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Oncolytic virotherapy and modulation of tumor microenvironment with vaccinia virus strains

Onkolytische Virotherapie und Modulation des Tumormilieus mittels verschiedener Vaccinia Virus Typen

Please always quote using this URN: urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-99514
  • Oncolytic viral therapies have shown great promise pre-clinically and in human clinical trials for the treatment of various cancers. Oncolytic viruses selectively infect and replicate in cancer cells, destroying tumor tissue via cell lysis, while leaving noncancerous tissues unharmed. Vaccinia virus (VACV) is arguably one of the safest viruses, which has been intensively studied in molecular biology and pathogenesis as a vaccine for the eradication of smallpox in more than 200 million people. It has fast and efficient replication, andOncolytic viral therapies have shown great promise pre-clinically and in human clinical trials for the treatment of various cancers. Oncolytic viruses selectively infect and replicate in cancer cells, destroying tumor tissue via cell lysis, while leaving noncancerous tissues unharmed. Vaccinia virus (VACV) is arguably one of the safest viruses, which has been intensively studied in molecular biology and pathogenesis as a vaccine for the eradication of smallpox in more than 200 million people. It has fast and efficient replication, and cytoplasmic replication of the virus lessens the chance of recombination or integration of viral DNA into the genome of host cells. Anti-tumor therapeutic efficacy of VACV has been demonstrated for human cancers in xenograft models with a variety of tumor types. In addition recombinant oncolytic VACVs carrying imaging genes represent an advance in treatment strategy that combines tumor-specific therapeutics as well as diagnostics. As for other targeted therapies, a number of challenges remain for the clinical translation of oncolytic virotherapy. These challenges include the potential safety risk of replication of oncolytic virus in non-tumor tissue, the relatively poor virus spread throughout solid tumor tissue and the disadvantageous ratio between anti-viral and anti-tumoral immunity. However, manipulation of components of the tumor microenvironment may help oncolytic virus infection in killing the tumor tissue and thereby increasing the anti-tumor efficacy. Furthermore, dogs with natural cancer are considered as one of the best animal models to develop new drugs for cancer therapy. Traditionally, rodent cancer models have been used for development of cancer therapeutics. However, they do not adequately represent several features that define cancer in humans, including biology of initiation of tumor, the complexity of cancer recurrence and metastasis and outcomes to novel therapies. However, the tumor microenvironment, histopathology, molecular and genomics data from dog tumors has significant similarities with corresponding human tumors. These advantages of pet dog cancers provide a unique opportunity to integrate canine cancer patients in the studies designed for the development of new cancer drugs targeted against both human and canine cancers. This dissertation centers on the use of VACV strains in canine cancer xenografts with the aim of understanding the effects of modulation of tumor microenvironment on VACV-mediated tumor therapy. In the first studies, wild-type VACV strain LIVP6.1.1 was tested for its oncolytic efficiency in canine soft tissue sarcoma (STSA-1) and canine prostate carcinoma (DT08/40) cells in culture and xenografts models. LIVP6.1.1 infected, replicated within, and killed both STSA-1 and DT08/40 cells in cell culture. The replication of virus was more efficient in STSA-1 cells compared to DT08/40 cells. In xenograft mouse models, LIVP6.1.1 was safe and effective in regressing both STSA-1 and DT08/40 xenografts. However, tumor regression was faster in STSA-1 xenografts compared to DT08/40 xenografts presumably due to more efficient replication of virus in STSA-1 cells. Biodistribution profiles revealed persistence of virus in tumors 5 and 7 weeks post virus injection in STSA-1 and DT08/40 xenografts, respectively, with the virus mainly cleared