TY - JOUR A1 - Goettsch, Winfried A1 - Beerenwinkel, Niko A1 - Deng, Li A1 - Dölken, Lars A1 - Dutilh, Bas E. A1 - Erhard, Florian A1 - Kaderali, Lars A1 - Kleist, Max von A1 - Marquet, Roland A1 - Matthijnssens, Jelle A1 - McCallin, Shawna A1 - McMahon, Dino A1 - Rattei, Thomas A1 - Van Rij, Ronald P. A1 - Robertson, David L. A1 - Schwemmle, Martin A1 - Stern-Ginossar, Noam A1 - Marz, Manja T1 - ITN—VIROINF: Understanding (harmful) virus-host interactions by linking virology and bioinformatics JF - Viruses N2 - Many recent studies highlight the fundamental importance of viruses. Besides their important role as human and animal pathogens, their beneficial, commensal or harmful functions are poorly understood. By developing and applying tailored bioinformatical tools in important virological models, the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Initiative International Training Network VIROINF will provide a better understanding of viruses and the interaction with their hosts. This will open the door to validate methods of improving viral growth, morphogenesis and development, as well as to control strategies against unwanted microorganisms. The key feature of VIROINF is its interdisciplinary nature, which brings together virologists and bioinformaticians to achieve common goals. KW - bioinformatic KW - virus KW - virology KW - virus host interaction Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-236687 SN - 1999-4915 VL - 13 IS - 5 ER - TY - THES A1 - Kuen, Janina T1 - Influence of 3D tumor cell/fibroblast co-culture on monocyte differentiation and tumor progression in pancreatic cancer T1 - Einfluss von 3D Tumorzell/Fibroblasten Ko-kulturen auf die Monozyten Differenzierung und das Tumorwachstum bei Bauchspeicheldrüsenkrebs N2 - Pancreatic cancer (PC) remains one of the most challenging solid tumors to treat with a high unmet medical need as patients poorly respond to standard-of-care-therapies. Prominent desmoplastic reaction involving cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and the immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and their cross-talk play a significant role in tumor immune escape and progression. To identify the key cellular mechanisms induce an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, we established 3D co-culture model with pancreatic cancer cells, CAFs, monocyte as well as T cells. Using this model, we analysed the influence of tumor cells and fibroblasts on monocytes and their immune suppressive phenotype. Phenotypic characterization of the monocytes after 3D co-culture with tumor/fibroblast spheroids was performed by analysing the expression of defined cell surface markers and soluble factors. Functionality of these monocytes and their ability to influence T cell phenotype and proliferation was investigated. 3D co-culture of monocytes with pancreatic cancer cells and fibroblasts induced the production of immunosuppressive cytokines which are known to promote polarization of M2 like macrophages and myeloid derived suppressive cells (MDSCs). These co-culture spheroid polarized monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs) were poorly differentiated and had an M2 phenotype. The immunosuppressive function of these co-culture spheroids polarized MDMs was demonstrated by their ability to inhibit autologous CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation and proliferation in vitro, which we could partially reverse by 3D co-culture spheroid treatment with therapeutic molecules that are able to re-activate spheroid polarized MDMs or block immune suppressive factors such as Arginase-I. In conclusion, we generated a physiologically relevant 3D co-culture model, which can be used as a promising tool to study complex cell-cell interactions between different cell types within the tumor microenvironment and to support drug screening and development. In future, research focused on better understanding of resistance mechanisms to existing cancer immunotherapies will help to develop new therapeutic strategies in order to combat cancer. N2 - Bei Bauchspeicheldrüsenkrebs handelt es sich um eine maligne Tumorerkrankung, deren Behandlung Ärzte noch immer vor große Herausforderungen stellen und die