TY - JOUR A1 - Roth, Kristina A1 - Mauer, Sonja A1 - Obinger, Matthias A1 - Ruf, Katharina C. A1 - Graf, Christine A1 - Kriemler, Susi A1 - Lenz, Dorothea A1 - Lehmacher, Walter A1 - Hebestreit, Helge T1 - Prevention through Activity in Kindergarten Trial (PAKT): A cluster randomised controlled trial to assess the effects of an activity intervention in preschool children N2 - Background: Physical activity and motor skills acquisition are of high importance for health-related prevention and a normal development in childhood. However, few intervention studies exist in preschool children focussing on an increase in physical activity and motor skills. Proof of positive effects is available but not consistent. Methods/Design: The design, curriculum, and evaluation strategy of a cluster randomised intervention study in preschool children are described in this manuscript. In the Prevention through Activity in Kindergarten Trial (PAKT), 41 of 131 kindergartens of Wuerzburg and Kitzingen, Germany, were randomised into an intervention and a control group by a random number table stratified for the location of the kindergarten in an urban (more than 20.000 inhabitants) or rural area. The aims of the intervention were to increase physical activity and motor skills in the participating children, and to reduce health risk factors as well as media use. The intervention was designed to involve children, parents and teachers, and lasted one academic year. It contained daily 30-min sessions of physical education in kindergarten based on a holistic pedagogic approach termed the “early psychomotor education”. The sessions were instructed by kindergarten teachers under regular supervision by the research team. Parents were actively involved by physical activity homework cards. The kindergarten teachers were trained in workshops and during the supervision. Assessments were performed at baseline, 3-5 months into the intervention, at the end of the intervention and 2-4 months after the intervention. The primary outcomes of the study are increases in physical activity (accelerometry) and in motor skills performance (composite score of obstacle course, standing long jump, balancing on one foot, jumping sidewise to and fro) between baseline and the two assessments during the intervention. Secondary outcomes include decreases in body adiposity (BMI, skin folds), media use (questionnaire), blood pressure, number of accidents and infections (questionnaire), increases in specific motor skills (throwing, balancing, complex motor performance, jumping) and in flexibility. Discussion: If this trial proofs the effectiveness of the multilevel kindergarten based physical activity intervention on preschooler’s activity levels and motor skills, the programme will be distributed nationwide in Germany. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00623844 KW - Vorschulkind KW - Kindergarten KW - preschool children KW - activity Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-67972 ER - TY - THES A1 - Roth, Katharina T1 - Lizenzen an geschützten Stellungen ohne gesicherten Rechtscharakter T1 - Licences on protected positions without secured legal character N2 - Die Möglichkeit, künstlerische, technische und organisatorische Leistungsergebnisse und sonstige immaterielle Güter anderen zur Nutzung zu überlassen, ist für die Entwicklung unserer kulturellen, wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Lebensbedingungen von wesentlicher Bedeutung. Dies wird insbesondere bei den Lizenzvereinbarungen über Persönlichkeitsrechte und den sog. Know-how-Verträgen deutlich. Die rechtlichen Grundlagen solcher Lizenzen sind hingegen nur teilweise gesetzlich normiert bzw. dogmatisch geklärt. Lediglich in den immaterialgüterrechtlichen Sondergesetzen, wie etwa dem Patentgesetz oder dem Urheberrechtsgesetz, sind die Rechte an bestimmten geistigen und schöpferischen Leistungen ausdrücklich geregelt und ist die Möglichkeit ihrer Lizenzierung regelmäßig vorgesehen. Anders stellt sich die Lage bei denjenigen immateriellen Positionen dar, die nicht in den Anwendungsbereich der Sondergesetze fallen, jedoch einen Schutz aufgrund sonstiger gesetzlicher Vorschriften bzw. Rechtsinstitute, wie z.B. dem ergänzenden wettbewerbsrechtlichen Leistungsschutz, erfahren. Sowohl der Rechtscharakter als auch die Lizenzierbarkeit dieser geschützten Stellungen, die den Gegenstand der vorliegenden Untersuchung darstellen, sind in der Rechtsprechung und Literatur nach wie vor umstritten. Daher befaßt sich die Arbeit zunächst mit der Frage, ob an geschützten Stellungen – wie an den sondergesetzlich erfaßten Positionen – grundsätzlich subjektive absolute Rechte anerkannt werden können und ob die Voraussetzungen solcher Rechtspositionen aufgrund der einfachgesetzlichen Schutzmöglichkeiten erfüllt sind, oder ob letztere lediglich rein faktische Abwehrpositionen begründen. Dabei kommt dem ergänzenden wettbewerbsrechtlichen Leistungsschutz eine besondere Bedeutung zu, da er hinsichtlich seines Rechtsschutzcharakters Ähnlichkeiten zu den sondergesetzlichen Immaterialgüterrechten aufweist. Dieser spielt schließlich nicht nur für die Zulässigkeit, sondern auch für die rechtliche Form einer Lizenzierung eine entscheidende Rolle. Denn der Rechtscharakter der lizenzierten Rechtsposition ist nicht nur dafür ausschlaggebend, ob die Nutzungsüberlassung in Form einer Verfügung oder einer nur schuldrechtlichen Verpflichtung erfolgen kann, sondern auch für die Natur des zwischen dem Lizenzgeber und dem Lizenznehmer entstehenden