TY - JOUR A1 - Klotz, Barbara A1 - Mentrup, Birgit A1 - Regensburger, Martina A1 - Zeck, Sabine A1 - Schneidereit, Jutta A1 - Schupp, Nicole A1 - Linden, Christian A1 - Merz, Cornelia A1 - Ebert, Regina A1 - Jakob, Franz T1 - 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Treatment Delays Cellular Aging in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells while Maintaining Their Multipotent Capacity JF - PLoS ONE N2 - 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) was reported to induce premature organismal aging in fibroblast growth factor-23 (Fgf23) and klotho deficient mice, which is of main interest as 1,25D3 supplementation of its precursor cholecalciferol is used in basic osteoporosis treatment. We wanted to know if 1,25D3 is able to modulate aging processes on a cellular level in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). Effects of 100 nM 1,25D3 on hMSC were analyzed by cell proliferation and apoptosis assay, beta-galactosidase staining, VDR and surface marker immunocytochemistry, RT-PCR of 1,25D3-responsive, quiescence-and replicative senescence-associated genes. 1,25D3 treatment significantly inhibited hMSC proliferation and apoptosis after 72 h and delayed the development of replicative senescence in long-term cultures according to beta-galactosidase staining and P16 expression. Cell morphology changed from a fibroblast like appearance to broad and rounded shapes. Long term treatment did not induce lineage commitment in terms of osteogenic pathways but maintained their clonogenic capacity, their surface marker characteristics (expression of CD73, CD90, CD105) and their multipotency to develop towards the chondrogenic, adipogenic and osteogenic pathways. In conclusion, 1,25D3 delays replicative senescence in primary hMSC while the pro-aging effects seen in mouse models might mainly be due to elevated systemic phosphate levels, which propagate organismal aging. KW - perspectives KW - bone marrow KW - mutant mice KW - oxidative stress KW - transcription factors KW - vitamin-D-receptor KW - differentiation KW - tissue KW - 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin KW - homeostasis Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-133392 VL - 7 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lohse, M. J. A1 - Klotz, Karl-Norbert A1 - Diekmann, E. A1 - Friedrich, K. A1 - Schwabe, U. T1 - 2',3'-Dideoxy-N\(^6\)-cyclohexyladenosine: an adenosine derivative with antagonist properties at adenosine receptors N2 - Tbe 2',3'-dideoxy analogue of the potent A\(_1\) receptor agonist, N\(^6\)-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA), was synthesized as a potential antagonist for the A\(_1\) adenosine receptor. In sturlies on adenylate cyclase 2',3'-dideoxy-N\(^6\)-cyclohexyladenosine (ddCHA) did not show agonist properties at A\(_1\) or at A\(_2\) receptors. However, it antagonized the inhibition by R-PIA of adenylate cyclase activity of fat cell membranes via A\(_1\) receptors with a K\(_i\) value of 13 \(\mu\)M. ddCHA competed for the binding of the selective A1 receptor antagonist, [\(^3\) HJ8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxantbine ([\(^3\)H]DPCPX), to rat brain membranes with a K\(_i\) value of 4.8 \(\mu\)M; GTP did not affect the competition curve. In contrast to the marked stereoselectivity of the A\(_1\) receptor for the cx- and the natural ß-anomer of adenosine, the cx-anomer of ddCHA showed a comparable affinity for the A\(_1\) receptor (K\(_i\) value 13.9 \8\mu\)M). These data indicate that the 2'- and 3'-hydroxy groups of adenosine and its derivatives are required foragonist activity at and high affinity binding to A\(_1\) adenosine receptors and for the distinction between the cx- and ß-forms. KW - Toxikologie KW - Adenosine receptors KW - Adenylate cyclase KW - Adenosine receptor antagonists Y1 - 1988 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60282 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cristalli, G. A1 - Eleuteri, A. A1 - Vittori, S. A1 - Volpini, R. A1 - Lohse, M. J. A1 - Klotz, Karl-Norbert T1 - 2-Alkynyl derivatives of adenosine and adenosine-5'-N-ethyluronamides as selective agonists at A\(_2\) adenosine receptors N2 - In the search for more selective A2-receptor agonists and on the basis that appropriate substitution at C2 is known to impart selectivity for A\(_2\) receptors, 2-alkynyladenosines 2a-d were resynthesized and evaluated in radioligand binding, adenylate cycla.se, and platelet aggregation studies. Binding of [\(^3\)H]NECA to A\(_2\) receptors of rat striatal membranes was inhibited by compounds 2a-d with K\(_i\) values ranging from 2.8 to 16.4 nM. 2-Alkynyladenosines also exhibited high-affmity binding at solubilized A\(_2\) receptors from human platelet membranes. Competition of 2-alkynyladenosines 2a-d for the antagonist radioligand [\(^3\)H]DPCPX and for the agonist [\(^3\)H]CCPA gave K\(_i\) values in the nanomolar range, and the compounds showed moderate A\(_2\) selectivity. In order to improve this selectivity, the correaponding 2-alkynyl derivatives of adenosine-5'-N-ethyluronamide 8a-d were synthesized and tested. A\(_1\) expected, the 5'-N-ethyluronamide derivatives retained the A\(_2\) affinity whereas the A\(_1\) affinity was attenuated, resulting in an up to 10-fold increase in A\(_2\) selectivity. A similar patternwas observed in adenylate cyclase assays andin platelet aggregation studies. A 30- to 45-fold selectivity for platelet A\(_2\) receptors compared to A\(_1\) receptors was found for compounds 8a-c in adenylate cyclase studies. KW - Toxikologie Y1 - 1992 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60412 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klotz, Karl-Norbert A1 - Lohse, M. J. A1 - Schwabe, U. A1 - Cristalli, G. A1 - Vittori, S. A1 - Grifantini, M. T1 - 2-Chloro-N\(^6\)-[\(^3\)H]cyclopentyladenosine ([\(^3\)H]CCPA) - a high affinity agonist radioligand for A\(_1\) adenosine receptors N2 - The tritiated analogue of 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA), an adenosine derivative with subnanomolar affinity and a 10000-fold selectivity for A1 adenosine receptors, has been examined as a new agonist radioligand. [3H]CCP A was prepared with a specifi.c radioactivity of 1.58 TBqjmmol ( 43 Ci/mmol) and bound in a reversible manner to A1 receptors from rat brain membranes with a high affinity K0 -value of 0.2 nmol/1. In the presence of GTP a K0 -value of 13 nmol/1 was determined for the low affinity state for agonist binding. Competition of several adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists for [3H]CCPA binding to rat brain membranes confrrmed binding to an A1 receptor. Solubilized A1 receptors bound [3H]CCPA with similar affinity for the high affinity state. At solubilized receptors a reduced association rate was observed in the presence of MgC12, as has been shown for the agonist [ 3H]N6-phenylisopropyladenosine ([3H]PIA). [3H]CCPA was also used for detection of A1 receptors in rat cardio myocyte membranes, a tissue with a very low receptor density. A K0 -value of 0.4 nmol/1 and a Bmax-value of 16 fmol/ mg protein was determined in these membranes. In human platelet membranes no specific binding of [3H]CCPA was measured at concentrations up to 400 nmoljl, indicating that A2 receptors did not bind [3H]CCPA. Based on the subnanomolar affinity and the high selectivity for A1 receptors [ 3H]CCPA proved to be a useful agonist radioligand for characterization of A 1 adenosine receptors also in tissues with very low receptor density. KW - Toxikologie KW - Adenosine receptors KW - Radioligauds KW - agonists Y1 - 1989 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60328 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lohse, M. J. A1 - Klotz, Karl-Norbert A1 - Schwabe, U. A1 - Cristalli, G. A1 - Vittori, S. A1 - Grifantini, M. T1 - 2-Chloro-N\(^6\)-cyclopentyladenosine: a highly selective agonist at A\(_1\) adenosine receptors N2 - 2-Chloro-N\(^6\)-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA) was synthesized as a potential high affinity ligand for At adenosine receptors. Binding of [\(^3\)H]PIA to A1 receptors of rat brain membranes was inhibited by CCP A with a Ki-value of 0.4 nM, compared to a Ki-value of 0.8 nM for the parent compound N\(^6\)-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA). Binding of [\(^3\)H]NECA to A\(_2\) receptors of rat striatal membranes was inhibited with a Ki-value of 3900 nM, demonstrating an almost 10,000-fold A\(_1\)-selectivity of CCPA. CCP A inhibited the activity of rat fat cell membrane adenylate cyclase, a model for the A\(_1\) receptor, with an IC\(_{50}\)-value of 33 nM, and it stimulated the adenylate cyclase activity of human platelet membranes with an EC\(_{50}\)-value of 3500 nM. The more than 100-fold A\(_1\)-selectivity compares favourably with a 38-fold selectivity of CPA. Thus, CCPA is an agonist at A\(_1\) adenosine receptors with a 4-fold higher selectivity and 2-fold higher affinity than CPA, and a considerably higher selectivity than the standard At receptor agonist R-N\(^6\) -phenylisopropyladenosine (R-PIA). CCP A represents the agonist with the highest selectivity for A\(_1\) receptors reported so far. KW - Toxikologie KW - Adenosine receptors KW - Adenylate cyclase Y1 - 1988 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60279 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stopper, Helga A1 - Pechan, R. A1 - Schiffmann, D. T1 - 5-azacytidine induces micronuclei in and morphological transformation of Syrian hamster embryo fibroblasts in the absence of unscheduled DNA synthesis N2 - lt is known that 5-azacytidine (5-AC) induces tumors in several organs of rats and mice. The mechanisms of these effects are still poorly understood although it is known that 5-AC can be incorporated into DNA. Furthermore, it can inhibit DNA methylation. The known data on its clastogenic andjor gene mutation-inducing potential are still controversial. Therefore, we have investigated the kinds of genotoxic effects caused by 5-AC in Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) fibroblasts. Three different endp6ints (micronucleus formation, unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) and cell transforrnation) were assayed under similar conditions of metabolism and dose at target in this cell system. 5-AC induces morphological transformation of SHE cells, but not UDS. Therefore, 5-AC does not seem to cause repairable DNA lesions. Furthermore, our studies revealed that 5-AC is a potent inducer of mkronuclei in the SHE system. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that a certain percentage of these contain kinetochores indicating that 5-AC may induce both clastogenic events and numerical chromosome changes. KW - Toxikologie KW - 5-Azacytidine KW - Micronuclei KW - Kinetochores KW - Unscheduled DNA synthesis KW - Cell transformation Y1 - 1992 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-63443 ER - TY - INPR A1 - Brenner, Marian A1 - Zink, Christoph A1 - Witzinger, Linda A1 - Keller, Angelika A1 - Hadamek, Kerstin A1 - Bothe, Sebastian A1 - Neuenschwander, Martin A1 - Villmann, Carmen A1 - von Kries, Jens Peter A1 - Schindelin, Hermann A1 - Jeanclos, Elisabeth A1 - Gohla, Antje T1 - 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone is a direct inhibitor of pyridoxal phosphatase T2 - eLife N2 - Vitamin B6 deficiency has been linked to cognitive impairment in human brain disorders for decades. Still, the molecular mechanisms linking vitamin B6 to these pathologies remain poorly understood, and whether vitamin B6 supplementation improves cognition is unclear as well. Pyridoxal phosphatase (PDXP), an enzyme that controls levels of pyridoxal 5’-phosphate (PLP), the co-enzymatically active form of vitamin B6, may represent an alternative therapeutic entry point into vitamin B6-associated pathologies. However, pharmacological PDXP inhibitors to test this concept are lacking. We now identify a PDXP and age-dependent decline of PLP levels in the murine hippocampus that provides a rationale for the development of PDXP inhibitors. Using a combination of small molecule screening, protein crystallography and biolayer interferometry, we discover and analyze 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) as a direct and potent PDXP inhibitor. 7,8-DHF binds and reversibly inhibits PDXP with low micromolar affinity and sub-micromolar potency. In mouse hippocampal neurons, 7,8-DHF increases PLP in a PDXP-dependent manner. These findings validate PDXP as a druggable target. Of note, 7,8-DHF is a well-studied molecule in brain disorder models, although its mechanism of action is actively debated. Our discovery of 7,8-DHF as a PDXP inhibitor offers novel mechanistic insights into the controversy surrounding 7,8-DHF-mediated effects in the brain. KW - 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) KW - pyridoxal phosphatase (PDXP) KW - vitamin B6 KW - PDXP inhibitors Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-350446 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grunicke, H. A1 - Pyerin, W. A1 - Eisenbrand, G. A1 - Havemann, K. A1 - Rabes, H. M. A1 - Molling, K. A1 - Schwab, M. A1 - Lutz, Werner K. A1 - Wahrendorf, J. A1 - Schirrmacher, V. T1 - 7th International Symposium of the Division of Experimental Cancer Research (AEK) of the German Cancer Society : [Meeting report] N2 - No abstract available KW - Toxikologie Y1 - 1994 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60651 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lohse, M. J. A1 - Klotz, Karl-Norbert A1 - Lindenborn Fotinos, J. A1 - Reddington, M. A1 - Schwabe, U. A1 - Olsson, R. A. T1 - 8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) - a selective high affinity antagonist radioligand for A\(_1\) adenosine receptors N2 - The properties of 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) as an antagonist ligand for A\(_1\) adenosirre receptors were examined and conipared with other radioligands for this receptor. DPCPX competitively antagonized both the inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity via A\(_1\) adenosirre receptors and the stimulationvia A\(_2\) adenosirre receptors. The K\(_i\)-values of this antagonism were 0.45 nM at the A\(_1\) receptor of rat fat cells, and 330 nM at the A\(_2\) receptor of human platelets, giving a more than 700-fold A\(_1\)-selectivity. A similar A\(_1\)-selectivity was determined in radioligand binding studies. Even at high concentrations, DPCPX did not significantly inhibit the soluble cAMPphosphodiesterase activity of human platelets. [\(^3\)H]DPCPX (105 Ci/mmol) bound in a saturable manner with high affinity to A\(_1\) receptors in membranes of bovine brain and heart, and rat brain and fat cells (K\(_D\) -values 50-190 pM). Its nonspecific binding was about 1% of total at K\(_D\) , except in bovine myocardial membranes (about 10%). Binding studies with bovine myocardial membranes allowed the analysis of both the high and low agonist affinity states of this receptor in a tissue with low receptor density. The binding properties of [\(^3\)H]DPCPX appear superior to those of other agonist and antagonist radioligands for the A\(_1\) receptor. KW - Toxikologie KW - Adenosine receptors KW - Adenylate cyclase KW - Phosphodiesterase KW - Xanthines KW - Radioligands Y1 - 1987 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60246 ER - TY - THES A1 - Curtaz, Carolin Julia T1 - \(In\) \(vitro\) Analysen der Wechselwirkung erhöhter Temperatur mit Zytostatika am Beispiel von Cisplatin T1 - \(In\) \(vitro\) analysis of the interaction of hyperthermia with cytostatica in case of cisplatin N2 - Neben der Chemotherapie ist heutzutage auch die Hyperthermie-Behandlung eine wichtige Säule der antitumorösen Therapie. Während der sogenannten HIPEC Therapie (Hypertherme intraperitoneale Chemoperfusion) werden die beiden Arten der Therapieformen kombiniert und in der klinischen Praxis erfolgreich angewendet. Genauere Kenntnisse über die zu Grunde liegenden toxikologischen in-vitro Mechanismen könnten zu neuen Möglichkeiten in der klinischen Anwendung führen. In unserer Arbeit untersuchten wir verschiedenen Tumorzelllinien (HT29,CaCo-2,HCT116,HaCaT) in Kombination mit Cisplatin und Hyperthermie mit verschiedenen Methoden, wie zum Beispiel Mikrokerntest, Comet-Assay, Durchflusszytometrie, Vitalitätstest und mikroskopischen Analysen. Unsere Ergebnisse führten uns zu der Hypothese, dass Hyperthermie alleine zu einer sogenannte mitotic catastrophe führt und zum Absterben der Tumorzellen. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigten Tumorzellen, welche mit Cisplatin alleine oder auch in Kombination mit Hyperthermie nicht in die Mitose eintreten und daher nicht durch Apoptose in den Zelltod gehen. N2 - Nowadays the use of chemotherapy, but also hyperthermia are main columns of the anti- cancer treatment. In the so-called HIPEC therapy (hypertherme intraperitoneale chemoperfusion) these both kinds of treatments are combined and successfully applieded with clinical relevance. More detailed knowledge about the underlying in-vitro toxicological mechanism may lead to new opportunities in the clinical practice. In our work we examined different cancer cells (HT29, CaCo2,HCT116,HaCaT) in the combination of with cisplatin and hyperthermia by using different methods e.g. micronucleus test, comet-assay, flow cytometry, vitality test and microscopical analysis. Our aquired results lead to the postulation that hyperthermia alone induces a so- called mitotic catastrophe provoking the death of tumor cells. However tumor cells treated with cisplatin with or without combination with hyperthermia do not enter into mitosis and therefore cannot undergo apoptosis through a mitotic catastrophe. KW - Hyperthermie KW - cisplatin KW - HIPEC therapy KW - mitotic catastrophe KW - comet assay KW - micronucleus test Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-174543 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bommakanti, R. K. A1 - Klotz, Karl-Norbert A1 - Dratz, E. A. A1 - Jesaitis, A. J. T1 - A carboxyl-terminal tail peptide of neutrophil chemotactic receptor disrupts its physical complex with G protein N2 - No abstract available KW - Toxikologie Y1 - 1993 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60456 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lutz, Werner K. A1 - Schlatter, C. T1 - A closed inhalation system for pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies of volatile compounds with small laboratory animals N2 - In the inhalation system described an animal can be kept in the same atmosphere of a 2-liter desiccator for up to 24 h. The expired carbon dioxide is adsorbed with soda lime and the resulting reduced pressure is balanced by a supply of oxygen also used for the inflow of the chemical to be investigated. Urine and faeces can be collected ~eparately and the system allows a periodical control of the concentration of the chemical by sampling the air with needle and syringe. KW - Toxikologie Y1 - 1978 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-80145 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Holler, E. A1 - Fischer, H. A1 - Weber, C. A1 - Stopper, Helga A1 - Steger, H. A1 - Simek, H. T1 - A DNA polymerase with unusual properties from the slime mold Physarum polycephalum N2 - Two forms of a DNA polymerase have been purified from microplasmodia of Physarum polycephalum by poly(ethyleneimine) precipitation and chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel, phosphocellulose, heparin Sepharose, hydroxyapatite, DNA-agarose, blue-Sepharose. They were separated from DNA polymerase cx on phosphocellulose and from each other on heparin-Sepharose. Form HS1 enzymewas 30-40% pure and form HS2 enzyme 60% with regard toprotein contents of the preparations. Form HS2 enzymewas generated from form HS1 enzyme on prolonged standing of enzyme preparations. The DNA polymerases were obtained as complexes of a 60-kDa protein associated with either a 135-kDa (HS1) or a 110-kDa (HS2) DNA-polymerizing polypeptidein a 1:1 molar stoichiometry. The biochemical function of the 60-kDa protein remained unknown. The complexes tended to dissociate during gradient centrifugation and during partition chromatography as weil as during polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis under nondenaturing conditions at high dilutions of samples. Both forms existed in plasmodia extracts, their proportions depending on several factors including those which promoted proteolysis. The DNA polymerases resembled eucaryotic DNA polymerase ß by several criteria and were functionally indistinguishable from each other. It is suggested that lower eucaryotes contain repair DNA polymerases, which are similar to those of eubacteria on a molecular mass basis. KW - Toxikologie Y1 - 1987 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-63501 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Winkelbeiner, Nicola A1 - Wandt, Viktoria K. A1 - Ebert, Franziska A1 - Lossow, Kristina A1 - Bankoglu, Ezgi E. A1 - Martin, Maximilian A1 - Mangerich, Aswin A1 - Stopper, Helga A1 - Bornhorst, Julia A1 - Kipp, Anna P. A1 - Schwerdtle, Tanja T1 - A multi-endpoint approach to base excision repair incision activity augmented by PARylation and DNA damage levels in mice: impact of sex and age JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences N2 - Investigation of processes that contribute to the maintenance of genomic stability is one crucial factor in the attempt to understand mechanisms that facilitate ageing. The DNA damage response (DDR) and DNA repair mechanisms are crucial to safeguard the integrity of DNA and to prevent accumulation of persistent DNA damage. Among them, base excision repair (BER) plays a decisive role. BER is the major repair pathway for small oxidative base modifications and apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites. We established a highly sensitive non-radioactive assay to measure BER incision activity in murine liver samples. Incision activity can be assessed towards the three DNA lesions 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), 5-hydroxy-2'-deoxyuracil (5-OHdU), and an AP site analogue. We applied the established assay to murine livers of adult and old mice of both sexes. Furthermore, poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) was assessed, which is an important determinant in DDR and BER. Additionally, DNA damage levels were measured to examine the overall damage levels. No impact of ageing on the investigated endpoints in liver tissue were found. However, animal sex seems to be a significant impact factor, as evident by sex-dependent alterations in all endpoints investigated. Moreover, our results revealed interrelationships between the investigated endpoints indicative for the synergetic mode of action of the cellular DNA integrity maintaining machinery. KW - maintenance of genomic integrity KW - ageing KW - sex KW - DNA damage KW - base excision repair (incision activity) KW - DNA damage response KW - poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation KW - liver Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-285706 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 21 IS - 18 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schihada, Hannes A1 - Vandenabeele, Sylvie A1 - Zabel, Ulrike A1 - Frank, Monika A1 - Lohse, Martin J. A1 - Maiellaro, Isabella T1 - A universal bioluminescence resonance energy transfer sensor design enables high-sensitivity screening of GPCR activation dynamics JF - Communications Biology N2 - G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent one of the most important classes of drug targets. The discovery of new GCPR therapeutics would greatly benefit from the development of a generalizable high-throughput assay to directly monitor their activation or de-activation. Here we screened a variety of labels inserted into the third intracellular loop and the C-terminus of the alpha(2 Lambda)-adrenergic receptor and used fluorescence (FRET) and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) to monitor ligand-binding and activation dynamics. We then developed a universal intramolecular BRET receptor sensor design to quantify efficacy and potency of GPCR ligands in intact cells and real time. We demonstrate the transferability of the sensor design by cloning beta(2)-adrenergic and PTH1-receptor BRET sensors and monitored their efficacy and potency. For all biosensors, the Z factors were well above 0.5 showing the suitability of such design for microtiter plate assays. This technology will aid the identification of novel types of GPCR ligands. KW - Fluorescence resonance energy transfer KW - G protein-coupled receptors KW - High-throughput screening Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-228592 VL - 1 IS - 105 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Spinaci, Andrea A1 - Lambertucci, Catia A1 - Buccioni, Michela A1 - Dal Ben, Diego A1 - Graiff, Claudia A1 - Barbalace, Maria Cristina A1 - Hrelia, Silvana A1 - Angeloni, Cristina A1 - Tayebati, Seyed Khosrow A1 - Ubaldi, Massimo A1 - Masi, Alessio A1 - Klotz, Karl-Norbert A1 - Volpini, Rosaria A1 - Marucci, Gabriella T1 - A\(_{2A}\) adenosine receptor antagonists: are triazolotriazine and purine scaffolds interchangeable? JF - Molecules N2 - The A\(_{2A}\) adenosine receptor (A\(_{2A}\)AR) is one of the four subtypes activated by nucleoside adenosine, and the molecules able to selectively counteract its action are attractive tools for neurodegenerative disorders. In order to find novel A\(_{2A}\)AR ligands, two series of compounds based on purine and triazolotriazine scaffolds were synthesized and tested at ARs. Compound 13 was also tested in an in vitro model of neuroinflammation. Some compounds were found to possess high affinity for A\(_{2A}\)AR, and it was observed that compound 13 exerted anti-inflammatory properties in microglial cells. Molecular modeling studies results were in good agreement with the binding affinity data and underlined that triazolotriazine and purine scaffolds are interchangeable only when 5- and 2-positions of the triazolotriazine moiety (corresponding to the purine 2- and 8-positions) are substituted. KW - A\(_{2A}\) adenosine receptor antagonist KW - purine derivatives KW - triazolotriazine derivatives KW - anti-Parkinson agents KW - anti-inflammatory agents KW - molecular modeling Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-270618 SN - 1420-3049 VL - 27 IS - 8 ER - TY - THES A1 - Koussémou, Yéwa Bony Marthe T1 - A\(_{2B}\) adenosine receptor signaling in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells: Mechanism of A\(_{2B}\)-mediated reduction of ERK1/2 phosphorylation T1 - Signalwege des A\(_{2B}\) Adenosinrezeptors in MDA-MB-231 Brustkrebszellen: Mechanismus der A\(_{2B}\)-vermittelten Reduktion der ERK1/2 Phosphorylierung N2 - Recently, it was shown that MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells express very high levels of the A2BAR as the sole adenosine receptor subtype, and stimulation of the A2BAR in MDA-MB-231 cells triggers an unusual inhibitory signal on ERK1/2 phosphorylation. The ERK1/2 pathway is reported to be associated with the control of growth, proliferation and differentiation of cells and as such might serve as a promising target for tumor treatment. The present study investigated signaling mechanisms involved in linking A2BAR to ERK1/2 phosphorylation in MDA-MB-231 cells. The A2BAR mediated reduction of ERK1/2 phosphorylation and of proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cell is in good agreement with previous results from (Dubey et al., 2005). These observations provide support to the hypothesis that activation of A2BAR could attenuate the growth of some types of cancer cell and argue against a stimulation of proliferation resulting from the activation of A2BAR as discussed by (Fernandez-Gallardo et al., 2016). AC activation by forskolin has recently been shown to enhance the activity of the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin in TNBC cells via a mechanism dependent on the PKA-mediated inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Furthermore, forskolin also increased the sensitivity of MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 triple negative breast cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil and taxol (Illiano et al., 2018), and sustains the evidence of anticancer activity mediated by cAMP/PKA-mediated ERK1/2 inhibition. Similar to these studies, a reduced amount of pERK1/2 was also observed after stimulation of AC with FSK, application of cAMP-AM or inhibition of PDE-4. The inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation was mimicked by UTP and abolished with the PLC inhibitor U73122 or by chelating intracellular Ca2+ with BAPTA-AM. These results point to an important role for both cAMP and Ca2+ signaling in the pathway leading to a decrease in ERK1/2 phosphorylation. This study encourages the idea that A2BAR could be used as target in cancer therapy. But A2BAR did not only stimulate signaling cascades associated with cell survival and proliferation reduction, but also key phases relevant in angiogenesis like Ca2+ mobilization (Kohn et al., 1995). Whereas the potency toward AC and Ca2+ are similar for the diverse agonists, the potency to promote ERK1/2 reduction is much higher. Interestingly, the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells is inhibited by low nanomolar agonist concentration which is inactive in Ca2+ mobilization. This means that it is certainly possible to reduce the proliferation without promoting angiogenesis. LUF6210 is particularly interesting when considering that it preferentially stimulates a reduction in ERK1/2 phosphorylation over Ca2+ and therefore may not promote angiogenesis. LUF6210 is therapeutically appealing as adjuvant in treatment of cancer. Given that stimulation of AC can activate a reduction of ERK1/2 phosphorylation and proliferation in cancer cells, agonist bias toward Gs-AC-PKA-mediated ERK1/2 inhibition represent a potential therapy of various malignancies. The fact that the reduction of ERK1/2 phosphorylation followed by reduced proliferation observed in MDA-MB-231 cells were mediated by the activation of the A2BAR illustrates the importance of this receptor subtype in cancer. A2BARs must be considered as a key factor in cancer treatment and deserve attention for the development of new therapeutic strategies. N2 - Adenosin reguliert eine Reihe physiologischer Funktionen über die vier ARs, die zur Familie der GPCR gehören. Adenosin beeinflusst das Zellwachstum sowohl positiv als auch negativ. Dabei spielen die MAPK eine wichtige Rolle. Diverse Studien haben gezeigt, dass die Aktivierung alle ARs Subtypen zur Phosphorylierung der MAPK ERK1/2 führt. Es gibt immer mehr Hinweise auf die Beteiligung des A2BAR am Wachstum und der Progression von Tumoren. Die MDA-MB-231 Brustkrebszellen weisen eine hohe Expressionsrate des A2BAR als einzige ARs Subtypen auf. Zusätzlich zu AC-Aktivierung und intrazellulärer Ca2+-Freisetzung führt die Stimulation des A2BAR der MDA-MB-231-Brustkrebszellen zur Reduktion der ERK1/2 Phosphorylierung. NECA, der unselektive AR-Agonist, führt zu einer zeit- und konzentrationsabhängigen Inhibition der ERK1/2 Phosphorylierung. Auch eine signifikante Reduktion der Proliferation der MDA-MB-231 Brustkrebszellen wurde beobachtet. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass A2BARs das Wachstum von MDA-MB-231 Zellen hemmen, indem sie die Aktivierung des ERK1/2 reduzieren, was in gutem Einklang mit den Ergebnissen von (Dubey et al., 2005) steht. Diese Ergebnisse unterstützen die Ansicht, dass die Aktivierung von A2BAR das Wachstum von bestimmten Arten von Krebszellen hemmt, und wiederspricht dem fördernden Effekt des Wachstums von A2BAR beschrieben in (Fernandez-Gallardo et al., 2016). Die AC-Aktivierung durch Forskolin erhöht den Effekt des Chemotherapeutikums Doxorubicin in TNBC Zellen. Darüber hinaus erhöhte Forskolin auch die Empfindlichkeit von MDA-MB-231 und MDA-MB-468 TNBC auf 5-Fluorouracil und Taxol (Illiano et al., 2018) und bestätigt die anti-Krebs-Aktivität von reduzierter ERK1/2 Phosphorylierung, die von cAMP/PKA abhängig ist. Ähnlich zu diesen Studien reduziert sowohl eine Behandlung der MDA-MB-231 Zellen mit Forskolin oder mit cAMP-AM, als auch Hemmung der PDE-4 die ERK1/2 Phosphorylierung. Die durch A2BAR-vermittelte Reduktion der pERK1/2 ist in Anwesenheit des PKA Inhibitors H89 gehemmt. Die Reduktion der ERK1/2 Phosphorylierung wurde durch den PLC-Inhibitor U73122 und den Ca2+ Chelator BAPTA-AM gehemmt. Außerdem induziert die Ca2+ Freisetzung bei UTP die Reduktion der ERK1/2 Phosphorylierung. Diese Ergebnisse weisen auf eine wichtige Rolle von cAMP und Ca2+ in der A2BAR-vermittelten Hemmung der ERK1/2 Phosphorylierung hin. Eine solche Abnahme kann als Folge der Hemmung einer Kinase oder Stimulation einer Phosphatase auftreten. Wir untersuchten die MKPs, ein negativer Regulator der MAPK-Aktivität. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Stimulation des A2BAR in MDA-MB-231 Zellen zu erhöhter MKP-1 und MKP-2 Expression führt. Dieser Effekt bietet einen neuartigen Mechanismus für die A2BAR-vermittelte Reduktion der ERK1/2 Phosphorylierung. Der A2BAR und die induzierten Phosphatasen MKP-1 und MKP-2 könnten daher interessant für die Hemmung der Proliferation schnell wachsender Krebszellen sein. Auch wenn die Hemmung von Phosphatasen Aktivitäten die Reduktion der ERK1/2 Phosphorylierung rückgängig macht, deuten unsere Ergebnisse auf eine Beteilung der c-Raf-1 in der Reduktion der ERK1/2 Phosphorylierung hin. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Aktivierung der -AR Rezeptoren ähnliche Signale wie A2BAR in MDA-MB-231 Zellen regulieren. Daher kann die Reduktion der ERK1/2 Phosphorylierung in MDA-MB-231 Zellen den Gs-gekoppelten Rezeptoren zugeordnet werden. A2BAR stimuliert auch eine Ca2+-Antwort, die mit der Angiogenese in Verbindung gebracht wird (Kohn et al., 1995). Interessanterweise ist das Wachstum von MDA-MB-231 Zellen mit nanomolare NECA Konzentration gehemmt, wobei diese in der Ca2+-Mobilisierung inaktiv ist, so dass das Wachstum gehemmt werden kann, ohne dabei die Angiogenese zu fördern. LUF6210 ruft kein Ca2+ Signal hervor und ist daher von Bedeutung, wenn man bedenkt, dass es die ERK1/2 Phosphorylierung redurziert aber die Angiogenese nicht beeinflusst. LUF6210 ist deshalb therapeutisch ansprechend in der Behandlung von Krebs. Angesichts der Tatsache, dass die Stimulation der AC die Reduktion der ERK1/2-Phosphorylierung und der Proliferation in Krebszellen aktiviert, sind selective Gs-AC-PKA Agonisten erforderlich in der Therapie verschiedener maligner Erkrankungen. KW - Adenosinrezeptor KW - A2B adenosine receptor KW - Brustkrebs KW - CAMP production KW - intracellular calcium release KW - reduction of ERK1/2 phosphorylation KW - reduction of cells proliferation KW - A2BAR KW - induzierte Phosphatasen MKP-1 und MKP-2 KW - Hemmung der Proliferation schnell wachsender Krebszellen Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-209655 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Spielmann, W. S. A1 - Arend, L. J. A1 - Klotz, Karl-Norbert A1 - Schwabe, U. T1 - Adenosine control of the renal Collecting tubule: receptors and signaling N2 - No abstract available. KW - Adenosin Y1 - 1991 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-86129 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cristalli, G. A1 - Franchetti, P. A1 - Grifantini, M. A1 - Vittori, S. A1 - Klotz, Karl-Norbert A1 - Lohse, M. J. T1 - Adenosine receptor agonists: Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1-deaza analogues of adenosine N2 - In a search for more selective A\(_1\) adenosine receptor agonists, N\(^6\)-[(R)-(-)-1-methyl-2-phenethyl]-1-deazaadenosine (1-deaza-R-PIA, 3a), N\(^6\)-cyclopentyl-1-deazaadenosine (1-deazaCPA, 3b), N\(^6\)-cyclohexyl-l-deazaadenosine (1-deazaCHA, Sc), and the corresponding 2-chloro derivatives 2a-c were synthesized from 5,7-dichloro-3-ß-D-ribofuranosyl-3Himidazo[ 4,5-b]pyridine (1). On the other band, N-ethyl-1'-deoxy-1'-(1-deaza-6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-ß-D-ribofuranuronamide (1-deazaNECA, 10) was prepared from 7-nitro-3-ß-D-ribofuranosyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (4), in an attempt to find a more selective A\(_2\) agonist. The activity of all deaza analogues at adenosine receptors has been determined in adenylate cyclase andin radioligand binding studies. 