TY - JOUR A1 - Vargas, Juan Gamboa A1 - Wagner, Jennifer A1 - Shaikh, Haroon A1 - Lang, Isabell A1 - Medler, Juliane A1 - Anany, Mohamed A1 - Steinfatt, Tim A1 - Mosca, Josefina Peña A1 - Haack, Stephanie A1 - Dahlhoff, Julia A1 - Büttner-Herold, Maike A1 - Graf, Carolin A1 - Viera, Estibaliz Arellano A1 - Einsele, Hermann A1 - Wajant, Harald A1 - Beilhack, Andreas T1 - A TNFR2-Specific TNF fusion protein with improved in vivo activity JF - Frontiers in Immunology N2 - Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-2 (TNFR2) has attracted considerable interest as a target for immunotherapy. Indeed, using oligomeric fusion proteins of single chain-encoded TNFR2-specific TNF mutants (scTNF80), expansion of regulatory T cells and therapeutic activity could be demonstrated in various autoinflammatory diseases, including graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). With the aim to improve the in vivo availability of TNFR2-specific TNF fusion proteins, we used here the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn)-interacting IgG1 molecule as an oligomerizing building block and generated a new TNFR2 agonist with improved serum retention and superior in vivo activity. Methods Single-chain encoded murine TNF80 trimers (sc(mu)TNF80) were fused to the C-terminus of an in mice irrelevant IgG1 molecule carrying the N297A mutation which avoids/minimizes interaction with Fcγ-receptors (FcγRs). The fusion protein obtained (irrIgG1(N297A)-sc(mu)TNF80), termed NewSTAR2 (New selective TNF-based agonist of TNF receptor 2), was analyzed with respect to activity, productivity, serum retention and in vitro and in vivo activity. STAR2 (TNC-sc(mu)TNF80 or selective TNF-based agonist of TNF receptor 2), a well-established highly active nonameric TNFR2-specific variant, served as benchmark. NewSTAR2 was assessed in various in vitro and in vivo systems. Results STAR2 (TNC-sc(mu)TNF80) and NewSTAR2 (irrIgG1(N297A)-sc(mu)TNF80) revealed comparable in vitro activity. The novel domain architecture of NewSTAR2 significantly improved serum retention compared to STAR2, which correlated with efficient binding to FcRn. A single injection of NewSTAR2 enhanced regulatory T cell (Treg) suppressive activity and increased Treg numbers by > 300% in vivo 5 days after treatment. Treg numbers remained as high as 200% for about 10 days. Furthermore, a single in vivo treatment with NewSTAR2 upregulated the adenosine-regulating ectoenzyme CD39 and other activation markers on Tregs. TNFR2-stimulated Tregs proved to be more suppressive than unstimulated Tregs, reducing conventional T cell (Tcon) proliferation and expression of activation markers in vitro. Finally, singular preemptive NewSTAR2 administration five days before allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) protected mice from acute GvHD. Conclusions NewSTAR2 represents a next generation ligand-based TNFR2 agonist, which is efficiently produced, exhibits improved pharmacokinetic properties and high serum retention with superior in vivo activity exerting powerful protective effects against acute GvHD. KW - agonist KW - GvHD KW - regulatory T cells KW - serum retention KW - TNF KW - TNFR2 Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-277436 SN - 1664-3224 VL - 13 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chopra, Martin A1 - Biehl, Marlene A1 - Steinfatt, Tim A1 - Brandl, Andreas A1 - Kums, Juliane A1 - Amich, Jorge A1 - Vaeth, Martin A1 - Kuen, Janina A1 - Holtappels, Rafaela A1 - Podlech, Jürgen A1 - Mottok, Anja A1 - Kraus, Sabrina A1 - Jordán-Garotte, Ana-Laura A1 - Bäuerlein, Carina A. A1 - Brede, Christian A1 - Ribechini, Eliana A1 - Fick, Andrea A1 - Seher, Axel A1 - Polz, Johannes A1 - Ottmueller, Katja J. A1 - Baker, Jeannette A1 - Nishikii, Hidekazu A1 - Ritz, Miriam A1 - Mattenheimer, Katharina A1 - Schwinn, Stefanie A1 - Winter, Thorsten A1 - Schäfer, Viktoria A1 - Krappmann, Sven A1 - Einsele, Hermann A1 - Müller, Thomas D. A1 - Reddehase, Matthias J. A1 - Lutz, Manfred B. A1 - Männel, Daniela N. A1 - Berberich-Siebelt, Friederike A1 - Wajant, Harald A1 - Beilhack, Andreas T1 - Exogenous TNFR2 activation protects from acute GvHD via host T reg cell expansion JF - Journal of Experimental Medicine N2 - Donor CD4\(^+\)Foxp3\(^+\) regulatory T cells (T reg cells) suppress graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT allo-HCT]). Current clinical study protocols rely on the ex vivo expansion of donor T reg cells and their infusion in high numbers. In this study, we present a novel strategy for inhibiting GvHD that is based on the in vivo expansion of recipient T reg cells before allo-HCT, exploiting the crucial role of tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) in T reg cell biology. Expanding radiation-resistant host T reg cells in recipient mice using a mouse TNFR2-selective agonist before allo-HCT significantly prolonged survival and reduced GvHD severity in a TNFR2-and T reg cell-dependent manner. The beneficial effects of transplanted T cells against leukemia cells and infectious pathogens remained unaffected. A corresponding human TNFR2-specific agonist expanded human T reg cells in vitro. These observations indicate the potential of our strategy to protect allo-HCT patients from acute GvHD by expanding T reg cells via selective TNFR2 activation in vivo. KW - Tumor-necrosis-factor KW - Regulatory-cells KW - Bone marrow transplantantation KW - Graft-versus-leukemia KW - Rheumatoid arthritis KW - Autoimmune diseases KW - Factor receptor KW - Alpha therapy KW - Expression KW - Suppression Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-187640 VL - 213 IS - 9 ER - TY - THES A1 - Steinfatt, Tim Alexander T1 - Modulation of regulatory T cells for the immunotherapy of inflammatory diseases and cancer T1 - Modulation regulatorischer T-Zellen zur Immuntherapie von inflammatorischen Krankheiten und Krebs N2 - Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are the masters of immune regulation controlling inflammation and tolerance, tissue repair and homeostasis. Multiple immunological diseases result from altered Treg frequencies and Treg dysfunction. We hypothesized that augmenting Treg function and numbers would prevent inflammatory disease whereas inhibiting or depleting Tregs would improve cancer immunotherapy. In the first part of this thesis, we explored whether in vivo activation and expansion of Tregs would impair acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD). In this inflammatory disease, Tregs are highly pathophysiological relevant and their adoptive transfer proved beneficial on disease outcome in preclinical models and clinical studies. IL-2 has been recognized as a key cytokine for Treg function. Yet, attempts in translating Treg expansion via IL-2 have remained challenging, due to IL-2s extremely broad action on other cell types including effector T cells, NK cells, eosinophils and vascular leakage syndrome, and importantly, due to poor pharmacokinetics in vivo. We addressed the latter issue using an IL-2-IgG-fusion protein (irrIgG-IL-2) with improved serum retention and demonstrated profound Treg expansion in vivo in FoxP3-luciferase reporter mice. Further, we augmented Treg numbers and function via the selective-TNF based agonists of TNFR2 (STAR2). Subsequently, we tested a next-generation TNFR2 agonist, termed NewSTAR, which proved even more effective. TNFR2 stimulation augmented Treg numbers and function and was as good as or even superior to the IL-2 strategy. Finally, in a mouse model of aGvHD we proved the clinical relevance of Treg expansion and activation with irrIgG-IL-2, STAR2 and NewSTAR. Notably, the TNFR2 stimulating constructs were outstanding as we observed not the IL-2 prototypic effects on other cell populations and no severe side effects. In the second part of this thesis, we explored Tregs in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and developed targeting strategies. Among several tumor entities in which Tregs impact survival, preclinical and clinical data demonstrated their negative role on PDAC. In our studies