@phdthesis{Ziegenhals2018,
  author    = {Ziegenhals, Thomas},
  title     = {The role of the miR-26 family in neurogenesis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-156395},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {For the differentiation of a embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to neuronal cells (NCs) a complex and coordinated gene regulation program is needed. One important control element for neuronal differentiation is the repressor element 1 silencing transcription factor (REST) complex, which represses neuronal gene expression in non-neuronal cells. Crucial effector proteins of the REST complex are small phosphatases such as the CTDSPs (C-terminal domain small phosphatases) that regulate polymerase II activity by dephosphorylating the C-terminal domain of the polymerase, thereby repressing target genes. The stepwise inactivation of REST, including the CTDSPs, leads to the induction of a neuron-specific gene program, which ultimately induces the formation of neurons. The spatio-temporal control of REST and its effector components is therefore a crucial step for neurogenesis. In zebrafish it was shown that the REST-associated CTDSP2 is negatively regulated by the micro RNA (miR) -26b. Interestingly, the miR-26b is encoded in an intron of the primary transcript of CTDSP2. This gives the fundament of an intrinsic regulatory negative feedback loop, which is essential for the proceeding of neurogenesis. This feedback loop is active during neurogenesis, but inactive in non-neuronal cells. The reason for this is that the maturation of the precursor miR (pre-miR) to the mature miR-26 is arrested in non neuronal cells, but not in neurons. As only mature miRs are actively repressing genes, the regulation of miR-26 processing is an essential step in neurogenesis. In this study, the molecular basis of miR-26 processing regulation in the context of neurogenesis was addressed. The mature miR is processed from two larger precursors: First the primary transcript is cleaved by the enzyme DROSHA in the nucleus to form the pre-miR. The pre-miR is exported from the nucleus and processed further through the enzyme DICER to yield the mature miR. The mature miR can regulate gene expression in association with the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). Multiple different scenarios in which miR processing was regulated were proposed and experimentally tested. Microinjection studies using Xenopus leavis oocytes showed that slowdown or blockage of the nucleo-cytoplasmic transport are not the reason for delayed pre-miR-26 processing. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo miR-processing assays showed that maturation is most likely regulated through a in trans acting factor, which blocks processing in non neuronal cells. Through RNA affinity chromatographic assays using zebrafish and murine lysates I was able to isolate and identify proteins that interact specifically with pre-miR-26 and could by this influence its biogenesis. Potential candidates are FMRP/FXR1/2, ZNF346 and Eral1, whose functional characterisation in the context of miR-biogenesis could now be addressed. The second part of my thesis was executed in close colaboration with the laboratory of Prof. Albrecht M{\"u}ller. The principal question was addressed how miR-26 influences neuronal gene expression and which genes are primarily affected. This research question could be addressed by using a cell culture model system, which mimics ex vivo the differentiation of ESCs to NCs via neuronal progenitor. For the functional analysis of miR-26 knock out cell lines were generated by the CRISPR/Cas9 technology. miR-26 deficient ESC keep their pluripotent state and are able to develop NPC, but show major impairment in differentiating to NCs. Through RNA deep sequencing the miR-26 induced transcriptome differences could be analysed. On the level of mRNAs it could be shown, that the expression of neuronal gene is downregulated in miR-26 deficient NCs. Interestingly, the deletion of miR-26 leads to selectively decreased levels of miRs, which on one hand regulate the REST complex and on the other hand are under transcriptional control by REST themself. This data and the discovery that induction of miR-26 leads to enrichment of other REST regulating miRs indicates that miR-26 initiates neurogenesis through stepwise inactivation of the REST complex.},