zur dritthäufigsten krebsbedingten Todesursache der westlichen Welt zählt. Desmoplastische Reaktionen im Tumorgewebe sind hierbei ein besonderes Merkmal dieser Erkrankung. Dabei spielen tumor-assoziierte Fibroblasten sowie unterschiedliche Zellen des Immunsystems und deren Interaktionen eine essentielle Rolle hinsichtlich Tumorwachstum und der Herunterregulation des Immunsystems. Um zelluläre Mechanismen, die ein immunsuppressives Tumormilieu induzieren, zu identifizieren, entwickelten wir ein 3D Ko-Kultur Modell mit Bauchspeicheldrüsenkrebszellen, tumor-assoziierten Fibroblasten sowie Monozyten und T-Zellen. Mit Hilfe dieses Modells konnten wir den Einfluss von Tumorzellen und Fibroblasten auf den Phänotyp und das Verhalten von Monozyten untersuchen. Dazu wurden Monozyten in einer 3D Tumorzell/Fibroblasten Ko-Kultur kultiviert und differenziert, um anschließend die Expression definierter Zelloberflächenmarker und löslicher Faktoren zu analysieren. Des Weiteren wurde das Verhalten dieser 3D Ko-Kultur differenzierten myeloiden Zellpopulation sowie ihre Fähigkeit den Phänotyp von T Zellen und deren Proliferation zu beeinflussen untersucht. Die 3D Ko-Kultur der Monozyten zusammen mit den Tumorzellen und den Fibroblasten führten zur Produktion immunsuppressiver Zytokine und Chemokine, wodurch die Differenzierung der Monozyten in M2-ähnliche Makrophagen induziert wurde. Diese durch die 3D Tumorzell/Fibroblasten Sphäroide polarisierten aus Monozyten herangereiften M2-ähnlichen Makrophagen besaßen außerdem immunsuppressive funktionelle Eigenschaften, indem sie in der Lage waren, die Aktivierung und Proliferation von autologen CD4+ und CD8+ T Zellen in vitro zu inhibieren. Die Suppression sowohl der CD4+ als auch der CD8+ T Zellen konnte durch die Behandlung therapeutischer Moleküle, die die Re-Aktivierung der immunsuppressiven 3D Sphäroid polarisierten Makrophagen stimulierten oder suppressive Faktoren wie Arginase-I blockierten, wieder aufgehoben und die T Zell Proliferation teilweise wiederhergestellt werden. Unser etabliertes 3D Ko-Kultur System repräsentiert ein vielversprechendes physiologisch relevantes Modell, welches genutzt werden kann, um Zell-Zell Interaktion und Kommunikation im Tumormilieu zu untersuchen und dadurch die Wirkung von Medikamenten zu verbessern. Ein gezieltes besseres Verständnis von Tumorresistenz Mechanismen gegen bereits bestehende Immun Therapien fördert die Entwicklung neuer therapeutischer Ansätze zur Bekämpfung von Krebs. KW - monocyte KW - pancreatic cancer KW - 3D cell culture KW - monocyte differentiation KW - Bauchspeicheldrüsenkrebs KW - fibroblasts KW - TAMs KW - 3D Ko-kulture KW - Monozytendifferenzierung KW - Fibroblasten Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-156226 ER - TY - THES A1 - Fröhlich, Monika Gabriele T1 - Die Bedeutung von CD28 vermittelter Kostimulation für CD8 T-Zell-Gedächtnisreaktionen T1 - The role of CD28 costimulation for CD8 T-cell memory responses N2 - Immunologische Gedächtnisreaktionen sind die Grundlage um wiederkehrende Erreger schnell und effizient zu bekämpfen und um einen Impfschutz zu generieren. Das zellvermittelte Gedächtnis wird unter anderem durch CD8 Gedächtnis-T-Zellen aufgebaut, welche vor allem im Kontext von Immunreaktionen gegen intrazellulärer Erreger vonnöten sind, um bei Reinfektion mit den Erregerstämmen einen schnellen Schutz zu gewährleisten. Ein detailliertes Wissen über die Generierung, Kontrolle und Reaktivierung der Gedächtniszellen ist nützlich, um Gedächtnisreaktionen verstehen und lenken zu können. Durch die Entdeckung des TZR und CD28 wurden Meilensteine für das Verständnis der T-Zellaktivierung gelegt und die Grundlage geschaffen, CD8 Gedächtnisreaktionen zu verstehen. Auch wenn für primäre Immunreaktionen die „2-Signal-Theorie“ lange als erwiesen gilt, so blieb die Rolle der Kostimulation für Gedächtnisreaktionen lange umstritten. In dieser Arbeit wurden verschiedene methodische Herangehensweisen verwendet, mit denen durchgehend die Bedeutung von CD28 vermittelter Kostimulation für immunologische CD8 T-Zell-Gedächtnisreaktionen nachgewiesen wurde. CD28 blockierende Antikörper und CD28 induzierbar deletierbare Mauslinien wurden im Modellinfektionssystem mit Ovalbumin