TY  - THES
A1  - Hartlieb [geb. Faust], Verena
T1  - Die Bedeutung der phonologischen Bewusstheit für die Entwicklung mathematischer Kompetenzen bei Kindern mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund : Ergebnisse einer Längsschnittstudie vom Beginn des Vorschuljahres bis zum Ende der ersten Klasse
T1  - The importance of phonological awareness for the development of mathematical competencies in children with and without migration background
N2  - Die Entwicklung mathematischer Kompetenzen beginnt bereits vor Schuleintritt und wird durch viele Faktoren beeinflusst. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird primär untersucht, ob die phonologische Bewusstheit als (meta-)sprachliche Kompetenz auch für die frühe mathematische Kompetenzentwicklung bedeutsam ist und ob sich bei Kindern mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund vergleichbare Zusammenhänge finden lassen. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt bildet die Überprüfung von differenziellen Effekten von ausgewählten, mathematischen Vorschultrainings sowie eines Trainings der phonologischen Bewusstheit auf die mathematischen Kompetenzen unter Berücksichtigung des Migrationshintergrundes. Die statistischen Analysen basieren auf einer Stichprobe von über 370 Kindern, die im Verlauf der Längsschnittstudie zu vier Messzeitpunkten, jeweils am Beginn und Ende des Vorschul- bzw. ersten Schuljahres, untersucht wurden. Durch Berechnung hierarchischer Regressionsanalysen ließ sich global kein zusätzlicher Erklärungsbeitrag der phonologischen Bewusstheit neben den mathematischen Ausgangskompetenzen feststellen. Der Vergleich der beiden Migrationsgruppen ergab keine strukturellen Unterschiede. Die Überprüfung von spezifischen Effekten durch mathematische Vorschulprogramme (Krajewski et al., 2007; Friedrich & de Galgóczy, 2004; Preiß, 2004, 2005) und von unspezifischen Effekten durch ein Training der phonologischen Bewusstheit und der Buchstaben-Laut-Zuordnung (Küspert & Schneider, 2008; Plume & Schneider, 2004) auf die mathematischen Kompetenzen lieferte nur vereinzelt positive Effekte, die jedoch bei Berücksichtigung von individuellen und familiären Kontrollvariablen reduziert wurden. Die Generalisierbarkeit der Ergebnisse ist durch die komplexe Datenstruktur verbunden mit kleinen Stichprobengrößen in den jeweiligen Faktorenstufen limitiert. Insgesamt ermöglicht die vorliegende Arbeit eine differenzierte Betrachtung der mathematischen Kompetenzentwicklung bei Kindern mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund und liefert wichtige Implikationen für Forschung und Praxis.
N2  - The development of mathematical competencies begins even before entering school and is influenced by many factors. The present work primarily investigates whether phonological awareness as a (meta-)linguistic competence is also important for the early development of mathematical competencies and whether comparable relations can be found in children with and without migration background. Another focus is the examination of differential effects of selected, mathematical preschool trainings as well as a training of phonological awareness on mathematical competencies, taking into account the migration background. The statistical analyses are based on a sample of over 370 children who were examined at four measurement points during the longitudinal study, each at the beginning and end of the preschool or first school year. By calculating hierarchical regression analyses, no additional explanatory contribution of phonological awareness in addition to the initial mathematical competencies could be determined globally. The comparison of children with and without migration background revealed no structural differences. The verification of specific effects by preschool mathematical trainings (Krajewski et al., 2007; Friedrich & de Galgóczy, 2004; Preiß, 2004, 2005) and of non-specific effects by a training of phonological awareness and of letter-sound correspondences (Küspert & Schneider, 2008; Plume & Schneider, 2004) on mathematical competencies provides only some positive effects, which have been reduced when individual and family aspects were controlled for. The generalizability of the results is limited by the complex data structure combined with small sample sizes in the respective factor levels. Overall, the present work enables a differentiated consideration of the development of competencies in mathematics in children with and without migration background and provides important implications for research and practice.
KW  - Mathematik
KW  - Phonologische Bewusstheit
KW  - Migrationshintergrund
KW  - mathematische Kompetenzentwicklung
KW  - mathematische und schriftsprachliche Vorläuferkompetenzen
KW  - spezifische und unspezifische Trainingseffekte
KW  - Kinder im Vorschulalter und frühen Grundschulalter
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-244047
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Weiß, Martin
A1  - Hein, Grit
A1  - Hewig, Johannes
T1  - Between joy and sympathy: Smiling and sad recipient faces increase prosocial behavior in the dictator game
JF  - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
N2  - In human interactions, the facial expression of a bargaining partner may contain relevant information that affects prosocial decisions. We were interested in whether facial expressions of the recipient in the dictator game influence dictators´ ehavior. To test this, we conducted an online study (n = 106) based on a modified version of a dictator game. The dictators allocated money between themselves and another person (recipient), who had no possibility to respond to the dictator.
Importantly, before the allocation decision, the dictator was presented with the facial expression of the recipient (angry, disgusted, sad, smiling, or neutral). The results showed that dictators sent more money to recipients with sad or smiling facial expressions and less to recipients with angry or disgusted facial expressions compared with a neutral facial expression. Moreover, based on the sequential analysis of the decision and the interaction partner in the preceding trial, we found that decision-making depends upon previous interactions.
KW  - emotional influence
KW  - dictator game
KW  - facial expression
KW  - social decision-making
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-241106
VL  - 18
IS  - 11
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Gromer, Daniel
T1  - Mechanisms Underlying Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Specific Phobias
T1  - Wirkmechanismen der Expositionstherapie in virtueller Realität bei spezifischen Phobien
N2  - Virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) is an effective cognitive-behavioral treatment for anxiety disorders that comprises systematic confrontations to virtual representations of feared stimuli and situations.
However, not all patients respond to VRET, and some patients relapse after successful treatment. One explanation for this limitation of VRET is that its underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood, leaving room for further improvement.
On these grounds, the present thesis aimed to investigate two major research questions: first, it explored how virtual stimuli induce fear responses in height-fearful participants, and second, it tested if VRET outcome could be improved by incorporating techniques derived from two different theories of exposure therapy. To this end, five studies in virtual reality (VR) were conducted.