from all other major organs. Immunofluorescence staining detected successful colonization of VACV in the tumor. Consequently, LIVP6.1.1 colonization in the tumor showed infiltration of innate immune cells mainly granulocytes and macrophages in STSA-1 tumor xenografts. These findings suggest that virotherapy-mediated anti-tumor mechanism in xenografts could be a combination of direct viral oncolysis of tumor cells and virus-dependent infiltration of tumor-associated host immune cells. In further studies, the effects of modulation of tumor angiogenesis of VACV therapy were analyzed in canine cancer xenografts. GLV-1h109 VACV strain (derived from prototype virus GLV-1h68) encoding the anti-VEGF single chain antibody GLAF-1 was characterized for its oncolytic efficacy in STSA-1 and DT08/40 cancer cells in culture and tumor xenografts. Concomitantly, the effects of locally expressed GLAF- 1 in tumors on virus replication, host immune infiltration, tumor vascularization and tumor growth were also evaluated. GLV-1h109 was shown to be similar to the parental virus GLV-1h68 in expression of the two marker genes that both virus strains have in common (Ruc-GFP and gusA) in cell cultures. Additionally, the anti-VEGF single-chain antibody GLAF-1 was expressed by GLV-1h109 in both cell cultures and tumor xenografts. The insertion of GLAF-1 did not significantly affect the replication and cytotoxicity of GLV-1h109 in the STSA-1 and DT08/40 cell lines, although at early time points (24-48 hpi), the replication of GLV-1h109 was higher in STSA-1 cells compared to DT08/40 cells. In addition, STSA-1 cells were more susceptible to lysis with GLV-1h109 than DT08/40 cells. GLV-1h109 achieved a significant inhibition of tumor growth in both STSA-1 and DT08/40 canine xenografts models. Consequently, the significant regression of tumor growth was initiated earlier in STSA-1 tumor xenografts compared to regression in DT08/40 xenografts. The reason for the higher efficacy of GLV-1h109 in STSA-1 xenografts than DT08/40 xenografts was attributed to more efficient replication of virus in STSA-1 cells. In addition, tumor-specific virus infection led to a continued presence of GLAF-1 in peripheral blood, which could be useful as a pharmacokinetic marker to monitor virus colonization and persistence in GLV-1h109- injected xenograft mice. GLAF-1 is a single-chain antibody targeting human and murine VEGF. It was demonstrated that GLAF-1 was functional and recognized both canine and human VEGF with equal efficiency. Histological analysis of tumor sections 7 days after GLV-1h109 injection confirmed that colonization of VACV and intratumoral expression of GLAF-1 translated into a significant decrease in blood vessel number compared to GLV-1h68 or PBS-treated control tumors. Subsequently, reduction in blood vessel density significantly improved the spread and replication of VACV as observed by FACS analysis and standard plaque assay, respectively. Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and increased replication of virus further improved the infiltration of innate immune cells mainly granulocytes and macrophages in STSA-1 tumor xenografts. Both the results, i.e. improved virus spread and increased infiltration of innate immune cells in tumor, were explained by a phenomenon called “vascular normalization”, where anti-VEGF therapy normalizes the heterogeneous tumor vasculature thereby improving delivery and spread of VACV. In summary, the effects of inhibition of tumor angiogenesis on virus spread and replication were demonstrated using a vaccinia virus caring an anti- angiogenic payload targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in canine cancer xenografts. In the final studies, the effects of VACV therapy on modulation of the immune system were analyzed in canine cancer patients enrolled in a phase I clinical trial. V-VET1 (clinical grade LIVP6.1.1 VACV) injection significantly increased the percentages of CD3+CD8+ T lymphocytes at 21 days after initiation of treatment. CD3+CD8+ T lymphocytes are mainly cytotoxic T lymphocytes that have potential to lyse cancer cells. Subsequently, the frequency of immune suppressor cells, mainly MDSCs and Treg was also analyzed in peripheral blood