@article{SchilcherHilsmannRauscheretal.2021,
  author    = {Schilcher, Felix and Hilsmann, Lioba and Rauscher, Lisa and Değirmenci, Laura and Krischke, Markus and Krischke, Beate and Ankenbrand, Markus and Rutschmann, Benjamin and Mueller, Martin J. and Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf and Scheiner, Ricarda},
  title     = {In vitro rearing changes social task performance and physiology in honeybees},
  series = {Insects},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {Insects},
  number    = {1},
  issn      = {2075-4450},
  doi       = {10.3390/insects13010004},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-252305},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {In vitro rearing of honeybee larvae is an established method that enables exact control and monitoring of developmental factors and allows controlled application of pesticides or pathogens. However, only a few studies have investigated how the rearing method itself affects the behavior of the resulting adult honeybees. We raised honeybees in vitro according to a standardized protocol: marking the emerging honeybees individually and inserting them into established colonies. Subsequently, we investigated the behavioral performance of nurse bees and foragers and quantified the physiological factors underlying the social organization. Adult honeybees raised in vitro differed from naturally reared honeybees in their probability of performing social tasks. Further, in vitro-reared bees foraged for a shorter duration in their life and performed fewer foraging trips. Nursing behavior appeared to be unaffected by rearing condition. Weight was also unaffected by rearing condition. Interestingly, juvenile hormone titers, which normally increase strongly around the time when a honeybee becomes a forager, were significantly lower in three- and four-week-old in vitro bees. The effects of the rearing environment on individual sucrose responsiveness and lipid levels were rather minor. These data suggest that larval rearing conditions can affect the task performance and physiology of adult bees despite equal weight, pointing to an important role of the colony environment for these factors. Our observations of behavior and metabolic pathways offer important novel insight into how the rearing environment affects adult honeybees.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Froehlich2000,
  author    = {Fr{\"o}hlich, Birgit Susanne},
  title     = {Wachse der Honigbiene Apis mellifera carnica Pollm.},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-1253},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2000},
  abstract  = {Um einen Beitrag zum besseren Verst{\"a}ndnis der Rolle der Bienenwachse in der Kommunikation der Honigbienen leisten zu k{\"o}nnen, wurden Wabenwachse unterschiedlichen Alters und Kutikulawachse unterschiedlicher Kasten,Geschlechter und Berufsgruppen mit Hilfe von Gaschromatographie, Massenspektroskopie und FTIR-Spektroskopie untersucht. Die chemischen Analysen zeigten mittels Diskriminantenfunktionsanalysen hochsignifikante Unterschiede in den aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen zwischen Wabenwachsen unterschiedlichen Alters und Kutikulawachsen unterschiedlicher Kasten und Geschlechter. Erstmals konnte f{\"u}r ein komplexes Substanzgemisch (Bienenwachs) eine lineare Abh{\"a}ngigkeit zwischen dem Schmelzverhalten und der chemischen Zusammensetzung der Wachse nachgewiesen werden.Mit Hilfe von Verhaltensversuchen wurde der Frage nachgegangen, ob die chemischen Unterschiede f{\"u}r die Bienen {\"u}berhaupt relevant sind. Mit Hilfe der differentielle Konditionierung des R{\"u}sselreflexes wurde getestet, inwieweit Bienen die verschiedenen Wachse unterscheiden k{\"o}nnen. Eine Diskriminierung der Wachse aufgrund der aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoffe war den Honigbienen nicht m{\"o}glich. Dies ergab einen neuen und interessanten Einblick in die Kommunikation der Honigbienen},
  subject      = {Biene},
  language  = {de}
}