TY  - JOUR
A1  - Davis, Lea K.
A1  - Yu, Dongmei
A1  - Keenan, Clare L.
A1  - Gamazon, Eric R.
A1  - Konkashbaev, Anuar I.
A1  - Derks, Eske M.
A1  - Neale, Benjamin M.
A1  - Yang, Jian
A1  - Lee, S. Hong
A1  - Evans, Patrick
A1  - Barr, Cathy L.
A1  - Bellodi, Laura
A1  - Benarroch, Fortu
A1  - Berrio, Gabriel Bedoya
A1  - Bienvenu, Oscar J.
A1  - Bloch, Michael H.
A1  - Blom, Rianne M.
A1  - Bruun, Ruth D.
A1  - Budman, Cathy L.
A1  - Camarena, Beatriz
A1  - Campbell, Desmond
A1  - Cappi, Carolina
A1  - Cardona Silgado, Julio C.
A1  - Cath, Danielle C.
A1  - Cavallini, Maria C.
A1  - Chavira, Denise A.
A1  - Chouinard, Sylvian
A1  - Conti, David V.
A1  - Cook, Edwin H.
A1  - Coric, Vladimir
A1  - Cullen, Bernadette A.
A1  - Deforce, Dieter
A1  - Delorme, Richard
A1  - Dion, Yves
A1  - Edlund, Christopher K.
A1  - Egberts, Karin
A1  - Falkai, Peter
A1  - Fernandez, Thomas V.
A1  - Gallagher, Patience J.
A1  - Garrido, Helena
A1  - Geller, Daniel
A1  - Girard, Simon L.
A1  - Grabe, Hans J.
A1  - Grados, Marco A.
A1  - Greenberg, Benjamin D.
A1  - Gross-Tsur, Varda
A1  - Haddad, Stephen
A1  - Heiman, Gary A.
A1  - Hemmings, Sian M. J.
A1  - Hounie, Ana G.
A1  - Illmann, Cornelia
A1  - Jankovic, Joseph
A1  - Jenike, Micheal A.
A1  - Kennedy, James L.
A1  - King, Robert A.
A1  - Kremeyer, Barbara
A1  - Kurlan, Roger
A1  - Lanzagorta, Nuria
A1  - Leboyer, Marion
A1  - Leckman, James F.
A1  - Lennertz, Leonhard
A1  - Liu, Chunyu
A1  - Lochner, Christine
A1  - Lowe, Thomas L.
A1  - Macciardi, Fabio
A1  - McCracken, James T.
A1  - McGrath, Lauren M.
A1  - Restrepo, Sandra C. Mesa
A1  - Moessner, Rainald
A1  - Morgan, Jubel
A1  - Muller, Heike
A1  - Murphy, Dennis L.
A1  - Naarden, Allan L.
A1  - Ochoa, William Cornejo
A1  - Ophoff, Roel A.
A1  - Osiecki, Lisa
A1  - Pakstis, Andrew J.
A1  - Pato, Michele T.
A1  - Pato, Carlos N.
A1  - Piacentini, John
A1  - Pittenger, Christopher
A1  - Pollak, Yehunda
A1  - Rauch, Scott L.
A1  - Renner, Tobias J.
A1  - Reus, Victor I.
A1  - Richter, Margaret A.
A1  - Riddle, Mark A.
A1  - Robertson, Mary M.
A1  - Romero, Roxana
A1  - Rosàrio, Maria C.
A1  - Rosenberg, David
A1  - Rouleau, Guy A.
A1  - Ruhrmann, Stephan
A1  - Ruiz-Linares, Andreas
A1  - Sampaio, Aline S.
A1  - Samuels, Jack
A1  - Sandor, Paul
A1  - Sheppard, Broke
A1  - Singer, Harvey S.
A1  - Smit, Jan H.
A1  - Stein, Dan J.
A1  - Strengman, E.
A1  - Tischfield, Jay A.
A1  - Valencia Duarte, Ana V.