  subject      = {miRNS},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{ZeeshangebMajeed2014,
  author    = {Zeeshan [geb. Majeed], Saman},
  title     = {Implementation of Bioinformatics Methods for miRNA and Metabolic Modelling},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-102900},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Dynamic interactions and their changes are at the forefront of current research in bioinformatics and systems biology. This thesis focusses on two particular dynamic aspects of cellular adaptation: miRNA and metabolites. miRNAs have an established role in hematopoiesis and megakaryocytopoiesis, and platelet miRNAs have potential as tools for understanding basic mechanisms of platelet function. The thesis highlights the possible role of miRNAs in regulating protein translation in platelet lifespan with relevance to platelet apoptosis and identifying involved pathways and potential key regulatory molecules. Furthermore, corresponding miRNA/target mRNAs in murine platelets are identified. Moreover, key miRNAs involved in aortic aneurysm are predicted by similar techniques. The clinical relevance of miRNAs as biomarkers, targets, resulting later translational therapeutics, and tissue specific restrictors of genes expression in cardiovascular diseases is also discussed. In a second part of thesis we highlight the importance of scientific software solution development in metabolic modelling and how it can be helpful in bioinformatics tool development along with software feature analysis such as performed on metabolic flux analysis applications. We proposed the "Butterfly" approach to implement efficiently scientific software programming. Using this approach, software applications were developed for quantitative Metabolic Flux Analysis and efficient Mass Isotopomer Distribution Analysis (MIDA) in metabolic modelling as well as for data management. "LS-MIDA" allows easy and efficient MIDA analysis and, with a more powerful algorithm and database, the software "Isotopo" allows efficient analysis of metabolic flows, for instance in pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella, Listeria). All three approaches have been published (see Appendices).},
  subject      = {miRNS},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Weinke2022,
  author    = {Weinke, Maximilian Thomas Josef},
  title     = {Die Bedeutung von micro-RNA-9, -21, -29c, -145, -200c, -205 und -221 f{\"u}r die Genese und Progression des Urothelkarzinoms der Harnblase - miR-29c als Progressionsmarker im nicht-muskelinvasiven Urothelkarzinom},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-28297},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-282975},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Das Urothelkarzinom ist das zweith{\"a}ufigste urologische Malignom mit weltweit steigender Inzidenz. Nach initial kurativ intendierter transurethraler Resektion des Tumors zeigt bislang immer noch jeder vierte Patient einen Progress im Verlauf mit einem erh{\"o}hten Risiko einer Metastasierung, ohne dass hierf{\"u}r verl{\"a}ssliche prognostische Marker zur Verf{\"u}gung stehen. Mithilfe eines solchen (Bio)markers k{\"o}nnte beim Urothelkarzinom eine fr{\"u}hzeitige Diagnostik von Hochrisikokarzinomen erm{\"o}glicht, die Therapieplanung verbessert und somit das Risiko einer Metastasierung und erh{\"o}hten Mortalit{\"a}t gesenkt werden. Als m{\"o}gliche Biomarker r{\"u}cken micro-RNAs {\"u}ber ihre posttranskriptionelle Regulierung in den Fokus onkologischer Forschung. Mithilfe einer Datenbankrecherche wurden 7 verschiedene micro-RNAs (miR-9, -21, -29c, -145, -200c, -205, -221) selektioniert, welchen bereits in unterschiedlichen Malignomen eine Rolle in der Karzinogenese nachgewiesen werden konnte. Ein Einfluss dieser miRs im Urothelkarzinom war bislang noch nicht suffizient beschrieben, sodass anhand einer Expressionsanalyse in der vorliegenden Arbeit ein Biomarker f{\"u}r einen Progress untersucht werden sollte. Hierf{\"u}r wurde ein archiviertes Gewebekollektiv, bestehend aus NMIBC, MIBC und benignem Referenzmaterial