1-DeazaNECA (10) proved tobe a nonselective agonist at both subtypes of the adenosine receptor. It is about 10-fold less active than NECA but clearly more active than the parent compound 1-deazaadenosine as an inhibitor of platelet aggregation and as a stimulator of cyclic AMP accumulation. The N\(^6\)-substituted 1-deazaadenosines largely retain the A\(_1\) agonist activity of their parent compounds, but lose some of their A\(_2\) agonist activity. This results in A\(_1\)-selective compounds, of which N\(^6\)cyclopentyl- 2-chloro-1-deazaadenosine (1-deaza-2-Cl-CPA, 2b) was identified as the most selective agonist at A\(_1\) adenosine receptors so far known. The activity of all 1-deaza analogues confirms that the presence of the nitrogen atom at position 1 of the purine ring is not critical for A\(_1\) receptor mediated adenosine actions. KW - Toxikologie Y1 - 1988 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60262 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vazquez-Rodriguez, Saleta A1 - Vilar, Santiago A1 - Kachler, Sonja A1 - Klotz, Karl-Norbert A1 - Uriarte, Eugenio A1 - Borges, Fernanda A1 - Matos, Maria João T1 - Adenosine receptor ligands: coumarin−chalcone hybrids as modulating agents on the activity of hARs JF - Molecules N2 - Adenosine receptors (ARs) play an important role in neurological and psychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy and schizophrenia. The different subtypes of ARs and the knowledge on their densities and status are important for understanding the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of diseases and for developing new therapeutics. Looking for new scaffolds for selective AR ligands, coumarin–chalcone hybrids were synthesized (compounds 1–8) and screened in radioligand binding (hA\(_1\), hA\(_{2A}\) and hA\(_3\)) and adenylyl cyclase (hA\(_{2B}\)) assays in order to evaluate their affinity for the four human AR subtypes (hARs). Coumarin–chalcone hybrid has been established as a new scaffold suitable for the development of potent and selective ligands for hA\(_1\) or hA\(_3\) subtypes. In general, hydroxy-substituted hybrids showed some affinity for the hA\(_1\), while the methoxy counterparts were selective for the hA\(_3\). The most potent hA\(_1\) ligand was compound 7 (K\(_i\) = 17.7 µM), whereas compound 4 was the most potent ligand for hA\(_3\) (K\(_i\) = 2.49 µM). In addition, docking studies with hA\(_1\) and hA\(_3\) homology models were established to analyze the structure–function relationships. Results showed that the different residues located on the protein binding pocket could play an important role in ligand selectivity. KW - coumarin KW - chalcone KW - neurodegenerative diseases KW - adenosine receptors KW - binding affinity KW - docking Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-213165 SN - 1420-3049 VL - 25 IS - 18 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Spielmann, W.-S. A1 - Arend, L. J. A1 - Klotz, Karl-Norbert A1 - Schwabe, U. T1 - Adenosine receptors and singnaling in the kidney N2 - No abstract available. KW - Adenosinrezeptor KW - Niere Y1 - 1990 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-86114 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lohse, Martin J. A1 - Klotz, Karl-Norbert A1 - Salzer, Manfred J. A1 - Schwabe, Ulrich T1 - Adenosine regulates the \(Ca^{2+} \) sensitivity of mast cell mediator release : (histamine secretion/inositol phosphates/calcium) JF - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America N2 - Mast cells release histamine and other mediators of allergy in response to stimulation of their IgE receptors. This release is generally thought to be mediated by an elevation of cytosolic \(Ca^{2+}\). Recent evidence suggests that there might be factors that modulate the coupling between \(Ca^{2+}\) levels and mediator release. The present report identifies adenosine as one such modulator. Adenosine and several of its metabolically stable analogues were shown to enhance histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells in response to stimuli such as concanavalin A. Metabolizing endogenous adenosine with adenosine deaminase dampened the response to stimuli, whereas trapping endogenous adenosine inside mast cells with nucleoside-transport inhibitors markedly enhanced stimulated histamine release. The metabolically stable adenosine analogue 5' -(N-ethylcarboxamido)adenosine (NECA) did not affect the initial steps in the sequence from IgE-receptor activation to mediator release, which are generation of inositol trisphosphate and increase of cytosolic \(Ca^{2+}\). However, NECA did enhance the release induced in ATP-permeabilized cells by exogenous \(Ca^{2+}\), but it had no effect on the release induced by phorbol esters. These data suggest that adenosine sensitizes mediator release by a mechanism regulating stimulus-secretion coupling at a step distal to receptor activation and second-messenger generation. Y1 - 1988 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-127883 VL - 85 ER - TY - THES A1 - Heinlein, U-Ju T1 - Adenosinrezeptoren auf Ovarialkarzinomzellen T1 - adenosine receptors in ovarian cancer cells N2 - Seit der Entdeckung, dass Adenosin auch als Botenstoff dient, beschäftigen sich Forschungsgruppen mit Adenosinrezeptoren und ihrer möglichen therapeutischen Modulation, insbesondere in Zusammenhang mit Krebserkrankungen. Bislang sind die Rezeptoren auf diversen Krebszellen nachgewiesen worden. So konnten beispielsweise in einer Brustkrebszelllinie A2B Adenosinrezeptoren nachgewiesen werden, deren Stimulation zu einer Hemmung der wachstumsfördernden MAP Kinase führt. Pharmaka zur weitgehend selektiven Aktivierung oder Hemmung einzelner Adenosinrezeptor-Subtypen stehen ebenfalls zur Verfügung. Beim Ovarialkarzinom mit seiner leider meist erst spät auftretenden Symptomatik besteht derzeit noch keine Möglichkeit zur frühen Diagnosestellung, sodass die Prognose ausgesprochen ungünstig ausfällt und die Erkrankung bei Frauen eine der häufigsten krebsbedingten Todesursachen darstellt. Daher war es ein Ziel dieser Arbeit herauszufinden, ob Adenosinrezeptoren auf diesen Zellen einen möglichen therapeutischen Angriffspunkt bieten. Dazu untersuchten wir die vier Ovarialkarzinomzelllinien OVCAR-3, SK-OV-3, PA-1 und OAW-42 auf eine mögliche Expression von allen vier Adenosinrezeptorsubtypen. Zunächst wurden mit radioaktiv markierten Liganden ([3H]CCPA, [3H]NECA und [3H]HEMADO) Bindungsstudien für den A1-, A2A- und A3-Subtyp durchgeführt. Die Expression des A2B-Rezeptors wurde mithilfe eines funktionellen Nachweises, der Stimulation der Adenylylcyclase mithilfe von NECA (einem unspezifischen Adenosinrezeptoragonisten) analysiert. Im Anschluss daran untersuchten wir an OAW-42 und SK-OV-3 Zellen, ob sich ihr Proliferationsverhalten durch eine Stimulation mit NECA verändern ließe und ob sich das Ansprechen auf gängige Chemotherapeutika bzw. einen Todesliganden ändern würde. Trotz des erfolgreichen Nachweises von Adenosinrezeptoren auf allen Zelllinien waren die Ergebnisse der Proliferationsstudien aber nicht eindeutig. OAW-42 und SK-OV-3 Zellen reagierten zwar auf eine NECA-Stimulation mit sinkendem BrdU-Einbau, OAW-42 Zellen zeigten aber nach Behandlung mit NECA eine leicht erhöhte Resistenz gegenüber Cisplatin. NECA-behandelte SK-OV-3 Zellen reagierten hingegen etwas sensitiver auf Doxorubicin und Fas-Ligand. Die Unterschiede waren aber insgesamt sehr gering und wurden daher von uns als nicht entscheidender Effekt gewertet. Auch Untersuchungen zur Expression der Adenosin-generierenden Enzyme CD39 und CD73 vor und nach NECA-Stimulation blieben ohne erkennbare Veränderung. Insofern ergaben unsere Untersuchungen keine Hinweise darauf, dass Adenosinrezeptoren eine mögliche therapeutische Zielstruktur darstellen könnten. Zukünftige Studien können aber die gewonnenen Daten als Grundlage und Ausgangspunkt nützen, um auch andere Tumorzellarten zu untersuchen und im Kampf gegen den Krebs nach neuen potenziellen pharmakologischen Angriffspunkten zu suchen. N2 - Purpose of the study: Adenosine and adenosine receptors are widely distributed throughout the human body. While they are thought to be involved in many diseases, they seem to play a particularly important role in cancer. Adenosine receptors were already identified in many different cancer tissues. Moreover, extracellular adenosine accumulates in solid tumor masses as a consequence of poor blood supply leading to hypoxia, cell death and concomitant adenine nucleotide breakdown. From a pharmacological point-of-view, numerous tools for activating or inhibiting adenosine receptors have been developed which could be used as therapeutics to combat cancer.One such strategy, for instance, might be based on the identification of A2B adenosine receptors in a breast cancer cell line which mediate the inhibition of growth-promoting MAP kinase activity. Among genuinely gynecological cancers, ovarian carcinoma is associated with the highest mortality rate. Its poor prognosis is mostly due to late primary diagnosis caused by the absence of early symptoms and by the lack of suitable screening programs. As current therapies show limited efficacy against late-stage ovarian cancer, there is an unmet medical need to be addressed by scientists and physicians. In this study we investigated if the human ovarian cancer cell lines OVCAR-3, SK-OV-3, PA-1 and OAW-42 express adenosine receptors on their surfaces. We used binding assays with the help of tritiated radioligands ([3H]CCPA , [3H]NECA und [3H]HEMADO) to identify the A1, A2A, A3 subtype and used a functional assay, namely the stimulation of the adenylylcyclase to detect A2B adenosine receptors with [32P]ATP and the nonselective adenosine receptor agonist NECA. Furthermore we investigated whether stimulation of adenosine receptors with NECA had any effect on the proliferation of OAW-42 and SK-OV-3 cells or on their sensitivity towards chemotherapeutic agents like cisplatin and doxorubicin. Results: We found adenosine receptors in all of the screened ovarian cancer cells, but their effects on proliferation and survival were ambiguous. OAW-42 and SK-OV-3 cells slightly reduced the incorporation of BrdU after treatment with 10 µM NECA. However, OAW-42 cells also became more resistant to cisplatin after treatment with NECA. SK-OV-3 cells, in contrast, were sensitized to doxorubicin and Fas ligand after incubation with NECA. Flow cytometry (FACS) further showed that the cell surface expression for the adenosine-generating ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 remained unaltered after stimulation of the cells with NECA. Taken together, the observed effects were quite small and it is questionable whether adenosine receptors represent suitable targets in ovarian cancer. Nevertheless, adenosine receptors remain interesting targets for cancer therapy. Our studies may thus stimulate future research on different tumor entities, with the purpose of finding the best application for the available adenosine receptor-specific drugs. KW - Eierstockkrebs KW - Adenosin KW - Adenosinrezeptor KW - ovarian cancer KW - adenosine KW - adenosine receptor Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-81920 ER - TY - THES A1 - Sumski, Anna Magdalena T1 - Adenosinrezeptoren auf Zervix-, Uterus- und Mammakarzinomzellen T1 - Adenosine receptors in cervical, uterine and breast cancer cells N2 - Adenosinrezeptoren werden auf nahezu allen Körperzellen exprimiert und übernehmen dort vielfältige und wichtige Funktionen. Auch auf diversen Tumorzelllinien konnten bereits Adenosinrezeptoren nachgewiesen und – je nach Subtyp – mit Pro- oder Anti-tumor-Effekten in Zusammenhang gebracht werden. In dieser Arbeit wurden Gebärmutterhalskrebszellen sowie endometriale und triple-negative Brustkrebszellen auf Expression und mögliche Funktionen von Adenosinrezep-toren untersucht. Da spezifische Antikörper bis heute nicht verfügbar sind, wurde ein pharmakologischer Ansatz mit subtypspezifischen Agonisten und Antagonisten gewählt. In Radioliganden-Bindungsassays, konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass sich auf der Zer-vixkarzinom-Zelllinie SiHa und der Brustkrebs-Zelllinie HCC1806 Adenosinrezeptoren des Subtyps A1 befinden. Die endometrialen Krebszelllinien Ishikawa und HEC-1-A exprimieren Rezeptoren vom Subtyp A1 und A2A. A3-Adenosinrezeptoren wurden auf keiner der untersuchten Zelllinien gefunden. Der Nachweis von A2B-Rezeptoren kann mit dem Radioliganden-Bindungsassay nicht erbracht werden, da bislang kein Radioligand bekannt ist, der eine ausreichende Affini-tät besitzt, um diesen Subtyp zweifelsfrei nachweisen zu können. Obwohl die Mehrheit der untersuchten Zelllinien Adenosinrezeptoren exprimiert, konnte ein signifikanter Effekt auf die Adenylatcyclase bei Stimulation der auf den Zellen vorhandenen Adenosinrezeptoren nur bei den HEC-1-A-Zellen festgestellt werden. Auch auf funktionelle A2B-Rezeptoren fand sich im Adenylatcyclaseassy kein Hinweis. Im durchgeführten Kristallviolettassay zeigte sich ein proapoptotischer Effekt auf Ishi-kawa- und HEC-1-A-Zellen bei hohen Adenosin-Konzentrationen (100 µM). Die im BrdU-Assay gemessene Proliferationsrate hingegen änderte sich nach Vorbehandlung mit Adenosin nicht. Das metabolisch stabilere NECA (in Kombination mit ADA) hatte im Kristallviolettassay einen stärkeren Einfluss auf die Apoptoserate der jeweiligen Zelllinie als Adenosin und auch im BrdU-Assay sank die Menge an inkorporiertem BrdU. Ein Synergismus zwischen Stimulation von Adenosinrezeptoren und diversen Todesliganden bzw. Chemotherapeutika konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. Freies extrazelluläres Adenosin kann auch aus dem Abbau von ATP generiert werden, wenn Zellen die Ektonukleotidasen CD39 und CD73 exprimieren. Aufgrund der im-munsuppressiven Wirkung von Adenosin können diese Enzyme T-Zell- und NK-Zellantworten im Mikromilieu von Tumoren hemmen. Die durchflusszytometrische Analyse von HEC-1-A- und Ishikawa-Zellen zeigte zwar, dass die Expression von CD39 und CD73 nach Stimulation der Adenosinrezeptoren unverändert blieb. Die Ex-pression von Enzymen, lässt aber vermuten, dass die Zellen in vivo von Adenosin profi-tieren könnten. Angesichts der in vitro Daten, die allenfalls einen wachstumshemmen-den Effekt von Adenosin zeigten, könnte die vorrangige Wirkung von Adenosin im Tumormikromilieu tatsächlich auf der Inhibition von Immunantworten beruhen. Mög-licherweise würden die Rezeptoren dann in erster Linie als Sensoren dienen. Weitere Forschungsarbeit wird helfen, die Rolle der Adenosinrezeptoren im Tumorge-schehen vollständig zu verstehen und möglicherweise für die Krebstherapie nutzbar zu machen. N2 - In this thesis, cell lines from cervical, endometrial and triple-negative breast cancer were investigated for expression and putative functions of adenosine receptors. Due to the lack of specific antibodies, a pharmacological approach using subtype-specific agonists and antagonists was taken. Radio ligand binding assays showed that adenosine receptors of the A1 subtype are expressed by SiHa cervical cancer and by HCC1806 breast cancer cells. Receptors of the A1 and A2A subtype are expressed by the endometrial cancer cell lines Ishikawa and HEC-1-A. A3 adenosine receptors could not be detected in any of the 5 investigated cell lines and the presence of receptors of the A2B subtype cannot be assessed with the available ligands. However, while the majority of the cell lines expressed adenosine receptors, a significant effect of adenosine receptor stimulation on adenylylcyclase activity was only detected in HEC-1-A cells. In crystal violet assays, high concentrations (100 µM) of adenosine showed a proapoptotic effect in Ishikawa- and HEC-1-A cells. The proliferation rate as measured by BrdU uptake was not affected by adenosine. The metabolically more stable adenosine receptor agonist NECA (in combination with ADA) had, in contrast, a stronger impact on the rate of apoptosis in the respective cell lines. Moreover, NECA also reduced BrdU uptake. Using various chemotherapeutics and death ligands, no synergy was observed between stimulation of adenosine receptors and further death stimuli. Free extracellular adenosine can also be generated from ATP when cells express the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73. Due to the immunosuppressive effect of adenosine, these enzymes can inhibit T cell and NK cell responses in the tumor microenvironment. Flow cytometry, however, showed that expression of CD39 and/or CD73 remained unaltered after stimulation of adenosine receptors. Thus, further investigations will be required to reveal the functional role of adenosine receptor expression on the investigated tumor cell lines. KW - Adenosinrezeptor KW - Rezeptor KW - Adenosin KW - Gebärmutterhalskrebs KW - Brustkrebs KW - Liganden KW - Adenylatcyclaseassay KW - FACS KW - Bindungsassay KW - BrdU Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-99332 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lohse, M. J. A1 - Böser, S. A1 - Klotz, Karl-Norbert A1 - Schwabe, U. T1 - Affinities of barbiturates for the GABA-receptor complex and A\(_1\) adenosine receptors: A possible explanation of their excitatory effects N2 - The effects of barbiturates on the GABA·receptor complex and the A\(_1\) adenosine receptor were studied. At the GABA-receptor complex the barbiturates inhibited the binding of [\(^{35}\)S]t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate [\(^{35}\)S]TBPT) and enhanced the binding of [\(^3\)H]diazepam. Kinetic and saturation experiments showed that both effects were allosteric. Whereas all barbiturates caused complete inhibition of [\(^{35}\)S]TBPT binding, they showed varying degrees of maximal enhancement of [\(^3\)H]diazepam binding; (±)methohexital was idenafied as the most efficacious compound for this enhancement. At the A\(_1\) adenosine receptor all barbiturates inhibited the binding of [\(^3\)H]N\(^6\)-phenylisopropyladenosine (\(^3\)H]PIA) in a competitive manner. The comparison of the effects on [\(^3\)H]diazepam and [\(^3\)H]PIA binding showed that excitatory barbiturates interact preferentially with the A\(_1\) adenosine receptor, and sedative/anaesthetic barbiturates with the GABA-receptor complex. It is speculated that the interaction with these two receptors might be the basis of the excitatory versus sedative/ anaesthetic properties of barbiturates. KW - Toxikologie KW - GABA-receptor complex KW - Adenosine receptors KW - Barbiturates Y1 - 1987 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60250 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lohse, Martin J. A1 - Klotz, Karl-Norbert A1 - Schwabe, Ulrich T1 - Agonist photoaffinity labeling of A1 adenosine receptors: Persistent activation reveals spare receptors N2 - No abstract available. KW - Pharmazie KW - Pharmakologie Y1 - 1986 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-87966 ER - TY - THES A1 - Link, Samuel T1 - Aldosteron-vermittelte oxidative Nierenschädigung – Einfluss der antioxidativen Abwehr T1 - Aldosterone-dependent oxidative kidney damage – influence of the antioxidative defense N2 - Patienten mit erhöhten Aldosteronspiegeln zeigen eine gesteigerte Inzidenz für Malignome, insbesondere von Nierenzellkarzinomen. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Aldosteron-vermittelte oxidative Nierenschädigung näher zu analysieren sowie die auf Zellebene gezeigte Beeinflussung der antioxidativen Schutzmechanismen im lebenden Organismus nachzuweisen und mögliche therapeutische Ansatzpunkte zu identifizieren. Dazu wurde ein Interventions-versuch über 28 Tage durchgeführt. Neben einer Aldosterongabe wurden folgende Interventionen verwendet: Spironolacton zur Blockade des Mineralkortikoid-Rezeptors (MR), Apocynin als Hemmstoff der NADPH-Oxidasen (Nox), L-NAME zur Blockade der NO-Synthasen (NOS), PDTC, einen Hemmstoff des Transkriptionsfaktors NF-kB sowie Sulforaphan, ein natürlicher Nrf2-Induktor. Eine weitere Gruppe erhielt Sulforaphan ohne additive Aldosterongabe. Die Nierenschäden wurden mittels histopathologischer Schädigungsscores und der Anzahl an DNA-Doppelstrangbrüche analysiert. Die Beeinflussung der antioxidativen Abwehr wurde durch die Aktivierung des Transkriptionsfaktors Nrf2 und durch die Quantifizierung antioxidativer Enzyme bestimmt. Im Nierengewebe führte Aldosteron zu einer Zunahme von oxidativem Stress. Histologisch zeigte sich ein Anstieg von glomerulären Schäden. Auch kam es zu einer deutlichen Zunahme von Doppelstrangbrüchen der DNA. Des Weiteren konnten wir zeigen, dass Aldosteron auch in vivo zu einer Zunahme der Nrf2-Aktivität führte, wobei sich dies auf Proteinebene nicht in einer (dauerhaften) Synthesesteigerung von antioxidativen Enzymen wiederspiegelte und keinen ausreichenden Schutz des Nierengewebes bot. Für die Interventionsgruppen konnte keine signifikante Auswirkung auf das Vorliegen von oxidativem Stress gezeigt werden. Dies könnte an der Versuchsdauer bzw. an der gewählten Nachweismethode gelegen haben. Nichtsdestotrotz zeigte die Blockade der Nox durch Apocynin bzw. der NOS durch L-NAME eine effektive Reduktion der histologischen und genomischen Schäden. Die L-NAME-Gruppe wies dabei die höchsten Blutdruckwerte auf, diese waren auch zur Aldosterongruppe signifikant gesteigert. Die beobachteten Effekte waren folglich nicht durch den in der Aldosterongruppe erfolgten Blutdruckanstieg, sondern vielmehr durch den Anstieg von oxidativem Stress zu erklären. Ebenfalls blieb die Nrf2-Aktivität bei der Gabe von Apocynin und L-NAME weitgehend auf Kontrollniveau, was dafürspricht, dass der in der Aldosterongruppe messbare Nrf2-Anstieg am ehesten als Reaktion auf chronisch erhöhten oxidativen Stress erfolgte, welcher durch die Interventionen ausblieb. Die Blockade von NF-κB mittels PDTC führte zu vergleichbaren Effekten wie Apocynin und L-NAME. Das deutet darauf hin, dass Aldosteron über die Aktivierung von NF-κB die vermehrte Synthese von pro-oxidativen Enzymen wie Nox und NOS anregt. Die Gabe von Spironolacton hatte den stärksten protektiven Effekt, sowohl auf histologische Veränderungen als auch auf das Entstehen von DNA-Doppelstrangbrüchen, wobei die Nrf2-Aktivität in dieser Gruppe ebenfalls auf Kontrollniveau blieb. Die Aldosteroneffekte wurden folglich über den MR vermittelt. Eine additive Nrf2-Induktion mittels Sulforaphan konnte auch keinen (dauerhaften) Effekt auf die Synthese antioxidativer Enzyme zeigen. Dennoch zeigte diese Gruppe einen ähnlich effektiven Schutz vor den oxidativen Nierenschäden wie die Gabe von Spironolacton. Vieles spricht dafür, dass die Wirkung von Sulforaphan dabei über seine Wirkung als direktes Antioxidans bzw. Radikalfänger und nicht über den Nrf2-Weg zu erklären ist. Aldosteron führt in der Niere über oxidativen Stress zu glomerulärer Fibrose und DNA-Schäden. Das könnte eine Erklärung für die gesteigerte Inzidenz von Nierenzellkarzinomen in Patienten mit erhöhten Aldosteronspiegeln darstellen. Unsere Ergebnisse sprechen dafür, dass Aldosteron über eine Signalkaskade über den MR zu einer Aktivierung von Nox und NOS führt. Der Aktivierung des Transkriptionsfaktors NF-κB scheint dabei durch die Synthese pro-oxidativer Enzyme eine Art Verstärker-Effekt zuzukommen. Als Reaktion auf den durch Aldosteron gesteigerten oxidativen Stress kommt es zu einer Aktivierung des antioxidativen Transkriptionsfaktors Nrf2, jedoch ohne dass dies zu einem ausreichenden Schutz des Nierengewebes führt. Mögliche therapeutische Ansatzpunkte für einen Schutz vor den durch Aldosteron vermittelten oxidativen Nierenschäden scheinen eher innerhalb der Aldosteronsignalkaskade, insbesondere in der Blockade des MR, als in der antioxidativen Abwehr zu liegen. N2 - Patients with hyperaldosteronism show an increased risk for kidney cancer. It is known that aldosterone leads to oxidative stress and DNA damage through NADPH-Oxidase (Nox) and NO-Synthase (NOS) which could be a possible starting point for mutagenesis. We investigated aldosterone-dependent oxidative damage in rat kidney and the influence of the anti-oxidative pathway regulated by nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). In rats with hyperaldosteronism the following interventions were used: Inhibition of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) with spironolactone, blockade of Nox with apocynin, inhibition of NOS by L-NAME, blocking of the proinflammatory transcription factor NF-κB with PTDC and activating of the Nrf2 pathway with sulphoraphane. Mediated by the MR aldosterone led to glomerulosclerosis and vascular remodeling in the kidney. The changes in the glomeruli seemed only partially induced by oxidative stress and were prevented by sulforaphane. Spironolacton, apocynin, L-NAME and PTDC were able to prevent aldosterone-induced vascular remodeling, suggesting that oxidative stress mediated by the MR and influenced by NF-κB seems to play a major role in vascular remodeling. In kidney tissue aldosterone led to an increase in oxidative stress and a clear rise of Nrf2 activation. Protein levels of GCLC, TRX, HO-1 and SOD showed no persistent effects to the changes in Nrf2 activation. Despite the activation of Nrf2 aldosterone led to a clear rise of DNA double-strand breaks in cortex and medulla. The different interventions were all able to reduce the aldosterone-induced DNA damage significantly, with the spironolactone group showing the lowest counts of DNA double-strand breaks. Even though the L-NAME-group showed the highest blood pressure levels it also had reduced DNA damage, proving that the observed effects were independent of increased blood pressure. Sulforaphane led to the strongest Nrf2-activation but was not able to enhance the Nrf2 levels significantly higher than aldosterone. Nonetheless sulforaphane clearly prevented aldosterone-induced DNA-damage, suggesting that sulforaphane acted at least partially as a direct radical scavenger. KW - Aldosteron KW - Oxidativer Stress KW - Antioxidans KW - Spironolacton KW - Hypernephrom KW - Sulforaphane KW - Sulforaphan Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-186037 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lutz, Werner K. A1 - Wipf, H. K. A1 - Simon, W. T1 - Alkalikationen-Spezifität und Träger-Eigenschaftender Antibiotica Nigerfein und Monensin T1 - Alkali-cation specificity and carrier qualities of the antibiotics nigericin and monensin N2 - It is shown by means of IR. spectroscopic methodsthat nigericin and monensin bave a cyclic conformation similar to that of their silver salts. Camplex fonnation constants with sodium and potassium ions follow the selectivity order determined by EMF. measurements on liquid membranes: nigericin: K\(^+\) >Rb\(^+\)> Na\(^+\)> Cs\(^+\) >Li\(^+\); monensin: Na\(^+\)> K\(^+\) >Li\(^+\)> Rb\(^+\)> Cs\(^+\). Transport experiments show that nigericin and monensin facilitate the diffusion of potassium ions across model membranes, although in electrolytic transport experiments the permeability is not affected. KW - Toxikologie Y1 - 1970 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61233 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Shephard, S. E. A1 - Meier, I. A1 - Lutz, Werner K. T1 - Alkylating potency of nitrosated amino acids and peptides N2 - Tbe alkylating potency of unstable N-nitrosamino acids and N-nitrosopeptides was investigated in vitro using 4-(para-nitrobenzyl)pyridine (NBP) as nucleophile. Of the amino acids, Met and those with an aromatic side chain were the most potent. The relative overall alkylating potency was 23:10:5:4:2:1: for Trp, Met, His, 1)rr, Phe and Gly, respectively. The homo-dipeptides were much more potent than the amino acids, with relative potencies of 400:110:100:8:3:1, for Trp-Trp, l)T-'I)T, Met-Met, Asp-Asp, Phe-Phe and Gly, respectively. In the one-phase reaction system (in which NBP is already present durlog the nitrosation reaction at acidic pH), all amino acids tested showed a second-order reaction for nitrite. In the two-phase system (in which NBP is added only after bringing the nitrosation reaction mixture to neutrality), all amino acids tested except one again showed a second-order reaction for nitrite (Phe, His, Asp and the dipeptide artiticial sweetener aspartame); only Met under these conditions bad a reaction order of one for nitrite. This could mean that nitrosation of the side chain of Metproduces a second N-nitroso product which is relatively stable in acid but reacts with NBP under neutral conditions. In the human stomach, this side-chain nitrosation might become more important than the reactions at the primary amino group, firstly because of the greater stability of the product(s) in acid and secondly because of the tirst-order reaction rate for nitrite. A decrease in nitrite concentration from the millimolar concentrations ofthe in-vitro assay to the micromolar concentrations in the stomach reduces the reaction rate by a factor of 1000 for the side-chain nitrosation, whereas a million-fold reduction will be observed for nitrosation of the amino group. KW - Aminosäuren Y1 - 1991 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-86320 ER - TY - THES A1 - Wippel, Carolin T1 - Alterations of brain dendrite and synapse structure by the Streptococcus pneumoniae neurotoxin pneumolysin - Insights and pharmacological modulation T1 - Morphologische Veränderungen von Dendriten und Synapsen durch das Neurotoxin Pneumolysin - Einblicke und pharmakologischer Ansatz N2 - Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus) is one of the leading causes of childhood meningitis,pneumonia and sepsis. Despite the availability of childhood vaccination programs and antimicrobial agents, childhood pneumococcal meningitis is still a devastating illness with mortality rates among the highest of any cause of bacterial meningitis. Especially in low-income countries, where medical care is less accessible, mortality rates up to 50 % have been reported. In surviving patients, neurological sequelae, including hearing loss, focal neurological deficits and cognitive impairment, is reported in 30 to 50 %. Growing resistance of pneumococci towards conventional antibiotics emphasize the need for effective therapies and development of effective vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae. One major virulence factor of Streptococcus pneumoniae is the protein toxin Pneumolysin (PLY). PLY belongs to a family of structurally related toxins, the so-called cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs). Pneumolysin is produced by almost all clinical isolates of the bacterium. It is expressed during the late log phase of bacterial growth and gets released mainly through spontaneous autolysis of the bacterial cell. After binding to cholesterol in the host cell membranes, oligomerization of up to 50 toxin monomers and rearrangement of the protein structure, PLY forms large pores, leading to cell lysis in higher toxin concentrations. At sub-lytic concentrations, however, PLY mediates several other effects, such as activation of the classic complement pathway and the induction of apoptosis. First experiments with pneumococcal strains, deficient in pneumolysin, showed a reduced virulence of the organism, which emphasizes the contribution of this toxin to the course of bacterial meningitis and the urgent need for the understanding of the multiple mechanisms leading to invasive pneumococcal disease. The aim of this thesis was to shed light on the contribution of pneumolysin to the course of the disease as well as to the mental illness patients are suffering from after recovery from pneumococcal meningitis. Therefore, we firstly investigated the effects of sub-lytic pneumolysin concentrations onto primary mouse neurons, transfected with a GFP construct and imaged with the help of laser scanning confocal microscopy. We discovered two major morphological changes in the dendrites of primary mouse neurons: The formation of focal swellings along the dendrites (so-called varicosities) and the reduction of dendritic spines. To study these effects in a more complex system, closer to the in vivo situation, we established a reproducible method for acute brain slice culturing. With the help of this culturing method, we were able to discover the same morphological changes in dendrites upon challenge with sub-lytic concentrations of pneumolysin. We were able to reverse the seen alterations in dendritic structure with the help of two antagonists of the NMDA receptor, connecting the toxin´s mode of action to a non-physiological stimulation of this subtype of glutamate receptors. The loss of dendritic spines (representing the postsynapse) in our brain slice model could be verified with the help of brain slices from adult mice, suffering from pneumococcal meningitis. By immunohistochemical staining with an antibody against synapsin I, serving as a presynaptic marker, we were able to identify a reduction of synapsin I in the cortex of mice, infected with a pneumococcal strain which is capable of producing pneumolysin. The reduction of synapsin I was higher in these brain slices compared to mice infected with a pneumococcal strain which is not capable of producing pneumolysin, illustrating a clear role for the toxin in the reduction of dendritic spines. The fact that the seen effects weren´t abolished under calcium free conditions clarifies that not only the influx of calcium through the pneumolysin-pore is responsible for the alterations. These findings were further supported by calcium imaging experiments, where an inhibitor of the NMDA receptor was capable of delaying the time point, when the maximum of calcium influx upon PLY challenge was reached. Additionally, we were able to observe the dendritic beadings with the help of immunohistochemistry with an antibody against MAP2, a neuron-specific cytoskeletal protein. These observations also connect pneumolysin´s mode of action to excitotoxicity, as several studies mention the aggregation of MAP2 in dendritic beadings in response to excitotoxic stimuli. All in all, this is the first study connecting pneumolysin to excitotoxic events, which might be a novel chance to tie in other options of treatment for patients suffering from pneumococcal meningitis. N2 - Streptococcus pneumoniae ist einer der Hauptauslöser für bakterielle Meningitis, Lungenentzündung und Sepsis. Ungeachtet der Tatsache, dass es heutzutage viele Impfprogramme zur Prävention, sowie Antibiotika zur Behandlung gibt, ist die bakterielle Meningitis im Kindesalter, ausgelöst durch S. pneumoniae, immer noch eine ernstzunehmende Krankheit mit Sterberaten von bis zu 50 %. Bei 30 bis 50 % der Patienten, die die Krankheit überstehen, bleiben teilweise schwere neurologische Störungen zurück. Die steigende Resistenz des Erregers gegenüber herkömmlichen Antibiotika macht zudem die Dringlichkeit zur Entwicklung effektiver Therapieansätze deutlich. Ein Hauptpathogenitätsfaktor von Streptococcus pneumoniae ist das Proteintoxin Pneumolysin (PLY). PLY gehört zu einer Familie strukturell verwandter Toxine; die sogenannten cholesterinabhängigen Cytolysine (CDCs). Das Toxin wird hauptsächlich nach spontaner Autolyse des Bakteriums freigesetzt. Nach Bindung des Proteins an das Cholesterin in den Zellmembranen des Wirtsorganismus, Oligomerisierung von bis zu 50 Toxinmonomeren und Umordnung der Proteinstruktur, bildet das Toxin Poren in der Zellmembran, die in höheren Konzentrationen von PLY zur Zelllyse führen. In niedrigeren Konzentrationen löst das Toxin jedoch verschiedene andere Prozesse, darunter Apoptose und Aktivierung des Komplementsystems, aus. Erste Experimente, die mit einem mutierten Pneumokokkenstamm (unfähig, Pneumolysin zu exprimieren) durchgeführt wurden, konnten eine reduzierte Virulez des Erregers zeigen, was die Beteiligung des Toxins am Verlauf der Krankheit verdeutlicht. Ziel vorliegender Arbeit war, die Beteiligung von Pneumolysin sowohl am Verlauf der bakteriellen Meningitis, hervorgerufen durch Pneumolysin, zu erforschen, als auch dessen Beteiligung an der Entstehung von neurologischen Störungen, wie sie auch nach Rehabilitation von einer Meningitis noch bestehen können. Dafür wurden zuerst die Effekte von sublytischen Konzentrationen des Toxins auf primäre Mausneuronen (transfiziert mit GFP und mit Hilfe eines Konfokalmikroskopes aufgenommen) erfasst. Dabei zeigten sich hauptsächlich zwei morphologische Veränderungen in den Dendriten der mikroskopierten Neurone: Die Entstehung von fokalen Schwellungen der Dendriten (sogenannte „varicosities“) sowie eine Verminderung der Anzahl von dendritischen Dornfortsätzen (sogenannte „dendritic spines“). Um diese Effekte in einem komplexeren System näher untersuchen zu können, entwickelten wir eine reproduzierbare Methode um akute Gehirnschnitte über längere Zeit kultivieren zu können. Mithilfe dieser Methode konnten wir die Veränderungen, die wir schon in der Primärkultur beobachteten, ebenso nachweisen. Die Entwicklung der fokalen Schwellungen der Dendriten konnten mithilfe zweier Antagonisten des NMDA Rezeptors rückgängig gemacht werden, wodurch erstmals eine Verbindung der Effekte mit einer Aktivierung von Glutamatrezeptoren aufgezeigt wurde. Die Verminderung der Anzahl dendritischer Dornfortsätze im Gehirnschnittmodell wurde untermauert von den Ergebnissen, die wir durch Gehirnschnitte von Mäusen, die tatsächlich an pneumokokkaler Meningitis erkrankt waren, erlangen konnten. Durch immunohistologische Färbungen mit einem Antikörper gegen Synapsin I (ein präsynaptisches Protein) konnten wir eine Reduktion dieses Proteins im Cortex erkrankter Mäuse nachweisen. Die Tatsache, dass die morphologischen Veränderungen der Dendriten ebenfalls in calciumfreiem Puffer beobachtet werden konnten, macht deutlich, dass nicht nur der Calciuminflux durch die Pneumolysinpore verantwortlich ist für dessen Neurotoxizität. Diese These wird untermauert durch die Ergebnisse, die wir mithilfe der Calciummikroskopie erhielten: Die Applikation eines Antagonisten des NMDA Rezeptors konnte den Zeitpunkt des maximalen Calciuminfluxes in die Zelle nach Behandlung mit Pneumolysin hinauszögern. Zudem konnten wir die Schwellungen in den Dendriten auch durch einen Antikörper gegen MAP2 (ein neuronenspezifisches Protein des Zytoskeletts) darstellen, was ebenfalls eine Verbindung von Pneumolysin zu „excitotoxicity“ (Toxizität aufgrund einer Übererregung von Glutamatrezeptoren) darstellt, da verschiedene Studien die Aggregation von MAP2 in fokalen dendritischen Schwellungen als Reaktion auf die Einwirkung von „excitotoxischen“ Stimuli nachweisen konnten. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass dies die erste Studie ist, die Pneumolysin in Zusammenhang mit einer Überaktivierung von Glutamatrezeptoren bringt, was eine komplett neue Sichtweise darstellt und eventuell neue Möglichkeiten der Therapie für Patienten, die an dieser Form der bakteriellen Hirnhautentzündung leiden, eröffnet. KW - Nervenzelle KW - Nervennetz KW - Bakterien KW - Bakterielle Hirnhautentzündung KW - Bakteriengift KW - Bacterial meningitis KW - Pneumolysin KW - Excitotoxicity Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72016 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Segerer, Gabriela A1 - Hadamek, Kerstin A1 - Zundler, Matthias A1 - Fekete, Agnes A1 - Seifried, Annegrit A1 - Mueller, Martin J. A1 - Koentgen, Frank A1 - Gessler, Manfred A1 - Jeanclos, Elisabeth A1 - Gohla, Antje T1 - An essential developmental function for murine phosphoglycolate phosphatase in safeguarding cell proliferation JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Mammalian phosphoglycolate phosphatase (PGP) is thought to target phosphoglycolate, a 2-deoxyribose fragment derived from the repair of oxidative DNA lesions. However, the physiological role of this activity and the biological function of the DNA damage product phosphoglycolate is unknown. We now show that knockin replacement of murine Pgp with its phosphatase-inactive Pgp\(^{D34N}\) mutant is embryonically lethal due to intrauterine growth arrest and developmental delay in midgestation. PGP inactivation attenuated triosephosphate isomerase activity, increased triglyceride levels at the expense of the cellular phosphatidylcholine content, and inhibited cell proliferation. These effects were prevented under hypoxic conditions or by blocking phosphoglycolate release from damaged DNA. Thus, PGP is essential to sustain cell proliferation in the presence of oxygen. Collectively, our findings reveal a previously unknown mechanism coupling a DNA damage repair product to the control of intermediary metabolism and cell proliferation. KW - cell proliferation KW - DNA metabolism KW - lipidomics Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-181094 VL - 6 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Cantoreggi, S. A1 - Gupta, R. C. A1 - Lutz, Werner K. T1 - An improved 32P-postlabelling assay for detection and quantitation of styrene 7,8-oxide-DNA adducts N2 - Using DNA modified with [7-3H]styrene 7,8-oxide (SO) in vitro we have standardized the 32P-postlabelling assay for detecting SO-DNA adducts. Nuclease P 1-enriched adducts were 32P-labelled and purified by high-salt ( 4.0 M ammonium formate, pH 6.1} C1s reverse-phase TLC. After elution from the layer with 2-butoxyethanol:H20 (4:6), adducts were separated by two-dimensional PEI cellulose TLC in non-urea solvents (2.0 M ammonium formate, pH 3.5, and 2.7 M sodium phosphate, pH 5.6). One major, three minor and several trace adducts were detected. The efficiency of the kinase reaction depended on the ATP concentration. Use of standard labelling conditions (['Y· 32P]ATP, <3000 Ci/mmol; <2 Mikromol) resulted in poor ( 4-7%) adduct recovery. An ATP concentration of 40 Mikromol, however, increased the labeJling efficiency by a factor of 5-8 (35-55% based on 3H-SO labelied DNA). The results indicate that the new separation technique is suitable for the relatively polar SO-DNA adducts and that high labelling efficiency can be achieved. KW - Medizin Y1 - 1993 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-86305 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stopper, Helga A1 - Körber, C. A1 - Spencer, D. L. A1 - Kirchner, S. A1 - Caspary, W.J. A1 - Schiffmann, D. T1 - An investigation of micronucleus and mutation induction by oxazepam in mammalian cells N2 - Tbe benzodiazepines are a class of d.rugs that are widely used in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders. One member of um ~' oxazepam, is also a common metabolite of sevmd other benzod.iazepines. Since the evidence for the genetic toxicity and carcinogenic properties of these compounds is incol:lsb1ent, we investigated the oxazepam-induced fonnation of micronuclei in Syrian Hamster embryo fibroblast (SHE) cells, human amniotic fluid fibroblast-like (AFFL) cells and LS178Y mouse cells. A dose-dependent increase in micronucleus fractions was found in all tbree ceU llnes. The time course of micronucleus induction in L5178Y cells showed a maximum at 5 h after treatment, suggesting that the micronuclei were fonned in the first mitosis after treatment. Kinetochore staining (CREST -antiserum) revealed the presence of kinetochores in -SO% of the micronuclei in aU tbree ceU types. ThJs resu1t was further confinned by in situ bybridization in LS178Y cells and indicates tbe presence of wbole Chromosomes or centric fragments as weU as acentric fragments in the oxazepam-induced micronuclei. The LS178Y cells did not show a mutagenic response to oxazepam at any of the doses or expression times used. KW - Toxikologie Y1 - 1993 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-63404 ER - TY - THES A1 - Frölich, Nadine T1 - Analyse der µ-Opiatrezeptoraktivierung und Signaltransduktion in lebenden Zellen mittels FRET-Mikroskopie T1 - Analysis of µ-opioid receptor activation and signal transduction in living cells using FRET microscopy N2 - Der Fluoreszenz-Resonanz-Energie-Transfer ist ein Phänomen, welches erstmals 1948 von Theodor Förster beschrieben wurde. Mit der Entwicklung von Fluoreszenzproteinen konnten in Kombination mit Mikroskopietechniken Einblicke in zellbiologische Vorgänge gewonnen werden, die durch biochemische oder physiologische Experimente nicht möglich sind. Dabei spielt die hohe zeitliche und räumliche Auflösung eine wichtige Rolle. Auf dem Forschungsgebiet der GPCR, welche die größte Gruppe von Membranproteinen bei den Säugetieren darstellen, wurden insbesondere Erkenntnisse über Konformationsänderungen der Rezeptoren, die Kinetik der Rezeptoraktivierung und die Interaktion mit intrazellulären Signalproteinen gewonnen. Der µ-Opioidrezeptor gehört zur Familie der GPCR und stellt aufgrund seiner analgetischen Wirkungen eine wichtige pharmakologische Zielstruktur dar. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war sowohl den Rezeptor als auch seine Signalwege mittels FRET-Mikroskopie zu untersuchen. Zunächst sollte ein intramolekularer FRET-Sensor des µ-Opioidrezeptors entwickelt werden, dazu wurden basierend auf den Kenntnissen über die Tertiärstruktur und dem Aufbau bereits bekannter GPCR-Sensoren verschiedene Rezeptorkonstrukte kloniert. Bei den Konstrukten wurden entweder zwei Fluoreszenzproteine oder ein Fluoreszenzprotein und ein Fluorophor-bindendes Tetracysteinmotiv kombiniert. Auch die Positionen der eingefügten Sequenzen wurden in den intrazellulären Domänen variiert, da der Rezeptor auf die Modifikationen mit beeinträchtigter Membranlokalisation reagierte. Durch die Optimierung wurden Rezeptoren konstruiert, die an der Zellmembran lokalisiert waren. Jedoch zeigte keines der Rezeptorkonstrukte Funktionalität im Hinblick auf die Rezeptoraktivierung. Im zweiten Teil wurden die pharmakologischen Effekte der Metabolite von Morphin am humanen µ-Opioidrezeptor systematisch analysiert. Dazu wurde die Fähigkeit der Metabolite, Gi-Proteine zu aktivieren und β-Arrestin2 zu rekrutieren, mittels FRET-basierter Messungen an lebenden Zellen untersucht. Außerdem wurde die Affinität der Metabolite zum humanen µ Opioidrezeptor anhand der Verdrängung eines radioaktiven Liganden analysiert. Meine Experimente identifizierten eine Gruppe mit stark agonistischen und eine mit schwach agonistischen Eigenschaften. Die starken Partialagonisten aktivieren den Rezeptor bereits bei nanomolaren Konzentrationen, während die schwachen Metabolite den Rezeptor erst bei Konzentrationen im mikromolaren Bereich aktivieren. Die Metabolite Normorphin, Morphin-6-Glucuronid und 6-Acetylmorphin zeigen geringere Potenz als Morphin bei der Gi-Aktivierung aber überraschenderweise höhere Potenz und Effizienz für die β-Arrestin-Rekrutierung. Dies deutet auf eine bevorzugte Aktivierung von β-Arrestin2 hin. Die aus diesen Studien gewonnenen Ergebnisse liefern Hinweise darauf, welche Metabolite bei der Signalverarbeitung am µ Opioidrezeptor in vivo beteiligt sind. N2 - Fluorescence resonance energy transfer was first described by Theodor Förster in 1948. The discovery and development of intrinsic fluorescent proteins revolutionized cell and molecular biology. The FRET-technique allows the analysis of protein-protein interactions and intramolecular conformational changes. In this method, its high temporal and spatial resolution plays a crucial role. Especially in the research field of GPCR, which are the largest family of membrane proteins in mammals, insights into receptor conformational changes, kinetics of receptor activation and the interaction with intracellular proteins were obtained. The µ-opioid receptor belongs to the GPCR family and is involved in analgesia. Therefore, the receptor is an important pharmacological target. Its pharmacological properties were extensively analyzed in the current thesis by FRET. Engineering of an intramolecular MOR-biosensor was initially planned. Based on the knowledge about the tertiary receptor structure and earlier GPCR-sensors, different receptor constructs were cloned. For each receptor construct either two fluorescent proteins or one fluorescent protein and one fluorophore binding tetracysteine motif were combined. The insertion of the additional amino acid sequences prevented the membrane localization for some constructs. Hence, the insertion site of the amioacid sequences was varied in the intracellular loops. Ultimately, the optimization resulted in some membrane localized receptor constructs with the tetracysteine motif in the third intracellular loop. Nevertheless, none of the receptor constructs was functional in terms of measurable conformational change upon receptor activation. In the second part of this thesis, the pharmacological effects of morphine and its metabolites were studied. The analgesic effects of morphine are mainly mediated via the activation of the µ opioid receptor. This receptor activates inhibitory G-proteins and induces the recruitment of β-arrestin2. Therefore I analyzed activation of these two pathways induced by morphine metabolites using FRET-microscopy in living cells. Furthermore, radioligand binding studies were used to determine the affinity of each compound to the human µ-opioid receptor. This approach identified two groups of metabolites, which were classified into strong and weak ligands. Strong partial agonists showed efficacies in the nanomalar range. In contrast, weak metabolites activated µ opioid receptor pathways in the micromolar range. Normorphine, morphine-6-glucuronide and 6 acetylmorphine had lower potencies regarding Gi-protein activation but higher potencies and efficacies for β-arrestin2 recruitment than morphine. These findings indicate that these metabolites are biased towards β-arrestin2 pathways. KW - Opiatrezeptor KW - G-Protein gekoppelte Rezeptoren KW - Morphin KW - Stoffwechsel KW - Fluoreszenz-Resonanz-Energie-Transfer KW - Mikroskopie KW - Metabolite von Morphin KW - Metabolismus KW - Metabolites of morphine Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-71009 ER - TY - THES A1 - Riese, Thorsten T1 - Analysen zur potentiellen Gentoxizität von Terahertzstrahlung in vitro T1 - Analyses concerning potential genotoxicity of terahertz radiation in vitro N2 - Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden immortalisierte humane Keratinozyten (HaCaT-Zelllinie) über eine Dauer von 24 Stunden mit Terahertzstrahlung der Frequenz 0,106 THz und einer Leistungsflussdichte von 2 mW/cm² behandelt und anschließend mittels „cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay“ ausgewertet. Ferner wurden Proben der gleichen Zelllinie über einen Zeitraum von 24 Stunden Temperaturen zwischen 37 °C und 42 °C ausgesetzt und zum einen auf Hinweise für Gentoxizität mit Hilfe des Mikrokerntests untersucht und zum anderen mittels Western Blot die Expressionsrate von Hitzeschockproteinen der 70 kDa Familie bestimmt. Die der Terahertzstrahlung ausgesetzten Zellen zeigten gegenüber den Kontrollen keine signifikanten Veränderungen der Marker für chromosomale Aberrationen oder der Zellteilung. Die der erhöhten Temperatur ausgesetzten Zellen zeigten einen signifikanten Anstieg der Mikrokernraten und weiterer Marker für Gentoxizität sowie eine damit korrelierende Zunahme der synthetisierten Proteinmenge der Hsp70 Proteine im Rahmen der Hitzeschockreaktion. N2 - In this dissertation HaCaT human keratinocytes were exposed to terahertz radiation (0.106 THz) and to different temperatures from 37 °C to 42 °C for 24 hours. Using the “cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay” the appearance of different markers of genomic damage was analysed and compared to negative controls. Furthermore the heat-induced expression rate of the heat shock protein 70 was determined between 37 °C and 42 °C. The cells exposed to terahertz radiation showed no statistically significant elevation of genomic damage markers or change of proliferation compared to the controls. The hyperthermia-treated cells showed significantly increased micronucleus frequencies and an elevated heat-shock protein expression for temperatures above 37 °C. KW - Terahertzbereich KW - Gentoxizität KW - Nichtionisierende Strahlung KW - Terahertzstrahlung KW - Gentoxizität KW - Nichtionisierende Strahlung KW - terahertz radiation KW - genotoxicity KW - non-ionizing radiation Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-116469 ER - TY - THES A1 - Bertelsmann, Dietmar T1 - Analysis of the Frequency of Kidney Toxicity in Preclinical Safety Studies using the eTOX Database T1 - Analyse der Häufigkeit von Nierentoxizität in präklinischen Sicherheitsstudien unter Verwendung der eTOX-Datenbank N2 - This research aimed to obtain reliable data on the frequency of different types of renal toxicity findings in 28-day oral gavage studies in Wistar rats, their consistency across species and study duration, as well as the correlation between histopathological endpoints and routinely used clinical chemistry parameters indicative of kidney injury. Analysis of renal histopathological findings was carried out through extraction of information from the IMI eTOX database. Spontaneous renal histopathological findings in 28-day oral gavage studies in control Wistar rats and beagle dogs confirmed tubular basophilia and renal dilation as the most frequent incidental findings in controls, whereas necrosis and glomerulosclerosis were not identified at all or only rarely as a background lesion. Histopathological evidence of necrosis and glomerulosclerosis was associated with changes in clinical chemistry parameters in 28-day oral gavage Wistar rat studies. Necrosis was frequently accompanied by a statistically significant rise in serum creatinine and serum urea, whereas serum albumin was frequently found to decrease statistically significantly in treatment groups in which necrosis was recorded. In contrast to necrosis, glomerulosclerosis was not associated with statistically significant changes in serum creatinine and urea in any of the 28-day oral gavage Wistar rat treatment groups, but appears to be best reflected by a pattern of statistically significantly lowered serum albumin and serum protein together with a statistically significant increase in serum cholesterol. As might have been expected based on the high background incidences of tubular basophilia and dilation, no consistent changes in any of the clinical chemistry parameters were evident in animals in which renal lesions were con� fined to renal tubular basophilia or dilation. In summary, the routinely provided clinical chemistry parameters are rather insensitive - novel kidney biomarkers such as Cystatin C, β-trace protein and Kidney injury molecule 1 should further be evaluated and integrated into routine preclinical and clinical practice. However, evaluation of clinical chemistry data was limited by the lack of individual animal data. Even though an extensive amount of preclinical studies is accessible through the eTOX database, comparison of consistency across time was limited by the limited number of shorter- and longer term studies conducted with the compounds identified as causing renal histopathological changes within a 28- day study in rats. A high consistency across time for both treatment-related tubular basophilia and treatment-related dilation cannot be confirmed for either of the two effects as these two findings were both induced only rarely in studies over a different treatment-duration other than 28 days after administration of the compounds which provoked the respective effect in a 28-day study. For the finding of necrosis consistency across time was low with the exception of “AZ_GGA_200002321”, in which renal papillary necrosis was identified consist� ently throughout different treatment durations (2, 4, 26, 104 weeks). No shorter and longer-term studies were available for the compounds identified as causing glomerulosclerosis within a 28-day study in rats. No consistent findings of the selected histopathological endpoints were identified in any of the corresponding 28-day oral gavage beagle dog studies after treatment with the identical compounds, which caused the respective ef� fect after 28-day treatment in rats. However, in the overwhelming majority of cases, beagle dogs were administered lower doses in these studies in compar� ison to the corresponding 28-day Wistar rat studies. Searching the eTOX database yielded no 28-day oral gavage studies in Wistar and Wistar Han rats in which accumulation of hyaline droplets, tubular atrophy or hyperplasia was recorded. Only one 28-day oral gavage Wistar rat study was identified with the histopathological result of neutrophilic inflammation. Consequently, evaluation of these four renal findings in relation to clinical chemistry parameters and consistency across time and species cannot be made. In summary, this work contributes knowledge through mining and evaluating the eTOX database on a variety of specific renal endpoints that frequently occur after administration of trial substances in 28-day oral gavage studies in Wistar rats in the field of preclinical toxicity with specific focus on their frequency relation to background findings, as well as consistency across time and species. Targeted statistical evaluation of in vivo data within joint research ventures such as the eTOX project, presents an enormous opportunity for an innovative future way of aiding preclinical research towards a more efficient research in the preclinical stage of drug development. This could be achieved through the aug� mentation of methodological strategies and possibly novel software tools in order to predict in vivo toxicology of new molecular entities by means of information that is already available before early stages of the drug development pipeline begin. N2 - Diese Arbeit zielte darauf ab, verlässliche Daten über die Häufigkeit verschiedener Arten von Nierentoxizitätsbefunden in 28-tägigen oralen Sondenstudien an Wistar-Ratten zu erhalten. Untersucht wurde weiterhin die Konsistenz der Toxizitätsbefunde unterschiedlicher Spezies und Studiendauer sowie die Korrelation zwischen histopathologischen Endpunkten und routinemäßig verwendeten klinisch-chemischen Parametern, die auf eine Nierenschädigung hinweisen. Die Analyse der histopathologischen Nierenbefunde wurde durch Extraktion von Informationen aus der IMI eTOX-Datenbank durchgeführt. Spontane renale histopathologische Befunde in 28-tägigen oralen Sondenstudien an Wistar-Ratten und Beagles bestätigten tubuläre Basophilie und renale Dilatation als häufigste Nebenbefunde bei den Kontrolltieren, während Nekrose und Glomerulosklerose gar nicht oder nur selten als Hintergrundläsion identifiziert wurden. Der histopathologische Nachweis von Nekrose und Glomerulosklerose war mit Änderungen der klinisch-chemischen Parameter in 28-tägigen Wistar-Rattenstudien mit oraler Sonde verbunden. Nekrose ging häufig mit einem statistisch signifikanten Anstieg von Serumkreatinin und Serumharnstoff einher, während Serumalbumin in Behandlungsgruppen, in denen Nekrose aufgezeichnet wurde, häufig statistisch signifikant abnahm. Im Gegensatz zur Nekrose war Glomerulosklerose in keiner der 28-tägigen Wistar-Ratten-Behandlungsgruppen mit oraler Sonde mit statistisch signifikanten Veränderungen von Serumkreatinin und Harnstoff assoziiert, sondern scheint sich am besten in einem Muster von statistisch signifikant erniedrigtem Serumalbumin und Serumprotein zusammen mit einem statistisch signifikanten Anstieg des Serumcholesterins widerzuspiegeln. Wie aufgrund der hohen Hintergrundinzidenzen von tubulärer Basophilie und Dilatation zu erwarten war, waren bei Tieren, bei denen Nierenläsionen auf renale tubuläre Basophilie oder Dilatation beschränkt waren, keine konsistenten Änderungen der klinisch-chemischen Parameter erkennbar. Zusammenfassend sind die routinemäßig bereitgestellten klinisch-chemischen Parameter eher unempfindlich - neuartige Nieren-Biomarker wie „Cystatin C“, „β-trace protein“ und „Kidney injury molecule 1“ sollten weiter evaluiert und in die routinemäßige präklinische und klinische Praxis integriert werden. Die Auswertung der Daten zur klinischen Chemie war jedoch durch das Fehlen individueller Tierdaten begrenzt. Trotz der umfangreichen Anzahl an präklinischen Studien in der eTOX-Datenbank wurde der zeitliche Vergleich der Konsistenz durch die begrenzte Anzahl von Kurz- und Langzeitstudien eingeschränkt, welche mit denselben Substanzen durchgeführt wurden, die innerhalb einer 28-Tage-Studie an Ratten als Verursacher von renalen histopathologischen Veränderungen identifiziert wurden. Eine hohe zeitliche Konsistenz sowohl für die behandlungsbedingte tubuläre Basophilie und Dilatation kann für keinen der beiden Effekte bestätigt werden, da diese beiden Befunde nur selten in Studien über eine andere Behandlungsdauer als 28 Tage nach Verabreichung derselben Substanzen, die den jeweiligen Effekt in einer 28-Tage-Studie hervorriefen, induziert wurden. Für den Befund der Nekrose war die zeitliche Konsistenz gering. Eine Ausnahme stellte Substanz "AZ_GGA_200002321" dar, bei der über verschiedene Behandlungsdauern (2, 4, 26, 104 Wochen) hinweg konstant renale papilläre Nekrose festgestellt wurde. Für die Substanzen, die in einer 28-Tage-Studie an Ratten als glomeruloskleroseauslösend identifiziert wurden, waren keine Kurz- und Langzeitstudien verfügbar. In keiner der korrespondierenden 28-Tage-Studien an Beagles mit oraler Sonde wurden konsistente Befunde der ausgewählten histopathologischen Endpunkte nach Behandlung mit den identischen Verbindungen, die den jeweiligen Effekt nach 28-tägiger Behandlung in Ratten verursachten, festgestellt. In der überwiegenden Mehrheit der Fälle wurden den Beagles in diesen Studien im Vergleich zu den entsprechenden 28-Tage-Wistar-Rattenstudien niedrigere Dosen verabreicht. In der eTOX-Datenbank konnten keine 28-tägigen oralen Sondenstudien an Wistar- und Wistar-Han-Ratten gefunden werden, in denen eine Akkumulation von hyalinen Tröpfchen, tubuläre Atrophie oder Hyperplasie aufgezeichet wurde. Nur eine 28-tägige Wistar-Rattenstudie wurde mit dem histopathologischen Ergebnis einer neutrophilen Entzündung identifiziert. Folglich kann eine Bewertung dieser vier Nierenbefunde in Bezug auf klinische Chemie und Konsistenz über Zeit und Spezies nicht vorgenommen werden. Insgesamt zeigt dieser Arbeit, dass eine gezielte statistische Auswertung von in vivo-Daten im Rahmen von Forschungsverbünden wie dem eTOX-Projekt eine enorme Chance bietet, die präklinische Forschung in Zukunft auf dem Weg zu einer effizienteren Forschung in der präklinischen Phase der Arzneimittelentwicklung zu unterstützen. Dies könnte außerdem durch die Erweiterung methodischer Strategien und möglicherweise neuartiger Software-Tools erreicht werden, um die In-vivo-Toxikologie neuer molekularer Entitäten mit Hilfe von Informationen vorherzusagen, die bereits vor Beginn der Arzneimittelentwicklungspipeline verfügbar sind. KW - renal toxicity KW - etox database KW - rats KW - toxicity Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-257104 ER - TY - THES A1 - Arnaudov, Theresa Irina T1 - Anthocyane - Modulation oxidativen Stresses in vivo und in vitro T1 - Anthocyane - modulation of oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro N2 - Die menschliche Nahrung enthält antioxidative Stoffe, die den Menschen möglicherweise vor oxidativem Stress und seinen Konsequenzen schützen können. Im Fokus der vorliegenden Arbeit standen Anthocyane, die als vielversprechende antioxidative Pflanzenstoffe in unterschiedlichen Obst- und Gemüsesorten zu finden sind. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wurden in einem HT-29-Zellkulturmodell die zwei wichtigsten Vertreter der Anthocyanidine, Delphinidin und Cyanidin, untersucht. Es galt zu prüfen, ob beide Pflanzenstoffe in geringen Konzentrationen in humanen Zellen antioxidativ wirken und oxidativen Genomschaden verhindern können. Im Comet-Assay reduzierten sowohl Delphinidin (ab 3,2 µM) als auch Cyanidin (ab 1 µM) signifikant die durch 100 µM Wasserstoffperoxid induzierten DNA-Schäden in den HT-29-Zellen. Im Comet-Assays mit FPG-Enzym wurde deutlich, dass eine Präinkubation mit Cyanidin wirksam die Oxidation der DNA-Basen verringert. Die Auswirkungen auf den Glutathionspiegel wurden mit Hilfe des Glutathion-Recycling-Assays nach Tietze untersucht. Die Präinkubation mit Cyanidin führte hierbei zu keinen signifikanten Veränderungen. Um die Auswirkungen der Anthocyanidine auf die intrazelluläre ROS-Produktion zu beobachten, wurde der fluoreszierenden Farbstoffs DHE verwendet. Sowohl Delphinidin (10 und 15 µM) als auch Cyanidin (10 und 20 µM) senkten signifikant die durch 25 µM Antimycin A angeregte ROS-Produktion. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurde ein anthocyanreicher roter Fruchtsaft in einer 10-wöchigen Interventionsstudie am Menschen getestet. Hieran nahmen sowohl 19 Fibromyalgiepatienten als auch 10 gesunde Probanden teil. Es sollte die Hypothese geprüft werden, dass die konzentrierte und andauernde Einnahme des Saftes messbar oxidative Stressparameter im Blut verändert. Außerdem sollten mögliche Unterschiede im oxidativen Stresslevel zwischen Patienten und gesunden Probanden aufgedeckt werden. Nach jeder Studienphase erfolgte eine Befragung nach klinischen Symptomen und die Abgabe einer Urin- und Blutprobe in der Schmerzambulanz der Uniklinik Würzburg (2 Wochen Einwaschphase, 4 Wochen Fruchtsaftphase mit je 750 ml Saft täglich, 4 Wochen Auswaschphase). Das ROS-Level wurde mit 2 Methoden in den mononukleären Blutzellen untersucht: In der photometrischen NBT-Messung konnten keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen oder Zeitpunkten beobachtet werden. Bei der durchflusszytometrischen Messung mit Hilfe des fluoreszierenden DCF-Farbstoffes lag das ROS-Level der Patientengruppe vor Fruchtsafteinnahme signifikant höher als das der Kontrollgruppe. Zur Messung der antioxidativen Kapazität wurde die Eisen-Reduktionsfähigkeit (FRAP) im Plasma untersucht. In der Patientengruppe zeigte sich eine Steigerung der antioxidativen Kapazität nach Einnahme des Fruchtsaftes. Die Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Gruppen waren gering. Sowohl das Gesamtglutathion als auch die oxidierte und reduzierte Form wurden in den Erythrozyten der Probanden mit dem Glutathion-Recycling-Assay gemessen. Nach der Fruchtsafteinnahme stieg die Konzentration des Gesamtglutathions in der Patientengruppe an. Zusammenfassend konnte in dieser Arbeit gezeigt werden, dass Delphinidin und Cyanidin auch in geringen Konzentrationen (1µM - 20µM) einen antioxidativer Effekt in HT-29-Zellen haben und vor oxidativem DNA-Schaden schützen können. Die Ergebnisse der Interventionsstudie unterschieden sich teilweise in den einzelnen Endpunkten. Es war nicht möglich, den Fibromyalgiepatienten ein höheres oxidatives Stresslevel nachzuweisen. Ein Grund für die geringeren Effekte des Fruchtsaftes könnte in der eher geringen Bioverfügbarkeit der Anthocyane liegen. Außerdem könnte die Heterogenität der Fibromyalgieerkrankung genauso wie andere endogene oder exogene Faktoren wie etwa Alter oder Medikamenteneinnahme die teilweise großen interindividuellen Schwankungen der Messergebnisse hinsichtlich der oxidativen Stressparameter bedingen. Klinisch profitierten einige der Fibromyalgiepatienten von der Fruchtsafteinnahme insbesondere hinsichtlich der Reizdarmsymptomatik. Dieses Volksleiden könnte ein interessanter Ansatzpunkt für Folgeuntersuchungen mit einem anthocyanreichen Produkt sein. N2 - Human diet contains antioxidative components which might be protective against oxidative stress and its consequences. This study concentrates on anthocyanins which are promising antioxidative phytochemicals and can be found in numerous fruits and vegetables. The first part of this study focused on the two major anthocyanidins, delphinidin and cyanidin, and their effects in vitro (HT-29 cell line). The aim was to investigate whether low concentrations of these anthocyanidins were able to reduce oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage in this human cell model. The effects on DNA damage and repair were monitored by the comet assay. Delphinidin (3, 2 µM) as well as cyanidin (1 µM) reduced significantly DNA damage induced by 100 µM H2O2. The comet assay extended by the FPG enzyme clarified that cyanidin was able to reduce the number of oxidized DNA bases. The amounts of total and oxidized glutathione measured by the glutathione recycling assay were not significantly influenced by cyanidin. The intracellular ROS concentration was measured by using the fluorescent ROS-indicator DHE. Delphinidin (10 and 15 µM) as well as cyanidin (10 and 20 µM) reduced significantly ROS productions induced by 25 µM antimycin a. The second part of this thesis was a human intervention study which investigated the effect of an anthocyanin rich fruit juice on patients suffering from fibromyalgia and on a healthy control group. The hypothesis was that the daily intake of 750 ml juice for 4 weeks would change the oxidative stress parameters measured in the blood of the probands. Furthermore, the oxidative stress-level of the fibromyalgia patients should be compared to that of the healthy probands. 19 patients and 10 controls were recruited and were cared for by the pain ambulance of the university hospital of Würzburg. A clinical questionnaire and blood and urine samples were collected after each phase of the study (2 weeks pre-wash phase, 4 weeks fruit juice phase, 4 weeks wash-out phase). The level of ROS was measured by 2 different methods in the fresh mononuclear blood cells. There were no significant differences between groups or time-points in ROS concentration detected in the photometric NBT-Assay. However, the flow cytometric DCF-Assay showed a higher ROS level in patients than in controls before the fruit juice phase. The antioxidative capacity were measured by investigating the Ferric Reducing Abilitiy of Plasma (FRAP). The antioxidative capacity of the patients increased after fruit juice intake. There were no significant differences between both groups. The amount of total, reduced and oxidized glutathione in erythrocytes was detected by the glutathione recycling assay. After fruit juice intake the amount of total glutathione increased in the patient group. The GSH/GSSG quotient, a marker of oxidative stress, were slightly but insignificantly improved in both groups after fruit juice intake. In summary the results of this thesis demonstrated that low concentrations of delphinidin or cyanidin (1 µM – 20 µM) have antioxidative effects on HT-29 cells and protect them from oxidative DNA damage. The different endpoints of the fruit juice study showed inconsistent results. There was no clear evidence for a higher oxidative stress level in fibromyalgia patient compared to the control group. One reason for the partially small effects of the red fruit juice could be the low bioavailability of the anthocyanins. The heterogeneity of the fibromyalgia disease as well as other endogenous and exogenous influences such as age or medication may have caused the partially large interindividual differences. However, some of patients gained clinical benefits from drinking the red fruit juice especially regarding the irritable bowel syndrome. It could be interesting to focus on this his common disease in further studies. KW - Oxidativer Stress KW - Anthocyane KW - Fibromyalgie Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-152593 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kannen, Vinicius A1 - Hintzsche, Henning A1 - Zanette, Dalila L. A1 - Silva Jr., Wilson A. A1 - Garcia, Sergio B. A1 - Waaga-Gasser, Anna Maria A1 - Stopper, Helga T1 - Antiproliferative Effects of Fluoxetine on Colon Cancer Cells and in a Colonic Carcinogen Mouse Model N2 - The antidepressant fluoxetine has been under discussion because of its potential influence on cancer risk. It was found to inhibit the development of carcinogen-induced preneoplastic lesions in colon tissue, but the mechanisms of action are not well understood. Therefore, we investigated anti-proliferative effects, and used HT29 colon tumor cells in vitro, as well as C57BL/6 mice exposed to intra-rectal treatment with the carcinogen N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) as models. Fluoxetine increased the percentage of HT29 cells in the G0/G1 phase of cell-cycle, and the expression of p27 protein. This was not related to an induction of apoptosis, reactive oxygen species or DNA damage. In vivo, fluoxetine reduced the development of MNNG-induced dysplasia and vascularization-related dysplasia in colon tissue, which was analyzed by histopathological techniques. An anti-proliferative potential of fluoxetine was observed in epithelial and stromal areas. It was accompanied by a reduction of VEGF expression and of the number of cells with angiogenic potential, such as CD133, CD34, and CD31-positive cell clusters. Taken together, our findings suggest that fluoxetine treatment targets steps of early colon carcinogenesis. This confirms its protective potential, explaining at least partially the lower colon cancer risk under antidepressant therapy. KW - Medizin Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75879 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jarzina, Sebastian A1 - Di Fiore, Stefano A1 - Ellinger, Bernhard A1 - Reiser, Pia A1 - Frank, Sabrina A1 - Glaser, Markus A1 - Wu, Jiaqing A1 - Taverne, Femke J. A1 - Kramer, Nynke I. A1 - Mally, Angela T1 - Application of the adverse outcome pathway concept to in vitro nephrotoxicity assessment: kidney injury due to receptor-mediated endocytosis and lysosomal overload as a case study JF - Frontiers in Toxicology N2 - Application of adverse outcome pathways (AOP) and integration of quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE) may support the paradigm shift in toxicity testing to move from apical endpoints in test animals to more mechanism-based in vitro assays. Here, we developed an AOP of proximal tubule injury linking a molecular initiating event (MIE) to a cascade of key events (KEs) leading to lysosomal overload and ultimately to cell death. This AOP was used as a case study to adopt the AOP concept for systemic toxicity testing and risk assessment based on in vitro data. In this AOP, nephrotoxicity is thought to result from receptor-mediated endocytosis (MIE) of the chemical stressor, disturbance of lysosomal function (KE1), and lysosomal disruption (KE2) associated with release of reactive oxygen species and cytotoxic lysosomal enzymes that induce cell death (KE3). Based on this mechanistic framework, in vitro readouts reflecting each KE were identified. Utilizing polymyxin antibiotics as chemical stressors for this AOP, the dose-response for each in vitro endpoint was recorded in proximal tubule cells from rat (NRK-52E) and human (RPTEC/TERT1) in order to (1) experimentally support the sequence of key events (KEs), to (2) establish quantitative relationships between KEs as a basis for prediction of downstream KEs based on in vitro data reflecting early KEs and to (3) derive suitable in vitro points of departure for human risk assessment. Time-resolved analysis was used to support the temporal sequence of events within this AOP. Quantitative response-response relationships between KEs established from in vitro data on polymyxin B were successfully used to predict in vitro toxicity of other polymyxin derivatives. Finally, a physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model was utilized to transform in vitro effect concentrations to a human equivalent dose for polymyxin B. The predicted in vivo effective doses were in the range of therapeutic doses known to be associated with a risk for nephrotoxicity. Taken together, these data provide proof-of-concept for the feasibility of in vitro based risk assessment through integration of mechanistic endpoints and reverse toxicokinetic modelling. KW - adverse outcome pathway (AOP) KW - nephrotoxicity KW - QIVIVE KW - risk assessment KW - key event relationship KW - In vitro toxicity testing Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-284796 SN - 2673-3080 VL - 4 ER - TY - THES A1 - Jonas, René T1 - Arsen-induzierte Zyto- und