produzierenden Listeria monocytogenes zur Analyse der Primär- und Sekundärantworten verwendet. Mit diesen Methoden konnte eine Beeinträchtigung der Expansion von CD8 Gedächtniszellen in Abwesenheit von CD28 bewiesen werden. Weiterhin werden Effektorfunktionen wie Degranulation und Produktion von IFN-γ während der Sekundärinfektion in Abwesenheit von Kostimulation eingeschränkt. Mit Hilfe von Experimenten, bei denen CD28 suffizienten Mäusen eine geringe Anzahl an naiven, antigenspezifischen, CD28 deletierbaren CD8 T-Zellen transferiert wurden, wurde die Bedeutung der Kostimulation für die Expansion von Gedächtniszellen bestätigt, jedoch konnte überraschenderweise auch ein Anstieg der Effektorfunktionen in Abwesenheit von CD28 sowohl während der Primär- als auch der Sekundärantwort dokumentiert werden. Diese zur globalen Blockade bzw. Deletion widersprüchlichen Ergebnisse lassen eine Beteiligung anderer CD28 abhängiger Zelltypen an der Induktion der Effektorfunktionen der CD8 T-Zellen plausibel erscheinen, wie zum Beispiel Einflüsse von T-Helferzellen, welche die Effektorfunktionen positiv verstärken, solange sie selbst Kostimulationssignale empfangen können. Weiterhin konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich Gedächtniszellen an den CD28 defizienten Phänotyp – eine CD28 intakte immunologische Umgebung vorausgesetzt – adaptieren können, wenn ausreichend Zeit nach Deletion und vor Sekundärinfektion verstreichen konnte. N2 - Immunological memory is of vital importance for the fight against reoccurring pathogens and to protect organisms from infections. Important players are CD8 memory T-cells that are created mainly during intracellular infections to boost rapid cellular defenses upon reinfection. The understanding of the generation, control and reactivation of these memory cells is crucial to comprehend and regulate mechanisms of memory immune reactions. The discovery of the TCR and of the costimulator CD28 depict important milestones towards the understanding of activation of memory cells – and naive cells, of course. The paradigm of the two signal theory in the activation of naive T-cells has long been accepted but the role of CD28 mediated costimulation in secondary CD8 T-cell responses remains controversial. Several methodological approaches to investigate the impact of costimulation on memory CD8 T-cells were used in this work, all proving the importance of CD28 to mount robust memory responses. CD28 blocking antibodies and also inducibly CD28 deleting mice were used in both primary and secondary infections with Ovalbumin-producing Listeria monocytogenes to establish an impaired clonal expansion of CD8 memory T-cells in the absence of CD28 function. Furthermore, effector functions such as degranulation and IFN-γ production were reduced during the secondary immune response. Specific deletion of CD28 in CD8 cells in mice that were seeded with a naturally occuring number of antigen specific, CD28 deletable naive CD8 T-cells provided evidence for the importance of costimulatory signals for the clonal expansion but also revealed an increase of effector functions in the absence of CD28 both in the primary and in the secondary response. These findings suggest a participation of other CD28 responsive cells such as T-helper cells by supporting CD28 deleted effector cells to exert their effector functions under the terms of CD28 sufficiency in the other parts of the immune system. Furthermore, I found that the progeny of primed CD8 T-cells can adapt to the CD28 deficient phenotype if given sufficient time before reactivation. KW - Antigen CD28 KW - Antigen CD8 KW - CD8 Gedächtnisreaktionen KW - CD28 KW - Kostimulation KW - CD8 Effektorfunktionen Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158791 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schneider, Anna A1 - Corona, Angela A1 - Spöring, Imke A1 - Jordan, Mareike A1 - Buchholz, Bernd A1 - Maccioni, Elias A1 - Di Santo, Roberto A1 - Bodem, Jochen A1 - Tramontano, Enzo A1 - Wöhrl, Birgitta M. T1 - Biochemical characterization of a multi-drug resistant HIV-1 subtype AG reverse transcriptase: antagonism of AZT discrimination and excision pathways and sensitivity to RNase H inhibitors JF - Nucleic Acids