verwendet und die mittels RT-PCR ermittelte miR-Expression mit klinischen Parametern sowie Follow-up-Daten korreliert. Letztlich konnte f{\"u}r unterschiedliche micro-RNAs ein Einfluss auf das Urothelkarzinom im untersuchten Kollektiv nachgewiesen werden und somit deren Bedeutung als Onko-miRs im Urothelkarzinom gest{\"a}rkt werden. Aufbauend auf diesen Ergebnissen wurden die NMIBC retrospektiv anhand der Follow-up-Daten in zwei prognostisch unterschiedliche Subgruppen unterteilt und die Expressionsdaten miteinander verglichen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass sowohl miR-29c als auch miR-145 in prognostisch ung{\"u}nstigeren NMIBC mit einem muskelinvasiven Rezidiv im Verlauf eine signifikant niedrigere Expression im untersuchten Kollektiv aufwiesen. Anhand eines in der Regressionsanalyse ermittelten Schwellenwertes konnte in der Kaplan-Meier-Analyse sowohl ein erh{\"o}htes progressionsfreies {\"U}berleben als auch eine niedrigere tumorassoziierte Mortalit{\"a}t in den NMIBC mit einer miR-Expression unterhalb des ermittelten Schwellenwertes gezeigt werden. Somit wurde im untersuchten Kollektiv ein Marker ermittelt, welcher anhand der miR-29c und -145-Expression eine Unterteilung in prognostisch g{\"u}nstige und ung{\"u}nstige Gruppen erm{\"o}glicht. In einem zweiten unabh{\"a}ngigen Validierungskollektiv wurden miR-29c und -145 auf ihre zuvor erhobene prognostische Aussagekraft untersucht. Hierbei konnte miR-145 als prognoserelevanter Biomarker nicht validiert werden. F{\"u}r miR-29c konnte hingegen erneut eine niedrige Expression mit einer schlechteren klinischen Prognose assoziiert werden. Zudem konnte der zuvor ermittelte Schwellenwert auch in dem zweiten Kollektiv und miR-29c somit als Prognosemarker in den untersuchten Kollektiven validiert werden. In der Zellkultur konnte die tumorsuppressive Funktion der miR-29c weiter best{\"a}tigt werden. So zeigte sich in ektopisch miR-29c-{\"u}berexprimierten Urothelkarzinomzellen eine signifikant niedrigere Proliferations- und Migrationsrate. Um die posttranskriptionelle Funktion der tumorsuppressiven miR-29c weiter abzukl{\"a}ren, konnte LOXL2 als ein solides Zielgen der miR-29c mittels RT-PCR-Analysen identifiziert werden. Anhand dieser Ergebnisse konnten vor allem miR-29c tumorsuppressive Eigenschaften im Urothelkarzinom zugeschrieben werden. Im untersuchten Gewebekollektiv stellt die miR-29c einen relevanten Progressionsmarker dar, welcher im Rahmen prospektiver Studien weiter validiert werden k{\"o}nnte. Eine Implementierung der miR-29c-Expressionsanalyse in die Diagnostik der NMIBC ist somit insgesamt ein vielversprechender Ansatz um eine rasche Diagnose von Hochrisikokarzinomen zu stellen und folglich einer fr{\"u}hzeitigen Therapie zug{\"a}nglich zu machen.},
  subject      = {Blasenkrebs},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Vardapour2022,
  author    = {Vardapour, Romina},
  title     = {Mutations in the DROSHA/DGCR8 microprocessor complex in high-risk blastemal Wilms tumor},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-23140},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-231404},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Wilms tumor (WT) or nephroblastoma is the most common kidney tumor in childhood. Several genetic alterations have been identified in WT over the past years. However, a clear-cut underlying genetic defect has remained elusive. Growing evidence suggests that miRNA processing genes play a major role in the formation of pediatric tumors, including WT. We and others have identified the microprocessor genes DROSHA and DGCR8 as key players in Wilms tumorigenesis. Exome sequence analysis of a cohort of blastemal-type WTs revealed the recurrent hotspot mutations DROSHA E1147K and DGCR8 E518K mapping to regions important for catalyic activity and RNA-binding. These alterations were expected to affect processing of miRNA precursors, ultimately leading to altered miRNA expression. Indeed, mutated tumor samples were characterized by distinct miRNA patterns. Notably, these mutations have been observed almost exclusively in WT, suggesting that they play a specific role in WT formation. The aim of the present work was to first examine the mutation frequency of DROSHA