we employed the orthotopic syngeneic Panc02 model in immunocompetent mice. Based on flow cytometric analysis of the tumor microenvironment we propose TIGIT and TNFRSF members as novel therapeutic targets. Surprisingly, we found that blocking TNFR2 did not interfere with intratumoral Treg accumulation. However, we decreased the highly abundant intratumoral Tregs when we disrupted the tumor extracellular matrix. In PDAC, Treg manipulation alone did not lead to tumor regression and we propose that an additional immune boost may be necessary for efficient tumor immune surveillance and cancer clearance. This contrasts with aGvHD, in which Treg manipulation alone was sufficient to improve disease outcome. Conclusively, we demonstrated the enormous medical benefit of Treg manipulation. Our promising data obtained with our newly developed powerful tools highlight the potential to translate our findings into clinical practice to therapeutically target human Tregs in patients. With novel TNFR2 agonists (STAR2, NewSTAR) we augmented Treg numbers and function as (or even more) effectively than with IL-2, without causing adverse side effects. Importantly, exogenous in vivo Treg expansion protected mice from aGvHD. For the therapy of PDAC, we identified novel targets on Tregs, notably TIGIT and members of the TNFRSF. We demonstrated that altering the extracellular tumor matrix can efficiently disrupt the Treg abundance in tumors. These novel targeting strategies appear as attractive new treatment options and they may benefit patients suffering from inflammatory disease and cancer in the future. N2 - Regulatorische T-Zellen (Tregs) gelten als die Meister der Immunregulation und entscheiden über Entzündungen und Immuntoleranz, Geweberegeneration und -homöostase. Eine Vielzahl von immunologischen Erkrankungen resultiert aus Veränderung der Treg-Anzahl oder ihrer Funktion. Wir stellten die Hypothese auf, dass Steigerung der Treg-Frequenz und Funktion entzündliche Erkrankungen verhindert und dass eine Treg-Depletion die Immuntherapie gegen Krebs unterstützt. Im ersten Teil dieser Studie untersuchten wir, ob eine exogene Aktivierung und Expansion von Tregs in vivo eine akute Graft-versus-Host-Reaktion (aGvHD) therapeutisch verhindern oder abschwächen kann. Für dieses Krankheitsbild sind Tregs pathologisch hochrelevant und präklinische Modelle sowie klinische Studien zeigen, dass ein adoptiver Treg-Transfer sich positiv auf das Auftreten bzw. den Verlauf des Immunsyndroms auswirkt. IL-2 ist ein Schlüsselzytokin für die Funktion der Tregs. Dennoch bleibt die klinische Entwicklung eine große Herausforderung, da IL-2 eine breite Wirkung auf weitere Zelltypen wie Effektor T Zellen, NK-Zellen, eosinophile Granulozyten und Endothelzellen hat. Dadurch können schwerwiegende Nebenwirkungen auftreten, wie zum Beispiel das gefürchtete Vascular-Leak-Syndrom oder eine Eosinophilie. Ein weiteres großes Hindernis für den klinischen Einsatz von IL-2 stellt auch die schlechte in vivo Pharmakokinetik von IL-2 dar. Diese adressierten wir durch die Fusion von IL-2 mit einem IgG (irrIgG-IL-2), wodurch die Serumretention deutlich verbessert werden konnte. Durch die Applikation von irrIgG-IL-2 konnten wir Tregs in vivo in FoxP3-Reportermäusen expandieren. IrrIgG-IL2 verbesserte auch die Funktionen und Anzahl der Tregs, ähnlich wie der selektive, TNF-basierte Agonist des TNFR2 (STAR2). Die nächste Generation von STAR2 (NewSTAR) hatte sogar noch einen größeren Effekt auf Tregs in vivo und war STAR2 überlegen. Exogene TNFR2-Stimulation zeigte vergleichbare (oder sogar bessere) Effekte auf die Tregs in vivo wie IL-2-Stimulation ohne, dass unerwünschte Nebenwirkungen zu beobachten waren. Die medizinische Relevanz dieser Treg-Agonisten zeigte sich in der in vivo Treg-Aktivierung und -Expansion mittels irrIgG-IL-2, STAR2 und NewSTAR in einem präklinischen aGvHD Modell. Herausragend war die exogene TNFR2 Stimulation, da die für IL-2 typischen Effekte auf andere Immunzellen nicht zu beobachten waren. Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit untersuchten wir Tregs im duktalen Adenokarzinom des Pankreas (PDAC) zur Entwicklung neuner therapeutischer Targeting-Strategien. Unter den vielen Tumorentitäten in welchen Tregs das Überleben beeinflussen, zeigen besonders die präklinischen und klinischen Daten im PDAC ihre negative Rolle. Für unsere Studien verwendeten wir das orthotope, syngene Panc02 Modell in immunkompetenten Mäusen. Mit Hilfe der Durchflusszytometrie analysierten wir das Tumormikromilieu und präsentieren TIGIT und Mitglieder der TNFRSF als neue therapeutische Targets. Eine Blockade des TNFR2 reduzierte nicht die intratumorale Akkumulation von Tregs. Jedoch gelang es durch Manipulation der extrazellulären Tumormatrix deutlich die Anzahl an Tregs im Tumor zu reduzieren. Allerdings reichte im PDAC die Treg-Manipulation allein nicht zur Tumorregression aus und wir postulieren, dass eine weitere Verstärkung der Immunantwort nötig ist, um eine Tumorregression bzw. -kontrolle zu erreichen. Zusammenfassend zeigten wir das hohe therapeutische Potenzial der Manipulation von Tregs in vivo und stellen wirkungsvolle Strategien zu ihrer Umsetzung vor. Mit neuartigen TNFR2 Agonisten (STAR2, NewSTAR) konnten wir die Funktion und Anzahl der Tregs verstärken. Der Effekt war genauso gut (oder sogar besser) wie nach IL-2 Stimulation, jedoch ohne unerwünschte Nebenwirkungen. Bemerkenswert war der therapeutische Nutzen zur Verhinderung der aGvHD nach allogener Stammzelltransplantation. Als neue therapeutische Targets im PDAC identifizierten wir TIGIT und Mitglieder der TNFRSF. Durch Veränderung der extrazellulären Tumormatrix gelang es uns die Anzahl der tumorinfiltrierenden Tregs zu reduzieren. Diese neuen Behandlungsstrategien erscheinen als höchst attraktive Therapieoptionen, welche Patienten mit Entzündungserkrankungen bzw. mit einer Krebsdiagnose in Zukunft nutzen könnten. KW - Immunotherapy KW - ModulationTregs Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-192600 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dahlhoff, Julia A1 - Manz, Hannah A1 - Steinfatt, Tim A1 - Delgado-Tascon, Julia A1 - Seebacher, Elena A1 - Schneider, Theresa A1 - Wilnit, Amy A1 - Mokhtari, Zeinab A1 - Tabares, Paula A1 - Böckle, David A1 - Rasche, Leo A1 - Martin Kortüm, K. A1 - Lutz, Manfred B. A1 - Einsele, Hermann A1 - Brandl, Andreas A1 - Beilhack, Andreas T1 - Transient regulatory T-cell targeting triggers immune control of multiple myeloma and prevents disease progression JF - Leukemia N2 - Multiple myeloma remains a largely incurable disease of clonally expanding malignant plasma cells. The bone marrow microenvironment harbors treatment-resistant myeloma cells, which eventually lead to disease relapse in patients. In the bone marrow, CD4\(^{+}\)FoxP3\(^{+}\) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are highly abundant amongst CD4\(^{+}\) T cells providing an immune protective niche for different long-living cell populations, e.g., hematopoietic stem cells. Here, we addressed the functional role of Tregs in multiple myeloma dissemination to bone marrow compartments and disease progression. To investigate the immune regulation of multiple myeloma, we utilized syngeneic immunocompetent murine multiple myeloma models in two different genetic backgrounds. Analyzing the spatial immune architecture of multiple myeloma revealed that the bone marrow Tregs accumulated in the vicinity of malignant plasma cells and displayed an activated phenotype. In vivo Treg depletion prevented multiple myeloma dissemination in both models. Importantly, short-term in vivo depletion of Tregs in mice with established multiple myeloma evoked a potent CD8 T cell- and NK cell-mediated immune response resulting in complete and stable remission. Conclusively, this preclinical in-vivo study suggests that Tregs are an attractive target for the treatment of multiple myeloma. KW - Multiple myeloma KW - transient regulatory T-cell targeting KW - immune control Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-271787 SN - 1476-5551 VL - 36 IS - 3 ER -