Research N2 - We analyzed a multi-drug resistant (MR) HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT), subcloned from a patient-derived subtype CRF02_AG, harboring 45 amino acid exchanges, amongst them four thymidine analog mutations (TAMs) relevant for high-level AZT (azidothymidine) resistance by AZTMP excision (M41L, D67N, T215Y, K219E) as well as four substitutions of the AZTTP discrimination pathway (A62V, V75I, F116Y and Q151M). In addition, K65R, known to antagonize AZTMP excision in HIV-1 subtype B was present. Although MR-RT harbored the most significant amino acid exchanges T215Y and Q151M of each pathway, it exclusively used AZTTP discrimination, indicating that the two mechanisms are mutually exclusive and that the Q151M pathway is obviously preferred since it confers resistance to most nucleoside inhibitors. A derivative was created, additionally harboring the TAM K70R and the reversions M151Q as well as R65K since K65R antagonizes excision. MR-R65K-K70R-M151Q was competent of AZTMP excision, whereas other combinations thereof with only one or two exchanges still promoted discrimination. To tackle the multi-drug resistance problem, we tested if the MR-RTs could still be inhibited by RNase H inhibitors. All MR-RTs exhibited similar sensitivity toward RNase H inhibitors belonging to different inhibitor classes, indicating the importance of developing RNase H inhibitors further as anti-HIV drugs. KW - ribonuclease H KW - HIV-1 subtype AG KW - azidothymidine KW - reverse transcriptase KW - multi-drug resistance Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-166423 VL - 44 IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hennig, Thomas A1 - Michalski, Marco A1 - Rutkowski, Andrzej J. A1 - Djakovic, Lara A1 - Whisnant, Adam W. A1 - Friedl, Marie-Sophie A1 - Jha, Bhaskar Anand A1 - Baptista, Marisa A. P. A1 - L'Hernault, Anne A1 - Erhard, Florian A1 - Dölken, Lars A1 - Friedel, Caroline C. T1 - HSV-1-induced disruption of transcription termination resembles a cellular stress response but selectively increases chromatin accessibility downstream of genes JF - PLoS Pathogens N2 - Lytic herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection triggers disruption of transcription termination (DoTT) of most cellular genes, resulting in extensive intergenic transcription. Similarly, cellular stress responses lead to gene-specific transcription downstream of genes (DoG). In this study, we performed a detailed comparison of DoTT/DoG transcription between HSV-1 infection, salt and heat stress in primary human fibroblasts using 4sU-seq and ATAC-seq. Although DoTT at late times of HSV-1 infection was substantially more prominent than DoG transcription in salt and heat stress, poly(A) read-through due to DoTT/DoG transcription and affected genes were significantly correlated between all three conditions, in particular at earlier times of infection. We speculate that HSV-1 either directly usurps a cellular stress response or disrupts the transcription termination machinery in other ways but with similar consequences. In contrast to previous reports, we found that inhibition of Ca\(^{2+}\) signaling by BAPTA-AM did not specifically inhibit DoG transcription but globally impaired transcription. Most importantly, HSV-1-induced DoTT, but not stress-induced DoG transcription, was accompanied by a strong increase in open chromatin downstream of the affected poly(A) sites. In its extent and kinetics, downstream open chromatin essentially matched the poly(A) read-through transcription. We show that this does not cause but rather requires DoTT as well as high levels of transcription into the genomic regions downstream of genes. This raises intriguing new questions regarding the role of histone repositioning in the wake of RNA Polymerase II passage downstream of impaired poly(A) site recognition. KW - DNA transcription KW - dogs KW - thermal stresses KW - chromatin KW - histones KW - gene expression KW - cellular stress responses KW - transcriptional termination Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176350 VL - 14 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Whisnant, Adam W. A1 - Jürges, Christopher S. A1 - Hennig, Thomas A1 - Wyler, Emanuel