E1147K and DGCR8 E518K in a larger cohort of WTs, and to further characterize these microprocessor gene mutations as potential oncogenic drivers for WT formation. Screening of additional 700 WT samples by allele-specific PCR revealed a high frequency of DROSHA E1147K and DGCR8 E518K mutations, with the highest incidence found in tumors of high-risk histology. DROSHA E1147K was heterozygously expressed in all cases, which strongly implies a dominant negative effect. In contrast, DGCR8 E518K exclusively exhibited homozygous expression, suggestive for the mutation to act recessive. To functionally assess the mutations of the microprocessor complex in vitro, I generated stable HEK293T cell lines with inducible overexpression of DROSHA E1147K, and stable mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) lines with inducible overexpression of DGCR8 E518K. To mimic the homozygous expression observed in WT, DGCR8 mESC lines were generated on a DGCR8 knockout background. Inducible overexpression of wild-type or mutant DROSHA in HEK293T cells showed that DROSHA E1147K leads to a global downregulation of miRNA expression. It has previously been shown that the knockout of DGCR8 in mESCs also results in a significant downregulation of canonical miRNAs. Inducible overexpression of wild type DGCR8 rescued this processing defect. DGCR8 E518K on the other hand, only led to a partial rescue. Differentially expressed miRNAs comprised members of the ESC cell cycle (ESCC) and let-7 miRNA families whose antagonism is known to play a pivotal role in the regulation of stem cell properties. Along with altered miRNA expression, DGCR8-E518K mESCs exhibited alterations in target gene expression potentially affecting various biological processes. We could observe decreased proliferation rates, most likely due to reduced cell viability. DGCR8-E518K seemed to be able to overcome the block of G1-S transition and to rescue the cell cycle defect in DGCR8-KO mESCs, albeit not to the full extent like DGCR8-wild-type. Moreover, DGCR8-E518K appeared to be unable to completely block epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Embryoid bodies (EBs) with the E518K mutation, however, were still able to silence the self-renewal program rescuing the differentiation defect in DGCR8-KO mESCs. Taken together, I could show that DROSHA E1147K and DGCR8 E518K are frequent events in WT with the highest incidence in high-risk tumor entities. Either mutation led to altered miRNA expression in vitro confirming our previous findings in tumor samples. While the DROSHA E1147K mutation resulted in a global downregulation of canonical miRNAs, DGCR8 E518K was able to retain significant activity of the microprocessor complex, suggesting that partial reduction of activity or altered specificity may be critical in Wilms tumorigenesis. Despite the significant differences found in the miRNA and mRNA profiles of DGCR8 E518K and DGCR8-wild-type mESCs, functional analysis showed that DGCR8 E518K could mostly restore important cellular functions in the knockout and only slightly differed from the wild-type situation. Further studies in a rather physiological environment, such as in a WT blastemal model system, may additionally help to better assess the subtle differences between DGCR8 E518K and DGCR8 wild-type observed in our mESC lines. Together with our findings, these model systems may thus contribute to better understand the role of these microprocessor mutations in the formation of WT.},
  subject      = {Nephroblastom},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Reinhold2016,
  author    = {Reinhold, Ann-Kristin},