Study 1 (N = 99) established a virtual environment for height exposure using a Computer Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE) and investigated the effects of tactile wind simulation in VR. Height-fearful and non-fearful participants climbed a virtual outlook, and half of the participants received wind simulation. Results revealed that height-fearful participants showed stronger fear responses, on both a subjective and behavioral level, and that wind simulation increased subjective fear. However, adding tactile wind simulation in VR did not affect presence, the user's sense of 'being there' in the virtual environment. Replicating previous studies, fear and presence in VR were correlated, and the correlation was higher in height-fearful compared to non-fearful participants.

Study 2 (N = 43) sought to corroborate the findings of the first study, using a different VR system for exposure (a head-mounted display) and measuring physiological fear responses. In addition, the effects of a visual cognitive distractor on fear in VR were investigated. Participants' fear responses were evident on both a subjective and physiological level---although much more pronounced on skin conductance than on heart rate---but the virtual distractor did not affect the strength of fear responses.

In Study 3 (N = 50), the effects of trait height-fearfulness and height level on fear responses were investigated in more detail. Self-rated level of acrophobia and five different height levels in VR (1 m--20 m) were used as linear predictors of subjective and physiological indices of fear. Results showed that subjective fear and skin conductance responses were a function of both trait height-fearfulness and height level, whereas no clear effects were visible for heart rate.