A1 - Prusty, Bhupesh A1 - Rutkowski, Andrzej J. A1 - L'hernault, Anne A1 - Djakovic, Lara A1 - Göbel, Margarete A1 - Döring, Kristina A1 - Menegatti, Jennifer A1 - Antrobus, Robin A1 - Matheson, Nicholas J. A1 - Künzig, Florian W. H. A1 - Mastrobuoni, Guido A1 - Bielow, Chris A1 - Kempa, Stefan A1 - Liang, Chunguang A1 - Dandekar, Thomas A1 - Zimmer, Ralf A1 - Landthaler, Markus A1 - Grässer, Friedrich A1 - Lehner, Paul J. A1 - Friedel, Caroline C. A1 - Erhard, Florian A1 - Dölken, Lars T1 - Integrative functional genomics decodes herpes simplex virus 1 JF - Nature Communications N2 - The predicted 80 open reading frames (ORFs) of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) have been intensively studied for decades. Here, we unravel the complete viral transcriptome and translatome during lytic infection with base-pair resolution by computational integration of multi-omics data. We identify a total of 201 transcripts and 284 ORFs including all known and 46 novel large ORFs. This includes a so far unknown ORF in the locus deleted in the FDA-approved oncolytic virus Imlygic. Multiple transcript isoforms expressed from individual gene loci explain translation of the vast majority of ORFs as well as N-terminal extensions (NTEs) and truncations. We show that NTEs with non-canonical start codons govern the subcellular protein localization and packaging of key viral regulators and structural proteins. We extend the current nomenclature to include all viral gene products and provide a genome browser that visualizes all the obtained data from whole genome to single-nucleotide resolution. Here, using computational integration of multi-omics data, the authors provide a detailed transcriptome and translatome of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), including previously unidentified ORFs and N-terminal extensions. The study also provides a HSV-1 genome browser and should be a valuable resource for further research. KW - infected-cell protein KW - messenger RNA KW - binding protein KW - type 1 KW - identification KW - ICP27 KW - translation KW - expression KW - sequence KW - domain Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-229884 VL - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rasa, Santa A1 - Nora-Krukle, Zaiga A1 - Henning, Nina A1 - Eliassen, Eva A1 - Shikova, Evelina A1 - Harrer, Thomas A1 - Scheibenbogen, Carmen A1 - Murovska, Modra A1 - Prusty, Bhupesh K. T1 - Chronic viral infections in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) JF - Journal of Translational Medicine N2 - Background and main text: Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex and controversial clinical condition without having established causative factors. Increasing numbers of cases during past decade have created awareness among patients as well as healthcare professionals. Chronic viral infection as a cause of ME/CFS has long been debated. However, lack of large studies involving well-designed patient groups and validated experimental set ups have hindered our knowledge about this disease. Moreover, recent developments regarding molecular mechanism of pathogenesis of various infectious agents cast doubts over validity of several of the past studies. Conclusions: This review aims to compile all the studies done so far to investigate various viral agents that could be associated with ME/CFS. Furthermore, we suggest strategies to better design future studies on the role of viral infections in ME/CFS. KW - ME/CFS KW - Viral infections KW - Biomarkers Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-224960 VL - 16 IS - 268 ER - TY - THES A1 - Eckert, Ina-Nathalie T1 - Molecular markers of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and their functional role for homing and in disease models in mice T1 - Molekulare Marker von myeloiden Suppressorzellen und ihre funktionelle Rolle für deren zielgerichtete Migration und bei Krankheitsmodellen in Mäusen N2 - MDSCs are suppressive immune cells with a high relevance in various pathologies including cancer, autoimmunity, and chronic infections. Surface marker expression of MDSCs resembles monocytes and neutrophils which have immunostimulatory functions instead of suppressing T cells. Therefore, finding