TY - JOUR A1 - Bandyra, Katarzyna J. A1 - Said, Nelly A1 - Pfeiffer, Verena A1 - Górna, Maria W. A1 - Vogel, Jörg A1 - Luisi, Ben F. T1 - The Seed Region of a Small RNA Drives the Controlled Destruction of the Target mRNA by the Endoribonuclease RNase E JF - Molecular Cell N2 - Numerous small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) in bacteria modulate rates of translation initiation and degradation of target mRNAs, which they recognize through base-pairing facilitated by the RNA chaperone Hfq. Recent evidence indicates that the ternary complex of Hfq, sRNA and mRNA guides endoribonuclease RNase E to initiate turnover of both the RNAs. We show that a sRNA not only guides RNase E to a defined site in a target RNA, but also allosterically activates the enzyme by presenting a monophosphate group at the 5′-end of the cognate-pairing “seed.” Moreover, in the absence of the target the 5′-monophosphate makes the sRNA seed region vulnerable to an attack by RNase E against which Hfq confers no protection. These results suggest that the chemical signature and pairing status of the sRNA seed region may help to both ‘proofread’ recognition and activate mRNA cleavage, as part of a dynamic process involving cooperation of RNA, Hfq and RNase E. KW - medicine Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-126202 VL - 47 IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pfeiffer, Verena A1 - Götz, Rudolf A1 - Xiang, Chaomei A1 - Camarero, Guadelupe A1 - Braun, Attila A1 - Zhang, Yina A1 - Blum, Robert A1 - Heinsen, Helmut A1 - Nieswandt, Bernhard A1 - Rapp, Ulf R. T1 - Ablation of BRaf Impairs Neuronal Differentiation in the Postnatal Hippocampus and Cerebellum JF - PLoS ONE N2 - This study focuses on the role of the kinase BRaf in postnatal brain development. Mice expressing truncated, non-functional BRaf in neural stem cell-derived brain tissue demonstrate alterations in the cerebellum, with decreased sizes and fuzzy borders of the glomeruli in the granule cell layer. In addition we observed reduced numbers and misplaced ectopic Purkinje cells that showed an altered structure of their dendritic arborizations in the hippocampus, while the overall cornus ammonis architecture appeared to be unchanged. In male mice lacking BRaf in the hippocampus the size of the granule cell layer was normal at postnatal day 12 (P12) but diminished at P21, as compared to control littermates. This defect was caused by a reduced ability of dentate gyrus progenitor cells to differentiate into NeuN positive granule cell neurons. In vitro cell culture of P0/P1 hippocampal cells revealed that BRaf deficient cells were impaired in their ability to form microtubule-associated protein 2 positive neurons. Together with the alterations in behaviour, such as autoaggression and loss of balance fitness, these observations indicate that in the absence of BRaf all neuronal cellular structures develop, but neuronal circuits in the cerebellum and hippocampus are partially disturbed besides impaired neuronal generation in both structures. KW - granule cells KW - hippocampus KW - neurons KW - neuronal dendrites KW - embryos KW - dentate gyrus KW - neuronal differentiation KW - cerebellum Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-130304 VL - 8 IS - 3 ER - TY - THES A1 - Pfeiffer, Marion Verena T1 - Die Rolle von CRAF bei der adulten hippocampalen Neurogenese T1 - The role of CRAF in adult hippocampal neurogenesis N2 - Der gyrus dentatus im Hippocampus ist die primäre Zielregion kortikaler Afferenzen des Enthorinalen Cortex. Im Laufe seiner Entwicklung erlangt der gyrus dentatus durch die Etablierung einer neurogenen Nische (tertiäre Matrix) die Fähigkeit fortwährender postnataler Neurogenese. Diese wird durch eine Vielzahl von Mediatoren wie Transkriptionsfaktoren gesteuert, die die Proliferation und Zelldifferenzierung, aber auch das Überleben der hippocampalen neuralen Vorläuferzellen (NPCs, neural progenitor cells) kontrollieren. In Säugetieren steuern die homologen RAF Kinasen ARAF, BRAF und CRAF die mitogene Kaskade, die bei der adulten Neurogenese von elementarer Bedeutung ist. In dieser Studie wurde untersucht ob die Nullmutation von CRAF eine Auswirkung auf die postnatale und adulte hippocampale Neurogenese hat. Unsere Analysen von BRAF- und CRAF-defizienten Mäusen zeigen in der frühen Embryonalentwicklung gemeinsame Funktionen beider Kinasen, weshalb das Fehlen einer Kinase bis zu bestimmten embryonalen Entwicklungszeitpunkten durch die jeweils andere Kinase kompensiert werden kann. Letalitätsstudien zeigen jedoch, dass BRAF und CRAF bei späteren Entwicklungsstadien jeweils unabhängig für das Überleben von Tieren relevant sind. CRAF Nullmutanten werden nicht nach der erwarteten Mendelschen Frequenz geboren und nahezu 70% der Tiere sterben bereits kurz nach der Geburt. Die maximale beobachtete Lebenserwartung adulter CRAFko Tiere lag bei postnatal Tag 55. CRAFko Mäuse haben eine reduzierte Körpergröße, veränderte Hautfarbe und einen eye-open-at-birth-Phänotyp. Verhaltensexperimente in unserer Arbeitsgruppe zeigten an heterozygoten CRAF Mäusen einen Einfluss von CRAF auf das Angst - und Lernverhalten, was einen Einfluss von CRAF auf die Neurogenese-vermittelte hippocampale Funktion andeutete. Tatsächlich konnte hier die Expression von CRAF im postnatalen Gehirn von Mäusen immunhistologisch wie auch proteinbiochemisch nachgewiesen werden. Im Hippocampus zeigte sich, dass ein Funktionsverlust von CRAF zu einer erhöhten Anzahl mitotisch aktiver NPCs führt, die massive Zellzyklusveränderungen aufweisen. Zudem