Study 4 (N = 64 + N = 49) aimed to advance the understanding of the relationship between presence and fear in VR. Previous research indicates a positive correlation between both measures, but possible causal mechanisms have not yet been identified. The study was the first to experimentally manipulate both presence (via the visual and auditive realism of the virtual environment) and fear (by presenting both height and control situations). Results indicated a causal effect of fear on presence, i.e., experiencing fear in a virtual environment led to a stronger sense of `being there' in the virtual environment. However, conversely, presence increased by higher scene realism did not affect fear responses. Nonetheless, presence seemed to have some effects on fear responding via another pathway, as participants whose presence levels were highest in the first safe context were also those who had the strongest fear responses in a later height situation. This finding indicated the importance of immersive user characteristics in the emergence of presence and fear in VR.

The findings of the first four studies were integrated into a model of fear in VR, extending previous models and highlighting factors that lead to the emergence of both fear and presence in VR. Results of the studies showed that fear responses towards virtual heights were affected by trait height-fearfulness, phobic elements in the virtual environment, and, at least to some degree, on presence. Presence, on the other hand, was affected by experiencing fear in VR, immersion---the characteristics of the VR system---and immersive user characteristics. Of note, the manipulations of immersion used in the present thesis, visual and auditory realism of the virtual environment and tactile wind simulation, were not particularly effective in manipulating presence.

Finally, Study 5 (N = 34) compared two different implementations of VRET for acrophobia to investigate mechanisms underlying its efficacy. The first implementation followed the Emotional Processing Theory, assuming that fear reduction during exposure is crucial for positive treatment outcome. In this condition, patients were asked to focus on their fear responses and on the decline of fear (habituation) during exposures. The second implementation was based on the inhibitory learning model, assuming that expectancy violation is the primary mechanism underlying exposure therapy efficacy. In this condition, patients were asked to focus on the non-occurrence of feared outcomes (e.g., 'I could fall off') during exposure. Based on predictions of the inhibitory learning model, the hypothesis for the study was that expectancy-violation-based exposure would outperform habituation-based exposure.
After two treatment sessions in VR, both treatment conditions effectively reduced the patients' fear of heights, but the two conditions did not differ in their efficacy. The study replicated previous studies by showing that VRET is an effective treatment for acrophobia; however, contrary to the assumption, explicitly targeting the violation of threat expectancies did not improve outcome. This finding adds to other studies failing to provide clear evidence for expectancy violation as the primary mechanism underlying exposure therapy. Possible explanations for this finding and clinical implications are discussed, along with suggestions for further research.
N2  - Die Expositionstherapie in virtueller Realität (VRET) ist ein wirksames kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutisches Verfahren zur Behandlung von Angststörungen. Bei einer VRET werden Patienten nach psychoedukativer Vorbereitung mit virtuellen Repräsentationen der von ihnen gefürchteten Objekte oder Situationen konfrontiert.
Die VRET zeigt allerdings nicht bei allen Patienten die gewünschte Wirksamkeit, und einige Patienten erleben selbst nach erfolgreicher Therapie eine Rückkehr der Angst. Da die zugrunde liegenden Wirkfaktoren der VRET noch nicht ausreichend aufgeklärt sind, lässt sich ihre Effektivtät möglicherweise noch weiter verbessern.
Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es daher zwei Fragen zu untersuchen. Zum einen, wie genau virtuelle Reize Furchtreaktionen bei höhenängstlichen Personen auslösen, und zum anderen, ob sich VRET durch den Einsatz spezifischer Techniken, welche aus Theorien zur Expositionstherapie abgeleitet wurden, verbessern lässt. Um die Fragen zu beantworten, wurden im Rahmen der Dissertation fünf Studien durchgeführt.