specific surface markers for MDSCs is important for MDSC research and therapeutic MDSC manipulation. In this study, we analyzed if the integrin VLA-1 has the potential as a novel MDSC marker. VLA-1 was expressed by M-MDSCs but not by G-MDSCs as well as by Teff cells. VLA-1 deficiency did not impact iNOS expression, the distribution of M-MDSC and G-MDSC subsets, and the suppressive capacity of MDSCs towards naïve and Teff cells in vitro. In mice, VLA-1 had no effect on the homing capability of MDSCs to the spleen, which is a major reservoir for MDSCs. Since the splenic red pulp contains collagen IV and VLA-1 binds collagen IV with a high affinity, we found MDSCs and Teff cells in this area as expected. We showed that T cell suppression in the spleen, indicated by reduced T cell recovery and proliferation as well as increased apoptosis and cell death, partially depended on VLA-1 expression by the MDSCs. In a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, MDSC injection prior to disease onset led to a decrease of the disease score, and this effect was significantly reduced when MDSCs were VLA-1 deficient. The expression of Sema7A by Teff cells, a ligand for VLA-1 which is implicated in negative T cell regulation, resulted in a slightly stronger Teff cell suppression by MDSCs compared to Sema7A deficient T cells. Live cell imaging and intravital 2-photon microscopy showed that the interaction time of MDSCs and Teff cells was shorter when MDSCs lacked VLA 1 expression, however VLA-1 expression had no impact on MDSC mobility. Therefore, the VLA-1-dependent interaction of MDSC and Teff cells on collagen IV in the splenic red pulp is implicated MDSC-mediated Teff cell suppression. N2 - MDSCs sind suppressive Immunzellen mit hoher Relevanz bei verschiedenen Krankheiten, einschließlich Krebs, Autoimmunerkrankungen und chronischen Infektionen. Die Expression der Oberflächenmarker von MDSCs ähnelt Monozyten und Neutrophilen, welche im Gegensatz zu MDSCs immunstimulatorische Funktionen haben. Daher es wichtig für die Forschung und die therapeutische Manipulation von MDSCs, spezifische Oberflächenmarker für MDSCs zu identifizieren. In dieser Studie haben wir analysiert, ob das Integrin VLA-1 das ein möglicher neuer MDSC-Marker ist. Effektor-T-Zellen und M-MDSCs, aber nicht G-MDSCs exprimierten VLA-1. VLA-1-Defizienz hatte keinen Einfluss auf die iNOS-Expression, die Verteilung der M-MDSC- und G-MDSC-Subpopulationen und die suppressive Kapazität von MDSCs gegenüber naiven und Effektor-T-Zellen in vitro. In Mäusen hatte VLA-1 keinen Einfluss auf die Fähigkeit zur zielgerichteten Migration von MDSCs zur Milz, welche ein wichtiges Reservoir für MDSCs ist. Da die rote Pulpa der Milz Kollagen IV enthält und VLA-1 Kollagen IV mit hoher Affinität bindet, fanden wir wie erwartet MDSCs und Effektor-T-Zellen in diesem Bereich. Wir konnten zeigen, dass die T Zell-Suppression in der Milz, indiziert durch verringerte T-Zell-Wiederfindung und Proliferation sowie erhöhte Apoptose und Zelltod, teilweise von der VLA 1-Expression von MDSCs abhing. In einem Mausmodell für Multiple Sklerose führte die MDSC-Injektion vor Induktion der Krankheit zu einer Verringerung des Krankheits-Scores, und dieser Effekt war signifikant verringert, wenn MDSCs VLA-1-defizient waren. Die Expression von Sema7A durch Effektor-T-Zellen, ein Ligand für VLA-1, der mit negativer T Zell-Regulierung assoziiert ist, führte zu einer etwas stärkeren Effektor-T-Zell-Suppression durch MDSCs im Vergleich zu Sema7A-defizienten T-Zellen. Live-Cell-Imaging und intravitale 2-Photonen-Mikroskopie zeigten eine kürzere Interaktionszeit von MDSCs und Effektor-T-Zellen bei VLA-1 defizienten MDSCs, jedoch hatte die VLA-1-Expression keinen Einfluss auf die MDSC-Mobilität. Die Verwendung von VLA-1 bei der Identifizierungsstrategie von in vitro generierten MDSCs führte zu einer reineren Trennung von iNOS+ und Arg1+ Zellen von Zellen ohne Expression von Suppressormarkern. In Brusttumor-tragenden Mäusen und BCG-infizierten Mäusen, welche etablierte Modelle für die MDSC-Generierung in vivo sind, wurde VLA-1 nicht von endogenen MDSCs hochreguliert, daher ist VLA-1 möglicherweise kein geeigneter MDSC Marker in vivo. In BCG-infizierten Mäusen