TY - JOUR A1 - Gupta, Shishir K. A1 - Minocha, Rashmi A1 - Thapa, Prithivi Jung A1 - Srivastava, Mugdha A1 - Dandekar, Thomas T1 - Role of the pangolin in origin of SARS-CoV-2: an evolutionary perspective JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences N2 - After the recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, unanswered questions remain related to its evolutionary history, path of transmission or divergence and role of recombination. There is emerging evidence on amino acid substitutions occurring in key residues of the receptor-binding domain of the spike glycoprotein in coronavirus isolates from bat and pangolins. In this article, we summarize our current knowledge on the origin of SARS-CoV-2. We also analyze the host ACE2-interacting residues of the receptor-binding domain of spike glycoprotein in SARS-CoV-2 isolates from bats, and compare it to pangolin SARS-CoV-2 isolates collected from Guangdong province (GD Pangolin-CoV) and Guangxi autonomous regions (GX Pangolin-CoV) of South China. Based on our comparative analysis, we support the view that the Guangdong Pangolins are the intermediate hosts that adapted the SARS-CoV-2 and represented a significant evolutionary link in the path of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus. We also discuss the role of intermediate hosts in the origin of Omicron. KW - COVID-19 KW - SARS-CoV-2 KW - origin KW - evolution KW - intermediate host KW - pangolin KW - mutation KW - recombination KW - adaptation KW - transmission KW - comparative sequence analysis Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-285995 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 23 IS - 16 ER - TY - THES A1 - Bleier, Michael T1 - Underwater Laser Scanning - Refractive Calibration, Self-calibration and Mapping for 3D Reconstruction T1 - Laserscanning unter Wasser - Refraktive Kalibrierung, Selbstkalibrierung und Kartierung zur 3D Rekonstruktion N2 - There is great interest in affordable, precise and reliable metrology underwater: Archaeologists want to document artifacts in situ with high detail. In marine research, biologists require the tools to monitor coral growth and geologists need recordings to model sediment transport. Furthermore, for offshore construction projects, maintenance and inspection millimeter-accurate measurements of defects and offshore structures are essential. While the process of digitizing individual objects and complete sites on land is well understood and standard methods, such as Structure from Motion or terrestrial laser scanning, are regularly applied, precise underwater surveying with high resolution is still a complex and difficult task. Applying optical scanning techniques in water is challenging due to reduced visibility caused by turbidity and light absorption. However, optical underwater scanners provide significant advantages in terms of achievable resolution and accuracy compared to acoustic systems. This thesis proposes an underwater laser scanning system and the algorithms for creating dense and accurate 3D scans in water. It is based on laser triangulation and the main optical components are an underwater camera and a cross-line laser projector. The prototype is configured with a motorized yaw axis for capturing scans from a tripod. Alternatively, it is mounted to a moving platform for mobile mapping. The main focus lies on the refractive calibration of the underwater camera and laser projector, the image processing and 3D reconstruction. For highest accuracy, the refraction at the individual media interfaces must be taken into account. This is addressed by an optimization-based calibration framework using a physical-geometric camera model derived from an analytical formulation of a ray-tracing projection model. In addition to scanning underwater structures, this work presents the 3D acquisition of semi-submerged structures and the correction of refraction effects. As in-situ calibration in water is complex and time-consuming, the challenge of transferring an in-air scanner calibration to water without re-calibration is investigated, as well as self-calibration techniques for structured light. The system was successfully deployed in various configurations for both static scanning and mobile mapping. An evaluation of the calibration and 3D reconstruction using reference objects and a comparison of free-form surfaces in clear water demonstrate the high accuracy potential in the range of one millimeter to less than one centimeter, depending on the measurement distance. Mobile underwater mapping and motion compensation based on visual-inertial odometry is demonstrated using a new optical underwater scanner based on fringe projection. Continuous registration of individual scans allows the acquisition of 3D models from an underwater vehicle. RGB images captured in parallel are used to create 3D point clouds of underwater scenes in full color. 