Gentoxizität sowie deren Modulation T1 - Arsenite-induced cyto- and genotoxicity and their modulation N2 - Arsen ist dafür bekannt, dass es mutagen und kanzerogen wirkt und ein gentoxisches Potential besitzt. Die Mechanismen, durch die diese Effekte ausgeübt werden, sind noch nicht vollständig aufgeklärt. Es konnte jedoch gezeigt werden, dass Parameter, die mit der Freisetzung reaktiver Sauerstoffspezies (ROS), z.B. Superoxiddismutaseaktivität und Hämoxygenase-Genexpression, und Veränderungen des epigenetischen Musters der DNA, z.B. Depletion von S-Adenosylmethionin, in Zusammenhang stehen, durch Arsen beeinflusst werden. In dieser Studie wurde versucht, das gentoxische Potential von Arsen mit Hilfe des Comet Assay, eines Standard-Gentoxizitätstests, zu charakterisieren sowie zu prüfen, ob dieser Test eine geeignete Messmethode für die gentoxische Wirkung von Arsen darstellt. Dies wurde unter Heranziehung verschiedener additiver Messgrößen wie der Vitalität und der Proliferation sowie der parallelen Quantifizierung der Mitose-, C-Mitose-, Mikrokern- und Apoptosefrequenzen der verwendeten murinen L5178Y-Zellen durchgeführt. Des Weiteren wurde der den Arsen-bedingten DNA-Schäden zugrundeliegende Mechanismus genauer beleuchtet. Unter Zuhilfenahme verschiedener Modulatoren wurden durch Arsen induzierter oxidativer Stress und durch Arsen induzierte Veränderung der epigenetischen DNA-Struktur untersucht. Ferner wurde geprüft, inwieweit die Inhibition von oxidativem Stress und Hypomethylierung der DNA zur Verringerung von potenziellen Folgen wie der Entstehung unnatürlicher Mitosemorphologien und chromosomaler Aberrationen beitragen können, die wiederum eventuell in der Entstehung von Karzinomen resultieren können. Für die Modulation der Freisetzung von ROS wurden als prooxidative Substanz 4-Nitrochinolin-1-Oxid und als Antioxidantien Benfotiamin (Vitamin-B1-Prodrug), N-Acetylcystein (NAC) und α-Tocopherol (Vitamin E) ausgewählt. Das Methylierungs¬muster der DNA sollte durch das hypomethylierende Agens 5-Azacytidin und durch die potenziell hypermethylierenden Verbindungen S-Adenosylmethionin (SAM) und Folat beeinflusst werden. Die Untersuchungen bezüglich des gentoxischen Potentials von Arsen und die Eignung des Comet Assay für dessen Quantifizierung ergaben, dass unter Miteinbeziehung der erwähnten additiven Parameter und der Quantifizierung nach Behandlung mit unterschiedlichen Arsen-Konzentrationen nach unterschiedlich langen Behandlungszeiten die im Comet Assay erzielten Werte als korrekt und zuverlässig angesehen werden können. Des Weiteren zeigten die Untersuchungen der Freisetzung von ROS und der Veränderung des DNA-Methylierungsmusters mit Hilfe von Modulatoren, dass beide Mechanismen an den Arsen-induzierten Effekten beteiligt sind. Nicht nur konnte mit Hilfe der Modulatoren jeweils die Inhibition der Freisetzung von ROS und der DNA-Hypomethylierung erreicht werden, es konnte zudem gezeigt werden, dass die Substanzen auch die Reduktion der erhöhten Anzahl unnatürlicher Mitosemorphologien und chromosomaler Aberrationen bewirkten. Dieser Zusammenhang konnte in dieser Studie zum ersten Mal aufgezeigt werden und könnte im Hinblick auf die potenzielle Erniedrigung der Krebsinzidenzen durch Supplementierung der Bevölkerung in Gebieten mit Arsen-belastetem Trinkwasser mit den genannten Modulatoren von Bedeutung sein. N2 - Arsenite is known to be mutagenic as well as carcinogenic and is further known to have a genotoxic potency. However, the mechanisms by which these effects are exerted is not yet fully understood. It could be shown, that parameters which are linked to the release of reactive oxygen species e. g. increase activity of superoxide dismutase or increased expression of heme oxygenase or which are linked to changes in the epigenetic pattern of the DNA, like for example depletion of S-adenosylmethionine, are affected by arsenite. In the course of this study, we attempted to characterize the genotoxic potential of sodium arsenite with the aid of the comet assay, a standard genotoxicity test, and to examine, whether this test is a suitable method for the quantification of arsenite-induced genotoxicity. Additionally, parameters like the frequencies of mitoses, C-mitoses, micronuclei and apoptoses were evaluated in murine L5178Y-cells. Furthermore, the mechanism underlying the arsenite-induced DNA-damage was investigated. With the aid of several modulators, arsenite-induced oxidative stress and arsenite-induced epigenetic modifications were examined. In addition we analyzed, to which extent the inhibition of oxidative stress and DNA-hypomethylation can contribute to a decrease in pathologic mitosis morphologies and chromosomal aberrations, which in turn could possibly result in cancer development. For the modulation of the release of reactive oxygen species, the pro-oxidative substance 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide and the antioxidative substances benfotiamine, N-acetylcysteine and α-tocopherol were chosen. The epigenetic pattern of the DNA was meant to be affected by the hypomethylating agent 5-azacytidine and the hypermethylating agents S-adenosylmethionine and folic acid. The experiments concerning the genotoxicity of arsenite and the suitability of the comet assay to quantify this genotoxic capacity revealed, that if the parameters mentioned above and different concentrations of arsenite and different incubation times were taken into consideration, the results gained with the aid of the comet assay can be considered as correct and reliable. Furthermore, the investigation of the release of reactive oxygen species and modifications of the DNA methylation patters with the aid of modulators showed, that both mechanisms are involved in the effects induced by sodium arsenite. The modulators were able to inhibit the release of reactive oxygen species and hypomethylation of the DNA respectively. In addition a decrease in the frequencies of pathologic mitosis morphologies and chromosomal aberrations could be shown. This connection could be shown for the first time in the course of this study and could be of relevance with regard to a possible decrease of the incidence of cancer by supplementation of populations with the introduced modulators in areas with drinking water contaminated with arsenite. KW - Oxidativer Stress KW - Methylierung KW - DNS-Reparatur KW - DNS-Schädigung KW - DNS-Strangbruch KW - DNS-Doppelstrangbruch KW - DNS KW - Arsen KW - oxidative stress KW - methylation KW - dna damage KW - arsenite KW - dna strand break Y1 - 2008 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-28772 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jochmann, Svenja A1 - Elkenani, Manar A1 - Mohamed, Belal A. A1 - Buchholz, Eric A1 - Lbik, Dawid A1 - Binder, Lutz A1 - Lorenz, Kristina A1 - Shah, Ajay M. A1 - Hasenfuß, Gerd A1 - Toischer, Karl A1 - Schnelle, Moritz T1 - Assessing the role of extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1 and 2 in volume overload‐induced cardiac remodelling JF - ESC Heart Failure N2 - Aims Volume overload (VO) and pressure overload (PO) induce differential cardiac remodelling responses including distinct signalling pathways. Extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), key signalling components in the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, modulate cardiac remodelling during pressure overload (PO). This study aimed to assess their role in VO‐induced cardiac remodelling as this was unknown. Methods and results Aortocaval fistula (Shunt) surgery was performed in mice to induce cardiac VO. Two weeks of Shunt caused a significant reduction of cardiac ERK1/2 activation in wild type (WT) mice as indicated by decreased phosphorylation of the TEY (Thr‐Glu‐Tyr) motif (−28% as compared with Sham controls, P < 0.05). Phosphorylation of other MAPKs was unaffected. For further assessment, transgenic mice with cardiomyocyte‐specific ERK2 overexpression (ERK2tg) were studied. At baseline, cardiac ERK1/2 phosphorylation in ERK2tg mice remained unchanged compared with WT littermates, and no overt cardiac phenotype was observed; however, cardiac expression of the atrial natriuretic peptide was increased on messenger RNA (3.6‐fold, P < 0.05) and protein level (3.1‐fold, P < 0.05). Following Shunt, left ventricular dilation and hypertrophy were similar in ERK2tg mice and WT littermates. Left ventricular function was maintained, and changes in gene expression indicated reactivation of the foetal gene program in both genotypes. No differences in cardiac fibrosis and kinase activation was found amongst all experimental groups, whereas apoptosis was similarly increased through Shunt in ERK2tg and WT mice. Conclusions VO‐induced eccentric hypertrophy is associated with reduced cardiac ERK1/2 activation in vivo. Cardiomyocyte‐specific overexpression of ERK2, however, does not alter cardiac remodelling during VO. Future studies need to define the pathophysiological relevance of decreased ERK1/2 signalling during VO. KW - ERK1/2 KW - volume overload KW - aortocaval fistula model KW - cardiac remodelling KW - eccentric hypertrophy Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-212735 VL - 6 IS - 5 SP - 1015 EP - 1026 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bittner, Nataly A1 - Boon, Andy A1 - Delbanco, Evert H. A1 - Walter, Christof A1 - Mally, Angela T1 - Assessment of aromatic amides in printed food contact materials: analysis of potential cleavage to primary aromatic amines during simulated passage through the gastrointestinal tract JF - Archives of Toxicology N2 - Recent analyses conducted by German official food control reported detection of the aromatic amides N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)acetamide (NDPA), N-acetoacetyl-m-xylidine (NAAX) and 3-hydroxy-2-naphthanilide (Naphthol AS) in cold water extracts from certain food contact materials made from paper or cardboard, including paper straws, paper napkins, and cupcake liners. Because aromatic amides may be cleaved to potentially genotoxic primary amines upon oral intake, these findings raise concern that transfer of NDPA, NAAX and Naphthol AS from food contact materials into food may present a risk to human health. The aim of the present work was to assess the stability of NDPA, NAAX and Naphthol AS and potential cleavage to 2,4-dimethylaniline (2,4-DMA) and aniline during simulated passage through the gastrointestinal tract using static in vitro digestion models. Using the digestion model established by the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM, Bilthoven, NL) and a protocol recommended by the European Food Safety Authority, potential hydrolysis of the aromatic amides to the respective aromatic amines was assessed by LC–MS/MS following incubation of the aromatic amides with digestive fluid simulants. Time-dependent hydrolysis of NDPA and NAAX resulting in formation of the primary aromatic amine 2,4-DMA was consistently observed in both models. The highest rate of cleavage of NDPA and NAAX was recorded following 4 h incubation with 0.07 M HCl as gastric-juice simulant, and amounted to 0.21% and 0.053%, respectively. Incubation of Naphthol AS with digestive fluid simulants did not give rise to an increase in the concentration of aniline above the background that resulted from the presence of aniline as an impurity of the test compound. Considering the lack of evidence for aniline formation from Naphthol AS and the extremely low rate of hydrolysis of the amide bonds of NDPA and NAAX during simulated passage through the gastrointestinal tract that gives rise to only very minor amounts of the potentially mutagenic and/or carcinogenic aromatic amine 2,4-DMA, risk assessment based on assumption of 100% cleavage to the primary aromatic amines would appear to overestimate health risks related to the presence of aromatic amides in food contact materials. KW - aromatic amides KW - primary aromatic amine KW - food contact materials KW - simulated digestion Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324697 VL - 96 IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dekant, Wolfgang A1 - Bridges, James T1 - Assessment of reproductive and developmental effects of DINP, DnHP and DCHP using quantitative weight of evidence JF - Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology N2 - Quantitative weight of evidence (QWoE) methodology utilizes detailed scoring sheets to assess the quality/reliability of each publication on toxicity of a chemical and gives numerical scores for quality and observed toxicity. This QWoE-methodology was applied to the reproductive toxicity data on diisononylphthalate (DINP), di-n-hexylphthalate (DnHP), and dicyclohexylphthalate (DCHP) to determine if the scientific evidence for adverse effects meets the requirements for classification as reproductive toxicants. The scores for DINP were compared to those when applying the methodology DCHP and DnHP that have harmonized classifications. Based on the quality/reliability scores, application of the QWoE shows that the three databases are of similar quality; but effect scores differ widely. Application of QWoE to DINP studies resulted in an overall score well below the benchmark required to trigger classification. For DCHP, the QWoE also results in low scores. The high scores from the application of the QWoE methodology to the toxicological data for DnHP represent clear evidence for adverse effects and justify a classification of DnHP as category 1B for both development and fertility. The conclusions on classification based on the QWoE are well supported using a narrative assessment of consistency and biological plausibility. KW - n-hexyl phthalate KW - male rats KW - dicyclohexyl phthalate KW - Diisononyl phthalate KW - in-vivo KW - 2-Generation reproduction KW - testosterone production KW - sexual development KW - risk-assesment KW - fetal testis KW - weight of evidence KW - classification and labeling KW - reproductive and developmental toxicity KW - quantitative assessments Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-186750 VL - 81 ER - TY - THES A1 - Jarzina, Sebastian Oskar T1 - Assessment of systemic toxicity in vitro using the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) concept: nephrotoxicity due to receptor-mediated endocytosis and lysosomal overload and inhibition of mtDNA polymerase-ɣ as case studies T1 - Bewertung der systemischen Toxizität in vitro unter Verwendung des Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP)-Konzepts: Nephrotoxizität infolge rezeptorvermittelter Endozytose und lysosomaler Überlastung sowie Hemmung der mtDNA-Polymerase-ɣ als Fallstudien N2 - The US National Research Council (NRC) report "Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a strategy (Tox21)", published in 2007, calls for a complete paradigm shift in tox-icity testing. A central aspect of the proposed strategy includes the transition from apical end-points in in vivo studies to more mechanistically based in vitro tests. To support and facilitate the transition and paradigm shift in toxicity testing, the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) concept is widely recognized as a pragmatic tool. As case studies, the AOP concept was ap-plied in this work to develop AOPs for proximal tubule injuries initiated by Receptor-mediated endocytosis and lysosomal overload and Inhibition of mtDNA polymerase-. These AOPs were used as a mechanistic basis for the development of in vitro assays for each key event (KE). To experimentally support the developed in vitro assays, proximal tubule cells from rat (NRK-52E) and human (RPTEC/TERT1) were treated with model compounds. To measure the dis-turbance of lysosomal function in the AOP – Receptor-mediated endocytosis and lysosomal overload, polymyxin antibiotics (polymyxin B, colistin, polymyxin B nonapeptide) were used as model compounds. Altered expression of lysosomal associated membrane protein 1/2 (LAMP-1/2) (KE1) and cathepsin D release from lysosomes (KE2) were determined by im-munofluorescence, while cytotoxicity (KE3) was measured using the CellTiter-Glo® cell via-bility assay. Importantly, significant differences in polymyxin uptake and susceptibility be-tween cell lines were observed, underlining the importance of in vitro biokinetics to determine an appropriate in vitro point of departure (PoD) for risk assessment. Compared to the in vivo situation, distinct expression of relevant transporters such as megalin and cubilin on mRNA and protein level in the used cell lines (RPTEC/TERT1 and NRK-52E) could not be con-firmed, making integration of quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolations (QIVIVE) neces-sary. Integration of QIVIVE by project partners of the University of Utrecht showed an im-provement in the modelled biokinetic data for polymyxin B. To assess the first key event, (KE1) Depletion of mitochondrial DNA, in the AOP – Inhibition of mtDNA polymerase-, a RT-qPCR method was used to determine the mtDNA copy number in cells treated with mod-el compounds (adefovir, cidofovir, tenofovir, adefovir dipivoxil, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate). Mitochondrial toxicity (KE2) was measured by project partners using the high-content imaging technique and MitoTracker® whereas cytotoxicity (KE3) was determined by CellTiter-Glo® cell viability assay. In contrast to the mechanistic hypothesis underlying the AOP – Inhibition of mtDNA polymerase-, treatment with model compounds for 24 h resulted in an increase rather than a decrease in mtDNA copy number (KE1). Only minor effects on mitochondrial toxicity (KE2) and cytotoxicity (KE3) were observed. Treatment of RPT-EC/TERT1 cells for 14 days showed only a slight decrease in mtDNA copy number after treatment with adefovir dipivoxil and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, underscoring some of the limitations of short-term in vitro systems. To obtain a first estimation for risk assessment based on in vitro data, potential points of departure (PoD) for each KE were calculated from the obtained in vitro data. The most common PoDs were calculated such as the effect concentra-tion at which 10 % or 20_% effect was measured (EC10, EC20), the highest no observed effect concentration (NOEC), the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC), the benchmark 10 % (lower / upper) concentrations (BMC10, BMCL10, BMCU10) and a modelled non-toxic con-centration (NtC). These PoDs were then compared with serum and tissue concentrations de-termined from in vivo studies after treatment with therapeutic / supratherapeutic doses of the respective drugs in order to obtain a first estimate of risk based on in vitro data. In addition, AOPs were used to test whether the quantitative key event relationships between key events allow prediction of downstream effects and effects on the adverse outcome (AO) based on measurements of an early key event. Predictions of cytotoxicity from the mathematical rela-tionships showed good concordance with measured cytotoxicity after treatment with colistin and polymyxin b nonapeptide. The work also revealed uncertainties and limitations of the ap-plied strategy, which have a significant impact on the prediction and on a risk assessment based on in vitro results. N2 - Der Bericht des US National Research Council (NRC) „Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a strategy (Tox21)“, der 2007 veröffentlicht wurde, sieht einen vollständigen Paradigmenwechsel in der Toxizitätsprüfung vor. Ein zentraler Aspekt des Berichts beinhaltet den Übergang von apikal ermittelten Endpunkten für Toxizität in in vivo Studien, zu mehr mechanistisch basierten in vitro Tests. Um den Übergang zu erleichtern und den Paradigmen-wechsel in der Prüfung auf Toxizität zu unterstützen, wird das Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) Konzept als pragmatisches Instrument weithin anerkannt. In dieser Arbeit wurde das AOP Konzept angewandt, um neue Ansätze zur Prüfung auf systemische Toxizität zu unter-suchen. Dazu wurden AOPs für proximale Tubulusschäden, die durch lysosomale Überladung und Inhibition der mtDNA Polymerase- initiiert werden, entwickelt. Diese AOPs wurden als mechanistische Grundlage für die Entwicklung von mechanistisch relevanten in vitro Tests für jedes Schlüsselereignis (KE) verwendet. Um die entwickelten in vitro Tests experimentell zu unterstützen, wurden proximale Tubuluszellen aus der Ratte (NRK-52E) und aus dem Men-schen (RPTEC/TERT1) mit Hilfe von Modellsubstanzen behandelt. Zur Messung der Störung der lysosomalen Funktion im AOP – Rezeptor-vermittelte Endozytose und lysosomale Überla-dung wurden Polymyxin-Antibiotika (Polymyxin B, Colistin, Polymyxin B Nonapeptid) als Modellsubstanzen verwendet. Die gestörte Expression des lysosomal assoziierten Membran-proteins 1/2 (LAMP 1/2) (KE1) und die Cathepsin D Freisetzung (KE2) wurden mittels Im-munofluoreszenztechnik bestimmt und die Zytotoxizität (KE3) mittels CellTiter-Glo® Zellvia-bilitätstest gemessen. Zwischen den Zelllinien wurden signifikante Unterschiede in der Auf-nahme von Polymyxinen und der Empfindlichkeit beobachtet, was die Bedeutung der in vitro Biokinetik zur Definition eines geeigneten Ausgangspunktes für die Risikobewertung unter-streicht. Im Vergleich zur in vivo Situation, konnte eine eindeutige Expression von relevanten Trans-portern wie Megalin und Cubilin auf mRNA und Proteinebene in den verwendeten Zelllinien (RPTEC/TERT1 und NRK-52E) nicht gezeigt werden, was eine zusätzliche Integration von quantitativen in vitro zu in vivo Extrapolationen (QIVIVE) unabdingbar macht. Die Integrati-on von QIVIVE durch Projektpartner der Universität Utrecht zeigte eine Verbesserung der modellierten biokinetischen Werte für Polymyxin B. Zur Bestimmung des ersten Schlüsseler-eignisse, (KE1) Depletion von mitochondrialer DNA, im AOP – Hemmung der mitochondria-len DNA Polymerase-, wurde nach Behandlung mit Modellsubstanzen (Adefovir, Cidofovir, Tenofovir, Adefovirdipivoxil, Tenofovirdisoproxil Fumarat) eine RT-qPCR Methode verwen-det, um die mtDNA Kopienzahl zu bestimmen. Die mitochondriale Toxizität (KE2) wurde mittels eines hochauflösenden Bildgebungsverfahrens und MitoTracker® vom Projektpartner des Fraunhofer Institut in Hamburg gemessen, während die Zytotoxizität (KE3) mittels Cel-lTiter-Glo® Zellviabilitätstest ermittelt wurde. Entgegen der mechanistischen Hypothese des AOPs – Hemmung der mitochondrialen DNA Polymerase-, führte eine 24 h Behandlung mit den Modellsubstanzen eher zu einer Erhöhung als zu einer Verringerung der mtDNA-Kopienzahl (KE1). Auch wurden nur geringe Auswirkungen auf die mitochondriale Toxizität (KE2) und Zytotoxizität (KE3) beobachtet. Die Behandlung von RPTEC/TERT1 Zellen über einen Zeitraum von 14 Tagen zeigte eine leichte Abnahme der mtDNA Kopienzahl nach Be-handlung mit Adefovirdipivoxil und Tenofovirdisoproxil Fumarat, was den Bedarf an zeit-aufgelösten Daten und Einschränkungen von kurzfristigen in vitro Systemen unterstreicht. Um eine erste Einschätzung für die Risikobewertung basierend auf in vitro Daten zu erhalten, wurden aus den erhaltenen in vitro Daten für jedes KE mögliche Ausgangspunkte (Points of Departure (PoD)) berechnet. Dazu wurden gängige in vitro PoDs berechnet, wie die Effekt-konzentration, bei der 10 % bzw. 20 % Effekt gemessen wurden (EC10, EC20), die höchste Konzentration ohne Wirkung (no observed effect Konzentration (NOEC)), die niedrigste Konzentration mit beobachteter Wirkung (lowest observed effect Konzentration (LOEC)), die Benchmark 10 % (unterer / obere) Konzentrationen (BMC10, BMCL10, BMCU10) und eine modellierte nicht-toxische Konzentration (NtC). Diese wurden dann mit Serum- bzw. Ge-webskonzentrationen aus in vivo Studien verglichen, die nach Gabe therapeutischer / suprathe-rapeutischer Dosen gemessen wurden. Zusätzlich wurde überprüft, ob es mit Hilfe von quanti-tativen Beziehungen zwischen Schlüsselereignissen möglich ist, basierend auf der Bestimmung früher Schlüsselereignisse nachfolgende Effekte vorherzusagen. Diese Untersuchungen zeig-ten eine gute Korrelation der aus den mathematischen Beziehungen modellierten Daten mit den tatsächlich gemessenen Werten der Zytotoxizität der Modellsubstanzen Colistin und Po-lymyxin B-Nonapeptid. Im Rahmen der Arbeit wurden auch Unsicherheiten und Limitationen der Strategie deutlich, die maßgebliche Auswirkungen auf die Vorhersage und auf die Risiko-bewertung basierend auf in vitro Resultaten haben. KW - Adverse outcome pathway (AOP) KW - Nephrotoxicity KW - In vitro testing KW - QIVIVE KW - Risk Assessment Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-264842 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shephard, S. E. A1 - Schlatter, C. A1 - Lutz, Werner K. T1 - Assessment of the risk of formation of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds from dietary precursors in the stomach N2 - A literature review has shown that the daily intakes of various N -nitroso-precursor classes in a typical European diet span five orders of magnitude. Amides in the form of protein, and guanidines in the form of creatine and creatinine, are the nitrosatable groups found most abundantly in the diet, approaching Ievels of 100 g/day and 1 gjday, respectively. Approximately 100 mg of primary amines and amino acids are consumed daily, whereas aryl amines, secondary amines and ureas appear to lie in the 1-10 mg range. The ease of nitrosation of each precursor was estimated, the reactivities being found to span seven orders of magnitude, with ureas at the top and amines at the bottom of the scale. From this infonnation and an assessment of the carcinogenicity of the resulting N-nitroso derivatives, the potential health risk due to gastric in vivo nitrosation was calculated. The combined effects of these risk variables were analysed using a simple mathematical model: Risk = [daily intake of precursor] x [gastric concentration of nitrite]\(^n\) x [nitrosatability rate constant} x [carcinogenicity of derivative]. The risk estimates for the various dietary components spanned nine orders of magnitude. Dietary ureas and aromatic amines combined with a high nitrite burden could pose as great a risk as the intake of preformed dimethylnitrosamine in the diet. In contrast, the risk posed by the in vivo nitrosation of primary and secondary amines is probably negligib1y small. The risk contribution by amides (including protein), guanidines and primary amino acids is intermediate between these two extremes. Thus three priorities for future work are a comprehensive study of the sources and Ievels of arylamines and ureas in the diet, determination of the carcinogenic potencies of key nitrosated products to replace the necessarily vague categories used so far, and the development of short-term in situ tests for studying the alkylating power or genotoxicity of N-nitroso compounds too unstable for inclusion in long-term studies. KW - Toxikologie Y1 - 1987 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60925 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Salinger, Tim A1 - Hu, Kai A1 - Liu, Dan A1 - Taleh, Scharoch A1 - Herrmann, Sebastian A1 - Oder, Daniel A1 - Gensler, Daniel A1 - Müntze, Jonas A1 - Ertl, Georg A1 - Lorenz, Kristina A1 - Frantz, Stefan A1 - Weidemann, Frank A1 - Nordbeck, Peter T1 - Association between Comorbidities and Progression of Transvalvular Pressure Gradients in Patients with Moderate and Severe Aortic Valve Stenosis JF - Cardiology Research and Practice N2 - Background. Fast progression of the transaortic mean gradient (P-mean) is relevant for clinical decision making of valve replacement in patients with moderate and severe aortic stenosis (AS) patients. However, there is currently little knowledge regarding the determinants affecting progression of transvalvular gradient in AS patients. Methods. This monocentric retrospective study included consecutive patients presenting with at least two transthoracic echocardiography examinations covering a time interval of one year or more between April 2006 and February 2016 and diagnosed as moderate or severe aortic stenosis at the final echocardiographic examination. Laboratory parameters, medication, and prevalence of eight known cardiac comorbidities and risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, peripheral artery occlusive disease, cerebrovascular disease, renal dysfunction, body mass index >= 30 Kg/m(2), and history of smoking) were analyzed. Patients were divided into slow (P-mean < 5 mmHg/year) or fast (P-mean >= 5 mmHg/year) progression groups. Results. A total of 402 patients (mean age 78 +/- 9.4 years, 58% males) were included in the study. Mean follow-up duration was 3.4 +/- 1.9 years. The average number of cardiac comorbidities and risk factors was 3.1 +/- 1.6. Average number of cardiac comorbidities and risk factors was higher in patients in slow progression group than in fast progression group (3.3 +/- 1.5 vs 2.9 +/- 1.7; P = 0.036). Patients in slow progression group had more often coronary heart disease (49.2% vs 33.6%; P = 0.003) compared to patients in fast progression group. LDL-cholesterol values were lower in the slow progression group (100 +/- 32.6 mg/dl vs 110.8 +/- 36.6 mg/dl; P = 0.005). Conclusion. These findings suggest that disease progression of aortic valve stenosis is faster in patients with fewer cardiac comorbidities and risk factors, especially if they do not have coronary heart disease. Further prospective studies are warranted to investigate the outcome of patients with slow versus fast progression of transvalvular gradient with regards to comorbidities and risk factors. KW - Valvular heart-desease KW - Prognostic impact KW - Risk-factors KW - Chronic heart-failure KW - Prevalence KW - mild KW - statins KW - therapy KW - mortality Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-227291 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chen, Wen A1 - Gaßner, Birgit A1 - Börner, Sebastian A1 - Nikolaev, Viacheslav O. A1 - Schlegel, Nicolas A1 - Waschke, Jens A1 - Steinbronn, Nadine A1 - Strasser, Ruth A1 - Kuhn, Michaela T1 - Atrial natriuretic peptide enhances microvascular albumin permeability by the caveolae-mediated transcellular pathway JF - Cardiovascular Research N2 - Aims Cardiac atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) participates in the maintenance of arterial blood pressure and intravascular volume homeostasis. The hypovolaemic effects of ANP result from coordinated actions in the kidney and systemic microcirculation. Hence, ANP, via its guanylyl cyclase-A (GC-A) receptor and intracellular cyclic GMP as second messenger, stimulates endothelial albumin permeability. Ultimately, this leads to a shift of plasma fluid into interstitial pools. Here we studied the role of caveolae-mediated transendothelial albumin transport in the hyperpermeability effects of ANP. Methods and results Intravital microscopy studies of the mouse cremaster microcirculation showed that ANP stimulates the extravasation of fluorescent albumin from post-capillary venules and causes arteriolar vasodilatation. The hyperpermeability effect was prevented in mice with conditional, endothelial deletion of GC-A (EC GC-A KO) or with deleted caveolin-1 (cav-1), the caveolae scaffold protein. In contrast, the vasodilating effect was preserved. Concomitantly, the acute hypovolaemic action of ANP was abolished in EC GC-A KO and Cav-1−/− mice. In cultured microvascular rat fat pad and mouse lung endothelial cells, ANP stimulated uptake and transendothelial transport of fluorescent albumin without altering endothelial electrical resistance. The stimulatory effect on albumin uptake was prevented in GC-A- or cav-1-deficient pulmonary endothelia. Finally, preparation of caveolin-enriched lipid rafts from mouse lung and western blotting showed that GC-A and cGMP-dependent protein kinase I partly co-localize with Cav-1 in caveolae microdomains. Conclusion ANP enhances transendothelial caveolae-mediated albumin transport via its GC-A receptor. This ANP-mediated cross-talk between the heart and the microcirculation is critically involved in the regulation of intravascular volume. KW - caveolin-1 KW - microvessel permeability KW - atrial natriuretic peptide Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-126562 N1 - Lizenzhinweis: The online version of this article has been published under an open access model. Users are entitled to use, reproduce, disseminate, or display the open access version of this article for noncommercial purposes provided that the original authorship is properly and fully attributed; the Journal, Learned Society and Oxford University Press are attributed as the original place of publication with correct citation details given; if an article is subsequently reproduced or disseminated not in its entirety but only in part or as a derivative work this must be clearly indicated. VL - 93 IS - 1 ER - TY - THES A1 - Vidal, Marie T1 - b-adrenergic receptors and Erk1/2-mediated cardiac hypertrophy T1 - b-adrenerge Rezeptoren und Erk1/2-vermittelte Herzhypertrophie N2 - Chronische Aktivierung von b-Adrenorezeptoren (b-ARs) durch Katecholamine ist ein Stimulus für kardiale Hypertrophie und Herzinsuffizienz. Ebenso führt die Expression von b1-ARs oder Gas-Proteinen in genetisch modifizierten Mäusen zu Hypertrophie und Herzinsuffizienz. Allerdings führt die direkte Aktivierung dem Gas nachgeschalteten Komponenten des b-adrenergen Signalwegs wie z.B. die Aktivierung der Adenylylcyclase (AC) oder der Proteinkinase A (PKA) nicht im signifikanten Ausmaß zur Herzhypertrophie. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass zusätzlich zu dem klassischen Signalweg, auch weitere durch Gas-Proteine aktivierte Komponenten in die b-adrenerg vermittelte Hypertrophieentwicklung involviert sind. Interessanterweise wurde vor kurzem ein hypertropher Signalweg beschrieben, der eine direkte Involvierung von Gbg-Untereinheiten bei der Induktion von Herzhypertrophie durch die extrazellulär-regulierten Kinasen 1 und 2 (ERK1/2) zeigt: Nach Aktivierung Gaq-gekoppelter Rezeptoren binden Gbg-Untereinheiten an die aktivierte Raf/Mek/Erk Kaskade. Die Bindung der freigesetzten Gbg-Untereinheiten an Erk1/2 führt zu einer Autophosphorylierung von Erk1/2 an Threonin 188 (bzw. Thr208 in Erk1; im folgenden ErkThr188-Phosphorylierung genannt), welche für die Vermittlung kardialer Hypertrophie verantwortlich ist. In dieser Arbeit konnte nun gezeigt werden, dass auch die Aktivierung von b-ARs in Mäusen sowie von isolierten Kardiomyozyten zur Induktion von ErkThr188-Phosphorylierung führt. Darüberhinaus führte die Überexpression von Erk2 Mutanten (Erk2T188S und Erk2T188A), die nicht an Threonin 188 phosphoryliert werden können, zu einer deutlich reduzierten Hypertrophieantwort von Kardiomyozyten auf Isoproterenol. Auch die kardiale Expression der Erk2T188S Mutante im Mäusen verminderte die Hypertrophieantwort auf eine 2-wöchige Isoproterenol-Behandlung deutlich: Die linksventrikuläre Wanddicke, aber auch interstitielle Fibrose und Herzinsuffizienzmarker wie z.B. BNP waren signifikant reduziert. Weiterhin konnte in dieser Arbeit gezeigt werden, dass tatsächlich ein Zusammenspiel von Ga und Gbg-vermittelten Signalen zur Induktion von ErkThr188-Phosphorylierung und damit zur Induktion von b-adrenerg vermittelter Hypertrophie notwendig ist. Während die Hemmung von Gbg-Signalen mit dem C-Terminus der GRK2 oder die Hemmung von Adenylylzyklase eine ErkThr188-Phosphorylierung und eine Hypertrophieantwort nach Isoprenalingabe effektiv reduzierten, führt die alleinige Aktivierung von Adenylylzyklase nicht zu einer Hypertrophieantwort. Diese Ergebnisse könnten bei der Entwicklung neuer möglicher therapeutischen Strategien zur Therapie b-adrenerg induzierter Herzhypertrophie und Herzinsuffizienz helfen. N2 - b-adrenergic receptors (b-ARs) participate strongly in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and human heart failure. Stimulation of b-adrenergic receptors with catecholamines as well as cardiac overexpression of b1-ARs or of Gas-proteins in transgenic mice induces cardiac hypertrophy. However, direct activation of their downstream targets, such as adenylyl cyclase (AC) or protein kinase A do not promote a significant degree of cardiac hypertrophy. These findings suggest that additional events may occur and that these events require Gas-protein activation. A hypertrophic pathway involving Gaq-protein coupled receptors has recently been described. Upon activation of Gaq-coupled receptors Gbg-subunits are released from Gaq and bind directly to the activated Raf/Mek/Erk cascade. Direct interaction between bg-subunits and activated Erk1/2 leads to an additional autophosphorylation of Erk2 at threonine 188, which mediates cardiac hypertrophy. Murine hearts, as well as isolated cardiomyocytes present an increase in Erk2Thr188-phosphorylation upon b-AR activation. Similarly overexpression of phosphorylation deficient Erk2 mutants (Erk2T188S and Erk2T188A) reduces b-AR mediated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Increase in left ventricular wall thickness, fibrosis and up-regulation of natriuretic peptide synthesis, which are physiological features for cardiac hypertrophy, are strongly inhibited in transgenic mice with a cardiac expression of Erk2T188S after two weeks of sustained isoproterenol treatment. It could further be shown in this work that b-AR mediated cardiac hypertrophy requires two distinct pathways initiated by Gs-protein activation: the canonical phosphorylation of Erk1/2 via adenylyl cyclase and the direct interaction of released bg-subunits with activated Erk1/2. Coincidence of both events leads to Erk2Thr188-phosphorylation, which activates then different transcription factors responsible for cardiac hypertrophy. Sequestration of bg-subunits by overexpression of the C-terminus of GRK2 bark-ct and inhibition of adenylyl cyclase efficiently reduced the hypertrophic response to isoproterenol, whereas direct activation of AC by forskolin failed to induce Erk2Thr188-phosphorylation and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. These findings may help to develop new therapeutic strategies for the prevention of cardiac hypertrophy and maladaptive remodeling of the heart. KW - Adrenerger Rezeptor KW - Herzhypertrophie KW - MAP-Kinase KW - adrenerge Rezeptoren KW - Herzhypertrophie KW - Erk1/2 KW - adrenergic receptors KW - cardiac hypertrophy KW - Erk1/2 Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-83671 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wippel, Carolin A1 - Maurer, Jana A1 - Fortsch, Christina A1 - Hupp, Sabrina A1 - Bohl, Alexandra A1 - Ma, Jiangtao A1 - Mitchell, Timothy J. A1 - Bunkowski, Stephanie A1 - Brück, Wolfgang A1 - Nau, Roland A1 - Iliev, Asparouh I. T1 - Bacterial Cytolysin during Meningitis Disrupts the Regulation of Glutamate in the Brain, Leading to Synaptic Damage JF - PLoS Pathogens N2 - Abstract Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal) meningitis is a common bacterial infection of the brain. The cholesterol-dependent cytolysin pneumolysin represents a key factor, determining the neuropathogenic potential of the pneumococci. Here, we demonstrate selective synaptic loss within the superficial layers of the frontal neocortex of post-mortem brain samples from individuals with pneumococcal meningitis. A similar effect was observed in mice with pneumococcal meningitis only when the bacteria expressed the pore-forming cholesterol-dependent cytolysin pneumolysin. Exposure of acute mouse brain slices to only pore-competent pneumolysin at disease-relevant, non-lytic concentrations caused permanent dendritic swelling, dendritic spine elimination and synaptic loss. The NMDA glutamate receptor antagonists MK801 and D-AP5 reduced this pathology. Pneumolysin increased glutamate levels within the mouse brain slices. In mouse astrocytes, pneumolysin initiated the release of glutamate in a calcium-dependent manner. We propose that pneumolysin plays a significant synapto- and dendritotoxic role in pneumococcal meningitis by initiating glutamate release from astrocytes, leading to subsequent glutamate-dependent synaptic damage. We outline for the first time the occurrence of synaptic pathology in pneumococcal meningitis and demonstrate that a bacterial cytolysin can dysregulate the control of glutamate in the brain, inducing excitotoxic damage. Author Summary Bacterial meningitis is one of the most devastating brain diseases. Among the bacteria that cause meningitis, Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common. Meningitis predominantly affects children, especially in the Third World, and most of them do not survive. Those that do survive often suffer permanent brain damage and hearing problems. The exact morphological substrates of brain damage in Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis remain largely unknown. In our experiments, we found that the brain cortex of patients with meningitis demonstrated a loss of synapses (the contact points among neurons, responsible for the processes of learning and memory), and we identified the major pneumococcal neurotoxin pneumolysin as a sufficient cause of this loss. The effect was not direct but was mediated by the brain neurotransmitter glutamate, which was released upon toxin binding by one of the non-neuronal cell types of the brain – the astrocytes. Pneumolysin initiated calcium influx in astrocytes and subsequent glutamate release. Glutamate damaged the synapses via NMDA-receptors – a mechanism similar to the damage occurring in brain ischemia. Thus, we show that synaptic loss is present in pneumococcal meningitis, and we identify the toxic bacterial protein pneumolysin as the major factor in this process. These findings alter our understanding of bacterial meningitis and establish new therapeutic strategies for this fatal disease. KW - synapses KW - brain damage KW - astrocytes KW - neuronal dendrites KW - meningitis KW - glutamate KW - bacterial meningitis KW - neocortex Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-130462 VL - 9 IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lohse, M. J. A1 - Klotz, Karl-Norbert A1 - Jakobs, K. H. A1 - Schwabe, U. T1 - Barbiturates are selective antagonists at A\(_1\) adenosine receptors N2 - Barbiturates in pharmacologically relevant . concentrations inhibit binding of (R)-\(N^6\)-phenylisopropyl[\(^3\)H]adenosine ([\(^3\)H]PIA) to solubilized A\(_1\) adenosine receptors in a concentration-dependent, stereospecific, and competitive manner. K\(_i\) values are similar to those obtained for membrane-bound receptors and are 31 \(\mu\)M for ( ± )-5-(1 ,3-dimethyl)-5-ethylbarbituric acid [( ± )DMBB] and 89 \(\mu\)M for ( ± )-pentobarbital. Kinetic experiments demoostrate that barbiturates compete directly for the binding site of the receptor. The inhibition of rat striatal adenylate cyclase by unlabelled (R)-\(N^6\)-phenylisopropyladenosine [(R)-PIA] is antagonized by barbiturates in the same concentrations that inhibit radioligand binding. The Stimulation of adenylate cyclase via A\(_2\) adenosine receptors in membranes from NIE 115 neuroblastoma cells is antagonized only by 10-30 times higher concentrations of barbiturates. lt is concluded that barbiturates are selective antagonists at the A1 receptor subtype. In analogy to the excitatory effects of methylxanthines it is suggested that A\(_1\) adenosine receptor antagonism may convey excitatory properties to barbiturates. Key Words: Adenosine receptors-Barbiturates - Adenylate cyclase-Receptor solubilization-[3H]PIA binding-N1E 115 cells. Lohse M. J. et al. Barbiturates are selective antagonists at A1 adenosine receptors. KW - Toxikologie KW - adenosine receptors KW - barbiturates KW - adenylate cyclase KW - receptor solubilization KW - N1E 115 cells KW - [3H]PIA binding Y1 - 1985 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60187 ER - TY - THES A1 - Cirkel, Nanett Christin T1 - Beeinflussung des oxidativen Stress-Status in einem Rattenmodell: Effekt von Selenmangel auf Niere und Leber T1 - Influenceability of Oxidative Stress for a Rat Model: Effect of Selenium Deficiency on Kidney and Liver N2 - Das Spurenelement Selen und Vitamin E reduzieren reaktive Sauerstoff Spezies (ROS). Bei Mangel dieser wichtigen Stoffe erhöht sich die Konzentration an ROS und der oxidative Stress steigt. Unter erhöhten ROS entstehen vermehrt DNA-Schäden und Lipidperoxidationen. Das ROS Wasserstoffperoxid wird zu Wasser über das Enzym Gluthationperxoidase reduziert. Dessen Aktivität steigert Selen um den Faktor 100-1.000. Das Aktivitätsmaximum des Enzyms liegt bei einer täglichen Selenaufnahme von 60-80 Mikrogramm/Tag. Dadurch wird die Menge an ROS reduziert und der oxidative Stress in der Zelle nimmt ab. Vitamin E fungiert als Radikalfänger. Sein Derivat alpha- Tocopherol besitzt die höchste antioxidative Wirkung und kann Lipidperoxidationen unterbrechen. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht Auswirkungen von oxidativem Stress, den ein Mangel von Selen und Vitamin E in der Nahrung bei 6 Monate und 12 Monate alten Tieren auf Leber und Niere verursacht. Der Nachweis von oxidativem Stress erfolgte über sogenannte Hitzeschockproteine HSP70 und Hämoxygenase 1. HSP 70 wird auch unter physiologischen Bedingungen exprimiert. Es wirkt als Chaperon und ist u.a. für die korrekte Faltung und Stabilisierung von Proteinen zuständig. Die Versuche zeigten, dass im Alter in der Niere die HSP70 Konzentration ansteigt und die Zelle unter vermehrtem oxidativen Stress leidet. Entsprechende Literaturergebnisse wurden bestätigt. Die Hämoxygenase 1 (HO-1) ist ein Schlüsselenzym, das vermehrt bei oxidativem Stress gebildet wird. Hoch reaktionsfreudige und freie Blutbestandteile katalysiert die Hämoxygenase. Einen Abfall der HO- 1 Konzentration zeigten Untersuchungen von Leber und Niere bei Selen, - Vitamin E Mangel und höherem Lebensalter. Gründe für die verminderte Expression sind noch wenig erforscht. Die vermehrte Anreicherung von Superoxidanionradikalen wurde in den Geweben von Leber und Niere über Dihydroethidium (DHE) Färbung nachgewiesen. Die Hypothese wurde bestätigt, dass bei Selen, -Vitamin E Mangelnahrung und höherem Alter vermehrter oxidativer Stress entsteht. Selenmangel begünstigt die Entstehung verschiedener Krankheiten, z.B. Krebs, koronale Herzerkrankung und vor allem die Keshan-Krankheit, die den Herzmuskel befällt. Selen nimmt positiven Einfluss auf Körperfunktionen: Fertilität, embryonalen Entwicklung und Entwicklung eines Neugeborenen. Einige Fragen bleiben ungeklärt: Welche physiologischen Entwicklungsprozesse fördert Selen? Nimmt Selen eine wichtige Funktion bei der Befruchtung der Eizelle ein? Wie beeinflusst Selen die Entwicklung des Gehirns? Dem Spurenelement Selen kommen offensichtlich neben seiner Bedeutung zur Minderung des oxidativen Stresses noch weitere wichtige Funktionen zu, die bisher wenig untersucht wurden. N2 - The trace element Selenium and vitamin E reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Under increased ROS concentration occur augmented DNA damage and lipid peroxidation. Selenium and vitamin E deficiency in nutrition of rats of 6 and 12 months causes oxidative stress in kidney and liver. Oxidative stress has been proved by heat shock protein HSP70 and Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1). By higher age HSP70 concentration in kidney rises and the cells suffer from increased oxidative stress. Selenium and vitamin E deficiency as well as higher age cause a decrease in concentration of HO-1 in liver and kidney, which is increasingly synthesized by oxidative stress. KW - Oxidativer Stress KW - Selenmangel KW - Vitamin E Mangel Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-163631 ER - TY - THES A1 - Haake, Monika T1 - Belastungen durch Passivrauchen im Kindesalter T1 - The damage to children's health caused by environmental tobacco smoke N2 - Hintergrund: Passivrauchen ist nicht nur als kanzerogen für den Menschen eingestuft, sondern verursacht auch verschiedene andere Erkrankungen. Oft wird dabei der Passivrauchbelastung von Kindern im häuslichen Bereich zu wenig Beachtung geschenkt. In dieser Arbeit wurde deswegen der Zusammenhang zwischen Passivrauchen auf der einen Seite und atopischen Erkrankungen, Erkrankungen der oberen Atemwege und Gentoxizität auf der anderen Seite untersucht. Methoden: Die Daten von über 100 Kindern zwischen 1 und 15 Jahren wurden mit Hilfe eines Fragebogens erhoben und zusammen mit den Krankenakten ausgewertet. Zur Prüfung der Gentoxizität wurden Mikrokernraten und Schwesterchromatidenaustausche in peripheren Lymphozyten bestimmt. Der Erfassung der inneren Exposition dienten Hämoglobinaddukte von 4-Aminobiphenyl, welches in Zigarettenrauch vorkommt und als krebserzeugend für den Menschen eingestuft ist. Ergebnisse: Bei Untersuchung der Mikrokernraten zeigten die rauchbelasteten Kinder höhere Mikrokernraten (Mittelwert: 12,7/1000 zweikernige Lymphozyten) als die unbelasteten (Mittelwert: 11,7 Mikrokerne/1000 zweikernige Lymphozyten). Der Unterschied war aber nicht signifikant (p = 0,344). Außerdem hatten die Vorschulkinder mit rauchenden Eltern signifikant höhere Mikrokernraten (Mittelwert: 14,2/1000 zweikernige Lymphozyten) als die Schulkinder (Mittelwert: 9,2/1000 zweikernige Lymphozyten; p = 0,031). Die Analyse der 4-Aminobiphenyl-Hämoglobinaddukte der 1,25- bis 4,0-Jährigen ergab leicht höhere Werte für Kinder mit rauchenden Eltern (Mittelwert: 66,52 pg/g Hb) als für Kinder, deren Eltern nicht zu Hause rauchten, und deren Werte (Mittelwert: 56,18 pg/g Hb) waren höher als die der unbelasteten Kinder (Mittelwert: 49,60 pg/g Hb). Der Unterschied war nicht signifikant. Bei Betrachtung der atopischen Erkrankungen war der Anteil der Atopiker bei der rauchexponierten Gruppe höher (31,3 %) als bei der nicht exponierten (16,3 %), obwohl die genetische Vorbelastung in der rauchbelasteten Gruppe etwas geringer war als in der unbelasteten. Bei den Kindern mit Erkrankungen der oberen Atemwege zeigte sich ein höherer Anteil rauchexponierter Kinder (61,3 %) als in der Gruppe der Kinder mit Erkrankungen, die wahrscheinlich nicht mit postnataler Passivrauchexposition in Zusammenhang stehen (44,8 %). Schlussfolgerung: Diese Arbeit unterstreicht die Bedeutung von Passivrauchen im Hinblick auf atopische Erkrankungen und Erkrankungen der oberen Atemwege bei Kindern. Gerade die häusliche Passivrauch-Belastung im Vorschulalter und ihre Auswirkung auf das Erbgut sollten hinsichtlich der erhöhten Mikrokernraten mehr Beachtung finden. N2 - Background: Passive smoking is not only classified as carcinogenic in humans, but also causes different other diseases. In this context the exposure of children to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) at home is often not considered well enough. Therefore the correlation between passive smoking on the one hand and atopic diseases, diseases of the upper airways and genotoxicity on the other hand has been analysed in this dissertation. Methods: The data of more than 100 children from 1 to 15 years of age were collected with the help of a questionnaire and analysed together with the children’s medical files. To test genotoxicity, micronucleus frequencies and sister chromatid exchanges were determined in peripheral lymphocytes. Hemoglobin adducts of 4-aminobiphenyl, which is contained in tobacco smoke and classified as carcinogenic in humans, were used to measure the internal exposure. Results: The examination of the micronucleus frequencies has shown that the ETS-exposed children had higher micronucleus frequencies (mean: 12,7/1000 binucleate lymphocytes) than the non-exposed children (mean: 11,7/1000 binucleate lymphocytes). However, the difference was not significant (p = 0,344). In addition to that, preschool-children with smoking parents had significantly higher micronucleus frequencies (mean: 14,2/1000 binucleate lymphocytes) than school-children (mean: 9,2/1000 binucleate lymphocytes; p = 0,031). The analysis of the 4-aminobiphenyl-hemoglobin adducts of the children from 1,25 to 4 years of age showed results a bit higher for the children with smoking parents (mean: 66,52 pg/g Hb) than for the children whose parents did not smoke at home. The results for these children (mean: 56,18 pg/g Hb) were higher than for those not exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (mean: 49,60 pg/g Hb). The difference was not significant. In regard to the atopic diseases the share of the atopic children in the ETS-exposed group was higher (31,3%) than in the non-exposed one (16,3 %) although the genetic disadvantage in the ETS-exposed group was less serious than in the non-exposed one. Looking at the children with diseases of the upper airways the share of ETS-exposed children was higher (61,3 %) than in the group of children with diseases probably not connected to postnatal exposure to ETS (44,8 %). Conclusion: This dissertation underlines the importance of passive smoking as far as atopic diseases and diseases of the upper airways of children are concerned. Especially the ETS exposure of preschool-children at home and its effects on the genom should be considered more than it is because of the increased micronucleus frequencies. KW - Passivrauchen KW - Kinder KW - Mikrokerne KW - Schwesterchromatidenaustausche KW - 4-Aminobiphenyl KW - Hämoglobinaddukte KW - Gentoxizität KW - atopische Erkrankungen KW - passive smoking KW - environm. tobacco smoke KW - children KW - micronuclei KW - sister chromatid exch. KW - 4-aminobiphenyl KW - hemoglobin adducts KW - genotoxicity Y1 - 2005 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-13952 ER - TY - THES A1 - Gärttner, Carola T1 - Beta-adrenerge Signaltransduktion in kardial differenzierten embryonalen Stammzellen T1 - beta-adrenergic signal transduction in embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes N2 - In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die kardial differenzierten embryonalen Stammzellen (ES-Zellen) mittels der von Wobus et al. entwickelten Tröpfchentechnik gewonnen. Eine Optimierung der kardialen Ausbeute konnte durch eine Selektionsmethode erreicht werden, die auf der Expression eines Resistenzgens in den kardial differenzierten ES-Zellen beruht. Hierdurch wurde eine reproduzierbar hohe Anreicherung von ES-Kardiomyozyten erzielt. Die erstmalig durchgeführte quantitative Bestimmung der endogenen β-adrenergen Rezeptorexpression in ES-Kardiomyozyten zeigte eine Subtyp-Verteilung, die mit derjenigen in adulten Maus-Kardiomyozyten übereinstimmt, wobei eine höhere endogene Expression in ES-Kardiomyozyten vorlag. Ferner konnte durch eine β-adrenerge Stimulation in 16 Tage alten ES-Kardiomyozyten eine positive chronotrope Reaktion sowie eine Aktivierung der Adenylatzyklase-Aktivität hervorgerufen werden. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass ES-Kardiomyozyten am 16. Differenzierungstag einen vollständig ausgereiften β-adrenergen Signalweg aufweisen und hinsichtlich der physiologischen Effekte vergleichbare Merkmale mit adulten Maus-Kardiomyoyzten haben. Ein weiteres Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Fähigkeit eines adenoviralen Gentransfers in ES-Kardiomoyzten zu untersuchen. Dabei zeigte sich, dass der Gentransfer mittels rekombinanten Adenoviren eine sehr effiziente und durchführbare Methode zur Expression von Transgenen in ES-Kardiomyozyten ist. Weiterhin konnte die funktionelle Kopplung der adenoviral überexprimierten β1-adrenergen Rezeptoren nachgewiesen werden. Die Überexpression hatte eine ausgeprägte Sensitivierung der Rezeptorantwort zur Folge, während die maximale Isoprenalin-induzierte cAMP-Produktion nur wenig erhöht wurde. Dies entspricht Befunden an transgenen Mausmodellen mit einer β1-adrenergen Rezeptor-überexpression. Eine Sensitivierung des chronotropen Effektes konnte dagegen nicht gezeigt werden. Möglicherweise führte die Transfektion der ES-Kardiomyozyten-Zellverbände nur zu einem oberflächlich begrenzten Gentransfer, der keinen Einfluss auf die Gesamtheit des funktionellen Synzytiums hatte. Außerdem wurde in dieser Arbeit der Einfluss einer unterschiedlichen Phosducin-Expression auf die kardiale Differenzierungsfähigkeit in transgenen ES-Zellen untersucht. Dabei konnte kein signifikanter Unterschied in der kardialen Differenzierung sowie in der Basalfrequenz von homozygoten und heterozygoten Phosducin Knock-out Klonen beziehungsweise von Phosducin überexprimierenden Zellklonen festgestellt werden. N2 - In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die kardial differenzierten embryonalen Stammzellen (ES-Zellen) mittels der von Wobus et al. entwickelten Tröpfchentechnik gewonnen. Eine Optimierung der kardialen Ausbeute konnte durch eine Selektionsmethode erreicht werden, die auf der Expression eines Resistenzgens in den kardial differenzierten ES-Zellen beruht. Hierdurch wurde eine reproduzierbar hohe Anreicherung von ES-Kardiomyozyten erzielt. Die erstmalig durchgeführte quantitative Bestimmung der endogenen β-adrenergen Rezeptorexpression in ES-Kardiomyozyten zeigte eine Subtyp-Verteilung, die mit derjenigen in adulten Maus-Kardiomyozyten übereinstimmt, wobei eine höhere endogene Expression in ES-Kardiomyozyten vorlag. Ferner konnte durch eine β-adrenerge Stimulation in 16 Tage alten ES-Kardiomyozyten eine positive chronotrope Reaktion sowie eine Aktivierung der Adenylatzyklase-Aktivität hervorgerufen werden. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass ES-Kardiomyozyten am 16. Differenzierungstag einen vollständig ausgereiften β-adrenergen Signalweg aufweisen und hinsichtlich der physiologischen Effekte vergleichbare Merkmale mit adulten Maus-Kardiomyoyzten haben. Ein weiteres Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Fähigkeit eines adenoviralen Gentransfers in ES-Kardiomoyzten zu untersuchen. Dabei zeigte sich, dass der Gentransfer mittels rekombinanten Adenoviren eine sehr effiziente und durchführbare Methode zur Expression von Transgenen in ES-Kardiomyozyten ist. Weiterhin konnte die funktionelle Kopplung der adenoviral überexprimierten β1-adrenergen Rezeptoren nachgewiesen werden. Die Überexpression hatte eine ausgeprägte Sensitivierung der Rezeptorantwort zur Folge, während die maximale Isoprenalin-induzierte cAMP-Produktion nur wenig erhöht wurde. Dies entspricht Befunden an transgenen Mausmodellen mit einer β1-adrenergen Rezeptor-überexpression. Eine Sensitivierung des chronotropen Effektes konnte dagegen nicht gezeigt werden. Möglicherweise führte die Transfektion der ES-Kardiomyozyten-Zellverbände nur zu einem oberflächlich begrenzten Gentransfer, der keinen Einfluss auf die Gesamtheit des funktionellen Synzytiums hatte. Außerdem wurde in dieser Arbeit der Einfluss einer unterschiedlichen Phosducin-Expression auf die kardiale Differenzierungsfähigkeit in transgenen ES-Zellen untersucht. Dabei konnte kein signifikanter Unterschied in der kardialen Differenzierung sowie in der Basalfrequenz von homozygoten und heterozygoten Phosducin Knock-out Klonen beziehungsweise von Phosducin überexprimierenden Zellklonen festgestellt werden KW - ß-adrenerge Signaltransduktion KW - Embryonalen Stammzellen KW - Kardiomoyzyten KW - beta-adrenergic signal transduction KW - embryonic stem cell KW - cardiomyocyt Y1 - 2005 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-18923 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Propping, Stefan A1 - Lorenz, Kristina A1 - Michel, Martin C. A1 - Wirth, Manfred P. A1 - Ravens, Ursula T1 - beta-Adrenoceptor-mediated Relaxation of Urinary Bladder Muscle in beta 2-Adrenoceptor Knockout Mice JF - Frontiers in Pharmacology N2 - Background and Objective: In order to characterize the β-adrenoceptor (AR) subtypes involved in agonist-stimulated relaxation of murine urinary bladder we studied the effects of (-)-isoprenaline and CL 316,243 on tonic contraction and spontaneous contractions in detrusor strips of wild-type (WT) and β2-AR knockout (β2-AR KO) mice. Materials and Methods: Urinary bladders were isolated from male WT and β2-AR KO mice. β-AR subtype expression was determined with quantitative real-time PCR. Intact muscle strips pre-contracted with KCl (40 mM) were exposed to cumulatively increasing concentrations of (-)-isoprenaline or β3-AR agonist CL 316,243 in the presence and absence of the subtype-selective β-AR blockers CGP 20712A (β1-ARs), ICI 118,551 (β2-ARs), and L748,337 (β3-ARs). Results: Quantitative real-time PCR confirmed lack of β2-AR expression in bladder tissue from β2-AR KO mice. In isolated detrusor strips, pre-contraction with KCl increased basal tone and enhanced spontaneous activity significantly more in β2-AR KO than in WT. (-)-Isoprenaline relaxed tonic tension and attenuated spontaneous activity with similar potency, but the concentrations required were two orders of magnitude higher in β2-AR KO than WT. The concentration-response curves (CRCs) for relaxation were not affected by CGP 20712A (300 nM), but were shifted to the right by ICI 118,551 (50 nM) and L748,337 (10 μM). The -logEC50 values for (-)-isoprenaline in WT and β2-AR KO tissue were 7.98 and 6.00, respectively, suggesting a large receptor reserve of β2-AR. (-)-CL 316,243 relaxed detrusor and attenuated spontaneous contractions from WT and β2-AR KO mice with a potency corresponding to the drug’s affinity for β3-AR. L743,337 shifted the CRCs to the right. Conclusion: Our findings in β2-AR KO mice suggest that there is a large receptor reserve for β2-AR in WT mice so that this β-AR subtype will mediate relaxation of tone and attenuation of spontaneous activity under physiological conditions. Nevertheless, upon removal of this reserve, β3-AR can also mediate murine detrusor relaxation. KW - detrusor muscle KW - relaxation KW - mucosa KW - beta2-adrenoceptor knockout KW - beta3 CL 316,243 Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-165245 VL - 7 IS - 118 ER - TY - THES A1 - Konrad, Charlotte T1 - Biochemische Charakterisierung von cAMP-Gradienten – Einfluss von Phosphodiesterasen T1 - Biochemical Characterization of cAMP Gradients – Influence of Phosphodiesterases N2 - Cyclisches Adenosinmonophosphat ist ein ubiquitärer zweiter Botenstoff zahlreicher Signalwege im menschlichen Körper. Auf eine Vielzahl verschiedenster extrazellulärer Signale folgt jedoch eine Erhöhung desselben intrazellulären Botenstoffs - cAMP. Nichtsdestotrotz schafft es die Zelle, Signalspezifität aufrecht zu erhalten. Ein anerkanntes, wenn auch bisher unverstandenes Modell, um dieses zu ermöglichen, ist das Prinzip der Kompartimentierung. Die Zelle besitzt demnach Areale verschieden hoher cAMP-Konzentrationen, welche lokal begrenzt einzelne Signalkaskaden beeinflussen und somit eine differenzierte Signalübertragung ermöglichen. Eine mögliche Ursache für die Ausbildung solcher Bereiche geringerer cAMP- Konzentrationen (hier als Domänen bezeichnet), ist die hydrolytische Aktivität von Phosphodiesterasen (PDEs), welche als einzige Enzyme die Fähigkeiten besitzen, cAMP zu degradieren. In dieser Arbeit wird der Einfluss der cAMP-Hydrolyse verschiedener PDEs auf die Größe dieser Domänen evaluiert und mit denen der PDE4A1 verglichen, welche bereits durch unsere Arbeitsgruppe aufgrund ihrer Größe als Nanodomänen definiert wurden. Der Fokus wird dabei auf den Einfluss von kinetischen Eigenschaften der Phosphodiesterasen gelegt. So werden eine PDE mit hoher Umsatzgeschwindigkeit (PDE2A3) und eine PDE mit hoher Substrataffinität (PDE8A1) verglichen. Mithilfe sogenannter Linker, Abstandshaltern definierter Länge, werden zusätzlich die Nanodomänen ausgemessen, um einen direkten Zusammenhang zwischen Größe und kinetischer Eigenschaft anzugeben. Die Zusammenschau der Ergebnisse zeigt, dass die maximale Umsatzgeschwindigkeit der Phosphodiesterasen direkt mit der Größe der Nanodomänen korreliert. Durch den unmittelbaren Vergleich der gesamten PDE mit ihrer katalytischen Domäne wird zusätzlich der Einfluss von regulatorischen Domänen evaluiert. Es wird gezeigt, dass diese cAMP-Gradienten modulieren können. Bei der PDE2A3 geschieht die Modulation u.a. durch Stimulation mit cGMP, welche höchstwahrscheinlich dosisabhängig ist und somit graduell verläuft. Hiermit präsentieren sich die Domänen als dynamische Bereiche, d.h. sie können in ihrer Ausprägung reguliert werden. In dieser Arbeit wird die Hypothese bestätigt, dass Phosphodiesterasen eine wichtige Rolle in der Kompartimentierung von cAMP spielen, die Gruppe jedoch inhomogener ist, als bislang angenommen. Die Gradienten-Bildung lässt sich nicht bei jeder Phosphodiesterase darstellen (PDE8A1). Einige Phosphodiesterasen (PDE2A3) jedoch bilden Kompartimente, die durch externe Stimuli in ihrer Größe reguliert werden können. Die Arbeit legt den Grundstein zur breiteren Charakterisierung des spezifischen Einflusses weiterer PDEs auf cAMP-Kompartimentierung, welches nicht nur das Verständnis der Kompartimentierungs-Strategien voranbringt, sondern auch essentiell für das Verständnis der Pathophysiologie zahlreicher Krankheitsbilder, aber auch für das Verständnis bereits angewandter aber auch potentiell neuer Medikamente ist. N2 - Cyclic AMP is a ubiquitous second messenger, which is involved in a huge variety of signaling pathways. Nevertheless, thinking about signaling specificity, it is unclear how numerous diverse signals are all translated via the same second messenger. However, to ensure downstream specificity there is one accepted model - the compartmentalization of cAMP. Different levels of cAMP therefore lead to signaling islets or areas, which ensure a more diverse downstream signaling. One example, which guarantees areas with lower cAMP concentration, is the local hydrolysis of cAMP due to phosphodiesterases’ hydrolytic activity. In this thesis the ability of different phosphodiesterases to build cAMP gradients is compared to the ability of the PDE4 to build cAMP domains in the scale of nanometers, which was already shown by our group. To discriminate influence factors of the formation of those nanodomains, the focus was set on distinct PDEs’ kinetic properties. Therefore, a PDE with a high velocity (PDE2A3) for cAMP hydrolysis is compared to the PDE with the highest known affinity (PDE8A1) to cAMP. Furthermore, with the tools provided by our group, linkers, which are “nanorulers” of distinct size, were used to directly measure the radius of those domains. It is revealed, that the size of the nanodomains directly correlates with the hydrolysis velocity. Furthermore, by comparison of full length PDE with its catalytic domain, it is shown, that their regulatory domains can modulate the ability of phosphodiesterases to create cAMP gradients. In PDE2A3, modulation of cAMP gradients was observed upon cGMP stimulation, which probably occurs in a concentration-dependent matter. Thus, cAMP domains seem to be dynamic areas, i.e. they can be regulated in their size. It is postulated, that phosphodiesterases are one important force for creating compartments, but the family of PDEs itself is inhomogeneous. Not every PDE can build detectable compartments (PDE8A1), but others can build compartments, which are regulated through external stimuli (PDE2A3). The thesis builds the foundation for additional characterization of the other PDE families, which would provide further insight in strategies of cAMP compartmentalization. Moreover, the knowledge of distinct functions of PDEs on cAMP compartments is crucial for the understanding of the pathophysiology of several diseases and the understanding of present and future pharmacological therapies. KW - Cyclo-AMP KW - Phosphodiesterase KW - cAMP KW - PDE Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-205728 ER - TY - THES A1 - Zink, Christoph T1 - Biochemische und strukturbiologische Charakterisierung der Inhibition der Pyridoxal 5´-Phosphat Phosphatase durch 7,8-Dihydroxyflavon T1 - Biochemical and structural characterization of pyridoxal 5´-phosphate phosphatase inhibitor 7,8-dihydroxyflavone N2 - Die Pyridoxal-5‘-Phosphat Phosphatase (PDXP), auch bekannt als Chronophin (CIN), ist eine HAD-Phosphatase, die beim Menschen ubiquitär exprimiert wird und eine entscheidende Rolle im zellulären Vitamin-B6-Metabolismus einnimmt. PDXP ist in der Lage Pyridoxal-5‘-Phosphat (PLP), die co-enzymatisch aktive Form von Vitamin B6, zu dephosphorylieren. In-vivo Studien mit Mäusen zeigten, dass die Abwesenheit von PDXP mit verbesserten kognitiven Leistungen und einem verringerten Wachstum von Hirntumoren assoziiert ist. Dies begründet die gezielte Suche nach einem pharmakologischen Inhibitor für PDXP. Ein Hochdurchsatz-Screen legte nahe, dass 7,8-Dihydroxyflavon (7,8-DHF) hierfür ein potenzieller Kandidat ist. Zahlreiche Studien beschreiben bereits vielfältige positive neurologische Effekte nach in-vivo Administration von 7,8-DHF, allerdings bleibt der genaue Wirkmechanismus umstritten und wird bis dato nicht mit PDXP in Zusammenhang gebracht. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Inhibition von PDXP durch 7,8-DHF näher zu charakterisieren und damit einen Beitrag zur Beantwortung der Frage zu leisten, ob PDXP an den 7,8-DHF-induzierten Effekten beteiligt ist. Hierzu wurde der Effekt von 7,8-DHF auf die enzymatische Aktivität von rekombinant hergestelltem, gereinigtem PDXP in in-vitro Phosphatase-Assays charakterisiert. Um die Selektivität von 7,8-DHF gegenüber PDXP zu untersuchen, wurden fünf weitere HAD-Phosphatasen getestet. Unter den analysierten Phosphatasen zeigte einzig die dem PDXP nah verwandte Phosphoglykolat Phosphatase (PGP) eine geringer ausgeprägte Sensitivität gegen 7,8-DHF. Ein Vergleich von 7,8-DHF mit sechs strukturell verwandten, hydroxylierten Flavonen zeigte, dass 7,8-DHF unter den getesteten Substanzen die höchste Potenz und Effektivität aufwies. Außerdem wurde eine Co-Kristallisation von PDXP mit 7,8-DHF durchgeführt, deren Struktur bis zu einer Auflösung von 2,0 Å verfeinert werden konnte. Die in der Kristallstruktur identifizierte Bindungsstelle von 7,8-DHF an PDXP wurde mittels verschiedener, neu generierter PDXP-Mutanten enzymkinetisch bestätigt. Zusammenfassend zeigen die hier beschriebenen Ergebnisse, dass 7,8-DHF ein direkter, selektiver und vorwiegend kompetitiver Inhibitor der PDXP-Aktivität ist, mit einer IC50 im submikromolaren Bereich. Die Ergebnisse dieser in-vitro Untersuchungen motivieren zu weiterer Forschung bezüglich der 7,8-DHF-vermittelten Inhibition der PDXP-Aktivität in Zellen, um die Frage beantworten zu können, ob PDXP auch in-vivo ein relevantes Target für 7,8-DHF darstellt. N2 - Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate phosphatase (PDXP, also known as chronophin, CIN), is a ubiquitously expressed HAD-phosphatase. PDXP is known to dephosphorylate pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP), the biologically active form of vitamin B6 that is one of the most versatile cofactors found in nature. In-vivo studies revealed improved cognition and impaired glial tumor growth with mice absent of PDXP, and caused the search for a pharmacological inhibitor of PDXP. The result of a high-throughput screen suggested that 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) is a suitable candidate for this. Interestingly, numerous scientific studies highlighted diverse positive neurological effects after administration of 7,8-DHF to mice, however, the precise mode of action remains disputed, and at this date is unrelated to PDXP. The aim of this work is to characterize the inhibition of PDXP by 7,8-DHF. This approach is a first step to determine whether 7,8-DHF may indeed exert some of its neurological effects via PDXP inhibition. For this purpose, the effect of 7,8-DHF on the enzymatic activity of recombinantly expressed and purified PDXP was characterized in in-vitro phosphatase assays. To investigate the selectivity of 7,8-DHF on PDXP, five additional HAD phosphatases were tested. Among the phosphatases analyzed, only the phosphoglycolate phosphatase (PGP), closely related to PDXP, showed a less pronounced sensitivity to 7,8-DHF. A comparison of 7,8-DHF with six structurally related, hydroxylated flavones showed that 7,8-DHF had the highest potency and effectiveness among the substances tested. In addition, a co-crystallization of PDXP with 7,8-DHF was carried out. The resulting co-crystal structure could be resolved and refined to a resolution of 2.0 Å. The binding site of the ligand to the enzyme identified in the crystal structure was confirmed via activity-based assays using various newly generated PDXP mutants. In summary, the results described here show that 7,8-DHF is a direct, selective, and predominantly competitive inhibitor of PDXP activity with an IC50 in the submicromolar range. The results of these in-vitro studies motivate further research into the 7,8-DHF-mediated inhibition of PDXP activity in cells to be able to answer the question of whether PDXP is also a relevant target for 7,8-DHF in-vivo. KW - Pyridoxalphosphat KW - Pyridoxalphosphat Phosphatase KW - PDXP KW - 7,8-Dihydroxyflavon KW - 7,8-dihydroxyflavone KW - Chronophin KW - Pyridoxal phosphate phosphatase Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-251511 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klaunig, James E. A1 - Dekant, Wolfgang A1 - Plotzke, Kathy A1 - Scialli, Anthony R. T1 - Biological relevance of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) induced rat uterine endometrial adenocarcinoma tumorigenesis: Mode of action and relevance to humans JF - Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology N2 - Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) is a cyclic siloxane used in the production and formulation of consumer products with potential exposure to manufacturing workers, consumer, and the general public. Following a combined 2-year inhalation chronic bioassay performed in Fischer 344 (F344) rats, an increase in uterine endometrial adenocarcinomas was noted at the highest concentration to which animals were exposed. No other neoplasms were detected. In this study, a dose of 160 ppm produced an incidence of 8% endometrial adenocarcinomas. Based on a number of experimental studies with D5, the current manuscript examines the biological relevance and possible modes of action for the uterine endometrial adenocarcinomas observed in the rat following chronic exposure to D5. Variable rates of spontaneous uterine endometrial adenocarcinomas have been reported for untreated F344 CrIBr rats. As such, we concluded that the slight increase in uterine endometrial adenocarcinomas observed in the D5 chronic bioassay might not be the result of D5 exposure but may be related to variability of the spontaneous tumor incidence in this strain of rat. However, if the uterine endometrial adenocarcinomas are related to D5-exposure, alteration in the estrous cycle in the aging F344 rat is the most likely mode of action. D5 is not genotoxic or estrogenic. The alteration in the estrous cycle is caused by a decrease in progesterone with an increase in the estrogen:progesterone ratio most likely induced by a decrease in prolactin concentration. Available data support that exposure to D5 influences prolactin concentration. Although