fanden wir CD16.2 (FcγRIV), welcher möglicherweise an der MDSC-vermittelten Immunsuppression beteiligt ist, in M-MDSCs und G-MDSCs hochreguliert, daher könnte CD16.2 ein neuer potenzieller MDSC-Marker in vivo sein. Die Analyse veröffentlichter RNA-Sequenzierungs- und Proteomikdaten von MDSCs ergab Markerkandidaten, die von MDSCs hochreguliert wurden, einschließlich VCAN und FCN1. KW - Immunologie KW - Immunsuppression KW - Maus KW - Myeloid-derived suppressor cells KW - Integrin KW - VLA-1 KW - Homing Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-319974 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eder, Sascha A1 - Hollmann, Claudia A1 - Mandasari, Putri A1 - Wittmann, Pia A1 - Schumacher, Fabian A1 - Kleuser, Burkhard A1 - Fink, Julian A1 - Seibel, Jürgen A1 - Schneider-Schaulies, Jürgen A1 - Stigloher, Christian A1 - Beyersdorf, Niklas A1 - Dembski, Sofia T1 - Synthesis and characterization of ceramide-containing liposomes as membrane models for different T cell subpopulations JF - Journal of Functional Biomaterials N2 - A fine balance of regulatory (T\(_{reg}\)) and conventional CD4\(^+\) T cells (T\(_{conv}\)) is required to prevent harmful immune responses, while at the same time ensuring the development of protective immunity against pathogens. As for many cellular processes, sphingolipid metabolism also crucially modulates the T\(_{reg}\)/T\(_{conv}\) balance. However, our understanding of how sphingolipid metabolism is involved in T cell biology is still evolving and a better characterization of the tools at hand is required to advance the field. Therefore, we established a reductionist liposomal membrane model system to imitate the plasma membrane of mouse T\(_{reg}\) and T\(_{conv}\) with regards to their ceramide content. We found that the capacity of membranes to incorporate externally added azide-functionalized ceramide positively correlated with the ceramide content of the liposomes. Moreover, we studied the impact of the different liposomal preparations on primary mouse splenocytes in vitro. The addition of liposomes to resting, but not activated, splenocytes maintained viability with liposomes containing high amounts of C\(_{16}\)-ceramide being most efficient. Our data thus suggest that differences in ceramide post-incorporation into T\(_{reg}\) and T\(_{conv}\) reflect differences in the ceramide content of cellular membranes. KW - liposome KW - ceramide KW - cell membrane model Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-286130 SN - 2079-4983 VL - 13 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geiger, Nina A1 - Diesendorf, Viktoria A1 - Roll, Valeria A1 - König, Eva-Maria A1 - Obernolte, Helena A1 - Sewald, Katherina A1 - Breidenbach, Julian A1 - Pillaiyar, Thanigaimalai A1 - Gütschow, Michael A1 - Müller, Christa E. A1 - Bodem, Jochen T1 - Cell type-specific anti-viral effects of novel SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences N2 - Recently, we have described novel pyridyl indole esters and peptidomimetics as potent inhibitors of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease. Here, we analysed the impact of these compounds on viral replication. It has been shown that some antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 act in a cell line-specific way. Thus, the compounds were tested in Vero, Huh-7, and Calu-3 cells. We showed that the protease inhibitors at 30 µM suppress viral replication by up to 5 orders of magnitude in Huh-7 cells, while in Calu-3 cells, suppression by 2 orders of magnitude was achieved. Three pyridin-3-yl indole-carboxylates inhibited viral replication in all cell lines, indicating that they might repress viral replication in human tissue as well. Thus, we investigated three compounds in human precision-cut lung slices and observed donor-dependent antiviral activity in this patient-near system. Our results provide evidence that even direct-acting antivirals may act in a cell line-specific manner. KW - SARS-CoV-2 KW - protease inhibitors KW - cell line specificity pyridyl indole carboxylates KW - azapeptide nitriles KW - peptidomimetics Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-304034 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 24 IS - 4 ER -