Rechtsverhältnisses und der dem Lizenznehmer eingeräumten Rechtsposition. N2 - The possibility to cede the exploitation of artistic, technical or organisational achievements and other immaterial goods to other persons is of a significant importance for the development of our cultural, economic and social living conditions. This becomes in particular apparent with regard to the licensing agreements concerning personal rights and the so-called know-how-agreements. Whereas the legal basis of such licences are only partially legally stipulated or dogmatically clarified. Solely in the special laws concerning intellectual property rights like the patent law or the copyright law, the rights to certain intellectual and creative performances are expressly regulated and the possibility of their licensing regularly provided. The situation turns out to be different at those immaterial positions which do not fall in the scope of application of the above mentioned special laws but are covered by a legal protection on the basis of other legal prescriptions like the “supplementary protection of performances by competition law”. As well the legal nature as the possibility of licensing these protected positions, which form the object of the present analysis, are still disputed within the legal practice and literature. Therefore the assignment firstly deals with the question if subjective absolute rights basically can be acknowledged to these protected positions – like on the positions covered by the special laws – and if the conditions of such legal positions are fulfilled on the basis of simple legal protection or if the latter simply founds pure factual defence positions. At the same time the “supplementary protection of performances by competition law” is of a special importance as it shows similarities to the intellectual property rights based on the special laws with respect to its legal character. The same finally plays an important role not only for the legitimacy, but also for the legal form of licensing. The legal character of the licensed legal position is not only dicisive for the license of usage having the form of a provision of rights or only of a commitment in personam, but also for the nature of the legal relationship between the licenser and the licencee and of the legal position granted to the licencee. KW - Urheberrecht KW - Lizenz KW - Lizenz KW - Leistungsschutz KW - Wettbewerbsrecht KW - subjektives absolutes Recht KW - Zuweisungsgehalt KW - Licence KW - law of unfair competition KW - subjective absolute right Y1 - 2003 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-10488 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ruf, Katharina A1 - Beer, Meinrad A1 - Köstler, Herbert A1 - Weng, Andreas Max A1 - Neubauer, Henning A1 - Klein, Alexander A1 - Platek, Kathleen A1 - Roth, Kristina A1 - Beneke, Ralph A1 - Hebestreit, Helge T1 - Size-adjusted muscle power and muscle metabolism in patients with cystic fibrosis are equal to healthy controls – a case control study JF - BMC Pulmonary Medicine N2 - Background Skeletal muscle function dysfunction has been reported in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Studies so far showed inconclusive data whether reduced exercise capacity is related to intrinsic muscle dysfunction in CF. Methods Twenty patients with CF and 23 age-matched controls completed an incremental cardiopulmonary cycling test. Further, a Wingate anaerobic test to assess muscle power was performed. In addition, all participants completed an incremental knee-extension test with 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy to assess muscle metabolism (inorganic phosphate (Pi) and phosphocreatinine (PCr) as well as intracellular pH). In the MRI, muscle cross-sectional area of the M. quadriceps (qCSA) was also measured. A subgroup of 15 participants (5 CF, 10 control) additionally completed a continuous high-intensity, high-frequency knee-extension exercise task during 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy to assess muscle metabolism. Results Patients with CF showed a reduced exercise capacity in the incremental cardiopulmonary cycling test (VO2peak: CF 77.8 ± 16.2%predicted (36.5 ± 7.4 ml/qCSA/min), control 100.6 ± 18.8%predicted (49.1 ± 11.4 ml/qCSA/min); p < 0.001), and deficits in anaerobic capacity reflected by the Wingate test (peak power: CF 537 ± 180 W, control 727 ± 186 W; mean power: CF 378 ± 127 W, control 486 ± 126 W; power drop CF 12 ± 5 W, control 8 ± 4 W. all: p < 0.001). In the knee-extension task, patients with CF achieved a significantly lower workload (p < 0.05). However, in a linear model analysing maximal work load of the incremental knee-extension task and results of the Wingate test, respectively, only muscle size and height, but not disease status (CF or not) contributed to explaining variance. In line with this finding, no differences were found in muscle metabolism reflected by intracellular pH and the ratio of Pi/PCr at submaximal stages and peak exercise measured through MRI spectroscopy. Conclusions The lower absolute muscle power in patients with CF compared to controls is exclusively explained by the reduced muscle size in this study. No evidence was found for an intrinsic skeletal muscle dysfunction due to primary alterations of muscle metabolism. KW - Cystic fibrosis KW - Exercise capacity KW - MRI spectroscopy KW - Muscle power KW - Phosphorylation KW - Lung disease, KW - Muscle function Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-200981 VL - 19 ER -