In Studie 1 (N = 99) wurde eine virtuelle Umgebung für Höhenexposition etabliert und Effekte von taktiler Windsimulation in virtueller Realität (VR) untersucht. In der Studie hatten höhenängstliche und nicht-ängstliche Probanden die Aufgabe einen virtuellen Turm zu besteigen, wobei die Hälfte der Probanden währenddessen eine Windsimulation dargeboten bekam. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass höhenängstliche Probanden stärkere Furchtreaktionen zeigten, was sich sowohl im Bericht als auch im Verhalten äußerte. Zusätzlich erhöhte die Windsimulation die subjektiv Furcht der Probanden. Die Windsimulation hatte allerdings keinen Einfluss auf das Präsenzerleben, d. h. wie sehr sich Probanden so gefühlt hatten als seien sie tatsächlich in der virtuellen Umgebung gewesen. In der Studie konnten darüber hinaus zwei Befunde vorheriger Studien zum Präsenzerleben repliziert werden. Furcht und Präsenz korrelierten positiv, und dieser Zusammenhang war bei höhenängstlichen Probanden stärker als bei nicht-ängstlichen Probanden. Die Studie konnte zeigen, dass sich VR eignet um Furcht auf verschiedenen Reaktionsebenen zu untersuchen und es darüber hinaus möglich ist, Furcht in VR experimentell zu manipulieren.

In Studie 2 (N = 43) sollten die Ergebnisse der ersten Studie bestätigt werden. Hierfür wurden ein anderes VR-System für die Exposition eingesetzt sowie die Erfassung von Furchtreaktionen um physiologische Maße ergänzt. Zusätzlich wurde der Einfluss einer visuell-kognitiven Distraktionsaufgabe in VR auf Furchtreaktionen untersucht. Die Furchtreaktionen der Probanden zeigten sich sowohl auf subjektiver als auch physiologischer Ebene, wobei Reaktionen der Hautleitfähigkeit stärker ausgeprägt waren als Veränderungen der Herzrate. Ein Einfluss der ablenkenden visuell-kognitiven Aufgabe auf Furchtreaktionen konnte nicht gezeigt werden. Die Studie konnte insgesamt verdeutlichen, dass die Eigenschaft von VR, Furcht zu erzeugen, nicht an einen bestimmten Versuchsaufbau gebunden ist und sich Furcht in VR auf allen Reaktionsebenen zeigt.

Studie 3 (N = 50) hatte das Ziel, den Einfluss von Höhenängstlichkeit und Höhe auf Furchreaktionen genauer zu untersuchen. Hierfür wurde per Fragebogen erfasste Höhenängstlichkeit sowie fünf verschiedene Höhen (1 m--20 m) als lineare Prädiktoren für subjektive und physiologische Furchtindizes verwendet. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass subjektive Furcht und Hautleitfähigkeitsreaktionen in Abhängigkeit von sowohl Höhenängstlichkeit als auch Höhe zunahmen. Für die Herzrate zeigten sich hingegen keine eindeutigen Effekte. Die Studie konnte zusammenfassend zeigen, dass sich die Furchtreaktionen in VR spezifisch auf Höhe zeigten.

In Studie 4 (N = 64 + N = 49) sollte der Zusammenhang zwischen Furcht und Präsenzerleben in VR genauer untersucht werden. Vorangegangene Studien zeigten eine positive Korrelation zwischen beiden Maßen, konnten jedoch keine Aussagen über einen möglichen Kausalzusammenhang machen. Die vorliegende Studie war daher die erste, welche sowohl Präsenz als auch Furcht experimentell manipulierte. Präsenz wurde über die Darbietung unterschiedlich realistischer virtueller Umgebungen, Furcht über die Darbietung von Höhen und Kontrollumgebungen manipuliert.
Die Ergebnisse der Studie zeigten, dass es einen kausalen Effekt von Furcht auf Präsenzerleben gab, d. h. das Erleben von Furcht in einer Höhensituation in VR führte zu erhöhtem Präsenzerleben. Umgekehrt gab es jedoch keinen Effekt von experimentell manipuliertem Präsenzerleben auf die Stärke der Furchtreaktion. Es zeigte sich allerdings, dass Personen, welche in der ersten sicheren Situation das stärkste Präsenzerleben berichteten, später auch die stärksten Furchtreaktionen zeigten, was darauf schließen lässt, dass es möglicherwiese dennoch Effekte von Präsenzerleben auf Furcht gibt. Dieses Ergebnis weist auf die Bedeutung von möglichen Persönlichkeitsunterschieden hin, welche für das Erleben von Präsenz und Furcht in VR von Bedeutung sind. Die Studie verdeutlichte damit zum einen die Komplexität des Zusammenhangs zwischen Furcht und Präsenzerleben und erlaubte zum anderen erstmals Kausalschlüsse zwischen beiden Maßen.