3D maps are useful to the operator during the remote control of underwater vehicles and provide the building blocks to enable offshore inspection and surveying tasks. The advancing automation of the measurement technology will allow non-experts to use it, significantly reduce acquisition time and increase accuracy, making underwater metrology more cost-effective. N2 - Das Interesse an präziser, zuverlässiger und zugleich kostengünstiger Unterwassermesstechnik ist groß. Beispielsweise wollen Archäologen Artefakte in situ mit hoher Detailtreue dokumentieren und in der Meeresforschung benötigen Biologen Messwerkzeuge zur Beobachtung des Korallenwachstums. Auch Geologen sind auf Messdaten angewiesen, um Sedimenttransporte zu modellieren. Darüber hinaus ist für die Errichtung von Offshore-Bauwerken, sowie deren Wartung und Inspektion eine millimetergenaue Vermessung von vorhandenen Strukturen und Defekten unerlässlich. Während die Digitalisierung einzelner Objekte und ganzer Areale an Land gut erforscht ist und verschiedene Standardmethoden, wie zum Beispiel Structure from Motion oder terrestrisches Laserscanning, regelmäßig eingesetzt werden, ist die präzise und hochauflösende Unterwasservermessung nach wie vor eine komplexe und schwierige Aufgabe. Die Anwendung optischer Messtechnik im Wasser ist aufgrund der eingeschränkten Sichttiefe durch Trübung und Lichtabsorption eine Herausforderung. Optische Unterwasserscanner bieten jedoch Vorteile hinsichtlich der erreichbaren Auflösung und Genauigkeit gegenüber akustischen Systemen. In dieser Arbeit werden ein Unterwasser-Laserscanning-System und die Algorithmen zur Erzeugung von 3D-Scans mit hoher Punktdichte im Wasser vorgestellt. Es basiert auf Lasertriangulation und die optischen Hauptkomponenten sind eine Unterwasserkamera und ein Kreuzlinienlaserprojektor. Das System ist mit einer motorisierten Drehachse ausgestattet, um Scans von einem Stativ aus aufzunehmen. Alternativ kann es von einer beweglichen Plattform aus für mobile Kartierung eingesetzt werden. Das Hauptaugenmerk liegt auf der refraktiven Kalibrierung der Unterwasserkamera und des Laserprojektors, der Bildverarbeitung und der 3D-Rekonstruktion. Um höchste Genauigkeit zu erreichen, muss die Brechung an den einzelnen Medienübergängen berücksichtigt werden. Dies wird durch ein physikalisch-geometrisches Kameramodell, das auf einer analytischen Beschreibung der Strahlenverfolgung basiert, und ein optimierungsbasiertes Kalibrierverfahren erreicht. Neben dem Scannen von Unterwasserstrukturen wird in dieser Arbeit auch die 3D-Erfassung von teilweise im Wasser befindlichen Strukturen und die Korrektur der dabei auftretenden Brechungseffekte vorgestellt. Da die Kalibrierung im Wasser komplex und zeitintensiv ist, wird die Übertragung einer Kalibrierung des Scanners in Luft auf die Bedingungen im Wasser ohne Neukalibrierung, sowie die Selbstkalibrierung für Lichtschnittverfahren untersucht. Das System wurde in verschiedenen Konfigurationen sowohl für statisches Scannen als auch für die mobile Kartierung erfolgreich eingesetzt. Die Validierung der Kalibrierung und der 3D-Rekonstruktion anhand von Referenzobjekten und der Vergleich von Freiformflächen in klarem Wasser zeigen das hohe Genauigkeitspotenzial im Bereich von einem Millimeter bis weniger als einem Zentimeter in Abhängigkeit von der Messdistanz. Die mobile Unterwasserkartierung und Bewegungskompensation anhand visuell-inertialer Odometrie wird mit einem neuen optischen Unterwasserscanner auf Basis der Streifenprojektion demonstriert. Dabei ermöglicht die kontinuierliche Registrierung von Einzelscans die Erfassung von 3D-Modellen von einem Unterwasserfahrzeug aus. Mit Hilfe von parallel aufgenommenen RGB-Bildern werden dabei farbige 3D-Punktwolken der Unterwasserszenen erstellt. Diese 3D-Karten dienen beispielsweise dem Bediener bei der Fernsteuerung von Unterwasserfahrzeugen und bilden die Grundlage für Offshore-Inspektions- und Vermessungsaufgaben. Die fortschreitende Automatisierung der Messtechnik wird somit auch eine Verwendung durch Nichtfachleute ermöglichen und gleichzeitig die Erfassungszeit erheblich verkürzen und die Genauigkeit verbessern, was die Vermessung im Wasser kostengünstiger und effizienter macht. T3 - Forschungsberichte in der Robotik = Research Notes in Robotics - 28 KW - Selbstkalibrierung KW - Punktwolke KW - Bildverarbeitung KW - 3D Reconstruction KW - Self-calibration KW - Underwater Scanning KW - Underwater Mapping KW - Dreidimensionale Rekonstruktion KW - 3D-Rekonstruktion Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-322693 SN - 978-3-945459-45-4 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Großmann, Marcel A1 - Le, Duy Thanh T1 - Visualization of Network Emulation Enabled by Kathará T2 - KuVS