jean‐Christophe A1 - Lasocki, Sigismond A1 - Folléa, Gilles A1 - Seifried, Erhard A1 - Müller, Markus M. A1 - Geisen, Christof A1 - Aranko, Kari A1 - Zacharowski, Kai A1 - Meybohm, Patrick T1 - Programmes for the management of preoperative anaemia: audit in ten European hospitals within the PaBloE (Patient Blood Management in Europe) working group JF - Vox Sanguinis N2 - Background and objectives Preoperative anaemia is an independent risk factor for a higher morbidity and mortality, a longer hospitalization and increased perioperative transfusion rates. Managing preoperative anaemia is the first of three pillars of Patient Blood Management (PBM), a multidisciplinary concept to improve patient safety. While various studies provide medical information on (successful) anaemia treatment pathways, knowledge of organizational details of diagnosis and management of preoperative anaemia across Europe is scarce. Materials and methods To gain information on various aspects of preoperative anaemia management including organization, financing, diagnostics and treatment, we conducted a survey (74 questions) in ten hospitals from seven European nations within the PaBloE (Patient Blood Management in Europe) working group covering the year 2016. Results Organization and activity in the field of preoperative anaemia management were heterogeneous in the participating hospitals. Almost all hospitals had pathways for managing preoperative anaemia in place, however, only two nations had national guidelines. In six of the ten participating hospitals, preoperative anaemia management was organized by anaesthetists. Diagnostics and treatment focused on iron deficiency anaemia which, in most hospitals, was corrected with intravenous iron. Conclusion Implementation and approaches of preoperative anaemia management vary across Europe with a primary focus on treating iron deficiency anaemia. Findings of this survey motivated the hospitals involved to critically evaluate their practice and may also help other hospitals interested in PBM to develop action plans for diagnosis and management of preoperative anaemia. KW - iron deficiency KW - patient blood management KW - preoperative anaemia management Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-214049 VL - 115 IS - 3 SP - 182 EP - 191 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geiger, Nina A1 - Kersting, Louise A1 - Schlegel, Jan A1 - Stelz, Linda A1 - Fähr, Sofie A1 - Diesendorf, Viktoria A1 - Roll, Valeria A1 - Sostmann, Marie A1 - König, Eva-Maria A1 - Reinhard, Sebastian A1 - Brenner, Daniela A1 - Schneider-Schaulies, Sibylle A1 - Sauer, Markus A1 - Seibel, Jürgen A1 - Bodem, Jochen T1 - The acid ceramidase is a SARS-CoV-2 host factor JF - Cells N2 - SARS-CoV-2 variants such as the delta or omicron variants, with higher transmission rates, accelerated the global COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, novel therapeutic strategies need to be deployed. The inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), interfering with viral entry by fluoxetine was reported. Here, we described the acid ceramidase as an additional target of fluoxetine. To discover these effects, we synthesized an ASM-independent fluoxetine derivative, AKS466. High-resolution SARS-CoV-2–RNA FISH and RTqPCR analyses demonstrate that AKS466 down-regulates viral gene expression. It is shown that SARS-CoV-2 deacidifies the lysosomal pH using the ORF3 protein. However, treatment with AKS488 or fluoxetine lowers the lysosomal pH. Our biochemical results show that AKS466 localizes to the endo-lysosomal replication compartments of infected cells, and demonstrate the enrichment of the viral genomic, minus-stranded RNA and mRNAs there. Both fluoxetine and AKS466 inhibit the acid ceramidase activity, cause endo-lysosomal ceramide elevation, and interfere with viral replication. Furthermore, Ceranib-2, a specific acid ceramidase inhibitor, reduces SARS-CoV-2 replication and, most importantly, the exogenous supplementation of C6-ceramide interferes with viral replication. These results support the hypotheses that the acid ceramidase is a SARS-CoV-2 host factor. KW - SARS-CoV-2 KW - ceramides KW - ceramidase KW - fluoxetine KW - acid sphingomyelinase Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-286105 SN - 2073-4409 VL - 11 IS - 16 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ma, Eric Yue A1 - Calvo, M. Reyes A1 - Wang, Jing A1 - Lian, Biao A1 - Mühlbauer, Mathias A1 - Brüne, Christoph A1 - Cui, Yong-Tao A1 - Lai, Keji A1 - Kundhikanjana, Worasom A1 - Yang, Yongliang A1 - Baenninger, Matthias A1 - König, Markus A1 - Ames, Christopher A1 - Buhmann, Hartmut A1 - Leubner, Philipp A1 - Molenkamp, Laurens W. A1 - Zhang, Shou-Cheng A1 - Goldhaber-Gordon, David A1 - Kelly, Michael A. A1 - Shen, Zhi-Xun T1 - Unexpected edge conduction in mercury telluride quantum wells under broken time-reversal symmetry JF - Nature Communications N2 - The realization of quantum spin Hall effect in HgTe quantum wells is considered a milestone in the discovery of topological insulators. Quantum spin Hall states are predicted to allow current flow at the edges of an insulating bulk, as demonstrated in various experiments. A key prediction yet to be experimentally verified is the breakdown of the edge conduction under broken time-reversal symmetry. Here we first establish a systematic framework for the magnetic field dependence of electrostatically gated quantum spin Hall devices. We then study edge conduction of an inverted quantum well device under broken time-reversal symmetry using microwave impedance microscopy, and compare our findings to a noninverted device. At zero magnetic field, only the inverted device shows clear edge conduction in its local conductivity profile, consistent with theory. Surprisingly, the edge conduction persists up to 9 T with little change. This indicates physics beyond simple quantum spin Hall model, including material-specific properties and possibly many-body effects. KW - topological insulators KW - surface states KW - HgTe KW - Hg1-xCdxTe KW - vacancies Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-143185 VL - 6 IS - 7252 ER -