A1  - Vallada, Homero
A1  - Van Nieuwerburgh, Flip
A1  - Veenstra-VanderWeele, Jeremy
A1  - Walitza, Susanne
A1  - Wang, Ying
A1  - Wendland, Jens R.
A1  - Westenberg, Herman G. M.
A1  - Shugart, Yin Yao
A1  - Miguel, Euripedes C.
A1  - McMahon, William
A1  - Wagner, Michael
A1  - Nicolini, Humberto
A1  - Posthuma, Danielle
A1  - Hanna, Gregory L.
A1  - Heutink, Peter
A1  - Denys, Damiaan
A1  - Arnold, Paul D.
A1  - Oostra, Ben A.
A1  - Nestadt, Gerald
A1  - Freimer, Nelson B.
A1  - Pauls, David L.
A1  - Wray, Naomi R.
A1  - Stewart, S. Evelyn
A1  - Mathews, Carol A.
A1  - Knowles, James A.
A1  - Cox, Nancy J.
A1  - Scharf, Jeremiah M.
T1  - Partitioning the Heritability of Tourette Syndrome and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Reveals Differences in Genetic Architecture
JF  - PLoS Genetics
N2  - The direct estimation of heritability from genome-wide common variant data as implemented in the program Genome-wide Complex Trait Analysis (GCTA) has provided a means to quantify heritability attributable to all interrogated variants. We have quantified the variance in liability to disease explained by all SNPs for two phenotypically-related neurobehavioral disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette Syndrome (TS), using GCTA. Our analysis yielded a heritability point estimate of 0.58 (se = 0.09, p = 5.64e-12) for TS, and 0.37 (se = 0.07, p = 1.5e-07) for OCD. In addition, we conducted multiple genomic partitioning analyses to identify genomic elements that concentrate this heritability. We examined genomic architectures of TS and OCD by chromosome, MAF bin, and functional annotations. In addition, we assessed heritability for early onset and adult onset OCD. Among other notable results, we found that SNPs with a minor allele frequency of less than 5% accounted for 21% of the TS heritability and 0% of the OCD heritability. Additionally, we identified a significant contribution to TS and OCD heritability by variants significantly associated with gene expression in two regions of the brain (parietal cortex and cerebellum) for which we had available expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs). Finally we analyzed the genetic correlation between TS and OCD, revealing a genetic correlation of 0.41 (se = 0.15, p = 0.002). These results are very close to previous heritability estimates for TS and OCD based on twin and family studies, suggesting that very little, if any, heritability is truly missing (i.e., unassayed) from TS and OCD GWAS studies of common variation. The results also indicate that there is some genetic overlap between these two phenotypically-related neuropsychiatric disorders, but suggest that the two disorders have distinct genetic architectures.
KW  - TIC disorders
KW  - missing heritability
KW  - complex diseases
KW  - neuropsychiatric disorders
KW  - common SNPS
KW  - gilles
KW  - family
KW  - brain
KW  - expression
KW  - autism
Y1  - 2013
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-127377
SN  - 1553-7390
VL  - 9
IS  - 10
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Wendland, Jens Robert
T1  - Über den Zusammenhang von Galaninexpression und Capsaicinempfindlichkeit in Spinalganglionneuronen von Ratten mit experimentellen Nervenverletzungen
T1  - On Capsaicin Sensitivity and Galanin Expression in Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons of Rats with Experimental Nerve Lesions
N2  - Die Plastizität von Nozizeptoren kann eine der Ursachen für neuropathische Schmerzen sein. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Veränderungen der Capsaicinempfindlichkeit und der Galaninexpression in einzelnen Spinalganglionneuronen unter verschiedenen Bedingungen untersucht. Diese Eigenschaften wurden gewählt, weil beide nach experimentellen Nervenverletzungen starken Veränderungen unterliegen und weil beide über „nerve growth factor“ reguliert werden. Neurone von Ratten mit experimenteller Axotomie oder „chronic constriction injury“ des N. ischiadicus wurden mit entsprechenden Neuronen von unverletzten Ratten unter Kulturbedingungen verglichen. Der gleichzeitige Nachweis beider Eigenschaften erfolgte