Fachgespräch - Würzburg Workshop on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Next-Generation Communication Networks 2023 (WueWoWAS’23) N2 - In network research, reproducibility of experiments is not always easy to achieve. Infrastructures are cumbersome to set up or are not available due to vendor-specific devices. Emulators try to overcome those issues to a given extent and are available in different service models. Unfortunately, the usability of emulators requires time-consuming efforts and a deep understanding of their functionality. At first, we analyze to which extent currently available open-source emulators support network configurations and how user-friendly they are. With these insights, we describe, how an ease-to-use emulator is implemented and may run as a Network Emulator as a Service (NEaaS). Therefore, virtualization plays a major role in order to deploy a NEaaS based on Kathará. KW - Network Emulator KW - Visualized Kathará KW - Containerization Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-322189 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Dworzak, Manuel A1 - Großmann, Marcel A1 - Le, Duy Thanh T1 - Federated Learning for Service Placement in Fog and Edge Computing T2 - KuVS Fachgespräch - Würzburg Workshop on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Next-Generation Communication Networks 2023 (WueWoWAS’23) N2 - Service orchestration requires enormous attention and is a struggle nowadays. Of course, virtualization provides a base level of abstraction for services to be deployable on a lot of infrastructures. With container virtualization, the trend to migrate applications to a micro-services level in order to be executable in Fog and Edge Computing environments increases manageability and maintenance efforts rapidly. Similarly, network virtualization adds effort to calibrate IP flows for Software-Defined Networks and eventually route it by means of Network Function Virtualization. Nevertheless, there are concepts like MAPE-K to support micro-service distribution in next-generation cloud and network environments. We want to explore, how a service distribution can be improved by adopting machine learning concepts for infrastructure or service changes. Therefore, we show how federated machine learning is integrated into a cloud-to-fog-continuum without burdening single nodes. KW - fog computing KW - SDN KW - orchestration KW - federated learning Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-322193 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Koopmann, Tobias A1 - Stubbemann, Maximilian A1 - Kapa, Matthias A1 - Paris, Michael A1 - Buenstorf, Guido A1 - Hanika, Tom A1 - Hotho, Andreas A1 - Jäschke, Robert A1 - Stumme, Gerd T1 - Proximity dimensions and the emergence of collaboration: a HypTrails study on German AI research JF - Scientometrics N2 - Creation and exchange of knowledge depends on collaboration. Recent work has suggested that the emergence of collaboration frequently relies on geographic proximity. However, being co-located tends to be associated with other dimensions of proximity, such as social ties or a shared organizational environment. To account for such factors, multiple dimensions of proximity have been proposed, including cognitive, institutional, organizational, social and geographical proximity. Since they strongly interrelate, disentangling these dimensions and their respective impact on collaboration is challenging. To address this issue, we propose various methods for measuring different dimensions of proximity. We then present an approach to compare and rank them with respect to the extent to which they indicate co-publications and co-inventions. We adapt the HypTrails approach, which was originally developed to explain human navigation, to co-author and co-inventor graphs. We evaluate this approach on a subset of the German research community, specifically academic authors and inventors active in research on artificial intelligence (AI). We find that social proximity and cognitive proximity are more important for the emergence of collaboration than geographic proximity. KW - collaboration KW - dimensions of proximity KW - co-authorships KW - co-inventorships KW - embedding techniques Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-269831 SN - 1588-2861 VL - 126 IS - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fathy, Moustafa A1 - Darwish, Mostafa A. A1 - Abdelhamid, Al-Shaimaa M. A1 - Alrashedy, Gehad M. A1 - Othman, Othman Ali A1 - Naseem, Muhammad A1 - Dandekar, Thomas A1 - Othman, Eman M. T1 - Kinetin ameliorates cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity and lymphotoxicity via attenuating oxidative damage, cell apoptosis and inflammation in rats JF - Biomedicines N2 - Though several previous studies reported the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant effect of kinetin (Kn), details on its action in cisplatin-induced toxicity are still scarce. In this study we evaluated, for the first time, the effects of kinetin in cisplatin (cp)- induced liver and lymphocyte toxicity in rats. Wistar male albino rats were divided into nine groups: (i) the control (C), (ii) groups 2,3 and 4, which received 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg kinetin for 10 days; (iii) the cisplatin (cp) group, which received a single intraperitoneal injection of CP (7.0 mg/kg); and (iv) groups 6, 7, 8 and 9, which received, for 10 days, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg kinetin or 200 mg/kg vitamin C, respectively, and Cp on the fourth day. CP-injected rats showed a significant impairment in biochemical, oxidative stress and inflammatory parameters in hepatic tissue and lymphocytes. PCR showed a profound increase in caspase-3, and a significant decline in AKT gene expression. Intriguingly, Kn treatment restored the biochemical, redox status and inflammatory parameters. Hepatic AKT and caspase-3 expression as well as CD95 levels in lymphocytes were also restored. In conclusion, Kn mitigated oxidative imbalance, inflammation and apoptosis in CP-induced liver and lymphocyte toxicity; therefore, it can be considered as a promising therapy. KW - cisplatin KW - hepatotoxicity KW - lymphotoxicity KW - oxidative stress KW - AKT KW - CD95 KW - caspase-3 Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-281686 SN - 2227-9059 VL - 10 IS - 7 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Martino, Luigi A1 - Deutschmann, Jörg A1 - Hielscher, Kai-Steffen A1 - German, Reinhard T1 - Towards a 5G Satellite Communication Framework for V2X T2 - KuVS Fachgespräch - Würzburg Workshop on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Next-Generation Communication Networks 2023 (WueWoWAS’23) N2 - In recent years, satellite communication has been expanding its field of application in the world of computer networks. This paper aims to provide an overview of how a typical scenario involving 5G Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) for vehicle to everything (V2X) applications is characterized. In particular, a first implementation of a system that integrates them together will be described. Such a framework will later be used to evaluate the performance of applications such as Vehicle Monitoring (VM), Remote Driving (RD), Voice Over IP (VoIP), and others. Different configuration scenarios such as Low Earth Orbit and Geostationary Orbit will be considered. KW - 5G KW - non-terrestrial networks KW - satellite communication Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-322148 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Rauber, Christof A. O. A1 - Brechtel, Lukas A1 - Schotten, Hans D. T1 - JCAS-Enabled Sensing as a Service in 6th-Generation Mobile Communication Networks T2 - KuVS Fachgespräch - Würzburg Workshop on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Next-Generation Communication Networks 2023 (WueWoWAS’23) N2 - The introduction of new types of frequency spectrum in 6G technology facilitates the convergence of conventional mobile communications and radar functions. Thus, the mobile network itself becomes a versatile sensor system. This enables mobile network operators to offer a sensing service in addition to conventional data and telephony services. The potential benefits are expected to accrue to various stakeholders, including individuals, the environment, and society in general. The paper discusses technological development, possible integration, and use cases, as well as future development areas. KW - Sensing-aaS KW - JCAS KW - 6G Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-322135 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Loh, Frank A1 - Raffeck, Simon A1 - Geißler, Stefan A1 - Hoßfeld, Tobias T1 - Paving the Way for an Energy Efficient and Sustainable Future Internet of Things T2 - KuVS Fachgespräch - Würzburg Workshop on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Next-Generation Communication Networks 2023 (WueWoWAS’23) N2 - In this work, we describe the network from data collection to data processing and storage as a system based on different layers. We outline the different layers and highlight major tasks and dependencies with regard to energy consumption and energy efficiency. With this view, we can outwork challenges and questions a future system architect must answer to provide a more sustainable, green, resource friendly, and energy efficient application or system. Therefore, all system layers must be considered individually but also altogether for future IoT solutions. This requires, in particular, novel sustainability metrics in addition to current Quality of Service and Quality of Experience metrics to provide a