Die Ergebnisse der ersten vier Studien wurden in einem Modell zur Furcht in VR zusammengefasst. Basierend auf bestehenden Modellen zeigt das neue Modell Faktoren auf, welche für die Entstehung von Furcht und Präsenz bedeutsam sind. So konnten die Studien zeigen, dass Furchtreaktionen in Abhängigkeit von habitueller Höhenangst, der furchtbezogenen Relevanz der virtuellen Umgebung (z. B. Höhe), sowie zum Teil vom Präsenzerleben, auftreten. Bezüglich des Präsenzerlebens betont das Modell die Relevanz von aktuellem Furchterleben, Immersion (den Charakteristika des VR-Systems) und immersiven Nutzercharakteristika (z. B. Absorption). Zu erwähnen ist, dass die in der vorliegenden Dissertation untersuchten Manipulationen von Immersion (visueller und auditiver Realismus der virtuellen Umgebung und taktile Windsimulation) jedoch keine sonderlich starken Effekte auf Präsenz hatten.

In Studie 5 (N = 34) wurden abschließend im Rahmen einer Therapiestudie zwei verschiedene VRET-Ansätze miteinander verglichen. Die erste Gruppe von Patienten erhielt hierbei eine Therapie auf Basis der Emotional Processing Theory. In dieser Bedingung wurden die Patienten während der Exposition gebeten, sich auf ihr Furchterleben und dessen Rückgang über die Zeit (Habituation) zu konzentrieren. Die zweite Gruppe von Patienten erhielt eine Therapie auf Basis des Inhibitory Learning Models. In dieser Bedingung wurden die Patienten gebeten, gezielt ihre Befürchtungen (z. B. "Ich könnte herunterfallen") zu überprüfen und zu widerlegen. Es wurde auf Basis der Vorhersage des Inhibitory Learning Models, dass Erwartungswiderlegung der zentrale Wirkfaktor der Expositionstherapie ist, angenommen, dass eine Therapie auf Basis der Widerlegung von Befürchtungen effektiver ist als eine Therapie auf Basis von Habituation. Nach zwei Therapiesitzungen berichteten die Patienten in beiden Gruppen einen signifikaten Rückgang ihrer Höhenangst, es zeigten sich jedoch keine Wirksamkeitsunterschiede zwischen den Gruppen. Die Studie konnte damit zwar vorherige Befunde replizieren, die zeigten, dass VRET eine effektive Behandlung für Höhenangst ist, die spezifische Fokussierung auf Erwartungswiderlegung zeigte jedoch keinen Vorteil. Dieser Befund reiht sich damit in eine Reihe von Studien ein, die Erwartungswiderlegung als zentralen Wirkfaktor der Expositionstherapie nicht nachweisen konnten. Mögliche Gründe für diesen Befund sowie daraus folgende klinische Implikationen und Vorschläge für weitere Forschung werden diskutiert.
KW  - Virtuelle Realität
KW  - Höhenangst
KW  - Expositionstherapie
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-207334
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Breil, Christina
A1  - Kanske, Philipp
A1  - Pittig, Roxana
A1  - Böckler, Anne
T1  - A revised instrument for the assessment of empathy and Theory of Mind in adolescents: Introducing the EmpaToM-Y
JF  - Behavior Research Methods
