TY - JOUR A1 - Bender, Stephan A1 - Resch, Franz A1 - Klein, Christoph A1 - Renner, Tobias A1 - Fallgatter, Andreas J. A1 - Weisbrod, Matthias A1 - Romanos, Marcel T1 - Influence of Stimulant Medication and Response Speed on Lateralization of Movement-Related Potentials in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder JF - PLoS One N2 - Background: Hyperactivity is one of the core symptoms in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, it remains unclear in which way the motor system itself and its development are affected by the disorder. Movement-related potentials (MRP) can separate different stages of movement execution, from the programming of a movement to motor post-processing and memory traces. Pre-movement MRP are absent or positive during early childhood and display a developmental increase of negativity. Methods: We examined the influences of response-speed, an indicator of the level of attention, and stimulant medication on lateralized MRP in 16 children with combined type ADHD compared to 20 matched healthy controls. Results: We detected a significantly diminished lateralisation of MRP over the pre-motor and primary motor cortex during movement execution (initial motor potential peak, iMP) in patients with ADHD. Fast reactions (indicating increased visuo-motor attention) led to increased lateralized negativity during movement execution only in healthy controls, while in children with ADHD faster reaction times were associated with more positive amplitudes. Even though stimulant medication had some effect on attenuating group differences in lateralized MRP, this effect was insufficient to normalize lateralized iMP amplitudes. Conclusions: A reduced focal (lateralized) motor cortex activation during the command to muscle contraction points towards an immature motor system and a maturation delay of the (pre-) motor cortex in children with ADHD. A delayed maturation of the neuronal circuitry, which involves primary motor cortex, may contribute to ADHD pathophysiology. KW - deficit-hyperactivity disorder KW - anticipatory mechanisms KW - motor preparation KW - TIC disorder KW - children KW - ADHD KW - methylphenidate KW - contingent negative-variation KW - continuous performance-test KW - slow cortical potentials Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-135262 VL - 7 IS - 6 ER - TY - THES A1 - Bennetz, Maike T1 - Auffälligkeiten in Gedächtnisfunktionen bei Kindern mit Lese-Rechtschreibschwäche T1 - Dyslexic Children: Special Aspects of Memory Functions N2 - Ziel der Studie war die Exploration von Funktionen des Kurzzeitgedächtnisses bei lese-rechtschreibschwachen Kindern (LRS) im Vergleich zu einer schriftsprachlich normal entwickelten Kontrollgruppe (KG). Gedächtnisfunktionen sollten im Hinblick auf Entwicklungsveränderungen über eine Altersspanne von acht bis dreizehn Jahren untersucht werden. Bei einem möglichen Gedächtnisdefizit sollte überprüft werden, ob dieses sich nur bei schriftsprachähnlichem Material äußerte oder ob es sich um ein allgemeineres Defizit handelte. Insgesamt 65 lese-rechtschreibschwache und schriftsprachlich normal entwickelte Kinder der Altersgruppen 8-9 Jahre, 10-11 Jahre und 12-13 Jahre wurden Aufgaben zur Gedächtnisspanne, zur Benennungsgeschwindigkeit und zur Suchrate unterzogen. In den Aufgaben zur Gedächtnisspanne und zur Benennungsgeschwindigkeit zeigten die lese-rechtschreibschwachen Kinder deutlich schlechtere Leistungen als die Kontrollgruppe, und beide untersuchten Gruppen verbesserten sich in ihren Leistungen mit ansteigendem Alter. Hinweise für ein schriftsprachorientiertes Defizit im Falle der Rechtschreibschwachen ließen sich den Aufgaben zur Gedächtnisspanne und zur Suchrate entnehmen. Zusammenfassend bestätigen die vorliegenden Ergebnisse Defizite in Funktionen des Kurzzeitgedächtnisses bei LRS. Über die untersuchte Altersspanne hinweg kam es nicht zu einer Annäherung der Leistungen der Rechtschreibschwachen an die der Kontrollgruppe, was für ein bleibendes Defizit im Fall der LRS spricht. Um zu eindeutigen Ergebnissen hinsichtlich der Schriftsprachabhängigkeit der Gedächtnisdefizite bei LRS kommen zu können, müssen weitere Studien abgewartet werden. N2 - The aim of the study was to investigate short term memory functions in dyslexic children compared to a control group with normally developed written language skills. Memory functions were to be examined with regard to developmental alterations within an age range of eight to thirteen years. In case of a detected possible memory deficiency, it had to be tested if this became manifest only with material resembling written language or if it represented a more general deficiency. A total of 65 dyslexic and control children with normally developed written language skills of age groups 8-9, 10-11, and 12-13 years were tested for memory span, naming speed and search rate. Achievements in memory span and naming speed of the dyslexic children were distinctly worse than those of the controls. Both examined groups improved with age. The results of memory span and search rate testings provide hints towards