TY  - JOUR
A1  - Shityakov, Sergey
A1  - Salvador, Ellaine
A1  - Pastorin, Giorgia
A1  - Förster, Carola
T1  - Blood-brain barrier transport studies, aggregation, and molecular dynamics simulation of multiwalled carbon nanotube functionalized with fluorescein isothiocyanate
JF  - International Journal of Nanomedicine
N2  - In this study, the ability of a multiwalled carbon nanotube functionalized with fluorescein isothiocyanate (MWCNT-FITC) was assessed as a prospective central nervous system-targeting drug delivery system to permeate the blood-brain barrier. The results indicated that the MWCNT-FITC conjugate is able to penetrate microvascular cerebral endothelial monolayers; its concentrations in the Transwell® system were fully equilibrated after 48 hours. Cell viability test, together with phase-contrast and fluorescence microscopies, did not detect any signs of MWCNT-FITC toxicity on the cerebral endothelial cells. These microscopic techniques also revealed presumably the intracellular localization of fluorescent MWCNT-FITCs apart from their massive nonfluorescent accumulation on the cellular surface due to nanotube lipophilic properties. In addition, the 1,000 ps molecular dynamics simulation in vacuo discovered the phenomenon of carbon nanotube aggregation driven by van der Waals forces via MWCN-TFITC rapid dissociation as an intermediate phase.
KW  - endothelial cells
KW  - cytotoxicity
KW  - blood-brain barrier
KW  - fluorescein isothiocyanate
KW  - aggregation
KW  - molecular dynamics
KW  - fluorescence microscopy
KW  - Transwell® system
KW  - multiwalled carbon nanotube
KW  - mice
Y1  - 2015
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-149233
VL  - 10
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Salvador, Ellaine
A1  - Shityakov, Sergey
A1  - Förster, Carola
T1  - Glucocorticoids and endothelial cell barrier function
JF  - Cell and Tissue Research
N2  - Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones that have inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects on a wide variety of cells. They are used as therapy for inflammatory disease and as a common agent against edema. The blood brain barrier (BBB), comprising microvascular endothelial cells, serves as a permeability screen between the blood and the brain. As such, it maintains homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS). In many CNS disorders, BBB integrity is compromised. GC treatment has been demonstrated to improve the tightness of the BBB. The responses and effects of GCs are mediated by the ubiquitous GC receptor (GR). Ligand-bound GR recognizes and binds to the GC response element located within the promoter region of target genes. Transactivation of certain target genes leads to improved barrier properties of endothelial cells. In this review, we deal with the role of GCs in endothelial cell barrier function. First, we describe the mechanisms of GC action at the molecular level. Next, we discuss the regulation of the BBB by GCs, with emphasis on genes targeted by GCs such as occludin, claudins and VE-cadherin. Finally, we present currently available GC therapeutic strategies and their limitations.
KW  - endothelial cells
KW  - glucocorticoids
KW  - glucocorticoid receptor
KW  - blood brain barrier
Y1  - 2013
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-132091
VL  - 355
IS  - 3
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Shityakov, Sergey
A1  - Puskás, István
A1  - Pápai, Katalin
A1  - Salvador, Ellaine
A1  - Roewer, Norbert
A1  - Förster, Carola
A1  - Broscheit, Jens-Albert
T1  - Sevoflurane-sulfobutylether-\(\beta\)-cyclodextrin complex: preparation, characterization, cellular toxicity, molecular modeling and blood-brain barrier transport studies
JF  - Molecules
N2  - The objective of the present investigation was to study the ability of sulfobutylether-\(\beta\)-cyclodextrin (SBECD) to form an inclusion complex with sevoflurane (SEV), a volatile anesthetic with poor water solubility. The inclusion complex was prepared, characterized and its cellular toxicity and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeation potential of the formulated SEV have also been examined for the purpose of controlled drug delivery. The SEV-SBE\(\beta\)CD complex was nontoxic to the primary brain microvascular endothelial (pEND) cells at a clinically relevant concentration of sevoflurane. The inclusion complex exhibited significantly higher BBB permeation profiles as compared with the reference substance (propranolol) concerning calculated apparent permeability values (P\(_{app}\)). In addition, SEV binding affinity to SBE\(\beta\)CD was confirmed by a minimal Gibbs free energy of binding (ΔG\(_{bind}\)) value of -1.727 ± 0.042 kcal・mol\(^{-1}\) and an average binding constant (K\(_{b}\)) of 53.66 ± 9.24 mM indicating rapid drug liberation from the cyclodextrin amphiphilic cavity.
KW  - pharmaceutical applications
KW  - in vitro
KW  - propranolol
KW  - water
KW  - primary microvascular endothelial cells
KW  - molecular liphophilicity potential
KW  - molecular docking
KW  - blood-brain barrier
KW  - ulfobutylether-\(\beta\)-cyclodextrin
KW  - sevoflurane
KW  - cyclodextrin formulations
KW  - safety
KW  - etomidate
KW  - formulations
KW  - hydrochloride
KW  - ether
KW  - intestinal absorption
Y1  - 2015
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-148543
VL  - 20
ER  -