N2  - Empathy and Theory of Mind (ToM) are two core components of social understanding. The EmpaToM is a validated social video task that allows for independent manipulation and assessment of the two capacities. First applications revealed that empathy and ToM are dissociable constructs on a neuronal as well as on a behavioral level. As the EmpaToM has been designed for the assessment of social understanding in adults, it has a high degree of complexity and comprises topics that are inadequate for minors. For this reason, we designed a new version of the EmpaToM that is especially suited to measure empathy and ToM in youths. In experiment 1, we successfully validated the EmpaToM-Y on the original EmpaToM in an adult sample (N = 61), revealing a similar pattern of results across tasks and strong correlations of all constructs. As intended, the performance measure for ToM and the control condition of the EmpaToM-Y showed reduced difficulty. In experiment 2, we tested the feasibility of the EmpaToM-Y in a group of teenagers (N = 36). Results indicate a reliable empathy induction and higher demands of ToM questions for adolescents. We provide a promising task for future research targeting inter-individual variability of socio-cognitive and socio-affective capacities as well as their precursors and outcomes in healthy minors and clinical populations.
KW  - empathy
KW  - Theory of Mind
KW  - social cognition
KW  - social understanding
KW  - mentalizing
KW  - asolescence
KW  - development
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-302877
VL  - 53
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Pittig, Andre
A1  - Heinig, Ingmar
A1  - Goerigk, Stephan
A1  - Thiel, Freya
A1  - Hummel, Katrin
A1  - Scholl, Lucie
A1  - Deckert, Jürgen
A1  - Pauli, Paul
A1  - Domschke, Katharina
A1  - Lueken, Ulrike
A1  - Fydrich, Thomas
A1  - Fehm, Lydia
A1  - Plag, Jens
A1  - Ströhle, Andreas
A1  - Kircher, Tilo
A1  - Straube, Benjamin
A1  - Rief, Winfried
A1  - Koelkebeck, Katja
A1  - Arolt, Volker
A1  - Dannlowski, Udo
A1  - Margraf, Jürgen
A1  - Totzeck, Christina
A1  - Schneider, Silvia
A1  - Neudeck, Peter
A1  - Craske, Michelle G.
A1  - Hollandt, Maike
A1  - Richter, Jan
A1  - Hamm, Alfons
A1  - Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich
T1  - Efficacy of temporally intensified exposure for anxiety disorders: A multicenter randomized clinical trial
JF  - Depression and Anxiety
N2  - Background

The need to optimize exposure treatments for anxiety disorders may be addressed by temporally intensified exposure sessions. Effects on symptom reduction and public health benefits should be examined across different anxiety disorders with comorbid conditions.

Methods

This multicenter randomized controlled trial compared two variants of prediction error-based exposure therapy (PeEx) in various anxiety disorders (both 12 sessions + 2 booster sessions, 100 min/session): temporally intensified exposure (PeEx-I) with exposure sessions condensed to 2 weeks (n = 358) and standard nonintensified exposure (PeEx-S) with weekly exposure sessions (n = 368). Primary outcomes were anxiety symptoms (pre, post, and 6-months follow-up). Secondary outcomes were global severity (across sessions), quality of life, disability days, and comorbid depression.

Results

Both treatments resulted in substantial improvements at post (PeEx-I: d\(_{within}\) = 1.50, PeEx-S: d\(_{within}\) = 1.78) and follow-up (PeEx-I: d\(_{within}\) = 2.34; PeEx-S: d\(_{within}\) = 2.03). Both groups showed formally equivalent symptom reduction at post and follow-up. However, time until response during treatment was 32% shorter in PeEx-I (median = 68 days) than PeEx-S (108 days; TR\(_{PeEx-I}\)-I = 0.68). Interestingly, drop-out rates were lower during intensified exposure. PeEx-I was also superior in reducing disability days and improving quality of life at follow-up without increasing relapse.