in isolierten Neuronen durch eine Doppelfärbung, bei der die Capsaicinempfindlichkeit mittels Kobaltaufnahme und die Galaninexpression immunzytochemisch nachgewiesen wurden. Mit zunehmender Dauer einer Axotomie und mit zunehmender Dauer in Kultur sank der Anteil capsaicinempfindlicher Neurone. Gleichzeitig kam es zu einer starken Hochregulation von Galanin. Diese Effekte waren in vitro durch die Zugabe von „nerve growth factor“ oder „glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor“ reversibel. Mit zunehmender Dauer einer „chronic constriction injury“ hingegen veränderten sich diese Populationen nicht. Die Analyse doppeltgefärbter Neurone ergab, daß nach einer Axotomie kein einziges Neuron gleichzeitig capsaicinempfindlich und galaninerg war. Unter bestimmten Kulturbedingungen sah man jedoch vereinzelt eine Doppelfärbung. Die nach einer Axotomie de novo galaninergen Neurone hatten ein Größenverteilungsprofil, das demjenigen von unverletzten capsaicinempfindlichen Neuronen stark ähnelte. Aus der Literatur ist bekannt, daß die Hochregulation von Galanin das Vorhandensein capsaicinempfindlicher Neurone voraussetzt. In dieser Arbeit wird daher die Hypothese aufgestellt, daß die nach einer Axotomie galaninergen Neurone zuvor capsaicinempfindlich gewesen sein müssen. Dies impliziert, daß im einzelnen Neuron die Hochregulation von Galanin erst nach einer Herabregulation der Capsaicinempfindlichkeit geschieht. Ob diese Sequenz eine funktionelle Bedeutung hat, bedarf weiterer Untersuchungen. Es liegt nahe, daß Galanin als Markerpeptid gelten kann, mit dem in künftigen Untersuchungen neuropathischer Zustände der Nozizeption diejenigen Neurone identifiziert werden können, die zuvor im unverletzten Zustand capsaicinempfindliche Nozizeptoren waren.
N2  - Plasticity of nociceptors seems likely to be involved in neuropathic pain conditions. In the presented study, alterations in capsaicin sensitivity and galanin expression were analyzed in dissociated dorsal root ganglion neurons under specific conditions. Capsacin sensitivity and galanin expression were chosen because both undergo dramatic changes after experimental nerve lesions and due to the overlapping regulation by nerve growth factor. Neurons of rats with experimental axotomy or chronic constriction injury were compared to neurons of uninjured rats in long-term cell culture. Double-staining was performed by the combination of capsacin-induced cobalt uptake and immunocytochemistry against galanin. With increasing time of axotomy and with increasing time in culture, the proportion of capsaicin-sensitive neurons decreased. At the same time, galanin was strongly upregulated. These effects could be counteracted in vitro by adding nerve growth factor or glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor to the culture medium. With increasing time of chronic constriction injury, the proportions did not change. Analysis of double-stained neurons revealed that following axotomy, not a single neuron was both sensitive to capsaicin and galanin-expressing. However, under certain culture conditions, a few neurons showed colocalization. The population of de novo galaninergic neurons after axotomy had a soma size distribution profile which was similar to the profile of capsaicin-sensitive neurons from control rats. Data from other groups have shown previously that the upregulation of galanin requires the presence of capsaicin-sensitive neurons. It is thus hypothesized in the presented study that galaninergic neurons after axotomy must have been sensitive to capsaicin before. This implies that in a single neuron the upregulation of galanin after axotomy is preceded by a downregulation of its capsaicin sensitivity. Further studies are needed to elucidate a possible functional significance. It is concluded that galanin could serve as a marker peptide useful to identify formerly capsaicin-sensitive neurons in experimental neuropathic pain conditions.
KW  - Nozizeption
KW  - NGF
KW  - GDNF
KW  - Schmerz
KW  - PNS
KW  - nociception
KW  - NGF
KW  - GDNF
KW  - pain
KW  - PNS
Y1  - 2003
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-7036
ER  -