a written language related deficiency. In summary the presented data confirm deficits in short term memory functions of dyslexic children. In the examined age range the achievements of dyslexics and controls did not approach with rising age, suggesting a permanent deficit of the dyslexic group. Further studies are needed to examine if dyslexia related memory deficiencies are restricted to written language skills. KW - Lese-Rechtschreibschwäche KW - Gedächtnis KW - Gedächtnisspanne KW - Benennungsgeschwindigkeit KW - Suchrate KW - dyslexia KW - memory KW - memory-span KW - naming-speed KW - search-rate Y1 - 2004 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-10941 ER - TY - THES A1 - Beyer, Regina-Maria T1 - Kognitive und psychosoziale Faktoren bei Kindern mit Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/ Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) und Lese-Rechtschreibstörung T1 - Kognitive and social factors at children with ADHDS and Dyslexia. N2 - Zusammenfassung Die retrospektive Datenanalyse dreier Gruppen à 20 Kinder im Alter von 8-12 Jahren mit hyperkinetischen Störungen und/oder einer Lese-Rechtschreibstörung der Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie der Universität Würzburg ergab die nachfolgenden Ergebnisse. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Studie finden sich in der Literatur wieder. Kognitive Fähigkeiten Im kognitiven Bereich fanden sich wenige Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen. Nachteile ergaben sich aus der Tatsache heraus, dass die Studie retrospektiv durchgeführt wurde und die Fallzahlen daher teils sehr klein waren. Sozial-emotionaler Bereich Für den sozial-emotionalen Bereich fanden sich plausible Ergebnisse. Den Kindern mit einer Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/ Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) waren vermehrt expansive Verhaltensweisen nachzuweisen wie zum Beispiel ein gestörtes Regelverhalten, oppositionelles Verhalten, Aggressivität, Probleme mit Gleichaltrigen, Einzelgängerdasein oder Auffälligkeiten in der Vorschule. Bei den Kindern mit Lese-Rechtschreibstörung fanden sich vielmehr introversive Merkmale wie beispielsweise eine emotionale Störung, ein mangelndes Selbstwertgefühl oder Schulangst. Psychosoziale Situation Die Auswertung des Psychosozialen Bereiches der Kinder mittels Achse V und VI des multiaxialen Klassifikationsschemas für psychische Störungen des Kindes- und Jugendalters ergab eine Belastung der Kinder mit hyperkinetischen Störungen vor allem durch eine abweichende Elternsituation und eine negativ veränderte familiäre Beziehung durch neue Familienmitglieder. Die Kinder mit Lese-Rechtschreibstörung waren besonders betroffen von einer chronischen zwischenmenschlichen Belastung in Zusammenhang mit der Schule sowie von der Herabsetzung der Selbstachtung. N2 - Kognitive and social factors at children with ADHDS and Dyslexia. Three groups of 20 children have been analysed. In children with ADHDS we found for example a higher rate of aggressivity. In dyslexic children we found for example showed less self-esteem. No significant differences regarding the cognitive factors. KW - ADHS KW - LRS KW - Kinderpsychiatrie KW - Jugendpsychiatrie KW - ADHDS KW - Dyslexia KW - Children Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-18932 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Biehl, Stefanie C. A1 - Dresler, Thomas A1 - Reif, Andreas A1 - Scheuerpflug, Peter A1 - Deckert, Jürgen A1 - Herrmann, Martin J. T1 - Dopamine Transporter (DAT1) and Dopamine Receptor D4 (DRD4) Genotypes Differentially Impact on Electrophysiological Correlates of Error Processing JF - PLoS One N2 - Recent studies as well as theoretical models of error processing assign fundamental importance to the brain's dopaminergic system. Research about how the electrophysiological correlates of error processing—the error-related negativity (ERN) and the error positivity (Pe)—are influenced by variations of common dopaminergic genes, however, is still relatively scarce. In the present study, we therefore investigated whether polymorphisms in the DAT1 gene and in the DRD4 gene, respectively, lead to interindividual differences in these error processing correlates. One hundred sixty participants completed a version of the Eriksen Flanker Task while a 26-channel EEG was recorded. The task was slightly modified in order to increase error rates. During data analysis, participants were split into two groups depending on their DAT1 and their DRD4 genotypes, respectively. ERN and Pe amplitudes after correct responses and after errors as well as difference amplitudes between errors and correct responses were analyzed. We found a differential effect of DAT1 genotype on the Pe difference amplitude but not on the ERN difference amplitude, while the reverse was true for DRD4 genotype. These findings are in line with predictions from theoretical models of dopaminergic transmission in the brain. They furthermore tie results from clinical investigations of disorders impacting on the dopamine system to genetic variations