high power, user satisfying, and sustainable network. KW - Internet of Things KW - energy efficiency KW - sustainability Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-322161 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Funda, Christoph A1 - Konheiser, Tobias A1 - German, Reinhard A1 - Hielscher, Kai-Steffen T1 - How to Model and Predict the Scalability of a Hardware-In-The-Loop Test Bench for Data Re-Injection? T2 - KuVS Fachgespräch - Würzburg Workshop on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Next-Generation Communication Networks 2023 (WueWoWAS’23) N2 - This paper describes a novel application of an empirical network calculus model based on measurements of a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test system. The aim is to predict the performance of a HIL test bench for open-loop re-injection in the context of scalability. HIL test benches are distributed computer systems including software, hardware, and networking devices. They are used to validate complex technical systems, but have not yet been system under study themselves. Our approach is to use measurements from the HIL system to create an empirical model for arrival and service curves. We predict the performance and design the previously unknown parameters of the HIL simulator with network calculus (NC), namely the buffer sizes and the minimum needed pre-buffer time for the playback buffer. We furthermore show, that it is possible to estimate the CPU load from arrival and service-curves based on the utilization theorem, and hence estimate the scalability of the HIL system in the context of the number of sensor streams. KW - hardware-in-the-loop simulation KW - computer performance evaluation KW - network calculus KW - scalability evaluation Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-322150 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steininger, Michael A1 - Abel, Daniel A1 - Ziegler, Katrin A1 - Krause, Anna A1 - Paeth, Heiko A1 - Hotho, Andreas T1 - ConvMOS: climate model output statistics with deep learning JF - Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery N2 - Climate models are the tool of choice for scientists researching climate change. Like all models they suffer from errors, particularly systematic and location-specific representation errors. One way to reduce these errors is model output statistics (MOS) where the model output is fitted to observational data with machine learning. In this work, we assess the use of convolutional Deep Learning climate MOS approaches and present the ConvMOS architecture which is specifically designed based on the observation that there are systematic and location-specific errors in the precipitation estimates of climate models. We apply ConvMOS models to the simulated precipitation of the regional climate model REMO, showing that a combination of per-location model parameters for reducing location-specific errors and global model parameters for reducing systematic errors is indeed beneficial for MOS performance. We find that ConvMOS models can reduce errors considerably and perform significantly better than three commonly used MOS approaches and plain ResNet and U-Net models in most cases. Our results show that non-linear MOS models underestimate the number of extreme precipitation events, which we alleviate by training models specialized towards extreme precipitation events with the imbalanced regression method DenseLoss. While we consider climate MOS, we argue that aspects of ConvMOS may also be beneficial in other domains with geospatial data, such as air pollution modeling or weather forecasts. KW - Klima KW - Modell KW - Deep learning KW - Neuronales Netz KW - climate KW - neural networks KW - model output statistics Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324213 SN - 1384-5810 VL - 37 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Riedmann, Anna A1 - Schaper, Philipp A1 - Lugrin, Birgit T1 - Integration of a social robot and gamification in adult learning and effects on motivation, engagement and performance JF - AI & Society N2 - Learning is a central component of human life and essential for personal development. Therefore, utilizing new technologies in the learning context and exploring their combined potential are considered essential to support self-directed learning in a digital age. A learning environment can be expanded by various technical and content-related aspects. Gamification in the form of elements from video games offers a potential concept to support the learning process. This can be supplemented by technology-supported learning. While the use of tablets is already widespread in the learning context, the integration of a social robot can provide new perspectives on the learning process. However, simply adding new technologies such as social robots or gamification