wurde eine fehlerhafte Reorganisation der tertiären Matrix beobachtet. NPCs CRAF-defizienter Tiere befinden sich vermehrt im Hilus und bleiben in der Entwicklung zu reifen Körnerzellen im D Zell-Vorläuferstadium stecken. Weitere Analysen zeigen, dass diese fehlplatzierten NPCs teilweise über apoptotische Signalwege eliminiert werden. Als Resultat dieser Entwicklungsstörung ist der gyrus dentatus CRAF-defizienter Tiere verkleinert und es kann eine verlangsamte neuronale Differenzierung NPC-abgeleiteter Neurone beobachtet werden. Diese Befunde zeigen erstmals einen CRAF-spezifischen Einfluss auf die Regulation elementarer, zellulärer Eigenschaften neuronaler Vorläuferzellen des Hippocampus. N2 - The hippocampal dentate gyrus is the primary target region of cortical afferents originating in the entorhinal cortex. During its evolutionary development, the dentate gyrus has achieved the ability of continuous postnatal neurogenesis by establishing a neurogenic niche (tertiary matrix). This process is regulated by multiple mediators such as transcription factors that control proliferation, cell differentiation and survival of hippocampal neural precursor cells (NPCs). Mammals express three homologous RAF kinases ARAF, BRAF and CRAF which regulate the mitogenic cascade, an essential element of adult neurogenesis. In this study we analysed if the nullmutation of CRAF interferes with postnatal and adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Our analysis of BRAF and CRAF-deficient mice reveals common functions of both kinases during early embryogenesis. In this developmental phase, lack of one kinase may be compensated by the other kinase. This phenomenon ends at later embryonic developmental stages. Lethality studies show independent roles of BRAF and CRAF in survival during later developmental stages. CRAF null-mutants are not born in mendelian frequency and almost 70% of all CRAF mutants die within a short time window after birth. The oldest analysed CRAFko mice survived until postnatal day P55. CRAFko mice show a decreased body size, altered skin colour and possess an eye-open-at-birth-phenotype. Previous behavioural experiments by our group revealed the influence of CRAF in anxiety-like behaviour and specific learning paradigms, indicating an effect of CRAF on neurogenesis-dependent hippocampal functions. Indeed, this study confirmed the expression of CRAF with immunohistological and biochemical methods in postnatal mouse brain tissue. In the hippocampus, the loss-of-function mutation of CRAF leads to increased numbers of mitotically activated NPCs which exhibit drastic cell-cycle abnormalities. In addition, CRAF-deficient mice carry malformations in the organisation of their tertiary matrix. NPCs of CRAF-deficient mice are mainly located in the hilus where their maturation towards the neuronal lineage persists in the D-cell stage. A detailed analysis shows that these misplaced NPCs are - at least partially - eliminated by apoptosis. Due to this developmental defect the dentate gyrus of CRAF-deficient mice is smaller and the neuronal differentiation of NPC-derived neurons is delayed. These results show for the first time a CRAF-specific effect on the regulation of basic cellular functions of neuronal precursors in the hippocampus. KW - Hippocampus KW - Neurogenese KW - adulte Neurogenese KW - RAF Kinasen Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-98220 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kleefeldt, Florian A1 - Bömmel, Heike A1 - Broede, Britta A1 - Thomsen, Michael A1 - Pfeiffer, Verena A1 - Wörsdörfer, Philipp A1 - Karnati, Srikanth A1 - Wagner, Nicole A1 - Rueckschloss, Uwe A1 - Ergün, Süleyman T1 - Aging‐related carcinoembryonic antigen‐related cell adhesion molecule 1 signaling promotes vascular dysfunction JF - Aging Cell N2 - Aging is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and therefore of particular interest for the prevention of cardiovascular events. However, the mechanisms underlying vascular aging are not well understood. Since carcinoembryonic antigen‐related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) is crucially involved in vascular homeostasis, we sought to identify the role of CEACAM1 in vascular aging. Using human internal thoracic artery and murine aorta, we show that CEACAM1 is upregulated in the course of vascular aging. Further analyses demonstrated that TNF‐α is CEACAM1‐dependently upregulated in the aging vasculature. Vice versa, TNF‐α induces CEACAM1 expression. This results in a feed‐forward loop in the aging vasculature that maintains a chronic pro‐inflammatory milieu. Furthermore, we demonstrate that age‐associated vascular alterations, that is, increased oxidative stress and vascular fibrosis, due to increased medial collagen deposition crucially depend on the presence of CEACAM1. Additionally, age‐dependent upregulation of vascular CEACAM1 expression contributes to endothelial barrier impairment, putatively via increased VEGF/VEGFR‐2 signaling. Consequently, aging‐related upregulation of vascular CEACAM1 expression results in endothelial dysfunction that may promote atherosclerotic plaque formation in the presence of additional risk factors. Our data suggest that CEACAM1 might represent an attractive target in order to delay physiological aging and therefore the transition to vascular disorders such as atherosclerosis. KW - aging KW - anti‐aging KW - cytokines KW - inflammation KW - mouse KW - reactive oxygen species Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-201231 VL - 2019 IS - 18 ER -