  title     = {New players in neuropathic pain? microRNA expression in dorsal root ganglia and differential transcriptional profiling in primary sensory neurons},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-140314},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Neuropathic pain, caused by neuronal damage, is a severely impairing mostly chronic condition. Its underlying molecular mechanisms have not yet been thoroughly understood in their variety. In this doctoral thesis, I investigated the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in a murine model of peripheral neuropathic pain. MiRNAs are small, non-coding RNAs known to play a crucial role in post-transcriptional gene regulation, mainly in cell proliferation and differentiation. Initially, expression patterns in affected dorsal root ganglia (DRG) at different time points after setting a peripheral nerve lesion were studied. DRG showed an increasingly differential expression pattern over the course of one week. Interestingly, a similar effect, albeit to a smaller extent, was observed in corresponding contralateral ganglia. Five miRNA (miR-124, miR-137, miR-183, miR-27b, and miR-505) were further analysed. qPCR, in situ hybridization, and bioinformatical analysis point towards a role for miR-137 and -183 in neuropathic pain as both were downregulated. Furthermore, miR-137 is shown to be specific for non-peptidergic non-myelinated nociceptors (C fibres) in DRG. As the ganglia consist of highly heterocellular tissue, I also developed a neuron-specific approach. Primarily damaged neurons were separated from intact adjacent neurons using fluorescence-activated cell-sorting and their gene expression pattern was analysed using a microarray. Thereby, not only were information obtained about mRNA expression in both groups but, by bioinformatical tools, also inferences on miRNA involvement. The general expression pattern was consistent with previous findings. Still, several genes were found differentially expressed that had not been described in this context before. Among these are corticoliberin or cation-regulating proteins like Otopetrin1. Bioinformatical data conformed, in part, to results from whole DRG, e.g. they implied a down-regulation of miR-124, -137, and -183. However, these results were not significant. In summary, I found that a) miRNA expression in DRG is influenced by nerve lesions typical of neuropathic pain and that b) these changes develop simultaneously to over-expression of galanin, a marker for neuronal damage. Furthermore, several miRNAs (miR-183, -137) exhibit distinct expression patterns in whole-DRG as well as in neuron-specific approaches. Therefore, further investigation of their possible role in initiation and maintenance of neuropathic pain seems promising. Finally, the differential expression of genes like Corticoliberin or Otopetrin 1, previously not described in neuropathic pain, has already resulted in follow-up projects.},
  subject      = {Schmerzforschung},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Reifschlaeger2023,
  author    = {Reifschl{\"a}ger, Leonie Sophie},
  title     = {Analyse exosomaler microRNAs im Serum von Patientinnen mit Brustkrebsmetastasen},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-31398},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-313987},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Das Mammakarzinom ist weltweit die h{\"a}ufigste krebsbedingte Todesursache bei Frauen. Fortschritte in der Therapie erm{\"o}glichen zwar eine Verl{\"a}ngerung der Lebens- dauer, jedoch kommt es dadurch vermehrt zur Bildung von Metastasen im zentralen Nervensystem (ZNS). Die Diagnostik und Behandlung von ZNS-Metastasen sind be- grenzt und die Lebensqualit{\"a}t sowie Lebensdauer der Betroffenen nimmt bei zerebraler Metastasierung rapide ab. Ziel aktueller Forschungsprojekte ist daher, Biomarker zu identifizieren, die Hinweise auf eine Brustkrebserkrankung oder Metastasierung liefern. So soll eine kosteng{\"u}nstige, risikoarme und minimalinvasive Methode etabliert werden, die zuverl{\"a}ssige Daten {\"u}ber die Prognose und dementsprechende Therapien erbringt. Diese Arbeit hatte daher die Absicht, mithilfe von qPCR Expressionsprofile von miRNAs aus Serumproben von Brustkrebspatientinnen zu erstellen und deren Funktion als prog- nostische Biomarker f{\"u}r eine Metastasierung ins ZNS zu erweisen. Anhand von Metas- tasierung und Rezeptorstatus wurden die Proben in Untergruppen eingeteilt und statis- tisch mit einer gesunden Kontrollgruppe verglichen. Insgesamt zeigte sich bei 26 miRNAs eine signifikante Dysregulation der Expression bei mindestens einer der Untergruppen. Insbesondere bei ZNS-Metastasen war das Expres- sionsmuster bei miRNA-122-5p, miRNA-296-5p, miRNA-490-3p und miRNA-576-3p sig- nifikant erh{\"o}ht, w{\"a}hrend die Expression von miRNA-130a-3p, miRNA-148b-3p