the effects on prolactin concentrations in a number of experiments were not always consistent, the available data support the conclusion that D5 is acting via a dopamine receptor agonist-like mechanism to alter the pituitary control of the estrous cycle. In further support of this mode of action, studies in F344 aged animals showed that the effects of D5 on estrous cyclicity produced a response consistent with a dopamine-like effect and further suggest that D5 is accelerating the aging of the reproductive endocrine system in the F344 rat utilized in this study. This mode of action for uterine endometrial adenocarcinoma tumorigenesis is not relevant for humans. KW - Reproductive toxicity KW - Carcinogenicity KW - Silicones KW - Enzyme induction KW - Uterine tumors KW - Rat Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-190952 VL - 74 IS - Supplement ER - TY - THES A1 - Kopp, Eva Katharina T1 - Biotransformation and Toxicokinetics of Acrylamide in Humans T1 - Biotransformation und Toxikokinetik von Acrylamid im Menschen N2 - The widely used chemical acrylamide (AA) has been classified as a probable human carcinogen. This classification was based on positive results in rodent carcinogenicity studies as well as on a number of in vitro mutagenicity assays. In 2002, AA was discovered to be formed during the preparation of starch-containing foods. According to the latest FDA exposure assessment (2006), the average daily intake has been estimated from AA levels in foodstuffs and from nutritional habits to be around 0.4 µg/kg b.w. with a 90th percentile of 0.95 µg/kg b.w.. In children and adolescents however, the daily AA intake is about 1.5 times higher, due to lower body weight and differing consumption patterns. Apart from the diet, humans may be exposed to AA during the production or handling of monomeric AA, from AA residues in polyacrylamides, and from cigarette smoke. After oral administration, AA is readily absorbed and distributed throughout the organism. AA is metabolized to the reactive epoxide glycidamide (GA) via the CYP 450 isoenzyme CYP 2E1. Both, AA and GA are conjugated with glutathione. After enzymatic processing, the mercapturic acids N-Acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-cysteine (AAMA) as well as the regioisomers N-Acetyl-S-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine (GAMA) and N-Acetyl-S-(1-carbamoyl-2-hydroxy-ethyl)-L-cysteine (iso-GAMA) are excreted with urine. An additional pathway for the metabolic conversion of GA is the epoxide hydrolase mediated hydrolysis to the diol compound glyceramide. Following administration of AA at doses exceeding the daily dietary intake by a factor of 1000 - 6000 to human subjects, a new urinary metabolite was found, which could be identified as the S-oxide of AAMA (AAMA-sulfoxide). In general, data from animal studies are used for risk assessment of (potential) human carcinogens. However, inter-species differences in toxicodynamics or toxicokinetics, e.g. in biotransformation may lead to under- or overestimation of human risk. The objective of this work was to establish a highly specific and sensitive analytical method to quantify the major urinary metabolites of AA. Other aims apart from measurements concerning the human background exposure were the evaluation of biotransformation and toxicokinetics of AA in humans and rats after oral administration of 13C3-AA. The obtained data was intended to help avoid linear extrapolation from animal models for future risk assessments of AA carcinogenicity. N2 - Die weitverbreitete Chemikalie Acrylamid (AA) wurde als möglicherweise krebserregend im Menschen eingestuft. Diese Klassifizierung beruhte auf positiven Ergebnissen aus Kanzerogenitätsstudien in Nagern sowie einer Reihe von in vitro Mutagenitätstests. Im Jahr 2002 wurde entdeckt, dass AA während der Zubereitung von stärkehaltigen Nahrungsmitteln entsteht. Nach den neuesten Expositionsabschätzungen der FDA (2006) wurde auf der Basis von AA-Gehalten in Lebensmitteln und Ernährungsgewohnheiten eine tägliche Aufnahme von etwa 0.4 µg/kg KG (Körpergewicht) errechnet. Die 90. Percentile lag bei 0.95 µg/kg KG. In Kindern und Heranwachsenden ist die tägliche AA Aufnahme jedoch um etwa Faktor 1.5 höher. Dies beruht auf einem vergleichsweise geringeren Körpergewicht und anderen Ernährungsvorlieben (175). Außer über die Nahrung können Menschen während der Produktion oder Verarbeitung von monomerem AA, über Rückstände in Polyacrylamiden und über Zigarettenrauch gegenüber AA exponiert sein. Nach oraler Gabe wird AA schnell resorbiert und im ganzen Organismus verteilt . AA wird über das Cytochrom P450 Isoenzym CYP 2E1 in das reaktive Epoxid Glycidamid (GA) umgewandelt. Sowohl AA als auch GA binden an Glutathion. Nach enzymatischer Verstoffwechslung werden die Mercaptursäuren N-Acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-cystein (AAMA) sowie die Regioisomere N-Acetyl-S-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cystein (GAMA) und N-Acetyl-S-(1-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cystein (iso-GAMA) mit dem Urin ausgeschieden. Ein weiterer Weg für die metabolische Umwandlung von GA ist die durch Epoxidhydrolase katalysierte Hydrolyse zum Diol Glyceramid. Nach der Verabreichung von AA an Menschen in Dosen, die die tägliche Aufnahme über die Nahrung um das 1000 bis 6000-fache überschritten, wurde ein neuer Metabolit im Urin entdeckt, der als das S-oxid von AAMA identifiziert werden konnte. Im Allgemeinen werden Daten aus Tierstudien für die Risikobewertung von (möglichen) Kanzerogenen im Menschen verwendet. Spezies-Unterschiede bezüglich der Biotransformation können demzufolge zu Unter- oder Überbewertung des Risikos für den Menschen führen. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, eine hochspezifische und empfindliche analytische Methode für die Quantifizierung der wichtigsten Metaboliten von AA im Urin zu entwickeln. Neben Messungen bezüglich der Hintergrundbelastung im Menschen sollten Biotransformation und Toxikokinetik von AA in Menschen und Ratten nach oraler Gabe von 13C3-AA bestimmt werden. Die gewonnenen Daten sollten dazu beitragen, lineare Extrapolation ausgehend von Tiermodellen für zukünftige Risikoabschätzungen zu vermeiden. KW - Acrylamid KW - Metabolismus KW - Toxikokinetik KW - Risikobewertung KW - Speziesunterschiede KW - Acrylamide KW - Metabolism KW - Toxicokinetics KW - Risk Assessment KW - Species Differences Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-37273 ER - TY - THES A1 - Schuster, Paul Xaver T1 - Biotransformation of trans-1,1,1,3-tetrafluoropropene, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene T1 - Biotransformation von trans-1,1,1,3-Tetrafluorpropen, 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluorpropen und 1,2,3,3,3-Pentafluorpropen N2 - trans-1,1,1,3-Tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234ze) and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf) are non-ozone-depleting fluorocarbon replacements with low global warming potentials and short atmospheric lifetimes. They are developed as foam blowing agent and refrigerant, respectively. Investigations on biotransformation in different test species and in vitro systems are required to assess possible health risks of human exposure and needed for commercial development. The biotransformation of HFO-1234ze and HFO-1234yf was therefore investigated after inhalation exposure. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to air containing 2 000; 10,000; or 50,000 ppm (n=5/concentration) HFO-1234ze or HFO-1234yf. Male B6C3F1 mice were only exposed to 50,000 ppm HFO-1234ze or HFO-1234yf. Due to lethality observed in a developmental study with rabbits after exposure to high concentrations of HFO-1234yf, the metabolic fate of the compound was tested by whole body inhalation exposure of female New Zealand White rabbits to air containing 2 000; 10,000; or 50,000 ppm (n=3/concentration) HFO-1234yf. All inhalation exposures were conducted for 6 h in a dynamic exposure chamber. After the end of the exposures, animals were individually housed in metabolic cages and urines were collected at 6 or 12 h intervals for 48 h (rats and mice) or 60 h (rabbits). For metabolite identification, urine samples were analyzed by 1H-coupled and 1H-decoupled 19F-NMR and by LC/MS-MS or GC/MS. Metabolites were identified by 19F-NMR chemical shifts, signal multiplicity, 1H-19F coupling constants and by comparison with synthetic reference compounds. Biotransformation of HFO-1234ze in rats exposed to 50,000 ppm yielded S-(3,3,3-trifluoro-trans-propenyl)mercaptolactic acid as the predominant metabolite which accounted for 66% of all integrated 19F-NMR signals in urines. No 19F-NMR signals were found in spectra of rat urine samples collected after inhalation exposure to 2 000 or 10,000 ppm HFO-1234ze likely due to insufficient sensitivity. S-(3,3,3-Trifluoro-trans-propenyl)-L-cysteine, N-acetyl-S-(3,3,3-trifluoro-trans-propenyl)-L-cysteine, 3,3,3-trifluoropropionic acid and 3,3,3-trifluorolactic acid were also present as metabolites in urine samples of rats and mice at the 50,000 ppm level. A presumed amino acid conjugate of 3,3,3-trifluoropropionic acid was the major metabolite of HFO-1234ze in urine samples of mice exposed to 50,000 ppm and related to 18% of total integrated 19F-NMR signals. Quantitation of three metabolites in urines of rats and mice was performed, using LC/MS-MS or GC/MS. The quantified amounts of the metabolites excreted with urine in both mice and rats, suggest only a low extent (<<1% of dose received) of biotransformation of HFO-1234ze and 95% of all metabolites were excreted within 18 h after the end of the exposures (t1/2 approx. 6 h). Due to its low boiling point of −22 °C, most of the inhaled HFO-1234ze is expected to be readily exhaled. Moreover, steric and electronic factors may decrease the reactivity of the parent compound with soft nucleophiles such as glutathione. The obtained results suggest that HFO-1234ze is subjected to an addition-elimination reaction with glutathione and to a cytochrome P450-mediated epoxidation at low rates. The extent of a direct addition reaction of HFO-1234ze with glutathione is negligible, compared to that of the observed addition-elimination reaction. The results of in vivo testing of HFO-1234ze could not be supported by in vitro investigations, since HFO-1234ze was not metabolized in incubations with either liver microsomes or subcellular fractions from rat and human. Regarding the structures delineated in the biotransformation scheme of HFO-1234ze, 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoroepoxypropane and 3,3,3-trifluoropropionic acid are toxic intermediates which, however, are not supposed to display toxicity in the species after exposure to HFO-1234ze, due to the low extent of formation and an efficient detoxification of the epoxide by hydrolysis and glutathione conjugation. The findings of biotransformation of HFO-1234ze in rats and mice correlate with the absence of adverse effects in the toxicity testings and indicate their innocuousness to a human exposure. Biotransformation of HFO-1234yf yielded N-acetyl-S-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxypropanyl)-L-cysteine as predominat metabolite which accounted for approx. 44, 90 and 32% (50,000 ppm) of total 19F-NMR signal intensities in urine samples from rabbits, rats and mice, respectively. S-(3,3,3-Trifluoro-2-hydroxypropanyl)mercaptolactic acid and the sulfoxides of mercapturic acid and mercaptolactic acid S-conjugate were identified as minor metabolites of HFO-1234yf in urine samples from rabbits, rats and mice, whereas trifluoroacetic acid, 3,3,3-trifluorolactic acid and 3,3,3-trifluoro-1-hydroxyacetone were present as minor metabolites only in urine samples from rats and mice. The absence of these metabolites in rabbit urine samples... N2 - trans-1,1,1,3-Tetrafluorpropen (HFO-1234ze) und 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluorpropen (HFO-1234yf) sind FKW-Ersatzstoffe, die eine kurze atmosphärische Lebensdauer besitzen und weder die Ozonschicht beeinträchtigen noch wesentlich zur globalen Erwärmung beitragen. Sie werden derzeit als Treibmittel für Schäume beziehungsweise als Kühlmittel entwickelt. Untersuchungen der Biotransformation in verschiedenen Tierspezies und in in vitro Systemen tragen zur Risikobewertung einer Humanexposition bei und werden für die kommerzielle Entwicklung benötigt. In dieser Arbeit wurde die Biotransformation von HFO-1234ze und HFO-1234yf nach inhalativer Exposition untersucht. Männliche Sprague-Dawley Ratten wurden Luftkonzentrationen von 2.000, 10.000 und 50.000 ppm (n=5/Konzentration) ausgesetzt. Männliche B6C3F1 Mäuse wurden dagegen nur einer Konzentration von 50.000 ppm ausgesetzt. Aufgrund von Todesfällen in einer Entwicklungstoxizitätsstudie mit Kaninchen wurde in dieser Arbeit auch die Biotransformation von HFO-1234yf in weiblichen Kaninchen mit Konzentrationen von 2.000, 10.000 und 50.000 ppm untersucht. Alle Inhalationen dauerten 6 Stunden und fanden in einem dynamisch durchströmten Expositionssystem statt. Nach Ende der Inhalationen wurden die Versuchstiere individuell in Stoffwechselkäfigen untergebracht und ihre Urine in 6 bzw. 12 h Intervallen gesammelt (insgesamt 48 h bei Ratten und Mäusen bzw. 60 h bei Kaninchen). Zur Identifizierung der Metabolite von HFO-1234ze und HFO-1234yf in den Urinen wurden 1H-ge- und entkoppelte 19F-NMR-Spektren aufgezeichnet und massenspektrometrische Untersuchungen mittels LC/MS-MS oder GC/MS durchgeführt. Die Metaboliten wurden anhand ihrer 19F-NMR-Charakteristika (Chemische Verschiebung, Signalmultiplizität und 1H-19F Kopplungskonstante) und durch Vergleich mit ihren synthetischen Referenzverbindungen identifiziert. In Ratten, die einer Konzentration von 50.000 ppm HFO-1234ze ausgesetzt worden waren, konnte S-(3,3,3-Trifluor-trans-propenyl)merkaptolaktat als Hauptmetabolit nachgewiesen werden. Er machte 66% aller integrierten 19F-NMR-Signale aus. In 19F-NMR-Spektren von Rattenurinen der 2.000 und 10.000 ppm Expositionen konnten dagegen keine Signale detektiert werden, wahrscheinlich wegen unzureichender Empfindlichkeit der 19F-NMR-Messungen. Als Nebenprodukte von HFO-1234ze in Ratten- und Mäuseurinen wurden S-(3,3,3-Trifluor-trans-propenyl)-L-cystein, N-Acetyl-S-(3,3,3-trifluor-trans-propenyl)-L-cystein, 3,3,3-Trifluorpropion-säure und 3,3,3-Trifluorlaktat nachgewiesen. In Mäuseurinen war der Hauptmetabolit von HFO-1234ze ein vermutetes Aminosäurekonjugat von 3,3,3-Trifluorpropion-säure, auf das 18% aller integrierten 19F-NMR Signalintensitäten entfielen. In den Urinen von Ratten und Mäusen wurden 3 Metabolite mittels LC/MS-MS oder GC/MS quantifiziert. Die ermittelten Mengen weisen auf eine sehr niedrige Biotransformationsrate von HFO-1234ze hin (<<1% der verabreichten Dosis). 95% aller Metabolite wurden innerhalb von 18 h nach Ende der Inhalationen ausgeschieden (t1/2 ca. 6 h). Aufgrund des niedrigen Siedepunkts von −22°C wird ein Großteil des aufgenommen Gases möglicherweise rasch wieder exhaliert, und sterische sowie elektronische Faktoren könnten die Reaktivität der Ausgangsverbindung mit schwachen Nukleophilen wie Glutathion senken. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass HFO-1234ze in geringem Ausmaß durch Additions-Eliminations Reaktion mit Glutathion und einer CYP450-vermittelten Epoxidierung biotransformiert wird. Das Ausmaß einer direkten Additions Reaktion von HFO-1234ze mit Glutathion ist verglichen mit der vorherrschenden Additions-Eliminations Reaktion vernachlässigbar. Da kein Umsatz von HFO-1234ze in Inkubationen mit Rettenlebermikrosomen oder subzellulären Fraktionen von Human- und Rattenleber stattfand, konnten die in vivo Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit nicht mit in vitro Untersuchungen verglichen werden. Im Biotransformationsschema von HFO-1234ze sind 1,1,1,3-Tetrafluorepoxypropan und 3,3,3-Trifluorpropionsäure toxische Intermediate, die jedoch aufgrund der geringen gebildeten Mengen und einer effektiven Entgiftung des Epoxids durch Glutathionkonjugation keine toxischen Effekte in den verwendeten Tierspezies auslösten. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung der Biotransformation von HFO-1234ze in Ratten und Mäusen korrelieren mit der Abwesenheit nachteiliger Effekte in den Toxizitätsstudien und lassen eine Humanexposition gegenüber HFO-1234ze als unbedenklich erscheinen. Bei der Biotransformation von HFO-1234yf entstand N-Acetyl-S-(3,3,3-trifluor-2-hydroxypropanyl)-L-cystein... KW - Biotransformation KW - fluorocarbons KW - trans-1 KW - 1 KW - 1 KW - 3 KW - tetrafluoropropene KW - 2 KW - 3 KW - 3 KW - 3-tetrafluoropropene KW - 1 KW - 2 KW - 3 KW - 3 KW - 3-pentafluoropropene KW - metabolites KW - Merkaptursäure KW - Merkaptolaktat KW - Glutathion S-Konjugat KW - Toxizität KW - Inhalation KW - mercapturic acid KW - mercaptolactic acid KW - glutathion S-conjugate KW - toxicity KW - inhalation Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-43716 ER - TY - THES A1 - Schmidt, Tobias T1 - Biotransformation of trans‐1‐chloro‐3,3,3‐trifluoropropene and 2,3,3,3‐tetrafluoropropene T1 - Biotransformation von trans‐1‐Chlor‐3,3,3‐trifluorpropen und 2,3,3,3‐Tetrafluorpropen N2 - The novel refrigerant 2,3,3,3‐tetrafluoropropene (HFO‐1234yf) as well as the novel foam blowing and precision cleaning agent trans‐1‐chloro‐3,3,3‐trifluoropropene (trans‐HCFO‐1233zd) are both chlorofluorocarbon replacements with low GWPs and a short atmospheric life time. Whereas the hydrofluoroolefin HFO‐1234yf has no negative effect on stratospheric ozone due to the lack of chlorine in its structure, the hydrochlorofluoroolefine trans‐HCFO‐1233zd exhibits a very low potential for ozone depletion (ODP). This is approximately 100 times lower than the ozone depletion potential of precursor compounds such as 1,1,2‐trichloro‐1,2,2‐trifluoroethane (CFC‐113). Principle aims of this thesis were to investigate the unknown metabolism of the new solvent trans‐HCFO‐1233zd and to further investigate a possible biotransformation based toxicity of HFO‐1234yf observed in rabbits. Therefore study specimens of different in vitro and in vivo studies with trans‐HCFO‐1233zd and HFO‐1234yf were analyzed for metabolites using 19FNMR spectroscopy, LC‐MS/MS spectrometry and GC/MS spectrometry. Metabolites were identified by comparison with purchased or synthesized standard substances. Excretion kinetics of the predominant metabolites were determined by LC‐MS/MS quantification,inorganic fluoride was determined by potentiometry. Moreover cytochrome P‐450 2E1 and 3A4 liver enzyme activities were measured in a multi‐exposure study with HFO‐1234yf. ... N2 - Das neue Kühlmittel 2,3,3,3‐Tetrafluoropropen (HFO‐1234yf) und das neue Treib‐ und Reinigungsmittel trans‐1‐Chlor‐3,3,3‐trifluorpropen (trans‐HCFO‐1233zd) sind Chlorfluorkohlenstoff‐Ersatzstoffe mit sehr geringem Treibhauspotenzial und kurzer atmosphärischer Lebensdauer. Während HFO‐1234yf keinerlei negative Auswirkungen auf den Abbau der Ozonschicht hat, schädigt trans‐HCFO‐1233zd diese aufgrund eines Chloratoms in seiner Struktur. Durch die erhöhte Abbaurate von trans‐HCFO‐1233zd in niedrigeren Luftschichten, wird im Vergleich zu seinen Vorgängersubstanzen (z.B. 1,1,2‐Trichlor‐1,2,2‐trifluorethan, CFC‐113) jedoch ein weitaus geringerer Ozonabbau in der Stratosphäre gewährleistet. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde der Metabolismus von HFO‐1234yf und trans‐HCFO‐1233zd in In‐vitro‐ und In‐vivo‐Versuchen charakterisiert. Hierfür wurde das gewonnene Probenmaterial mittels 19F‐NMR‐Spektroskopie, LC‐MS/MS‐Spektrometrie und GC/MSSpektrometrie auf Fluor‐Metabolite untersucht und diese durch Vergleichsmessungen mit Standardsubstanzen identifiziert. Die Quantifizierung der Hauptmetabolite und des anorganischen Fluorids in Urin und Plasma erfolgte mittels LC‐MS/MS‐Analyse bzw. mittels Potentiometrie. In einer Mehrfachexpositionsstudie mit HFO‐1234yf wurde zudem die Aktivität der Cytochrom‐P450‐Enzyme 3A4 und 2E1 in gewonnenem Leber‐ und Herzgewebe ermittelt. ... KW - Propenderivate KW - Chlorfluorkohlenstoffe KW - Ersatzstoff KW - FCKW-Ersatzstoffe KW - Biotransformation KW - In vitro KW - In vivo KW - Biotransformation KW - CFC replacements KW - halo olefines Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-78579 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jeanclos, Elisabeth A1 - Knobloch, Gunnar A1 - Hoffmann, Axel A1 - Fedorchenko, Oleg A1 - Odersky, Andrea A1 - Lamprecht, Anna‐Karina A1 - Schindelin, Hermann A1 - Gohla, Antje T1 - Ca\(^{2+}\) functions as a molecular switch that controls the mutually exclusive complex formation of pyridoxal phosphatase with CIB1 or calmodulin JF - FEBS Letters N2 - Pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate (PLP) is an essential cofactor for neurotransmitter metabolism. Pyridoxal phosphatase (PDXP) deficiency in mice increases PLP and γ‐aminobutyric acid levels in the brain, yet how PDXP is regulated is unclear. Here, we identify the Ca\(^{2+}\)‐ and integrin‐binding protein 1 (CIB1) as a PDXP interactor by yeast two‐hybrid screening and find a calmodulin (CaM)‐binding motif that overlaps with the PDXP‐CIB1 interaction site. Pulldown and crosslinking assays with purified proteins demonstrate that PDXP directly binds to CIB1 or CaM. CIB1 or CaM does not alter PDXP phosphatase activity. However, elevated Ca\(^{2+}\) concentrations promote CaM binding and, thereby, diminish CIB1 binding to PDXP, as both interactors bind in a mutually exclusive way. Hence, the PDXP‐CIB1 complex may functionally differ from the PDXP‐Ca\(^{2+}\)‐CaM complex. KW - calmodulin KW - chronophin KW - CIB1 KW - haloacid dehalogenase KW - pyridoxal phosphatase KW - vitamin B6 Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-217963 VL - 594 IS - 13 SP - 2099 EP - 2115 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Calebiro, Davide A1 - Maiellaro, Isabella T1 - cAMP signaling microdomains and their observation by optical methods JF - Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience N2 - The second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a major intracellular mediator of many hormones and neurotransmitters and regulates a myriad of cell functions, including synaptic plasticity in neurons. Whereas cAMP can freely diffuse in the cytosol, a growing body of evidence suggests the formation of cAMP gradients and microdomains near the sites of cAMP production, where cAMP signals remain apparently confined. The mechanisms responsible for the formation of such microdomains are subject of intensive investigation. The development of optical methods based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), which allow a direct observation of cAMP signaling with high temporal and spatial resolution, is playing a fundamental role in elucidating the nature of such microdomains. Here, we will review the optical methods used for monitoring cAMP and protein kinase A (PKA) signaling in living cells, providing some examples of their application in neurons, and will discuss the major hypotheses on the formation of cAMP/PKA microdomains. KW - G protein-coupled receptor KW - cyclic AMP KW - signaling microdomain KW - fluorescence resonance energy transfer KW - neurons Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-118252 SN - 1662-5102 VL - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maiellaro, Isabella A1 - Lohse, Martin J. A1 - Kitte, Robert J. A1 - Calebiro, Davide T1 - cAMP Signals in Drosophila Motor Neurons Are Confined to Single Synaptic Boutons JF - Cell Reports N2 - The second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) plays an important role in synaptic plasticity. Although there is evidence for local control of synaptic transmission and plasticity, it is less clear whether a similar spatial confinement of cAMP signaling exists. Here, we suggest a possible biophysical basis for the site-specific regulation of synaptic plasticity by cAMP, a highly diffusible small molecule that transforms the physiology of synapses in a local and specific manner. By exploiting the octopaminergic system of Drosophila, which mediates structural synaptic plasticity via a cAMP-dependent pathway, we demonstrate the existence of local cAMP signaling compartments of micrometer dimensions within single motor neurons. In addition, we provide evidence that heterogeneous octopamine receptor localization, coupled with local differences in phosphodiesterase activity, underlies the observed differences in cAMP signaling in the axon, cell body, and boutons. KW - cAMP KW - synaptic plasticity KW - PDE KW - octopamine KW - FRET KW - active zone KW - dunce KW - GPCR Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-162324 VL - 17 IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gunz, D. A1 - Shephard, S. E. A1 - Lutz, Werner K. T1 - Can nongenotoxic carcinogens be detected with the lacI transgenic mouse mutation assay? N2 - No abstract available KW - Toxikologie Y1 - 1993 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60707 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - van Calker, D. A1 - Steber, R. A1 - Klotz, Karl-Norbert A1 - Greil, W. T1 - Carbamazepine distinguishes between adenosine receptors that mediate different second messenger responses N2 - The mechanism of the therapeutic and prophylactic effects of carbamazepine (CBZ) in affective psychoses is unknown but may in part be related to the potent competitive interaction of CBZ with adenosine-binding sites in the brain. The antioonvulsant and sedative properties of CBZ are reminiscent of the effects evoked by adenosine-agonists and contrast sharply with the opposite aclions of adenosine-antagonists like caffeine. However. indirect evidence suggests an antagonist- rather than an agonist-like activity of CBZ at adenosi11e-receptors. We have used various model systems, in which adenosine receptor subtypes mediate different second messenger-responses, to investigate this apparent paradox. CBZ was found to antagonize the A\(_1\) receptor-mediated inhibition of cydic AMP accumulation in cultured astroblasts and in GH3-cells. Furthermore, CBZ also inhibits the adenosine-induced increase in the level of cyclic AMP in cultured astroblasts, which is mediated by low-affinity A\(_{2b}\)-receptors. ln contrast, CBZ does not block the inhibition elicited by adenosine-agonists of the agonist-induced increased formation of inositolphosphates in human neutrophils, which is mediated by high-affinity A\(_{2a}\)-receptors. The specific antagonism by CBZ of A\(_1\)- but not of high-affinity A\(_{2a}\)-receptors was further supported by binding experiments using rat brain membranes. These results suggest tbat the paradox of CBZ's antagonistic effects at adenosine-receptors might be at least partially reconciled by a selective antagonistic action of CBZ at A\(_1\)recertors but not at high-affinity A\(_{2a}\)-receptors. KW - Toxikologie Y1 - 1991 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60392 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stopper, Helga A1 - Metzler, M. T1 - Carcinogenic oestrogens induce respiration deficiency mutation in yeast N2 - In addition to hormonal activity, genetic darnage has been proposed as an important factor in oestrogen-mediated carcinogenesis. However, as short-term tests for oestrogens usually fail to show DNA mutations, lesions other than dassie nuclear DNA mutation have to be considered. Oestrogeninduced mitochondrial darnage was studied in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Stilbene-type, but not steroidal, oestrogens were found to induce respiration-dcficient petite mutation. The effect was inversely correlated with cytotoxicity and required aromatic hydroxyl groups at the stilbene molecule. It only occurred under growth conditions and apparently was not due to the A TPase inhibitory qualities of stilbene oestrogens. Other studies have shown that petite mutation clones, which can be induced by a variety of substances, contain altered mitochondrial DNA. The mechanism of petite mutation induction might be important in tumorigenesis by also acting on nuclear DNA or facilitating carcinogenesis by disturbance of mitochondrial function. KW - Toxikologie Y1 - 1991 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-63466 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tolstik, Elen A1 - Ali, Nairveen A1 - Guo, Shuxia A1 - Ebersbach, Paul A1 - Möllmann, Dorothe A1 - Arias-Loza, Paula A1 - Dierks, Johann A1 - Schuler, Irina A1 - Freier, Erik A1 - Debus, Jörg A1 - Baba, Hideo A. A1 - Nordbeck, Peter A1 - Bocklitz, Thomas A1 - Lorenz, Kristina T1 - CARS imaging advances early diagnosis of cardiac manifestation of Fabry disease JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences N2 - Vibrational spectroscopy can detect characteristic biomolecular signatures and thus has the potential to support diagnostics. Fabry disease (FD) is a lipid disorder disease that leads to accumulations of globotriaosylceramide in different organs, including the heart, which is particularly critical for the patient’s prognosis. Effective treatment options are available if initiated at early disease stages, but many patients are late- or under-diagnosed. Since Coherent anti-Stokes Raman (CARS) imaging has a high sensitivity for lipid/protein shifts, we applied CARS as a diagnostic tool to assess cardiac FD manifestation in an FD mouse model. CARS measurements combined with multivariate data analysis, including image preprocessing followed by image clustering and data-driven modeling, allowed for differentiation between FD and control groups. Indeed, CARS identified shifts of lipid/protein content between the two groups in cardiac tissue visually and by subsequent automated bioinformatic discrimination with a mean sensitivity of 90–96%. Of note, this genotype differentiation was successful at a very early time point during disease development when only kidneys are visibly affected by globotriaosylceramide depositions. Altogether, the sensitivity of CARS combined with multivariate analysis allows reliable diagnostic support of early FD organ manifestation and may thus improve diagnosis, prognosis, and possibly therapeutic monitoring of FD. KW - coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy KW - Raman micro-spectroscopy KW - cardiovascular diseases KW - Fabry Disease (FD) KW - Gb3 and lyso-Gb3 biomarkers KW - multivariate data analysis KW - immunohistochemistry Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-284427 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 23 IS - 10 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stopper, Helga A1 - Kirchner, S. A1 - Schiffmann, D. A1 - Poot, M. T1 - Cell cycle disturbance in relation to micronucleus formation induced by the carcinogenic estrogen diethylstilbestrol N2 - In addition to its tumor-promoting activity in honnone-receptive tissue, the carcinogenic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) has been found to induce cell transformation, aneuploidy and micronucleus formation in mammalian cells. The majority of these micronuclei contained whole chromosomes and were fonned during mitosis. Here a possible relationship between a disturbance in cell cycle progression and micronucleus fonnation is investigated by exposing Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells to DES. Continuous bromodeoxyuridine labeling followed by bivariate Hoechst 33258/ethidium bromide flow cytometry was employed for analysis of cell cycle transit and related to the time course of micronucleus formation. Treatment of SHE cells with DES resulted in delayed and impaired cell activation (exit from the GO/G 1 phase), impaired S-phase transit and, mainly, G2-phase traverse. Cells forming micronuclei, on the other hand, were predominantly in G2 phase during DES treatment. These results suggest that impairment of Sand G2 transit may involve a process ultimately leading to micronucleus formation. KW - Toxikologie KW - Flow cytometry KW - Micronucleus formation KW - Diethylstilbestrol KW - Hoechst 33258 dye KW - Bromodeoxyuridine labeling KW - continuous Y1 - 1994 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-82250 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bankoglu, Ezgi Eyluel A1 - Schuele, Carolin A1 - Stopper, Helga T1 - Cell survival after DNA damage in the comet assay JF - Archives of Toxicology N2 - The comet assay is widely used in basic research, genotoxicity testing, and human biomonitoring. However, interpretation of the comet assay data might benefit from a better understanding of the future fate of a cell with DNA damage. DNA damage is in principle repairable, or if extensive, can lead to cell death. Here, we have correlated the maximally induced DNA damage with three test substances in TK6 cells with the survival of the cells. For this, we selected hydrogen peroxide (H\(_{2}\)O\(_{2}\)) as an oxidizing agent, methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) as an alkylating agent and etoposide as a topoisomerase II inhibitor. We measured cell viability, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and micronucleus frequency on the following day, in the same cell culture, which had been analyzed in the comet assay. After treatment, a concentration dependent increase in DNA damage and in the percentage of non-vital and apoptotic cells was found for each substance. Values greater than 20-30% DNA in tail caused the death of more than 50% of the cells, with etoposide causing slightly more cell death than H\(_{2}\)O\(_{2}\) or MMS. Despite that, cells seemed to repair of at least some DNA damage within few hours after substance removal. Overall, the reduction of DNA damage over time is due to both DNA repair and death of heavily damaged cells. We recommend that in experiments with induction of DNA damage of more than 20% DNA in tail, survival data for the cells are provided. KW - Cell death and comet assay KW - DNA damage KW - DNA repair Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-265339 VL - 95 IS - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stopper, Helga A1 - Körber, C. A1 - Schiffmann, D. A1 - Caspary, W. J. T1 - Cell-cycle dependent micronucleus formation and mitotic disturbances induced by 5-azacytidine in mammalian cells N2 - 5-Azacytidine was originally developed to treat human myelogenous leukemia. However, interest in this compound has expanded because of reports of its ability to affect cell differentiation and to alter eukaryotic gene expression. In an ongoing attempt to understand the biochemical effects of this compound, we examined the effects of 5-azacytidine on mitosis and on micronucleus formation in mammalian cells. In L5178Y mouse cells, 5-azacytidine induced micronuclei at concentrations at which we and others have already reported its mutagenicity at the tk locus. Using CREST staining and C-banding studies, we showed that the induced micronuclei contained mostly chromosomal fragments although some may have contained whole chromosomes. By incorporating BrdU into the DNA of SHE cells, we determined that micronuclei were induced only when the compound was added while the cells were in S phase. Microscopically visible effects due to 5-azacytidine treatment were not observed until anaphase of the mitosis following treatment or thereafter. 