to existing systems may not automatically result in a better learning environment. In the present study, game elements as well as a social robot were integrated separately and conjointly into a learning environment for basic Spanish skills, with a follow-up on retained knowledge. This allowed us to investigate the respective and combined effects of both expansions on motivation, engagement and learning effect. This approach should provide insights into the integration of both additions in an adult learning context. We found that the additions of game elements and the robot did not significantly improve learning, engagement or motivation. Based on these results and a literature review, we outline relevant factors for meaningful integration of gamification and social robots in learning environments in adult learning. KW - social robot KW - gamification KW - technology-supported learning KW - adult learning Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324208 SN - 0951-5666 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kempf, Sebastian A1 - Krug, Markus A1 - Puppe, Frank T1 - KIETA: Key-insight extraction from scientific tables JF - Applied Intelligence N2 - An important but very time consuming part of the research process is literature review. An already large and nevertheless growing ground set of publications as well as a steadily increasing publication rate continue to worsen the situation. Consequently, automating this task as far as possible is desirable. Experimental results of systems are key-insights of high importance during literature review and usually represented in form of tables. Our pipeline KIETA exploits these tables to contribute to the endeavor of automation by extracting them and their contained knowledge from scientific publications. The pipeline is split into multiple steps to guarantee modularity as well as analyzability, and agnosticim regarding the specific scientific domain up until the knowledge extraction step, which is based upon an ontology. Additionally, a dataset of corresponding articles has been manually annotated with information regarding table and knowledge extraction. Experiments show promising results that signal the possibility of an automated system, while also indicating limits of extracting knowledge from tables without any context. KW - table extraction KW - table understanding KW - ontology KW - key-insight extraction KW - information extraction Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324180 SN - 0924-669X VL - 53 IS - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maiwald, Ferdinand A1 - Bruschke, Jonas A1 - Schneider, Danilo A1 - Wacker, Markus A1 - Niebling, Florian T1 - Giving historical photographs a new perspective: introducing camera orientation parameters as new metadata in a large-scale 4D application JF - Remote Sensing N2 - The ongoing digitization of historical photographs in archives allows investigating the quality, quantity, and distribution of these images. However, the exact interior and exterior camera orientations of these photographs are usually lost during the digitization process. The proposed method uses content-based image retrieval (CBIR) to filter exterior images of single buildings in combination with metadata information. The retrieved photographs are automatically processed in an adapted structure-from-motion (SfM) pipeline to determine the camera parameters. In an interactive georeferencing process, the calculated camera positions are transferred into a global coordinate system. As all image and camera data are efficiently stored in the proposed 4D database, they can be conveniently accessed afterward to georeference newly digitized images by using photogrammetric triangulation and spatial resection. The results show that the CBIR and the subsequent SfM are robust methods for various kinds of buildings and different quantity of data. The absolute accuracy of the camera positions after georeferencing lies in the range of a few meters likely introduced by the inaccurate LOD2 models used for transformation. The proposed photogrammetric method, the database structure, and the 4D visualization interface enable adding historical urban photographs and 3D models from other locations. KW - historical images KW - 4D-GIS KW - content-based image retrieval KW - Structure-from-Motion KW - camera orientation KW - feature matching Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-311103 SN - 2072-4292 VL - 15 IS - 7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fischer, Norbert A1 - Hartelt, Alexander A1 - Puppe, Frank T1 - Line-level layout recognition of historical documents with background knowledge JF - Algorithms N2 - Digitization and transcription of historic documents offer new research opportunities for humanists and are the topics of many edition projects. However, manual