und miRNA-326 signifikant reduziert war. Basierend auf den {\"U}bereinstimmungen unserer Er- gebnisse mit den Daten bisheriger Forschungsprojekten wiesen vier miRNAs eine po- tenzielle Funktion als Biomarker f{\"u}r Metastasen auf: miRNA-122-5p, miRNA-490-3p und miRNA-130a-3p, miRNA-326. Bei ZNS-Metastasen zeigten besonders miRNA-122-5p und miRNA-490-3p statistisch relevante Ver{\"a}nderungen. Um den Einfluss von miRNAs auf den gesamten K{\"o}rper darzustellen, wurde mithilfe ver- schiedener Datenbanken nach entsprechenden Zielgenen und Signalwegen f{\"u}r die 26 identifizierten miRNAs recherchiert. Neben dem Einfluss auf Stoffwechselwege und Er- krankungen, zeigte sich bei acht Targets ein Zusammenhang mit der Entstehung von Krebs. Erg{\"a}nzend zur Identifikation von miRNA-Expressionsprofilen wurden Zellkulturversuche mit zerebralen Endothel- (cerebEND) und Brustkrebszellen (4T1) durchgef{\"u}hrt. Verwendet wurden zwei cerebEND- und eine 4T1-Zellreihe von M{\"a}usen, von denen eine ce- rebEND-Kultur zuvor in der Arbeitsgruppe Burek mit einem miRNA-210-Vektor trans- fiziert wurde. Studien belegen den Einfluss von miRNA-210 auf den mitochondrialen Stoffwechsel, Angiogenese, Reaktionen auf DNA-Sch{\"a}den, Apoptose und Zell{\"u}berleben sowie auf die Proteine BRCA1, PARP1 und E-Cadherin und schreiben ihr damit eine Funktion in der Krebsentstehung und Metastasierung zu. Zur Bestimmung der Proliferation und Aktivit{\"a}t der transfizierten cerebEND-210-Zellen im Verh{\"a}ltnis zur unbehandelten Kontrolle, wurden BrdU-Proliferationsassays und MTT- Assays mit verschiedenen Zellzahlen durchgef{\"u}hrt. Bei der Untersuchung der Prolifera- tion zeigte sich in beiden Versuchen eine erh{\"o}hte Aktivit{\"a}t der cerebEND-210-Zellen, da miRNA-210 vermutlich auch hier das Zell{\"u}berleben gesichert hat. Zudem wurde die An- heftung der Brustkrebszellen an den zerebralen Endothelzellen im Adh{\"a}sionsversuchs {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft. Hierbei wurde eine Abnahme der Adh{\"a}sion der cerebEND-210-Zellen beo- bachtet. Vermutet wird eine Ver{\"a}nderung des Ph{\"a}notyps der Rezeptorbindungen der cerebEND-210-Zellen. Die Ergebnisse der Zellkulturversuche dienen als Grundlage f{\"u}r weitere Experimente.},
  subject      = {miRNS},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{PremachandranNair2014,
  author    = {Premachandran Nair, Anoop Chandran},
  title     = {Identification and functional characterization of TGF-β inducible, immunosuppressive miRNAs in human CD8+ T cells},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-109741},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {While TGF-β is able to regulate miRNA expression in numerous cell types, TGF-β-dependent changes in the miRNA profile of CD8+ T cells had not been studied before. Considering that TGF-β suppresses CD8+ T cell effector functions in numerous ways, we wondered whether induction of immune-regulatory miRNAs could add to the known transcriptional effects of TGF-β on immune effector molecules. In this study, we used miRNA arrays, deep sequencing and qRT-PCR to identify miRNAs that are modulated by TGF-β in human CD8+ T cells. Having found that the TGF-β-dependent downregulation of NKG2D surface expression in NK cells and CD8+ T cells does not go along with a corresponding reduction in mRNA levels, this pathway appeared to be a possible target of TGF-β-inducible miRNAs. However, this hypothesis could not be confirmed by miRNA reporter assays. Instead, we observed that DAP10 transcription is suppressed by TGF-β which in turn negatively affects NKG2D surface expression. In spite of promising preliminary experiments, technical difficulties associated with the transfection of primary NK cells and NK cell lines unfortunately precluded the final proof of this hypothesis. Instead, we focused on the TGF-β-induced changes in the miRNome of CD8+ T cells and confirmed the induction of the miR-23a cluster members, namely miR-23a, miR-27a and miR-24 by three different techniques. Searching for potential targets of these miRNAs which could contribute to the immunosuppressive action of TGF-β in T cells, we identified and confirmed a previously unknown regulation of IFN-γ mRNA by miR-27a and miR-24. Newly