known to be at-risk genotypes. KW - haplotypes KW - electroencephalography KW - basal ganglia KW - reaction time KW - dopaminergics KW - dopamine KW - ADHD KW - research errors Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-137930 VL - 6 IS - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Biehl, Stefanie C. A1 - Merz, Christian J. A1 - Dresler, Thomas A1 - Heupel, Julia A1 - Reichert, Susanne A1 - Jacob, Christian P. A1 - Deckert, Jürgen A1 - Herrmann, Martin J. T1 - Increase or Decrease of fMRI Activity in Adult Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder: Does It Depend on Task Difficulty? JF - International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology N2 - Background: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder has been shown to affect working memory, and fMRI studies in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder report hypoactivation in task-related attentional networks. However, studies with adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder patients addressing this issue as well as the effects of clinically valid methylphenidate treatment are scarce. This study contributes to closing this gap. Methods: Thirty-five adult patients were randomized to 6 weeks of double-blind placebo or methylphenidate treatment. Patients completed an fMRI n-back working memory task both before and after the assigned treatment, and matched healthy controls were tested and compared to the untreated patients. Results: There were no whole-brain differences between any of the groups. However, when specified regions of interest were investigated, the patient group showed enhanced BOLD responses in dorsal and ventral areas before treatment. This increase was correlated with performance across all participants and with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in the patient group. Furthermore, we found an effect of treatment in the right superior frontal gyrus, with methylphenidate-treated patients exhibiting increased activation, which was absent in the placebo-treated patients. Conclusions: Our results indicate distinct activation differences between untreated adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder patients and matched healthy controls during a working memory task. These differences might reflect compensatory efforts by the patients, who are performing at the same level as the healthy controls. We furthermore found a positive effect of methylphenidate on the activation of a frontal region of interest. These observations contribute to a more thorough understanding of adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and provide impulses for the evaluation of therapy-related changes. KW - working memory KW - clinical trial KW - child memory KW - short-term methylphenidate brain KW - methylphenidate KW - adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder KW - fMRI KW - functional magnetic resonance imaging Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-147551 VL - 19 IS - 10 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Briegel, Wolfgang T1 - Psychiatric comorbidities in 1p36 deletion syndrome and their treatment — a case report JF - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health N2 - 1p36 deletion syndrome represents the most common terminal deletion observed in humans. Major clinical findings comprise developmental delay/intellectual disability, poor or absent expressive language, congenital central muscular hypotonia, brain anomalies, brachydactyly/camptodactyly, short feet, and characteristic facial features like straight eyebrows, deep-set eyes, and midface hypoplasia. So far, there is very limited knowledge about comorbid psychiatric disorders and their effective treatment in this special population. To fill this gap, this case report presents an initially four-year-old girl with 1p36.33–1p36.32 deletion, moderate intellectual disability, insomnia, oppositional-defiant disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder covering a period of time of about 1.5 years comprising initial psychological/psychiatric assessment, subsequent day clinic/outpatient treatment (amongst others including off-label use of melatonin and methylphenidate as well as parent-child interaction therapy) and follow-up assessment. Follow-up results indicated good efficacy of melatonin and methylphenidate medication without any adverse effects. Multidisciplinarity in diagnosis and treatment are mandatory to meet needs of patients with complex genetic disorders like 1p36 deletion syndrome. Off-label use of melatonin (for insomnia) and methylphenidate (for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder) should be considered in young children with 1p36 deletion syndrome if behavioral interventions are not sufficient. KW - 1p36 deletion syndrome KW - oppositional-defiant disorder KW - attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder KW - parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) KW - melatonin KW - methylphenidate KW - off label use KW - case report Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-250189 