Conclusions

Both treatment variants focusing on the transdiagnostic exposure-based violation of threat beliefs were effective in reducing symptom severity and disability in severe anxiety disorders. Temporally intensified exposure resulted in faster treatment response with substantial public health benefits and lower drop-out during the exposure phase, without higher relapse. Clinicians can expect better or at least comparable outcomes when delivering exposure in a temporally intensified manner.
KW  - randomized controlled trial
KW  - anxiety disorders
KW  - exposure therapy
KW  - intensified treatment
KW  - public health
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-257331
VL  - 38
IS  - 11
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Gary, Sebastian
A1  - Lenhard, Wolfgang
A1  - Lenhard, Alexandra
T1  - Modelling norm scores with the cNORM package in R
JF  - Psych
N2  - In this article, we explain and demonstrate how to model norm scores with the cNORM package in R. This package is designed specifically to determine norm scores when the latent ability to be measured covaries with age or other explanatory variables such as grade level. The mathematical method used in this package draws on polynomial regression to model a three-dimensional hyperplane that smoothly and continuously captures the relation between raw scores, norm scores and the explanatory variable. By doing so, it overcomes the typical problems of classical norming methods, such as overly large age intervals, missing norm scores, large amounts of sampling error in the subsamples or huge requirements with regard to the sample size. After a brief introduction to the mathematics of the model, we describe the individual methods of the package. We close the article with a practical example using data from a real reading comprehension test.
KW  - regression-based norming
KW  - continuous norming
KW  - inferential norming
KW  - data smoothing
KW  - curve fitting
KW  - percentile estimation
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-284143
SN  - 2624-8611
VL  - 3
IS  - 3
SP  - 501
EP  - 521
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Klaffehn, Annika L.
A1  - Sellmann, Florian B.
A1  - Kirsch, Wladimir
A1  - Kunde, Wilfried
A1  - Pfister, Roland
T1  - Temporal binding as multisensory integration: Manipulating perceptual certainty of actions and their effects
JF  - Attention, Perception & Psychophysics
N2  - It has been proposed that statistical integration of multisensory cues may be a suitable framework to explain temporal binding, that is, the finding that causally related events such as an action and its effect are perceived to be shifted towards each other in time. A multisensory approach to temporal binding construes actions and effects as individual sensory signals, which are each perceived with a specific temporal precision. When they are integrated into one multimodal event, like an action-effect chain, the extent to which they affect this event's perception depends on their relative reliability. We test whether this assumption holds true in a temporal binding task by manipulating certainty of actions and effects. Two experiments suggest that a relatively uncertain sensory signal in such action-effect sequences is shifted more towards its counterpart than a relatively certain one. This was especially pronounced for temporal binding of the action towards its effect but could also be shown for effect binding. Other conceptual approaches to temporal binding cannot easily explain these results, and the study therefore adds to the growing body of evidence endorsing a multisensory approach to temporal binding.
KW  - temporal processing
KW  - perception and action
KW  - multisensory processing
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-273195
SN  - 1943-393X
VL  - 83
IS  - 8
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schindler, Julia
A1  - Richter, Tobias
A1  - Mar, Raymond
T1  - Does generation benefit learning for narrative and expository texts? A direct replication attempt
JF  - Applied Cognitive Psychology