of canine cancer patients. Increase in the MDSC population and decreased CD8/Treg ratio is known to have inhibitory effects on the functions of cytotoxic T cells. We demonstrated that injection of V-VET1 in canine cancer patients significantly reduced the percentages of MDSCs at 21 days post initiation of treatment. Additionally, CD8/Treg ratio was increased 21 days after initiation of V-VET1 treatment. We also showed that changes in the frequency of immune cells neither depends on dose of virus nor depends on tumor type according to the data observed from this clinical trial with eleven analyzed patients. This preclinical and clinical data have important clinical implications of how VACV therapy can be used for the treatment of canine cancers. Moreover, dogs with natural cancers can be used as an ideal animal model to improve the oncolytic virotherapy for human cancers. Furthermore, modulation of tumor microenvironment mainly tumor angiogenesis and tumor immunity has significant impact on the success of oncolytic virotherapy.show moreshow less
  • Therapien für verschiedenste Krebsarten mittels onkolytischer Viren zeigten sowohl in präklinischen- als auch in humanen klinischen Studien ein erfolgversprechendes Potenzial. Onkolytische Viren infizieren selektiv Krebszellen und replizieren ausschließlich in diesen. In der Folge zerstören sie Tumorgewebe durch Zelllyse, während gesundes Gewebe unbeeinträchtigt bleibt. Das Vaccinia-Virus besitzt ein äußerst geringes Risikopotential, und wurde intensiv auf molekularbiologischer Ebene und in Bezug auf seine Pathogenese untersucht. All dasTherapien für verschiedenste Krebsarten mittels onkolytischer Viren zeigten sowohl in präklinischen- als auch in humanen klinischen Studien ein erfolgversprechendes Potenzial. Onkolytische Viren infizieren selektiv Krebszellen und replizieren ausschließlich in diesen. In der Folge zerstören sie Tumorgewebe durch Zelllyse, während gesundes Gewebe unbeeinträchtigt bleibt. Das Vaccinia-Virus besitzt ein äußerst geringes Risikopotential, und wurde intensiv auf molekularbiologischer Ebene und in Bezug auf seine Pathogenese untersucht. All das qualifizierte es als Vakzin zur Ausrottung der Pocken und seit Markteinführung mehr als 200 Millionen Menschen injiziert. Das Vaccinia-Virus zeigt eine schnelle und effiziente Replikation, welche im Zytoplasma der Zelle stattfindet. Dies verringert die Möglichkeit der Rekombination oder Integration der viralen DNA in das Wirtsgenom. Die therapeutische Wirksamkeit onkolytischer Vaccinia-Viren (VACVs) wurde in humanen Xenograft-Mausmodellen mit unterschiedlichen Tumorarten gezeigt. Rekombinante onkolytische VACVs, welche mit fluoreszierenden Genen ausgestattet sind, kombinieren die Vorteile tumorspezifischer Therapeutika und dienen gleichzeitig als Diagnostika. Wie auch andere spezifische Therapien, steht auch die onkolytische Virustherapie vor einer Reihe von Herausforderungen. Dazu gehören die Replikation onkolytischer Viren in nicht-kanzerogenem Gewebe, relativ schlechte Virusverbreitung durch solides Tumorgewebe und ein unvorteilhaftes Verhältnis zwischen antiviraler und antitumoraler Immunität. Die gezielte Manipulation einzelner Komponenten des Tumormikromilieus kann jedoch zu einer verbesserten Virusinfektion und Lyse des Tumorgewebes führen und somit die Effizienz der antitumoralen Therapie verstärken. ...show moreshow less

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Author: Sandeep S. Patil
URN:urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-99514
Document Type:Doctoral Thesis
Granting Institution:Universität Würzburg, Graduate Schools
Faculties:Graduate Schools / Graduate School of Life Sciences
Referee:Prof. Dr. Aladar A Szalay
Date of final exam:2014/07/07
Language:English
Year of Completion:2014
Sonstige beteiligte Institutionen:Department of Biochemistry
Dewey Decimal Classification:5 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik / 57 Biowissenschaften; Biologie / 570 Biowissenschaften; Biologie
GND Keyword:Onkolyse; Vaccinia-Virus
Tag:Oncolytic Virotherapy; Tumor microenvironment
Release Date:2015/07/07
Licence (German):License LogoCC BY-NC-ND: Creative-Commons-Lizenz: Namensnennung, Nicht kommerziell, Keine Bearbeitung