SN - 1660-4601 VL - 18 IS - 22 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Briegel, Wolfgang A1 - Andritschky, Christoph T1 - Psychological adjustment of children and adolescents with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and their mothers' stress and coping — a longitudinal study JF - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health N2 - At present, there is a lack of longitudinal studies on the psychological adjustment of both children and adolescents with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) and their primary caregivers. To fill this gap, we performed a four-year follow-up study. Mothers filled out the Child Behavior Checklist 4–18, the Social Orientation of Parents with Handicapped Children questionnaire to assess maternal stress and coping strategies, and the Freiburger Personality Inventory-Revised — subscales strain and life satisfaction. Fifty-five subjects with 22q11.2DS (26 males and 29 females; age: M = 10.79 years, SD = 3.56 years) and their biological mothers (age: M = 40.84 years, SD = 4.68 years) were included in this study. Significantly higher levels of behavior problems than in the general population and an increase in these problems, especially internalizing ones, over time could be found. In contrast, maternal stress did not change significantly over time, but mothers demonstrated increased levels of strain and reduced life satisfaction at T2. Thus, careful monitoring as well as early and adequate interventions, if indicated, should be offered to families with a child with 22q11.2DS, not only for somatic complaints but also for problems with psychological adjustment. KW - 22q11.2 deletion syndrome KW - behavior problems KW - coping strategies KW - longitudinal study KW - maternal stress KW - satisfaction with life Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-234101 SN - 1660-4601 VL - 18 IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Briegel, Wolfgang A1 - Greuel, Jan A1 - Stroth, Sanna A1 - Heinrichs, Nina T1 - Parents' perception of their 2−10-year-old children's contribution to the dyadic parent-child relationship in terms of positive and negative behaviors JF - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health N2 - Parent-child relationship is developed and changed through reciprocal interactions between a child and his/her parent, and these interactions can strongly influence the child's development across domains (e.g., emotional, physical, and intellectual). However, little is known about the parental perception of the child's contribution to the dyadic parent-child relationship in terms of positive and negative behaviors. We therefore aimed to develop and validate an economical parent-report instrument to assess these important aspects. The validation study included 1642 mothers (M\(_{age}\) = 37.1) and 1068 fathers (M\(_{age}\) = 40.4) of 1712 children aged 2–10 years (M\(_{age}\) = 6.6) who completed the new instrument, the Child Relationship Behavior Inventory (CRBI). Statistical results indicated that the CRBI is a reliable and valid measure. Mothers reported more positive child behaviors towards them, whereas fathers perceived fewer problems with problematic relationship behavior than mothers. In their parents' perception, girls showed more positive and less problematic relationship behaviors than boys. The frequency of problematic child relationship behavior significantly decreased with increasing child age while positive relationship behavior did not show any correlation with the child's age. To assess both positive and negative child relationship behaviors could be helpful to better understand the relevance of these different aspects for the development of the parent-child relationship. KW - parent-child relationship KW - child behavior KW - parental perception KW - inventory Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-197411 SN - 1660-4601 VL - 16 IS - 7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Briegel, Wolfgang A1 - Hoyer, Juliane T1 - Psychiatric disorders and distal 21q deletion — a case report JF - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health N2 - Partial deletion of chromosome 21q is a very rare genetic condition with highly variable phenotypic features including heart defects, high or cleft palate, brain malformations (e.g., cerebral atrophy), developmental delay and intellectual disability. So far, there is very limited knowledge about psychiatric disorders and their effective treatment in this special population. To fill this gap, the authors present the case of an initially five-year-old girl with distal deletion (del21q22.2) and comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (main psychiatric diagnosis) covering a period of time of almost four years comprising initial psychological/psychiatric assessment, subsequent treatment with Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), and follow-up assessments. Post-intervention results including a 19-month follow-up indicated good overall efficacy of PCIT and high parental satisfaction with the treatment. This