5-Azacytidine did not induce micronuclei via interference with formation of the metaphase chromosome arrangement in mitosis, a common mechanism leading to aneuploidy. SupravitalUV microscopy revealed that chromatid bridges were observed in anaphase and, in some cases, were sustained into interphase. In the first mitosis after 5-azacytidine treatment we observed that many cells were unable to perform anaphase separation. All of these observations indicate that 5-azacytidine is predominantly a clastogen through its incorporation into DNA. KW - Toxikologie KW - Micronuclei KW - L5178Y cells KW - 5-Azacytidine KW - Berenil KW - DES KW - Ethionine KW - Mitosis Y1 - 1993 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-63411 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wagner, Michael A1 - Sadek, Mirna S. A1 - Dybkova, Nataliya A1 - Mason, Fleur E. A1 - Klehr, Johann A1 - Firneburg, Rebecca A1 - Cachorro, Eleder A1 - Richter, Kurt A1 - Klapproth, Erik A1 - Kuenzel, Stephan R. A1 - Lorenz, Kristina A1 - Heijman, Jordi A1 - Dobrev, Dobromir A1 - El-Armouche, Ali A1 - Sossalla, Samuel A1 - Kämmerer, Susanne T1 - Cellular mechanisms of the anti-arrhythmic effect of cardiac PDE2 overexpression JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences N2 - Background: Phosphodiesterases (PDE) critically regulate myocardial cAMP and cGMP levels. PDE2 is stimulated by cGMP to hydrolyze cAMP, mediating a negative crosstalk between both pathways. PDE2 upregulation in heart failure contributes to desensitization to β-adrenergic overstimulation. After isoprenaline (ISO) injections, PDE2 overexpressing mice (PDE2 OE) were protected against ventricular arrhythmia. Here, we investigate the mechanisms underlying the effects of PDE2 OE on susceptibility to arrhythmias. Methods: Cellular arrhythmia, ion currents, and Ca\(^{2+}\)-sparks were assessed in ventricular cardiomyocytes from PDE2 OE and WT littermates. Results: Under basal conditions, action potential (AP) morphology were similar in PDE2 OE and WT. ISO stimulation significantly increased the incidence of afterdepolarizations and spontaneous APs in WT, which was markedly reduced in PDE2 OE. The ISO-induced increase in I\(_{CaL}\) seen in WT was prevented in PDE2 OE. Moreover, the ISO-induced, Epac- and CaMKII-dependent increase in I\(_{NaL}\) and Ca\(^{2+}\)-spark frequency was blunted in PDE2 OE, while the effect of direct Epac activation was similar in both groups. Finally, PDE2 inhibition facilitated arrhythmic events in ex vivo perfused WT hearts after reperfusion injury. Conclusion: Higher PDE2 abundance protects against ISO-induced cardiac arrhythmia by preventing the Epac- and CaMKII-mediated increases of cellular triggers. Thus, activating myocardial PDE2 may represent a novel intracellular anti-arrhythmic therapeutic strategy in HF. KW - PDE2 KW - arrhythmia KW - CaMKII KW - heart failure Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-285888 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 22 IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Förtsch, Christina A1 - Hupp, Sabrina A1 - Ma, Jiangtao A1 - Mitchell, Timothy J. A1 - Maier, Elke A1 - Benz, Roland A1 - Iliev, Asparouh I. T1 - Changes in Astrocyte Shape Induced by Sublytic Concentrations of the Cholesterol-Dependent Cytolysin Pneumolysin Still Require Pore-Forming Capacity N2 - Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common pathogen that causes various infections, such as sepsis and meningitis. A major pathogenic factor of S. pneumoniae is the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin, pneumolysin. It produces cell lysis at high concentrations and apoptosis at lower concentrations. We have shown that sublytic amounts of pneumolysin induce small GTPase-dependent actin cytoskeleton reorganization and microtubule stabilization in human neuroblastoma cells that are manifested by cell retraction and changes in cell shape. In this study, we utilized a live imaging approach to analyze the role of pneumolysin’s pore-forming capacity in the actin-dependent cell shape changes in primary astrocytes. After the initial challenge with the wild-type toxin, a permeabilized cell population was rapidly established within 20–40 minutes. After the initial rapid permeabilization, the size of the permeabilized population remained unchanged and reached a plateau. Thus, we analyzed the non-permeabilized (non-lytic) population, which demonstrated retraction and shape changes that were inhibited by actin depolymerization. Despite the non-lytic nature of pneumolysin treatment, the toxin’s lytic capacity remained critical for the initiation of cell shape changes. The non-lytic pneumolysin mutants W433F-pneumolysin and delta6-pneumolysin, which bind the cell membrane with affinities similar to that of the wild-type toxin, were not able to induce shape changes. The initiation of cell shape changes and cell retraction by the wild-type toxin were independent of calcium and sodium influx and membrane depolarization, which are known to occur following cellular challenge and suggested to result from the ion channel-like properties of the pneumolysin pores. Excluding the major pore-related phenomena as the initiation mechanism of cell shape changes, the existence of a more complex relationship between the pore-forming capacity of pneumolysin and the actin cytoskeleton reorganization is suggested. KW - Toxikologie KW - pneumolysin KW - pore formation KW - cytoskeleton Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69084 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gonzalez-Calero, G. A1 - Cubero, A. A1 - Klotz, Karl-Norbert T1 - Characterization and photoaffinity labeling of A1 adenosine receptors in coated visicles form bovine brain N2 - The antagonist (3 II ) DPCPX exhi bitcd a Kd of 0. 4 nM at coalcd vcsicles from bovine brain. Agonist compelition for ( 3 11) DPCPX bind in~ revcaled two affini ty slales for gonists. The pholoaffinity probe I25 I -AHPIA specifically labelled a band with a molecular weight of 35 Kd. KW - Pharmakologie Y1 - 1991 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-86004 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lohse, M. J. A1 - Klotz, K.-N. A1 - Ukena, D. A1 - Schwabe, U. T1 - Characterization of \([^3H]\)Phenobarbital Binding to Rat Brain Membranes JF - Neuroscience Letters N2 - The binding of \([^3H]\)phenobarbital to rat brain membranes was studied in order to determine its characteristics and specificity. The binding reaction was rapid and occurred at sites of low affinity. \((K_d = 700 μM)\) and very high density \((B_{max} = 2.7 nmoll/mg protein)\). It was unaffected by temperature changes from O°C to 95°C and was maximal at pH 5. Detergents in low concentrations markedly decreased the binding, apparently without solubilizing the binding sites. It is concluded that the binding of \([^3H]\) phenobarbital is a rather non-specific interaction with the plasma membrane. KW - barbiturates KW - radioligand binding KW - rat brain membranes Y1 - 1984 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-127894 VL - 52 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Spielman, William S. A1 - Klotz, Karl-Norbert A1 - Arend, Lois J. A1 - Olson, Barbara A. A1 - LeVier, David G. A1 - Schwabe, Ulrich T1 - Characterization of adenosine A1 receptor in a cell line (28A) derived from the rabbit collecting tubule N2 - We have previously reported that in several renal cell types, adenosine receptor agonists inhibit adenylyl cyclase and activate phospholipase C via a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein. In the present study, in 28A cells, both uf these adenosine receptor-mediated responses were inhibited by 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX). a highly selective A1 adenosine receptor antagonist. The binding characteristics of the adenosine A 1 receptor in the 28A renal cell line were studied using the radiolabeled antagonist f:1H]DPCPX to determine whether two separate binding sites could account for these responses. Saturation binding of [: 1H]DPCPX to 28A cell membranes revealed a single class of A1 binding sites with an apparent Kd value of 1.4 nM and maximal binding capacity of 64 fmol/mg protein. Competition experiments with a variety of adenosine agonists gave biphasic displacement curves with a pharmacological profile characteristic of A1 receptors. Comparison of [: 1H]DPCPX competition binding data from 28A cell membranes with rabbit brain membranes, a tissue with well-characterized A1 receptors, reveals that the A 1 receptor population in 28A cells has similar agonist binding affinities to the receptor population in brain but has a considerably lower density. Addition of guanosine ;)' -triphosphate ( 100 ,uM) to 28A cell membranes caused the competition curves to shift from biphasic to monophasic. indicating that the A1 receptors exist in two interconvertible affinity states because of their coupling to G proteins. In the absence of evidence for subpopulations of the A1 receptor, it appears that in 28A cells. A single A1 receptor population. As defined by ligand binding characteristics, couples via one or more pertussis toxin-sensitive guanine nucleotide binding proteins to two different biological signaling mechanisms. KW - calcium KW - phosphoinositides KW - adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate KW - receptor binding KW - signal transduction KW - G proteins Y1 - 1992 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-86083 ER - TY - THES A1 - Schlipp [verh.: Wölfel], Angela T1 - Characterization of anti-beta1-adrenoceptor antibodies with Förster resonance energy transfer microscopy T1 - Charakterisierung von anti-beta1-Adrenozeptor Antikörpern mittels Förster Resonanz Energie Transfer Mikroskopie N2 - Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) represents an important subgroup of patients suffering from heart failure. The disease is supposed to be associated with autoimmune mechanisms in about one third of the cases. In the latter patients functionally active conformational autoantibodies directed against the second extracellular loop of the β1-adrenergic receptor (AR, β1ECII-aabs) have been detected. Such antibodies chronically stimulate the β1-AR thereby inducing the adrenergic signaling cascade in cardiomyocytes, which, in the long run, contributes to heart failure progression. We analyzed the production of cAMP after aab-mediated β1-AR activation in vitro using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay. This assay is based on HEK293 cells stably expressing human β1-AR as well as the cAMP-sensor Epac1-camps. The assay showed a concentration-dependent increase in intracellular cAMP upon stimulation with the full agonist (-) isoproterenol. This response was comparable to results obtained in isolated adult murine cardiomyocytes and was partially blockable by a selective β1-AR antagonist. In the same assay poly- and monoclonal anti-β1ECII-abs (induced in different animals) could activate the adrenergic signaling cascade, whereas isotypic control abs had no effect on intracellular cAMP levels. Using the same method, we were able to detect functionally activating aabs in the serum of heart failure patients with ischemic and hypertensive heart disease as well as patients with DCM, but not in sera of healthy control subjects. In patients with DCM we observed an inverse correlation between the stimulatory potential of anti-β1-aabs and left ventricular pump function. To adopt this assay for the detection of functionally activating anti-β1ECII-aabs in clinical routine we attempted to establish an automated large-scale approach. Neither flow cytometry nor FRET detection with a fluorescence plate reader provided an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio. It was possible to detect (-) isoproterenol in a concentration-dependent manner using two different FRET multiwell microscopes. However, due to focus problems large-scale detection of activating anti-β1ECII-abs could not be implemented. Neutralization of anti-β1-aabs with the corresponding epitope-mimicking peptides is a possible therapeutic approach to treat aab-associated autoimmune DCM. Using our FRET assay we could demonstrate a reduction in the stimulatory potential of anti-β1ECII-abs after in vitro incubation with β1ECII-mimicking peptides. Cyclic (and to a lesser extent linear) peptides in 40-fold molar excess acted as efficient ab-scavengers in vitro. Intravenously injected cyclic peptides in a rat model of DCM also neutralized functionally active anti-β1ECII-abs efficiently in vivo. For a detailed analysis of the receptor-epitope targeted by anti-β1ECII-abs we used sequentially alanine-mutated β1ECII-mimicking cyclic peptides. Our data revealed that the disulfide bridge between the cysteine residues C209 and C215 of the human β1-AR appears essential for the formation of the ab-epitope. Substitution of further amino acids relevant for ab-binding in the cyclic scavenger peptide by alanine reduced its affinity to the ab and the receptor-activating potential was blocked less efficiently. In contrast, the non-mutant cyclic peptide almost completely blocked ab-induced receptor activation. Using this ala-scan approach we were able to identify a “NDPK”-epitope as essential for ab binding to the β1ECII. In summary, neutralization of conformational activating anti-β1ECII-(a)abs by cyclic peptides is a plausible therapeutic concept in heart failure that should be further exploited based on the here presented data. N2 - Dilatative Kardiomyopathie (DCM) stellt eine wichtige Subgruppe von Patienten mit Herzinsuffizienz dar und ist vermutlich in etwa einem Drittel der Fälle mit einem Autoimmunmechanismus assoziiert. In diesen Patienten konnten funktionell aktive konformationelle Autoantikörper gegen die zweite extrazelluläre Schleife des β1-adrenergen Rezeptors (Anti-β1ECII-AAK) nachgewiesen werden. Diese AK stimulieren chronisch den β1-AR und induzieren dadurch die adrenerge Signaltransduktionskaskade in Kardiomyozyten, was, auf lange Sicht, zur Verschlimmerung der Herzinsuffizienz beiträgt. Mittels eines Fluoreszenz-Resonanz Energie Transfer (FRET) Assays analysierten wir die Bildung von cAMP nach aab-vermittelter β1-AR Aktivierung in vitro. Dieser Assay verwendet HEK293 Zellen, die den humanen β1-AR sowie den cAMP-Sensor Epac1-camps stabil exprimieren. Der Assay zeigte einen konzentrationsabhängigen Anstieg von cAMP bei Stimulation mit dem vollen Agonisten (-) Isoproterenol. Diese Antwort war mit den Ergebnissen an isolierten adulten murinen Kardiomyozyten vergleichbar und konnte durch einen selektiven β1-AR Antagonist blockiert werden. In verschiedenen Tieren induzierte poly- und monoklonale Anti-β1¬ECII-abs konnten die adrenerge Signalkaskade in dem gleichen FRET Assay aktivieren, wogegen isotypische Kontroll-AK keine intrazellulären cAMP Änderungen herbeiführten. Mit dem gleichen Ansatz konnten wir funktionell aktivierende AAK im Serum von Herzinsuffizienzpatienten mit ischämischer und hypertensiver Herzerkrankung sowie bei Patienten mit dilatativer Kardiomyopathie nachweisen, jedoch nicht im Serum von gesunden Kontrollpersonen. Bei Patienten mit dilatativer Kardiomyopathie beobachteten wir eine inverse Korrelation zwischen dem stimulierenden Potential der Anti-β1-AAKs und der linksventrikulären Pumpfunktion. Um diesen Assay zur Detektion funktionell aktivierender Anti-β1ECII-aabs in der klinischen Routinediagnostik einzusetzen, versuchten wir ein automatisiertes Hochdurchsatzverfahren zu etablieren. Weder die Durchflusszytometrie noch die FRET Detektion mittels eines Fluoreszenz Plattenlesegeräts wiesen einen akzeptabelen Signal-zu-Rausch-Quotienten auf. Es gelang mit zwei verschiedenen FRET-Multiwell-Mikroskopsystemen die Aktivierung durch (-) isoproterenol konzentrationsabhängig zu detektieren, allerdings war es aufgrund von Fokusproblemen nicht möglich aktivierende Anti- β1¬ECII-AAKs im Hochdurchsatzverfahren zu detektieren. Einen möglichen Therapieansatz zur Behandlung der Anti-β1-AAK-assoziierten autoimmunen DCM stellt die Neutralisierung der AAKs mittels korrespondierender Epitop-imitierender Peptide dar. Wir konnten im FRET Assay eine Reduktion des aktivierenden Effekts von Anti-β1¬ECII-AAKs nach in vitro Inkubation mit β1¬ECII-imitierenden Peptiden nachweisen. Hierbei erwiesen sich zyklische (in geringerem Maß als lineare) Peptide in 40-fachem molarem Überschuss als effektive Antikörper-„Fänger“ in vitro. Eine intravenöse Gabe der Zyklopeptide in einem Rattenmodell der DCM neutralisierte funktionell aktivierende Anti-β1¬ECII-abs ebenfalls effizient in vivo. Zur genaueren Analyse des von Anti-β1¬ECII-AAK gebundenen Rezeptor-Epitops setzten wir sequentiell Alanin-mutierte β1ECII-imitierende Zyklopeptide ein. Unsere Daten zeigten, dass die Disulfidbrücke zwischen den Cysteinresten C209 und C215 des humanen β1¬AR essentiell für die Ausbildung des AAK-Epitops zu sein scheinen. Ein Austausch weiterer AK-bindungsrelevanter Aminosäuren im zyklischen Fängerpeptid durch Alanin verminderte dessen Avidität zum AK und inhibierte dessen Rezeptor-aktivierendes Potential weniger effizient. Im Gegensatz dazu verhinderte das nicht-mutierte Zyklopeptid nahezu vollständig die AK-vermittelte Rezeptoraktivierung. Durch diesen Ala-Scan Ansatz konnten wir ein „NDPK“-Epitop identifizieren, das für die AK-Bindung an β1¬ECII essentiell zu sein scheint. Zusammenfassend ist festzuhalten, dass die Neutralisation von konformationellen aktivierenden Anti-β1¬ECII-(A)AKs durch Zyklopeptide ein viel versprechendes Therapiekonzept bei Herzinsuffizienz darstellt, das im Hinblick auf die hier vorgestellten Daten weiter ausgebaut werden sollte. KW - Adrenerger Rezeptor KW - Beta-1-Rezeptor KW - Antikörper KW - Fluoreszenz-Resonanz-Energie-Transfer KW - Kongestive Herzmuskelkrankheit KW - Adrenergic receptor KW - Beta-1-receptor KW - Antibodies KW - Fluorescence-resonance-energy-transfer KW - Dilated cardiomyopathy Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-67162 ER - TY - THES A1 - Anton, Selma T1 - Characterization of cAMP nanodomains surrounding the human Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor using FRET-based reporters T1 - Charakterisierung der Rezeptor-assoziierten cAMP Nanodomänen des humanen Glucagon-like peptide 1 Rezeptors mittels FRET-basierter Sensoren N2 - Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), the ubiquitous second messenger produced upon stimulation of GPCRs which couple to the stimulatory GS protein, orchestrates an array of physiological processes including cardiac function, neuronal plasticity, immune responses, cellular proliferation and apoptosis. By interacting with various effector proteins, among others protein kinase A (PKA) and exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (Epac), it triggers signaling cascades for the cellular response. Although the functional outcomes of GSPCR-activation are very diverse depending on the extracellular stimulus, they are all mediated exclusively by this single second messenger. Thus, the question arises how specificity in such responses may be attained. A hypothesis to explain signaling specificity is that cellular signaling architecture, and thus precise operation of cAMP in space and time would appear to be essential to achieve signaling specificity. Compartments with elevated cAMP levels would allow specific signal relay from receptors to effectors within a micro- or nanometer range, setting the molecular basis for signaling specificity. Although the paradigm of signaling compartmentation gains continuous recognition and is thoroughly being investigated, the molecular composition of such compartments and how they are maintained remains to be elucidated. In addition, such compartments would require very restricted diffusion of cAMP, but all direct measurements have indicated that it can diffuse in cells almost freely. In this work, we present the identification and characterize of a cAMP signaling compartment at a GSPCR. We created a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based receptor-sensor conjugate, allowing us to study cAMP dynamics in direct vicinity of the human glucagone-like peptide 1 receptor (hGLP1R). Additional targeting of analogous sensors to the plasma membrane and the cytosol enables assessment of cAMP dynamics in different subcellular regions. We compare both basal and stimulated cAMP levels and study cAMP crosstalk of different receptors. With the design of novel receptor nanorulers up to 60nm in length, which allow mapping cAMP levels in nanometer distance from the hGLP1R, we identify a cAMP nanodomain surrounding it. Further, we show that phosphodiesterases (PDEs), the only enzymes known to degrade cAMP, are decisive in constraining cAMP diffusion into the cytosol thereby maintaining a cAMP gradient. Following the discovery of this nanodomain, we sought to investigate whether downstream effectors such as PKA are present and active within the domain, additionally studying the role of A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) in targeting PKA to the receptor compartment. We demonstrate that GLP1-produced cAMP signals translate into local nanodomain-restricted PKA phosphorylation and determine that AKAP-tethering is essential for nanodomain PKA. Taken together, our results provide evidence for the existence of a dynamic, receptor associated cAMP nanodomain and give prospect for which key proteins are likely to be involved in its formation. These conditions would allow cAMP to exert its function in a spatially and temporally restricted manner, setting the basis for a cell to achieve signaling specificity. Understanding the molecular mechanism of cAMP signaling would allow modulation and thus regulation of GPCR signaling, taking advantage of it for pharmacological treatment. N2 - G Protein gekoppelte Rezeptoren (GPCRs) stellen eine große und sehr vielfältige Familie an Membranproteinen dar, deren primäre Funktion die Signalübertragung von extrazellulären Stimuli in intrazelluläre Signale ist. Dank ihrer breiten Expression im gesamten menschlichen Körper regulieren sie unterschiedliche zelluläre Prozesse und damit deren physiologische Funktion, unter anderem die Sinnesempfindung, zelluläre Kommunikation und Neurotransmission. GPCRs stehen im Zusammenhang mit unterschiedlichen Erkrankungen wie Herzinsuffizienz, Krebs, neurologischen Funktionsstörungen und diverser metabolischer Krankheiten, weswegen sie als Ziele („Targets“) zur Behandlung verschiedener Erkrankungen erforscht und genutzt werden. Aufgrund ihrer Expression auf der Zelloberfläche sind sie leicht zugänglich, und die Diversität ihrer Liganden begünstigt zusätzlich ihre Nutzung als pharmakologische Targets. Heutzutage vermitteln bereits 30% aller weltweit zugelassenen Arzneistoffe ihre Wirkung an GPCRs. GPCRs üben ihre Funktion aus, indem sie hauptsächlich an G Proteine binden, welche wiederum die Produktion sogenannter second messenger in Gang setzen. cAMP ist das Hauptsignalmolekül der Rezeptoren, welche an das stimulatorische GS Protein koppeln. cAMP überträgt hunderte ankommende Signale in einer hochspezifischen Weise, indem es an unterschiedliche Effektorproteine bindet, welche sich in bestimmten zellulären Regionen befinden. Dadurch koordiniert dieses Signalmolekül eine Vielzahl zellulärer Prozesse, angefangen bei der Regulierung von Ionenkanalaktivität über die Kontraktilität glatter- und quergestreifter Muskulatur bis hin zur Genexpression, Zellproliferation und Apoptose. Durch die pleiotropen Effekte, welche durch cAMP reguliert werden, stellt sich die Frage, wie GS-gekoppelte Rezeptoren Signalspezifität erreichen, obwohl sie ihre Funktion durch dieses eine Signalmolekül ausführen. Ursprünglich ging man von einer uneingeschränkten Diffusion und dadurch homogenen Verteilung von cAMP in der Zelle aus. Diese Vorstellung ist jedoch nicht mit der Signalisierungsspezifität von GPCRs vereinbar, da unter diesen Umständen cAMP unselektiv all seine Effektorproteine in der gesamten Zelle aktivieren könnte. Daher entstand die Hypothese der cAMP-Kompartimentierung, wobei die Zelle lokal begrenzte Bereiche mit hohen oder niedrigen cAMP Konzentrationen umfassen würde. Jedoch gab es bisher keinerlei Beweise für die Existenz und die molekulare Zusammensetzung mutmaßlicher Domänen. Folglich setzten wir uns als Ziel, hochkonzentrierte cAMP-Kompartimente in der Zelle zu lokalisieren, ihre räumliche Dimension aufzuklären und ihre Rolle zur Realisierung zellulärer Signalisierungsspezifität zu ermitteln. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Studie setzten wir einen Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-basierten cAMP Sensor ein, fusionierten ihn mit dem humanen glucagone-like peptide 1 Rezeptor (hGLP1R) als Prototyp eines GS-koppelnden Rezeptors, um cAMP am Ursprung des Signals zu messen. Mittels dieser Sensoren weisen wir eine Rezeptor-umgebende begrenzte cAMP Domäne nach, welche eine erhöhte cAMP Konzenztration aufweist (Figure ‎3.10). Bei Stimulation des Rezeptors mit GLP1 Konzenztrationen beginnend bei 10 fM entsteht eine Rezeptordomäne mit lokal erhöhten cAMP Konzentrationen, welche getrennt von Plasmamembran und Cytosol ist. Wir zeigen, dass das hGLP1R-Kompartiment geschützt ist vor cAMP Signalen, welche an weiteren, unabhängigen GS-gekoppelten Rezeptoren ihren Ursprung haben (Figure ‎3.11). Um die räumliche Dimension dieser Domäne zu untersuchen, verwendeten wir Nanolinker der Länge 30- und 60 nm als Abstandhalter zwischen Rezeptor und Sensor (Figure ‎3.12) und zeigen dabei, dass sich die Domäne über eine Länge von 60 Nanometern erstreckt, wobei ein abnehmender cAMP-Gradient erkennbar ist. Weiterhin beweisen wir, dass Phosphodiesterasen (PDEs) Schlüsselfaktoren für die Bildung des cAMP-Gradienten um den Rezeptor herum sind, indem sie die Diffusion ins Cytosol beschränken (Figure ‎3.13). Darüber hinaus zeigen wir (Figure ‎3.15), dass Rezeptor-spezifische cAMP Signale PKA-Phosphorylierung in der Rezeptordomäne auslösen und, dass AKAPs elementar für nanodomänen PKA-Aktivität sind, wohingegen die cytosolische PKA-Phosphorylierung unabhängig von AKAP-Targeting der PKA ist (Figure ‎3.16). Zusammenfassend beweisen unsere Ergebnisse die Existenz einer Rezeptor-umgebenden Nanodomäne mit erhöhten cAMP Spiegeln eines GS-gekoppelten Rezeptors. Zeitgleiche Studien in unserer Gruppe zeigen, dass cAMP in der Zelle weitgehend gebunden vorliegt und diffusionslimitiert ist. Dies stellt den Nachweis für eine eingeschränkte Diffusion als molekulare Voraussetzung für die Bildung von Signalkompartimenten dar. Wir gehen davon aus, dass unsere Ergebnisse ein Ausgangspunkt für die Aufklärung von Rezeptoren als Quelle für Signalkompartimente darstellen, jedoch bedarf es weiterer Studien, um die präzise molekulare Zusammensetzung und die beteiligten Proteine dieser Signaldomäne zu untersuchen. Das Grundverständnis der Signalisierungskaskaden auf molekularer Ebene könnte es uns ermöglichen, die zellulären Reaktionen zu manipulieren, um eine Fehlfunktion der Signalisierung in erkrankten Zellen wiederherzustellen. Da der hGLP1R entscheidend für Aufrechterhaltung ausgeglichener Blutglucosespiegel ist, würde die Erfassung der molekularen Details der kompartimentalisierten Signalübertragung die Feinabstimmung der Rezeptorsignale ermöglichen, um ihn als spezifisches Target zur Behandlung von Diabetes Mellitus einzusetzen. KW - FRET KW - cAMP KW - compartments KW - GPCR Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-190695 ER - TY - THES A1 - Segerer, Gabriela T1 - Characterization of cell biological and physiological functions of the phosphoglycolate phosphatase AUM T1 - Charakterisierung zellbiologischer und physiologischer Funktionen der Phosphoglykolat-Phosphatase AUM N2 - Mammalian haloacid dehalogenase (HAD)-type phosphatases are a large and ubiquitous family of at least 40 human members. Many of them have important physiological functions, such as the regulation of intermediary metabolism and the modulation of enzyme activities, yet they are also linked to diseases such as cardiovascular or metabolic disorders and cancer. Still, most of the mammalian HAD phosphatases remain functionally uncharacterized. This thesis reveals novel cell biological and physiological functions of the phosphoglycolate phosphatase PGP, also referred to as AUM. To this end, PGP was functionally characterized by performing analyses using purified recombinant proteins to investigate potential protein substrates of PGP, cell biological studies using the spermatogonial cell line GC1, primary mouse lung endothelial cells and lymphocytes, and a range of biochemical techniques to characterize Pgp-deficient mouse embryos. To characterize the cell biological functions of PGP, its role downstream of RTK- and integrin signaling in the regulation of cell migration was investigated. It was shown that PGP inactivation elevates integrin- and RTK-induced circular dorsal ruffle (CDR) formation, cell spreading and cell migration. Furthermore, PGP was identified as a negative regulator of directed lymphocyte migration upon integrin- and GPCR activation. The underlying mechanisms were analyzed further. It was demonstrated that PGP regulates CDR formation and cell migration in a PLC- and PKC-dependent manner, and that Src family kinase activities are required for the observed cellular effects. Upon integrin- and RTK activation, phosphorylation levels of tyrosine residues 1068 and 1173 of the EGF receptor were elevated and PLCγ1 was hyper-activated in PGP-deficient cells. Additionally, PGP-inactivated lymphocytes displayed elevated PKC activity, and PKC-mediated cytoskeletal remodeling was accelerated upon loss of PGP activity. Untargeted lipidomic analyses revealed that the membrane lipid phosphatidylserine (PS) was highly upregulated in PGP-depleted cells. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the accumulation of PS in the plasma membrane leads to a pre-assembly of signaling molecules such as PLCγ1 or PKCs that couple the activation of integrins, EGF receptors and GPCRs to accelerated cytoskeletal remodeling. Thus, this thesis shows that PGP can affect cell spreading and cell migration by acting as a PG-directed phosphatase. To understand the physiological functions of PGP, conditionally PGP-inactivated mice were analyzed. Whole-body PGP inactivation led to an intrauterine growth defect with developmental delay after E8.5, resulting in a gradual deterioration and death of PgpDN/DN embryos between E9.5 and E11.5. However, embryonic lethality upon whole-body PGP inactivation was not caused by a primary defect of the (cardio-) vascular system. Rather, PGP inactivated embryos died during the intrauterine transition from hypoxic to normoxic conditions. Therefore, the potential impact of oxygen on PGP-dependent cell proliferation was investigated. Analyses of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) generated from E8.5 embryos and GC1 cells cultured under normoxic and hypoxic conditions revealed that normoxia (~20% O2) causes a proliferation defect in PGP-inactivated cells, which can be rescued under hypoxic (~1% O2) conditions. Mechanistically, it was found that the activity of triosephosphate isomerase (TPI), an enzyme previously described to be inhibited by phosphoglycolate (PG) in vitro, was attenuated in PGP-inactivated cells and embryos. TPI constitutes a critical branch point between carbohydrate- and lipid metabolism because it catalyzes the isomerization of the glycolytic intermediates dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP, a precursor of the glycerol backbone required for triglyceride biosynthesis) and glyceraldehyde 3’-phosphate (GADP). Attenuation of TPI activity, likely explains the observed elevation of glycerol 3-phosphate levels and the increased TG biosynthesis (lipogenesis). Analyses of ATP levels and oxygen consumption rates (OCR) showed that mitochondrial respiration rates and ATP production were elevated in PGP-deficient cells in a lipolysis-dependent manner. However under hypoxic conditions (which corrected the impaired proliferation of PGP-inactivated cells), OCR and ATP production was indistinguishable between PGP-deficient and PGP-proficient cells. We therefore propose that the inhibition of TPI activity by PG accumulation due to loss of PGP activity shifts cellular bioenergetics from a pro-proliferative, glycolytic metabolism to a lipogenetic/lipolytic metabolism. Taken together, PGP acts as a metabolic phosphatase involved in the regulation of cell migration, cell proliferation and cellular bioenergetics. This thesis constitutes the basis for further studies of the interfaces between these processes, and also suggests functions of PGP for glucose and lipid metabolism in the adult organism. N2 - Haloazid Dehalogenase (HAD)-Typ Phosphatasen in Säugetieren gehören zu einer großen ubiquitären Proteinfamilie, zu der auch mindestens 40 Phosphatasen, die im menschlichen Organismus vertreten sind, zählen. Eine Vielzahl dieser Phosphatasen hat wichtige physiologische Funktionen beispielsweise als regulatorische Enzyme im Metabolismus. Gleichzeitig werden sie in Verbindung mit Erkrankungen des kardiovaskulären Systems, Stoffwechselstörungen und Krebs gebracht. Dennoch sind die Funktionen vieler Mitglieder dieser Phosphatasen Familie bis heute weitestgehend unbekannt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die zellbiologischen und physiologischen Funktionen der Phosphoglykolat-Phosphatase PGP, auch AUM genannt, charakterisiert. Zu diesem Zweck wurde mit gereinigtem Enzym nach potenziellen Protein-Substraten von PGP gesucht. Weiterhin wurden zellbiologische Studien mit der spermatogonialen GC1 Zelllinie sowie mit primären Endothelzellen und Lymphozyten durchgeführt. Mit biochemischen Methoden wurden zudem PGP-defiziente Mausembryonen charakterisiert. Es wurde zunächst die Rolle von PGP für RTK- und integrin- induzierte Zellmigration untersucht. Dabei zeigte sich, dass PGP Inaktivierung die Zelladhäsion und Zellmigration steigerte. Gleichzeitig wurde eine vermehrte Bildung von RTK- und integrinvermittelten ringförmigen Plasmamembranausstülpungen, sogenannten Circular Dorsal Ruffles (CDR) auf der dorsalen Zelloberfläche beobachtet. PGP wurde zudem als negativer Regulator integrinund GPCR-induzierter gerichteter Lymphozytenmigration identifiziert. Der zugrundeliegende molekulare Mechanismus wurde näher untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass PGP die Bildung von CDRs und die gerichtetete Zellmigration in Abhängigkeit der Phospholipase C- (PLC-), Proteinkinase C- (PKC-) sowie Src Kinase-Aktivität steuert. Nach Integrin- und RTKAktivierung waren die Tyrosinreste 1068 und 1173 des EGF-Rezeptors in PGP-depletierten Zellen vermehrt phosphoryliert und PLCγ1 in diesen Zellen hyperaktiviert. Interessanterweise wurde zudem eine beschleunigte PKC-vermittelte Reorganisation des Zytoskeletts beobachtet. In stimulierten Lymphozyten führte PGP-Inaktivierung zu einer erhöhten PKCAktivität. Durch massenspektrometrische Analysen konnten erhöhte Spiegel des Membranlipids Phosphatidylserin (PS) in PGP-defizienten Zellen nachgewiesen werden. Diese Ergebnisse sind konsistent mit der Hypothese, dass die Anreicherung von PS in der Plasmamembran PGP-defizienter Zellen zu einer Vor-Rekrutierung von Signalproteinen führt, die die Aktivierung von Integrinen, EGF-Rezeptoren und GPCRs mit einer beschleunigten Zytoskelett-Reorganisation verbindet. Hierdurch konnte gezeigt werden, dass PGP durch die Dephosphorylierung von Phosphoglykolat die Zelladhäsion und Zellmigration reguliert. Um die physiologischen Funktionen von PGP zu verstehen, wurden konditional PGPinaktivierte Mäuse untersucht. Die Inaktivierung von PGP im gesamten Organismus führte zu einem Wachstumsdefekt ab Tag E8.5 und dem Tod der Embryonen im Uterus zwischen Tag E9.5 und E11.5. Die beobachtete embryonale Letalität war nicht durch einen Defekt des (kardio-)vaskulären Systems zu erklären. PGP-inaktivierte Embryonen starben zu einem Zeitpunkt, an dem der intrauterine Übergang von einem hypoxischen zu einem normoxischen Millieu stattfindet. Der Einfluss von Sauerstoff wurde deshalb weiter untersucht. Zellwachstumsanalysen unter normoxischen und hypoxischen Bedingungen mit GC1 Zellen und embryonalen Maus-Fibroblasten, die aus E8.5 Embryonen gewonnen wurden zeigten, dass normoxische Bedingungen (~20% O2) einen Wachstumsdefekt PGP-inaktivierter Zellen verursacht, wohingegen dies unter hypoxischen Bedingungen (~1% O2) nicht der Fall war. Mechanistisch konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Aktivität der Triosephosphatisomerase (TPI), ein durch PG in vitro gehemmtes Enzym, in PGP inaktivierten Zellen und Embryonen vermindert war. TPI stellt einen entscheidenden Verzweigungspunkt des Glukose- und Lipidstoffwechsels dar. TPI katalysiert die Isomerisierung der aus der Glykolyse stammenden Intermediate Dihydroxyacetonphosphat (DHAP, eine Vorstufe des für die Triglycerid-Biosynthese benötigten Glycerol-Grundgerüsts) und Glyceraldehyd-3’-phosphat (GADP). Eine Verringerung der TPI-Aktivität in PGPinaktivierten Zellen resultierte in erhöhten Glycerol-3-phosphat Spiegeln und einer gesteigerten Triglycerid-Biosynthese. Die Analyse des zellulären ATP Gehalts und des Sauerstoffverbrauchs bei der mitochondrialen Atmung zeigte, dass sowohl die ATP Produktion als auch die mitochondriale Atmung in Abhängikeit der Lipolyse in PGP-defizienten Zellen erhöht waren. Unter hypoxischen Bedingungen, die zu einer Normalisierung der Zellproliferation führten, wiesen PGP-profiziente und -defiziente Zellen keinen Unterschied bezüglich ATP Produktion und mitochondrialer Atmung auf. Wir vermuten deswegen, dass die Inhibierung der TPI-Aktivität durch PG-Anreicherung aufgrund ausbleibender Hydrolyse durch PGP zu einer Verschiebung des zellulären Energiehaushaltes von Seiten eines pro-proliferativ glykolytischen auf die Seite eines lipogenetisch/lipolytischen Metabolismus führt. Zusammenfassend konnte gezeigt werden, dass PGP als eine metabolische Phosphatase Zellmigration, Zellproliferation wie auch den zellulären Energiehaushalt reguliert. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt somit die Grundlage für weitere Untersuchungen an der Schnittschnelle dieser zellulären Prozesse dar und lässt auf eine wichtige Rolle von PGP im Glukose- und Lipidstoffwechsel im adulten Organismus schließen. KW - Phosphoglykolatphosphatase KW - Phosphoglykolat-Phosphatase KW - Maus KW - Cytologie KW - Physiologie KW - Phosphatasen Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-123847 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Koch, R. A1 - Deger, A. A1 - Klotz, Karl-Norbert A1 - Schenzle, D. A1 - Krämer, H. A1 - Kelm, S. A1 - Müller, G. A1 - Rapp, R. A1 - Weber, U. T1 - Characterization of solubilized insulin receptors from rat liver microsomes. Existence of two receptor species with different binding properties N2 - Insulin receptors were solubilized from rat liver microsomes by the nonionic detergent Triton X-100. After gel filtration of the extract on Sepharose CL-6B, two insulin-binding species (peak I and peak li) were obtained. The structure and binding properties of both peaks were characterized. Gel filtration yielded Stokes radii of 9.2 nm (peak I) and 8.0 nm (peak Il). Both peaks were glycoproteins. At 4°C peak 1 showed optimal insulin binding at pH 8.0 and high ionic strength. In contrast, peak li bad its binding optimum at pH 7.0 and low ionic strength, where peak I bindingwas minimal. For peak I the change in insulin binding under different conditions of pH and ionic strength was due to a change in receptor affinity only. For peak 11 an additional change in receptor number was found. Both peaks yielded non-linear Scatchard plots under most of the buffer conditions examined. At their binding optima at 4 oc the high affinity dissociation constants were 0.50 nM (peak I) and 0.55 nM (peak II). Sodium dodecyl sulfatejpolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of peak I revealed five receptor bands with Mr 400000, 365000, 320000, 290000, and 245000 under non-reducing conditions. For peak II two major receptor bands with M\(_r\) 210000 and 115000 were found. The peak II receptor bands were also obtained aftermild reduction of peak I. After complete reduction both peaks showed one major receptor band with M\(_r\) 130000. The reductive generation of the peak II receptor together with molecular mass estimations suggest that the peak I receptor is the disulfide-linked dimer of the peak II receptor. Thus, Triton extracts from rat liver microsomes contain two receptor species, which are related, but differ considerably in their size and insulin-binding properties. KW - Toxikologie Y1 - 1986 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60215 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tawfik-Schlieper, H. A1 - Klotz, Karl-Norbert A1 - Kreye, V. A. W. A1 - Schwabe, U. T1 - Characterization of the K\(^+\)-channel-coupled adenosine receptor in guinea pig atria N2 - In the present work we studied the pharmacological profile of adenosine receptors in guinea pig atria by investigating the effect of different adenosine analogues on 86Rb + -efflux from isolated left atria and on binding of the antagonist radioligand 8-cyclopentyl-1 ,3-[\(^3\)H]dipropylxanthine ([\(^3\)H]DPCPX) to atrial membrane preparations. The rate of \8^{86}\)Rb\(^+\) -effiux was increased twofold by the maximally effective concentrations of adenosine receptor agonists. The EC50-values for 2-chloro-N\(^6\)-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA), R-N\(^6\)-phenylisopropyladenosine (R-PIA), 5'-Nethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA), and S-N\(^6\)-phenylisopropyladenosine (S-PIA) were 0.10, 0.14, 0.24 and 12.9 \(\mu\)M, respectively. DPCPX shifted the R-PIA concentration-response curve to the right in a concentration-dependent manner with a K\(_B\)-value of 8.1 nM, indicating competitive antagonism. [\(^3\)H]DPCPX showed a saturable binding to atrial membranes with a Bmax·value of 227 fmol/mg protein and a K\(_D\)-value of 1.3 nM. Competition experiments showed a similar potency for the three agonists CCPA, R-PIA and NECA. S-PIA is 200 times less potent than R-PIA. Our results suggest that the K\(^+\) channel-coupled adenosine receptor in guinea pig atria is of an A\(_1\) subtype. KW - Toxikologie KW - A1 Adenosine receptors KW - K + -channels KW - Atria KW - Radioligand binding - 86Rb + -efflux Y1 - 1989 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60333 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klotz, Karl-Norbert A1 - Lohse, M. J. A1 - Schwabe, U. T1 - Characterization of the solubilized A\(_1\) adenosine receptor from rat brain membranes N2 - A\(_1\) adenosine receptors from rat brain membranes were solubilized with the zwitterionic detergent 3-[3-( cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate. The solubilized receptors retained all the characteristics of membrane-bound A\(_1\) adenosine receptors. A high and a low agonist affinity state for the radiolabelled agonist (R)-\(N^6\)-[\(^3\)H]phenylisopropyladenosine([\(^3\)H]PJA) with K\(_D\) values of 0.3 and 12 nM, respectively, were detected. High-affinity agonist binding was regulated by guanine nucleotides. In addition agonist binding was still modulated by divalent cations. The solubilized A\(_1\) adenosine receptors could be labelled not only with the agonist [\(^3\)H]PIA but also with the antagonist I ,3-diethyi-8-[\(^3\)H]phenylxanthine. Guanine nucleotides did not affect antagonist binding as reported for membrane-bound receptors. These results suggest that the solubilized receptors are still coupled to the guanine nucleotide binding protein N; and that all regulatory functions are retained on solubilization. Key Words: A1 adenosine receptors - Solubilization- Rat brain membranes. Klotz K.-N. et al. Characterization of the solubilized A1 adenosine receptor from rat brain membranes. J. Neurochem. 46, 1528-1534 (1986). KW - Toxikologie KW - A1 adenosine receptors KW - solubilization KW - rat brain membranes Y1 - 1986 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60222 ER - TY - THES A1 - Kaestner, Alexandra Annika Nadine T1 - Charakterisierung pharmakologischer Phosphoglykolatphosphatase-Inhibitoren T1 - Characterization of pharmacological phosphoglycolate phosphatase inhibitors N2 - In dieser Arbeit geht es um die Phosphoglykolatphosphatase (PGP), die als Phosphatase vom Haloazid Dehalogenase-Typ (HAD-Phosphatase) zu der ubiquitär vorkommenden Superfamilie der HAD-Hydrolasen gehört. In der Literatur ist eine in vitro Phosphatase-Aktivität gegenüber 2-Phospho-L-Laktat (2PL), 4-Phospho-D-Erythronat (4PE), Phosphoglykolat (PG) und Glycerol-3-Phosphat (G3P) beschrieben. 2PL und 4PE entstehen in Nebenreaktionen während der Glykolyse und hemmen bei Akkumulation die Glykolyse bzw. den Pentosephosphatweg. PG kann auch in einer Nebenreaktion während der Glykolyse oder im Rahmen der Reparatur von oxidativen DNA-Schäden entstehen. G3P entsteht aus Dihydroxyacetonphosphat und bildet das Kohlenhydratgerüst der Triacylglyceride (TAG). Zelluläre Studien konnten Hinweise auf die Regulierung des epidermalen wachstumsfaktor-(EGF-)induzierten Zytoskelettumbaus durch die PGP liefern und die Untersuchung von Mäusen mit PGP-Inaktivierung zeigte einen Einfluss auf die Zellproliferation und embryonale Entwicklung. Die Regulation der PGP-Expression führte zu Veränderungen im Kohlenhydrat- und Fettstoffwechsel. Die Untersuchung der PGP-Funktionen erfolgte bislang ausschließlich mit genetischen Ansätzen. Aufgrund von möglichen Kompensationsmechanismen und Off-Target-Effekten müssen genetische und pharmakologische Methoden als sich ergänzende Ansätze verstanden werden. Um die Funktionen der PGP besser zu verstehen, fokussiert sich die vorliegende Arbeit auf die gezielte pharmakologische PGP-Inhibition. In Vorarbeiten wurden 41.000 Moleküle gescreent und fünf potentielle Inhibitoren identifiziert. Ziele dieser Arbeit waren zum einen die Implementierung der Inhibitor # 1-Behandlung in der Zellkultur, zum anderen die Charakterisierung der PGP-Hemmung durch Inhibitor # 48 und die Durchführung erster Selektivitätstestungen mit Inhibitor # 48. Zusammenfassend kann festgehalten werden, dass Inhibitor # 1 in der Lage ist, die endogene PGP in Zelllysaten der murinen spermatogonialen Zelllinie (GC1) zu hemmen. Unter bestimmten Bedingungen führte die Inhibitor # 1-Behandlung der GC1-Zellen zur Hemmung der PGP. Erste Analysen zellulärer Inhibitoreffekte konnten eine Steigerung der TAG-Konzentration in behandelten GC1-Zellen nachweisen. Die PGP-Hemmung durch Inhibitor # 48 wurde als unkompetitive Inhibition charakterisiert und es zeigten sich keine relevanten Inhibitoreffekte auf die HAD-Phosphatasen Magnesium-abhängige Phosphatase 1 (MDP1), Lysin-Histidin-Pyrophosphat-Phosphatase (LHPP) und Polynukleotidase 5'-Kinase/3'-Phosphatase (PnkP). Dagegen konnte eine Aktivitätssteigerung von Phospho 2 beobachtet werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit liefert somit erste Erkenntnisse über die Anwendung des PGP-Inhibitors # 1 in der Zellkultur und schafft die Grundlage für nachfolgende Untersuchungen mit Inhibitor # 48. Weitere Experimente sind notwendig, die die Inhibitorbehandlung in der Zellkultur optimieren und die Selektivität weiter charakterisieren, um mithilfe der Inhibitoren neue Erkenntnisse über die physiologische und pathophysiologische Rolle der PGP gewinnen zu können. N2 - The present thesis describes the analysis of phosphoglycolate phosphatase (PGP), a haloacid dehalogenase (HAD)-type phosphatase of the ubiquitous superfamily of HAD hydrolases. In vitro and in cells, PGP has been described to dephosphorylate 2-phospho-L-lactate (2PL), 4-phospho-D-erythronate (4PE), phosphoglycolate (PG) and glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P). 2PL and 4PE are formed in side reactions by two core glycolytic enzymes and, when they accumulate, inhibit glycolysis or the pentose phosphate pathway, respectively. PG may also be formed in a side reaction during glycolysis or during the repair of oxidative DNA damage. G3P can be generated by glycerol kinase-mediated phosphorylation of glycerol, or by reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate. G3P forms the activated backbone of triglycerides. Cellular studies provided evidence for the regulation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) induced cytoskeletal remodeling by PGP, and examination of mice with PGP inactivation revealed its effect on cell proliferation and embryonic development. The experimental deletion or overexpression of PGP in cells, mice and rats resulted in changes in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. To date, the study of PGP functions has been conducted exclusively using genetic approaches, and no pharmacological PGP inhibitors have been described so far. The goal of this thesis was to characterize small molecule PGP inhibitors that have previously been identified in the group by high throughput screening. Specifically, the aim of this work was to implement inhibitor # 1 treatment in cell culture and to characterize PGP inhibition by inhibitor # 48 as well as to perform initial selectivity assays with inhibitor # 48. Inhibitor # 1 is able to inhibit endogenous PGP in cell lysates of the murine spermatogonial cell line (GC1). Under certain conditions, inhibitor # 1 treatment of GC1 cells resulted in inhibition of PGP. Preliminary analyses of cellular inhibitory effects demonstrated an increase in TG levels in treated GC1 cells. Inhibitor # 48 was characterized as an uncompetitive PGP-inhibitor. No relevant inhibitor effects on the HAD phosphatases magnesium-dependent phosphatase-1 (MDP1), phospholysine phosphohistidine inorganic pyrophosphate phosphatase (LHPP) and polynucleotidase 5´-kinase/3´-phosphatase (PnkP) could be detected. In contrast, an increase in the activity of Phospho 2 was observed. The present work thus provides first insights into the application of the PGP inhibitor # 1 in cell culture and lays the foundation for subsequent studies with inhibitor # 48. Further experiments are needed to improve inhibitor treatment in cell culture and to further characterize selectivity in order to gain new insights into the physiological and pathophysiological role of PGP by using the inhibitors. KW - Phosphoglykolatphosphatase KW - Inhibitor KW - Phosphatase KW - phosphoglycolatephosphatase KW - inhibitor Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-272394 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lutz, Werner K. A1 - Schlatter, J. T1 - Chemical carcinogens and overnutrition in diet-related cancer [commentary] N2 - The intake of known dietary carclnogens was compiled and the cancer risk was estlmated on the basis of carcinogenic potencies in animals as derived from the Carcinogenic Potency Database by Gold and co-workers. The total cancer risk was compared with the number of cancer cases attributed by epidemiologists to dietary factors (one-third of all cancer cases, i.e. -80 000 per one million Jives). Except for alcohol, the known dietary carcinogens could not account for more than a few bundred cancer cases. Tbis was seen both with tbe DNA-reactive carcinogens (beterocyclic aromatic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, N-nitroso compounds, estragole, aflatoxin B., ethyl carbamate, to name the most important factors) as wen as with those carclnogens wbich have not been shown to react with DNA (e.g. caffelc acid and the carcinogeruc metals arsenic and cadmium). Residues and contaminants turned out to be negligible. Among the various pmsibilities to explain the discrepancy we investigated the roJe of ovemutritlon. Dietary restriction in animals is weil known for its strong reducing effect on spontaneous tumor formation. These data can be used to derive a carcinogenic potency for excess macronutrients: tbe tumor incidence seen with the restrlcted animals is taken as a control value and the increased tumor incidence in the animals fed ad libitum is attributed to the additional feed iotake. For excess standard diet in rats, a carcinogenic potency TD50 of 16 glkg/day was deduced from a recent study. Ovemutrition in Switzerland, estimated to be 5.5 kcallkg/day, was converted to excess food (1.9 g/kg/day) and tbe cancer incidence was calculated. The result, 60 000 cancer cases per one million Jives, is provocatively close to the number of cases not explained by the known dietary chemical carcinogens. Mechanistic studies will be required to test our hypothesis and investigate the role of different types of macronutrients in ovemutrition. KW - Toxikologie Y1 - 1992 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60712 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klotz, Karl-Norbert A1 - Lohse, M. J. A1 - Schwabe, U. T1 - Chemical modification of A\(_1\) adenosine receptors in rat brain membranes - evidence for histidine in different domains of the ligand binding site N2 - Chemical modification of amino acid residues was used to probe the ligand recognition site of A\(_1\) adenosine receptors from rat brain membranes. The effect of treatment with group·specific reagents on agonist and antagonist radioligand binding was investigated. The histidine-specific reagent diethylpyrocarbonate (DEP) induced a loss of binding of the agonist R-N\(^6\)-[\(^3\)H]phenylisopropyladenosine ([\(^3\)H]PIA), which could be prevented in part by agonists, but not by antagonists. DEP treatment induced also a loss of binding of the antagonist [\(^3\)H]8- cyclopentyl-1 ,3-dipropylxanthine ([\(^3\)H]DPCPX). Antagonists protected A\(_1\) receptors from this inactivation while agonists did not. This result provided evidence for the existence of at least 2 different histidine residues involved in ligand binding. Consistent with a modification of the binding site, DEP did not alter the affinity of [\(^3\)H]DPCPX, but reduced receptor number. From the selective protection of [\(^3\)H] PIA and [\(^3\)H]DPCPX binding from inactivation, it is concluded that agonists and antagonists oocupy different domains at the binding site. Sulfhydryl modifying reagents did not influence antagonist binding, but inhibited agonist binding. This effect is explained by modification of tbe inhibitory guanine nucleotide binding protein. Pyridoxal 5-phosphate inactivated both [\(^3\)H]PIA and [\(^3\)H]DPCPX binding, but the receptors could not be protected from inactivation by ligands. Therefore, no amino group seems to be located at the Iigand binding site. In addition, it was shown that no further amino acids witb polar side chains are present. The absence of bydrophilic amino acids frout the recognition site of the receptor apart from histidine suggests an explanation for the lack of hydrophilic ligands with high affinity for A\(_1\) receptors. KW - Toxikologie Y1 - 1988 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60295 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Frey, Anna A1 - Gassenmaier, Tobias A1 - Hofmann, Ulrich A1 - Schmitt, Dominik A1 - Fette, Georg A1 - Marx, Almuth A1 - Heterich, Sabine A1 - Boivin-Jahns, Valérie A1 - Ertl, Georg A1 - Bley, Thorsten A1 - Frantz, Stefan A1 - Jahns, Roland A1 - Störk, Stefan T1 - Coagulation factor XIII activity predicts left ventricular remodelling after acute myocardial infarction JF - ESC Heart Failure N2 - Aims Acute myocardial infarction (MI) is the major cause of chronic heart failure. The activity of blood coagulation factor XIII (FXIIIa) plays an important role in rodents as a healing factor after MI, whereas its role in healing and remodelling processes in humans remains unclear. We prospectively evaluated the relevance of FXIIIa after acute MI as a potential early prognostic marker for adequate healing. Methods and results This monocentric prospective cohort study investigated cardiac remodelling in patients with ST-elevation MI and followed them up for 1 year. Serum FXIIIa was serially assessed during the first 9 days after MI and after 2, 6, and 12 months. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was performed within 4 days after MI (Scan 1), after 7 to 9 days (Scan 2), and after 12 months (Scan 3). The FXIII valine-to-leucine (V34L) single-nucleotide polymorphism rs5985 was genotyped. One hundred forty-six patients were investigated (mean age 58 ± 11 years, 13% women). Median FXIIIa was 118 % (quartiles, 102–132%) and dropped to a trough on the second day after MI: 109%(98–109%; P < 0.001). FXIIIa recovered slowly over time, reaching the baseline level after 2 to 6 months and surpassed baseline levels only after 12 months: 124 % (110–142%). The development of FXIIIa after MI was independent of the genotype. FXIIIa on Day 2 was strongly and inversely associated with the relative size of MI in Scan 1 (Spearman’s ρ = –0.31; P = 0.01) and Scan 3 (ρ = –0.39; P < 0.01) and positively associated with left ventricular ejection fraction: ρ = 0.32 (P < 0.01) and ρ = 0.24 (P = 0.04), respectively. Conclusions FXIII activity after MI is highly dynamic, exhibiting a significant decline in the early healing period, with reconstitution 6 months later. Depressed FXIIIa early after MI predicted a greater size of MI and lower left ventricular ejection fraction after 1 year. The clinical relevance of these findings awaits to be tested in a randomized trial. KW - blood coagulation factor XIII KW - ST-elevation myocardial infarction KW - healing and remodelling processes KW - cardiac magnetic resonance imaging Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-236013 VL - 7 IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stopper, Helga A1 - Kühnel, A. A1 - Podschun, B. T1 - Combination of the chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil with an inhibitor of its catabolism results in increased micronucleus induction N2 - The rate limiting step in 5-fluorouracil catabolism is catalyzed by the enzyme dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase. Since degradation of 5-fluorouracil decreases its efficacy in chemotherapy, the inhibition of its catabolism is a promising tool. We investigated the formation of micronuclei in vitro in mouse L5178Y cells. 5-fluorouracil induced an increase in micronucleus frequency, which could significantly be enhanced by the concurrent application of 2,6-dihydroxypyridine, an inhibitor of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase. The 5-fluorouracil concentration necessary to reach maximal genotoxic effects could be reduced to half in the presence of inhibitor. 2,6-Dihydroxypyridine alone and the naturally occuring enzyme substrate uracil did not induce micronucleus formation. Combined application of the chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil and an inhibitor of its could reduce side-effects by lowering the effective dose of the active drug. With this study we provide further support for the usefulness of this concept. KW - Toxikologie Y1 - 1994 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-63383 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jaggi, W. A1 - Lutz, Werner K. A1 - Schlatter, C. T1 - Comparative studies on the covalent binding of the carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene to DNA in various model systems N2 - The covalent binding of tritiated benzo(a)pyrene (BP) to DNA has been determined in rat liver in vivo, in rat liver perfused in situ, after incubation of BP with liver single cells, with liver homogenate, with liver microsomes and DNA, with fibroblasts from a rat granulorna pouch, and with · 2 cell lines. Li ver single cells were found to be a valuable compromise between the rnost sensitive system (microsomal incubation of BP with DNA) and the biologically most relevant system (in vivo ). KW - Toxikologie Y1 - 1979 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61131 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klotz, Karl-Norbert A1 - Vogt, H. A1 - Tawfik-Schlieper, H. T1 - Comparison of A\(_1\) adenosine receptors in brain from different species by radioligand binding and photoaffinity labelling N2 - Radioligand binding to A\(_1\) adenosine receptors at brain membranes from seven species was investigated. The antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1 ,3-[\(^3\)H]dipropylxanthine ([\(^3\)H]DPCPX) bound with affinities between 0.17 nM in sheep brain and 2.1 nM in guinea pig brain. Competition of several antagonists for [\(^3\)H]DPCPX binding showed that the most potent compounds were DPCPX with K\(_i\) values of 0.05 nM in bovine brain and 1.1 nM in guinea pig brain and xanthine amine congener (XAC) with K\(_i\) values of 0.03 nM in bovine brain and 5.5 nM in guinea pig brain. The differences in affinity of the agonist radio Iigand 2-chloro-N\(^6\) -[\(^3\)H]cyclopen tyladenosine ([\(^3\)H]CCP A) were less pronounced, rauging from a K\(_D\) value of 0.12 nM (hamster brain) to 0.42 nM (guinea pig brain). Agonist competition for [\(^3\)H]DPCPX binding of photoaffinity labelling, however, exhibited marked species differences. N-Ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) and S-N\(^6\)-phenylisopropyladenosine (S-PIA) showed 20 to 25-fold different K\(_D\) values in different species. NECA had a particularly high affinity in guinea pig brain and was only two-fold less potent than R-PIA. Thus, the difference from the "classical" A\(_1\) receptor profile (R-PIA > -NECA > S-PIA) is not sufficient to speculate that A\(_1\) receptor subtypes may exist that are coupled to different effector systems. Our data show that these difference can easily be explained by species differences. KW - Toxikologie KW - A1 adenosine receptors KW - Species differences KW - Radioligand binding KW - Photoaffinity labelling Y1 - 1991 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60388 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schanbacher, Constanze A1 - Hermanns, Heike M. A1 - Lorenz, Kristina A1 - Wajant, Harald A1 - Lang, Isabell T1 - Complement 1q/tumor necrosis factor-related proteins (CTRPs): structure, receptors and signaling JF - Biomedicines N2 - Adiponectin and the other 15 members of the complement 1q (C1q)/tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related protein (CTRP) family are secreted proteins composed of an N-terminal variable domain followed by a stalk region and a characteristic C-terminal trimerizing globular C1q (gC1q) domain originally identified in the subunits of the complement protein C1q. We performed a basic PubMed literature search for articles mentioning the various CTRPs or their receptors in the abstract or title. In this narrative review, we briefly summarize the biology of CTRPs and focus then on the structure, receptors and major signaling pathways of CTRPs. Analyses of CTRP knockout mice and CTRP transgenic mice gave overwhelming evidence for the relevance of the anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects of CTRPs in autoimmune diseases, obesity, atherosclerosis and cardiac dysfunction. CTRPs form homo- and heterotypic trimers and oligomers which can have different activities. The receptors of some CTRPs are unknown and some receptors are redundantly targeted by several CTRPs. The way in which CTRPs activate their receptors to trigger downstream signaling pathways is largely unknown. CTRPs and their receptors are considered as promising therapeutic targets but their translational usage is still hampered by the limited knowledge of CTRP redundancy and CTRP signal transduction. KW - adiponectin KW - AMPK KW - C1q/TNF related protein (CTRP) KW - inflammation KW - metabolism Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-304136 SN - 2227-9059 VL - 11 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Guth, Sabine A1 - Hüser, Stephanie A1 - Roth, Angelika A1 - Degen, Gisela A1 - Diel, Patrick A1 - Edlund, Karolina A1 - Eisenbrand, Gerhard A1 - Engel, Karl-Heinz A1 - Epe, Bernd A1 - Grune, Tilman A1 - Heinz, Volker A1 - Henle, Thomas A1 - Humpf, Hans-Ulrich A1 - Jäger, Henry A1 - Joost, Hans-Georg A1 - Kulling, Sabine E. A1 - Lampen, Alfonso A1 - Mally, Angela A1 - Marchan, Rosemarie A1 - Marko, Doris A1 - Mühle, Eva A1 - Nitsche, Michael A. A1 - Röhrdanz, Elke A1 - Stadler, Richard A1 - van Thriel, Christoph A1 - Vieths, Stefan A1 - Vogel, Rudi F. A1 - Wascher, Edmund A1 - Watzl, Carsten A1 - Nöthlings, Ute A1 - Hengstler, Jan G. T1 - Contribution to the ongoing discussion on fluoride toxicity JF - Archives of Toxicology N2 - Since the addition of fluoride to drinking water in the 1940s, there have been frequent and sometimes heated discussions regarding its benefits and risks. In a recently published review, we addressed the question if current exposure levels in Europe represent a risk to human health. This review was discussed in an editorial asking why we did not calculate benchmark doses (BMD) of fluoride neurotoxicity for humans. Here, we address the question, why it is problematic to calculate BMDs based on the currently available data. Briefly, the conclusions of the available studies are not homogeneous, reporting negative as well as positive results; moreover, the positive studies lack control of confounding factors such as the influence of well-known neurotoxicants. We also discuss the limitations of several further epidemiological studies that did not meet the inclusion criteria of our review. Finally, it is important to not only focus on epidemiological studies. Rather, risk analysis should consider all available data, including epidemiological, animal, as well as in vitro studies. Despite remaining uncertainties, the totality of evidence does not support the notion that fluoride should be considered a human developmental neurotoxicant at current exposure levels in European countries. KW - pharmacology/toxicology KW - occupational medicine/industrial medicine KW - environmental health KW - biomedicine, general Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-307161 SN - 0340-5761 SN - 1432-0738 VL - 95 IS - 7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Alldrick, A. J. A1 - Lutz, Werner K. T1 - Covalent binding of [2-\(^{14}\)C]2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]-quinoxaline (MeIQx) to mouse DNA in vivo N2 - Fernale BALB/c mice were administered intragastrically with equimolar amounts of either [2-\(^{14}\)C]2-amino-3,8-dimethyi[ 4,5-J]qulnoxaline (MeiQx) or 2-acetylamino[9-\(^{14}\)C]fluorene (2AAF). DNA was isolated from tissues of mice killed either 6 or 24 h after administration. Analysis of liver DNA nucleotide digests by HPLC analysis revealed that all of the radioactivity was attributable to adduct formation. Tbe specific activities of DNA samples were converted to covalent bindlog indices (CBI, J.LIDOI adduct per mol DNA nucleotides/mmol chemical app6ed per kg animal body weight). CBI values of 25 and 9 were detennined for 2AAF and MeiQx in tbe llvers of mice killed 6 h after dosing. The values were in general agreement with the moderate carcinogenic potency of these compounds. The specific activities of DNA preparations obtained from the lddneys, spleens, stomachs, small intestines and large intestlnes of mice treated witb MeiQx and killed 6 h after doslng were S- to 35-times less tban those obtained witb the llver. DNA isolated from tbe lungs (a target organ for MeiQx tumorigenicity) of MeiQx-treated mice was not radiolabeUed at tbe limit of detection (CBI <0.3). With tbe exception of tbe gastrolntestinal tract, the specific activities of DNA samples isolated from mice killed 6 h after administration were higher than those from mice killed after 24 h. KW - Toxikologie Y1 - 1989 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60832 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Marinovich, M. A1 - Lutz, Werner K. T1 - Covalent binding of aflatoxin B\(_1\) to liver DNA in rats pretreated with ethanol JF - Experientia N2 - Male Fischer F-344 rats were given ethanol in the drinking water and/or by single oral administration. Following this, the animals received p.o. 100 ng/kg of the hepatocarcinogen eHJaflatoxin BI (AFBI)' 24 h later, the level of DNA-bound AFBI was determined in the liver and was found not to be affected by any type of ethanol pretreatment. A cocarcinogenic effect of ethanol in the liver is therefore unlikely to be due to an effect on the metabolic activation and inactivation processes governing the formation of DNA-binding AFBI metabolites. KW - Toxikologie KW - Carcinogenesis KW - DNA KW - covalent binding KW - aflatoxin KW - ethanol Y1 - 1985 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-55237 VL - 41 IS - 10 SP - 1338 EP - 1340 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lutz, Werner K. A1 - Jaggi, W. A1 - Schlatter, C. T1 - Covalent binding of diethylstilbestrol to DNA in rat and hamster liver and kidney [Short Communication] N2 - No abstract available KW - Toxikologie KW - Carcinogenesis KW - Covalent binding index - Diethylstilbestrol KW - DNA binching KW - Estrogen KW - Hormone Y1 - 1982 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61066 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jaggi, W. A1 - Lutz, Werner K. A1 - Schlatter, C. T1 - Covalent binding of ethinylestradiol and estrone to rat liver DNA in vivo N2 - Thecovalent bindingof [6,7-\(^3\)H]ethinylestradiol (EE)and [6,7-\(^3\)H]estrone (E) to liver DNA of 200 g female ratswas measured 8 h after the administration of 80 \(\mu\)g (9.2 mCi) estrogen by gavage. The binding is 1.5 for EE and 1.1 for E, expressedas binding to DNA/dose, in units of \(\mu\)mol hormonefmol DNA phosphate/mmole honnone/kg body wt. It is in the same order of magnitude as for benzene and about 10 000 tim es below the binding of typical liver carcinogens, such as aflatoxin B\(_1\) or N,N-dimethylnitrosamine. KW - Toxikologie Y1 - 1978 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61162 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Epe, B. A1 - Harttig, U. A1 - Stopper, Helga A1 - Metzler, M. T1 - Covalent binding of reactive estrogen metabolites to microtubular protein as a possible mechanism of aneuploidy induction and neoplastic cell transformation N2 - Neoplastic cell transfonnation induced by estrogens and some other carcinogen& such as benzene appears to involve the induction of mitotic aneuploidy rather than DNA damage and point mutations. As metabolic activation may also play an important roJe in the mechanism of carcinogenesis of these nongenotoxic compounds, we have studied the Interaction of reactive quinone metabolites of various estrogens and of benzene with the major microtubular protein, tubulin, in a cell-free system. Covalent binding of the radioactively labeled metabolites to the a- and 13-subunit of tubulin was found to depend on the structure of the metabolite. When the adducted tubulins were tested in vitro for their ability to polymerize to microtubules, Inhibition of microtubule assembly was obsened in every case, although to varying extents. It is proposed that the fonnation of covalent tubulin adducts may impair the formation of mitotic spindies and thus contribute to chromosomal nondisjunction and aneuploidy induction. KW - Toxikologie Y1 - 1990 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-63478 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cantoreggi, S. A1 - Lutz, Werner K. T1 - Covalent binding of styrene to DNA in rat and mouse N2 - No abstract available KW - Toxikologie Y1 - 1993 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60693 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lutz, Werner K. A1 - Winkler, F. K. A1 - Dunitz, J. D. T1 - Crystal structure of the antibiotic monensin similarities and differences betweeen free acid and metal complex N2 - The structure of monensin, C36H620 11 , has been deterrnined by X-ray analysis of its crystalline monohydrate (orthorhombic, a = 15.15, b = 23.61, c = 10.65 A, Z = 4, space group P212121). Phases were assigned by direct methods, malring use of the 'tangent formula'. Although the conformation of the free acid resembles that of the silver salt in being cyclic, there are differences in the hydrogen bonding pattern. These featurcs are discussed in relation to the cornplexation of metal ions by m.onensin. KW - Toxikologie Y1 - 1971 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61228 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogl, Silvia A1 - Lutz, Roman W. A1 - Schönfelder, Gilbert A1 - Lutz, Werner K. T1 - CYP2C9 genotype vs. metabolic phenotype for individual drug dosing - a correlation analysis using flurbiprofen as probe drug JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Currently, genotyping of patients for polymorphic enzymes responsible for metabolic elimination is considered a possibility to adjust drug dose levels. For a patient to profit from this procedure, the interindividual differences in drug metabolism within one genotype should be smaller than those between different genotypes. We studied a large cohort of healthy young adults (283 subjects), correlating their CYP2C9 genotype to a simple phenotyping metric, using flurbiprofen as probe drug. Genotyping was conducted for CYP2C9*1, *2, *3. The urinary metabolic ratio MR (concentration of CYP2C9-dependent metabolite divided by concentration of flurbiprofen) determined two hours after flurbiprofen (8.75 mg) administration served as phenotyping metric. Linear statistical models correlating genotype and phenotype provided highly significant allele-specific MR estimates of 0.596 for the wild type allele CYP2C9*1, 0.405 for CYP2C9*2 (68 % of wild type), and 0.113 for CYP2C9*3 (19 % of wild type). If these estimates were used for flurbiprofen dose adjustment, taking 100 % for genotype *1/*1, an average reduction to 84 %, 60 %, 68 %, 43 %, and 19% would result for genotype *1/*2, *1/*3, *2/*2, *2/*3, and *3/*3, respectively. Due to the large individual variation within genotypes with coefficients of variation >= 20% and supposing the normal distribution, one in three individuals would be out of the average optimum dose by more than 20 %, one in 20 would be 40% off. Whether this problem also applies to other CYPs and other drugs has to be investigated case by case. Our data for the given example, however, puts the benefit of individual drug dosing to question, if it is exclusively based on genotype. KW - cytochrome P450 2C9 KW - warfarin polymorphisms KW - tolbutamide substrate KW - impact pharmacogenetics KW - 4'-hydroxylation KW - allelic variant KW - liver microsomes Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-148783 VL - 10 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kirchner, S. A1 - Stopper, Helga A1 - Papp, T. A1 - Eckert, I. A1 - Yoo, H. J. A1 - Vig, B. K. A1 - Schiffmann, D. T1 - Cytogenetic changes in primary, immortalized and malignant mammalian cells N2 - Some chromosomes in transformed rat cells and somatic cell hybrids fail to display the presence of kinetochore proteins as detected by antikinetochore antibodies. Suchchromosomes (K- Chromosomes) may constitute a novel mechanism for the genesis of aneuploidy. Wehave analyzed primary~ immortalized and malignant marnmalian cells for the presence of kinetochore proteins and micronuclei. Our resuJts suggest a correlation of the K- chromosome and micronucleus frequency with the variability in chromosome number. Upon in situ hybridization with the minor satellite and alpha satellite sequences some Kchromosomes showed a signal. This indicates that the observed lack of kinetocbores is not necessarily due to a lack of centromeric DNA. We conclude that dislocated K- chromosomes may become incorporated into micronuclei which are prone to loss. Such events would be associated with the generation of aneuploidy. KW - Toxikologie KW - Micronuclei KW - Kinetochore KW - Chromosome distribution Y1 - 1993 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-63439 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jesaitis, A. J. A1 - Klotz, Karl-Norbert T1 - Cytoskeletal regulation of chemotactic receptors: Molecular complexation of N-formyl peptide receptors with G proteins and actin N2 - Signal transduction via receptors for N-formylmethionyl peptide chemoattractants (FPR) on human neutrophils is a highly regulated process. It involves direct interaction of receptors with heterotrimeric G-proteins and may be under thc control of cytoskeletal clemcnts. Evidencc exists suggesting that thc cytoskeleton and/or the membrane ske1eton determines the distribution of FPR in the plane of the plasma membrane, thus controlling FPR accessibility to different protcins in functionally distinct membrane domains. In desensitized cells, FPR are restricted to domains which are depleted of G proteins but enriched in cytoskeletal proteins such as actin and fodrin. Thus, the G protein signal transduction partners of FPR become inacccssible to the agonist-occupied receptor, preventing cell activation. We are investigating the molecular basis for the interaction of FPR with the membrane skeleton, and our results suggest that FPR, and possibly other receptors, may directly bind to cytoskeletal proteins such as actin. KW - Immunologie KW - chemotaxis KW - formyl peptides KW - receptors KW - actin KW - G proteins KW - cytoskeleton KW - membrane skeleton Y1 - 1993 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-79673 ER -