N2  - Generated information is better recognized and recalled than information that is read. This so‐called generation effect has been replicated several times for different types of material, including texts. Perhaps the most influential demonstration was by McDaniel et al. (1986, Journal of Memory and Language, 25, 645–656; henceforth MEDC). This group tested whether the generation effect occurs only if the generation task stimulates cognitive processes not already stimulated by the text. Numerous studies, however, report difficulties replicating this text by generation‐task interaction, which suggests that the effect might only be found under conditions closer to the original method of MEDC. To test this assumption, we will closely replicate MEDC's Experiment 2 in German and English‐speaking samples. Replicating the effect would suggest that it can be reproduced, at least under limited conditions, which will provide the necessary foundation for future investigations into the boundary conditions of this effect, with an eye towards its utility in applied contexts.
KW  - expository texts
KW  - generation effect
KW  - learning
KW  - narrative texts
KW  - replication
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-224496
VL  - 35
IS  - 2
SP  - 559
EP  - 564
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zetzl, Teresa
A1  - Pittig, Andre
A1  - Renner, Agnes
A1  - van Oorschott, Birgitt
A1  - Jentschke, Elisabeth
T1  - Yoga therapy to reduce fatigue in cancer: effects of reminder e-mails and long-term efficacy
JF  - Supportive Care in Cancer
N2  - Objective
To examine the efficacy of reminder e-mails to continue yoga therapy on practice frequency and fatigue in cancer patients and long-term effects of yoga on fatigue, depression, and quality of life.
Methology
One hundred two cancer patients who completed an 8-week yoga therapy were randomly allocated to two groups: reminder (N = 51) vs. no-reminder group (N = 51). After completing yoga therapy, the reminder group received weekly e-mails for 24 weeks, which reminded them of practicing yoga, whereas the no-reminder group did not. Primary outcomes were fatigue and practice frequency, and long-term outcomes were fatigue, depression, and quality of life. Data were assessed using questionnaires after yoga therapy (T1) and 6 months after completing yoga therapy (T2).
Result
A significantly stronger reduction of general (p = 0.038, d = 0.42) and emotional fatigue (p = 0.004, d = 0.59) and a higher increase of practice frequency (p = 0.015, d = 0.52) between T1 and T2 were found for the reminder group compared to the no-reminder group. In the mediation model, practice frequency as a mediator partially explained the changes in emotional fatigue (indirect effect B =  - 0.10). Long-term effects of yoga therapy regarding fatigue, depression, and quality of life were found (F > 7.46, p < 0.001, d > 0.54).
Conclusion
Weekly reminder e-mails after yoga therapy can positively affect general and emotional fatigue and help cancer patients with fatigue establish a regular yoga practice at home. However, higher practice frequency did not lead to higher physical or cognitive fatigue improvement, suggesting other factors that mediate efficacy on physical or cognitive fatigue, such as mindfulness or side effects of therapy.
KW  - reminder e-mails
KW  - mind–body intervention
KW  - complementary alternative medicine
KW  - long-term effects
KW  - Yoga
KW  - fatigue
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-268415
SN  - 1433-7339
VL  - 29
IS  - 12
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Mitschke, Vanessa
A1  - Eder, Andreas B.
T1  - Facing the enemy: Spontaneous facial reactions towards suffering opponents
JF  - Psychophysiology
N2  - The suffering of an opponent is an important social affective cue that modulates how aggressive interactions progress. To investigate the affective consequences of opponent suffering on a revenge seeking individual, two experiments (total N = 82) recorded facial muscle activity while participants observed the reaction of a provoking opponent to a (retaliatory) sound punishment in a laboratory aggression task. Opponents reacted via prerecorded videos either with facial displays of pain, sadness, or neutrality. Results indicate that participants enjoyed seeing the provocateur suffer: indexed by a coordinated muscle response featuring an increase in zygomaticus major (and orbicularis oculi muscle) activation accompanied by a decrease in corrugator supercilii activation. This positive facial reaction was only shown while a provoking opponent expressed pain. Expressions of sadness, and administration of sound blasts to nonprovoking opponents, did not modulate facial activity. Overall, the results suggest that revenge-seeking individuals enjoy observing the offender suffer, which could represent schadenfreude or satisfaction of having succeeded in the retaliation goal.
KW  - suffering
KW  - facial electromyography
KW  - facial expression
KW  - reactive aggression
KW  - revenge
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259672
VL  - 58
IS  - 8
ER  -