case report makes a substantial contribution to enhancing knowledge on psychiatric comorbidity and its effective treatment in patients with terminal 21q deletion. Moreover, it emphasizes the necessity of multidisciplinarity in diagnosis and treatment due to the variety of anomalies associated with 21q deletion. Regular screenings for psychiatric disorders and (if indicated) thorough psychological and psychiatric assessment seem to be reasonable in most affected children, as children with developmental delays are at increased risk of developing psychiatric disorders. As demonstrated with this case report, PCIT seems to be a good choice to effectively reduce disruptive behaviors in young children with partial deletion of chromosome 21q. KW - chromosome 21 KW - distal deletion KW - 21q22.2-q22.3 KW - oppositional defiant disorder KW - attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder KW - Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) KW - case report Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-203769 SN - 1660-4601 VL - 17 IS - 9 ER - TY - THES A1 - Buchner, Kim T1 - Untersuchungen zur Assoziation von Schlafbruxismus und psychischer Belastung bei Kindern T1 - Studies on the association of sleep bruxism and psychological distress in children N2 - Bruxismus bezeichnet eine sich wiederholende Kaumuskelaktivität mit Knirschen oder Aufeinanderpressen der Zähne. Während bei Erwachsenen die Ursachen und die Pathophysiologie schon weitreichend erforscht wurden, gab es bei Kindern bislang keine systematische Untersuchung hinsichtlich des Zusammenhangs mit psychopathologischen Faktoren. Deshalb wurde unsere Studie nun erstmals mit Bruxismusmessung nach Goldstandard sowie mit normierten und validierten Fragebögen zu verschiedenen psychosozialen Dimensionen als Querschnittsuntersuchung bei 53 acht- bis zwölfjährigen Kindern durchgeführt. Besonderes Augenmerk wurde dabei auf den hypothetisierten Zusammenhang zwischen Schlafbruxismus und Angstsensitivität sowie Angstintensität gelegt. Außerdem wurde der Einfluss weiterer psychosozialer Faktoren (wie Lebensqualität, Anzahl negativer Lebensereignisse, Verhaltensauffälligkeiten, ADHS-Symptomatik, depressive Symptomatik, Zwangssymptomatik, Ticsymptomatik, Alter und Geschlecht) auf die o.g. Prädiktoren per multipler Regressionsanalyse geprüft. Auf Basis der durchgeführten Untersuchung ergaben sich keine Hinweise auf eine Assoziation von Bruxismus zu psychosozialen Dimensionen. Die vorbeschriebenen Zusammenhänge erwiesen sich als statistisch nicht signifikant. Dies mag zum einen der Stichprobenauswahl von gesunden Kindern geschuldet sein, die weder von Bruxismus noch von anderen Faktoren vorbekannt klinisch beeinträchtigt waren. Andererseits können aber auch fehlerhafte Ausgangsüberlegungen durch nicht dem Goldstandard entsprechenden Messungen der Vorstudien zu diesem Ergebnis geführt haben. Darüber hinaus verläuft die Kindesentwicklung interindividuell sehr variabel und temporäre myofunktionelle Beeinträchtigungen können ohne Bezug zu psychischer Belastung auftreten. N2 - Bruxism is defined as repetitive masticatory muscle activity with grinding or clenching of the teeth. While the causes and pathophysiology of bruxism have been extensively studied in adults, there has been no systematic investigation of its association with psychopathological factors in children. Therefore, our study was conducted for the first time with bruxism measurement according to the gold standard as well as with standardized and validated questionnaires on different psychosocial dimensions as a cross-sectional study in 53 eight- to twelve-year-old children. Special attention was paid to the hypothesized relationship between sleep bruxism and anxiety sensitivity as well as anxiety intensity. In addition, the influence of other psychosocial factors (such as quality of life, number of negative life events, behavioral problems, ADHD symptomatology, depressive symptomatology, obsessive-compulsive symptomatology, tic symptomatology, age and gender) on the above predictors was tested by multiple regression analysis. On the basis of the investigation conducted, no evidence of an association of bruxism with psychosocial dimensions was found. The aforementioned associations proved not to be statistically significant. On the one hand, this may be due to the sample selection of healthy children who were not clinically impaired by bruxism or by any other factors known beforehand. On the other hand, faulty initial considerations due to non-gold standard measurements of the preliminary studies may have led to this result. Furthermore, child development is highly variable between individuals and temporary myofunctional impairments may occur without relation to psychological distress. KW - Bruxismus KW - Schlafbruxismus KW - psychische Belastung KW - kindliche Zahnentwicklung KW - Angstsensitivität KW - Angstintensität KW - sleep bruxism KW - psychological distress KW - dental development in children KW - anxiety sensitivity KW - anxiety intensity Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225639 ER -