work is still required for the main phases of layout recognition and the subsequent optical character recognition (OCR) of early printed documents. This paper describes and evaluates how deep learning approaches recognize text lines and can be extended to layout recognition using background knowledge. The evaluation was performed on five corpora of early prints from the 15th and 16th Centuries, representing a variety of layout features. While the main text with standard layouts could be recognized in the correct reading order with a precision and recall of up to 99.9%, also complex layouts were recognized at a rate as high as 90% by using background knowledge, the full potential of which was revealed if many pages of the same source were transcribed. KW - layout recognition KW - background knowledge KW - historical document analysis KW - fully convolutional neural networks KW - baseline detection KW - text line detection Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-310938 SN - 1999-4893 VL - 16 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kirikkayis, Yusuf A1 - Gallik, Florian A1 - Winter, Michael A1 - Reichert, Manfred T1 - BPMNE4IoT: a framework for modeling, executing and monitoring IoT-driven processes JF - Future Internet N2 - The Internet of Things (IoT) enables a variety of smart applications, including smart home, smart manufacturing, and smart city. By enhancing Business Process Management Systems with IoT capabilities, the execution and monitoring of business processes can be significantly improved. Providing a holistic support for modeling, executing and monitoring IoT-driven processes, however, constitutes a challenge. Existing process modeling and process execution languages, such as BPMN 2.0, are unable to fully meet the IoT characteristics (e.g., asynchronicity and parallelism) of IoT-driven processes. In this article, we present BPMNE4IoT—A holistic framework for modeling, executing and monitoring IoT-driven processes. We introduce various artifacts and events based on the BPMN 2.0 metamodel that allow realizing the desired IoT awareness of business processes. The framework is evaluated along two real-world scenarios from two different domains. Moreover, we present a user study for comparing BPMNE4IoT and BPMN 2.0. In particular, this study has confirmed that the BPMNE4IoT framework facilitates the support of IoT-driven processes. KW - IoT KW - BPM KW - BPMN KW - IoT-driven processes Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-304097 SN - 1999-5903 VL - 15 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wienrich, Carolin A1 - Carolus, Astrid A1 - Markus, André A1 - Augustin, Yannik A1 - Pfister, Jan A1 - Hotho, Andreas T1 - Long-term effects of perceived friendship with intelligent voice assistants on usage behavior, user experience, and social perceptions JF - Computers N2 - Social patterns and roles can develop when users talk to intelligent voice assistants (IVAs) daily. The current study investigates whether users assign different roles to devices and how this affects their usage behavior, user experience, and social perceptions. Since social roles take time to establish, we equipped 106 participants with Alexa or Google assistants and some smart home devices and observed their interactions for nine months. We analyzed diverse subjective (questionnaire) and objective data (interaction data). By combining social science and data science analyses, we identified two distinct clusters—users who assigned a friendship role to IVAs over time and users who did not. Interestingly, these clusters exhibited significant differences in their usage behavior, user experience, and social perceptions of the devices. For example, participants who assigned a role to IVAs attributed more friendship to them used them more frequently, reported more enjoyment during interactions, and perceived more empathy for IVAs. In addition, these users had distinct personal requirements, for example, they reported more loneliness. This study provides valuable insights into the role-specific effects and consequences of voice assistants. Recent developments in conversational language models such as ChatGPT suggest that the findings of this study could make an important contribution to the design of dialogic human–AI interactions. KW - intelligent voice assistant KW - smart speaker KW - social relationship KW - social role KW - long-term analysis KW - social interaction KW - human–computer interaction KW - anthropomorphism Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-313552 SN - 2073-431X VL - 12 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Greubel, André A1 - Andres, Daniela A1 - Hennecke, Martin T1 - Analyzing reporting on ransomware incidents: a case study JF - Social Sciences N2 - Knowledge about ransomware is important for