generated miRNA reporter constructs further revealed that LAMP1 mRNA is a target of miR-23a. Upon modulation of the miR-23a cluster in CD8+ T cells by the respective miRNA antagomirs and mimics, significant changes in IFN-γ expression confirmed the functional relevance of our findings. Effects on CD107a/LAMP1 expression were, in contrast, rather minimal. Still, overexpression of the miR-23a cluster attenuated the cytotoxic activity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Taken together, these functional data reveal that the miR-23a cluster not only is induced by TGF-β, but also exerts a suppressive effect on CD8+ T-cell effector functions, even in the absence of TGF-β signaling.},
  subject      = {Transforming Growth Factor beta},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Leinders2016,
  author    = {Leinders, Mathias},
  title     = {microRNAs in chronic pain},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-144395},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Chronic pain is a common problem in clinical practice, not well understood clinically, and frequently tough to satisfactorily diagnose. Because the pathophysiology is so complex, finding effective treatments for people with chronic pain has been overall less than successful and typically reduced to an unsatisfactory trial-and-error process, all of which translates into a significant burden to society. Knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the development of chronic pain, and moreover why some patients experience pain and others not, may aid in developing specific treatment regimens. Although nerve injuries are major contributors to pain chronification, they cannot explain the entire phenomenon. Considerable research has underscored the importance of the immune system for the development and maintenance of chronic pain, albeit the exact factors regulating inflammatory reactions remain unclear. Understanding the putative molecular and cellular regulator switches of inflammatory reactions will open novel opportunities for immune modulatory analgesics with putatively higher specificity and less adverse effects. It has become clear that small, non- coding RNA molecules known as microRNAs are in fact potent regulators of many thousands of genes and possibly cross-communicate between cellular pathways in multiple systems acting as so-called "master-switches". Aberrant expression of miRNAs is now implicated in numerous disorders, including nerve injuries as well as in inflammatory processes. Moreover, compelling evidence supports the idea that miRNAs also regulate pain, and in analogy to the oncology field aid in the differential diagnosis of disease subtypes. In fact, first reports describing characteristic miRNA expression profiles in blood or cerebrospinal fluid of patients with distinct pain conditions are starting to emerge, however evidence linking specific miRNA expression profiles to specific pain disorders is still insufficient. The present thesis aimed at first, identifying specific miRNA signatures in two distinct chronic pain conditions, namely peripheral neuropathies of different etiologies and fibromyalgia syndrome. Second, it aimed at identifying miRNA profiles to better understand potential factors that differentiate painful from painless neuropathies and third, study the mechanistic role of miRNAs in the pathophysiology of pain, to pave the way for new druggable targets. Three studies were conducted in order to identify miRNA expression signatures that are characteristic for the given chronic pain disorder. The first study measured expression of miR-21, miR-146a and miR-155 in white blood cells, skin and nerve biopsies of patients with peripheral neuropathies. It shows that peripheral neuropathies of different etiologies are associated with increased peripheral miR-21 and miR-146a, but decreased miR-155 expression. More importantly, it was shown that painful neuropathies have increased sural nerve miR-21 and miR-155 expression, but reduced miR-146a and miR-155 expression in distal skin of painful neuropathies. These results point towards the potential use of miRNAs profiles to stratify painful neuropathies. The seconds study extends these findings and first analyzed the role of