protecting sensitive data and for participating in public debates about suitable regulation regarding its security. However, as of now, this topic has received little to no attention in most school curricula. As such, it is desirable to analyze what citizens can learn about this topic outside of formal education, e.g., from news articles. This analysis is both relevant to analyzing the public discourse about ransomware, as well as to identify what aspects of this topic should be included in the limited time available for this topic in formal education. Thus, this paper was motivated both by educational and media research. The central goal is to explore how the media reports on this topic and, additionally, to identify potential misconceptions that could stem from this reporting. To do so, we conducted an exploratory case study into the reporting of 109 media articles regarding a high-impact ransomware event: the shutdown of the Colonial Pipeline (located in the east of the USA). We analyzed how the articles introduced central terminology, what details were provided, what details were not, and what (mis-)conceptions readers might receive from them. Our results show that an introduction of the terminology and technical concepts of security is insufficient for a complete understanding of the incident. Most importantly, the articles may lead to four misconceptions about ransomware that are likely to lead to misleading conclusions about the responsibility for the incident and possible political and technical options to prevent such attacks in the future. KW - media analysis KW - informal education KW - IT security KW - ransomware KW - misconceptions Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-313746 SN - 2076-0760 VL - 12 IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hossfeld, Tobias A1 - Heegaard, Poul E. A1 - Kellerer, Wolfgang T1 - Comparing the scalability of communication networks and systems JF - IEEE Access N2 - Scalability is often mentioned in literature, but a stringent definition is missing. In particular, there is no general scalability assessment which clearly indicates whether a system scales or not or whether a system scales better than another. The key contribution of this article is the definition of a scalability index (SI) which quantifies if a system scales in comparison to another system, a hypothetical system, e.g., linear system, or the theoretically optimal system. The suggested SI generalizes different metrics from literature, which are specialized cases of our SI. The primary target of our scalability framework is, however, benchmarking of two systems, which does not require any reference system. The SI is demonstrated and evaluated for different use cases, that are (1) the performance of an IoT load balancer depending on the system load, (2) the availability of a communication system depending on the size and structure of the network, (3) scalability comparison of different location selection mechanisms in fog computing with respect to delays and energy consumption; (4) comparison of time-sensitive networking (TSN) mechanisms in terms of efficiency and utilization. Finally, we discuss how to use and how not to use the SI and give recommendations and guidelines in practice. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work which provides a general SI for the comparison and benchmarking of systems, which is the primary target of our scalability analysis. KW - communication networks KW - performance KW - availability KW - scalability Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-349403 VL - 11 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Herrmann, Martin A1 - Rizk, Amr T1 - On Data Plane Multipath Scheduling for Connected Mobility Applications T2 - KuVS Fachgespräch - Würzburg Workshop on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Next-Generation Communication Networks 2023 (WueWoWAS’23) N2 - Cooperative, connected and automated mobility (CCAM) systems depend on a reliable communication to provide their service and more crucially to ensure the safety of users. One way to ensure the reliability of a data transmission is to use multiple transmission technologies in combination with redundant flows. In this paper, we describe a system requiring multipath communication in the context of CCAM. To this end, we introduce a data plane-based scheduler that uses replication and integration modules to provide redundant and transparent multipath communication. We provide an analytical model for the full replication module of the system and give an overview of how and where the data-plane scheduler components can be realized. KW - multipath scheduling KW - connected mobility applications Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-322033 N1 - Aktualisierte Version unter https://doi.org/10.25972/OPUS-35344 ER -