miR-132-3p in patients and subsequently in an animal model of neuropathic pain. Interestingly, miR-132-3p was upregulated in white blood cells and sural nerve biopsies of patients with painful neuropathies and in animals after spared nerve injury. Pharmacologically modulating the expression of miR-132-3p dose-dependently reversed pain behavior and pain aversion, indicating the pro-nociceptive effect of miR-132-3p in chronic pain. This study thus demonstrates the potential analgesic impact by modulating miRNA expression. Fibromyalgia is associated with chronic widespread pain and, at least in a subgroup, impairment in small nerve fiber morphology and function. Interestingly, the disease probably comprises subgroups with different underlying pathomechanisms. In accordance with this notion, the third study shows that fibromyalgia is associated with both aberrant white blood cell and cutaneous miRNA expression. Being the first of its kind, this study identified miR-let-7d and its downstream target IGF-1R as potential culprit for impaired small nerve fiber homeostasis in a subset of patients with decreased intra-epidermal nerve fiber density. The work presented in this thesis is a substantial contribution towards the goal of better characterizing chronic pain based on miRNA expression signatures and thus pave the way for new druggable targets.},
  subject      = {miRNS},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Lang2021,
  author    = {Lang, Konstantin},
  title     = {SLC6A2-regulierende microRNAs bei Angsterkrankungen: Genexpressions- und Assoziationsuntersuchungen},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-23093},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-230939},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Angsterkrankungen sind h{\"a}ufige Krankheitsbilder mit bislang nicht vollst{\"a}ndig gekl{\"a}rter multifaktorieller {\"A}tiologie. Neben Umwelt- und psychosozialen Faktoren zeigen Studien eine signifikante famili{\"a}re H{\"a}ufung und lassen eine genetische Komponente mit einer Heritabilit{\"a}t in einem Bereich von 30-60 \% vermuten. Da hierbei am ehesten von einem komplexen Zusammenspiel verschiedenster Gene mit unterschiedlicher Relevanz auszugehen ist, stellen miRNAs eine bedeutende Gr{\"o}ße dar, da sie es verm{\"o}gen auf transkriptioneller Ebene Einfluss auf die Regulierung einer Vielzahl von Genen zu nehmen. Verschiedene Aspekte liefern Hinweise darauf, dass eine Neurotransmitterdysregulation eine wichtige Komponente in der Pathogenese von Angsterkrankungen einnimmt - insbesondere ver{\"a}nderte noradrenerge Signalwege sind hierbei entscheidend beteiligt. Dies macht den Noradrenalin-Transporter bzw. SLC6A2 zu einem interessanten Kandidatengen, und stellt die Bezugsgr{\"o}ße der angestellten Untersuchungen in dieser Arbeit dar. miRNAs, welche die SLC6A2-Expression modulieren, k{\"o}nnen somit Einfluss auf zentrale Verarbeitungswege von Angst nehmen. Im ersten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden potentielle miRNA-Regulatoren von SLC6A2 in silico ermittelt und in einem weiteren Schritt in vitro {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft. Zehn der miRNAs (hsa-miR-378g, hsa-miR-330-5p, hsa-miR-4781-5p, hsa-miR664b-3p, hsa-miR-4715-3p, hsa-miR-579-3p, hsa-miR-3921, hsa-miR-3622b-5p, hsa-miR-4773, hsa-miR-532-3p) zeigten hierbei eine relevante Abnahme der Luciferase-Aktivit{\"a}t als Hinweis auf ihre funktionelle Relevanz und stellen damit die Basis der nachfolgenden Untersuchungen dar. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurden Einzelbasenpolymorphismen im Bereich der zuvor ermittelten miRNA-Gene sowie eines SNP innerhalb der 3'-UTR von SLC6A2 mittels Fall-Kontroll-Studie in einer Population von Patienten mit Panikst{\"o}rung und entsprechenden Kontrollen untersucht. Eine nominelle Assoziation ließ sich f{\"u}r das (minor) T-Allel von rs2910931 (stromaufw{\"a}rts von MIR579) (p-allel = 0,004) sowie das (major) A-Allel von rs2582372 (p-allel = 0,023) feststellen. In Einklang hiermit ließ sich weiterhin f{\"u}r rs2910931 eine signifikante Assoziation zwischen der Anzahl der (minor) T-Allele und dem ASI-Wert (β = 0,371, p = 0,029, 95 \%-CI 0,039-0,702) sowie dem ACQ-Wert (β = 0,012, p = 0,041, 95 \%-CI 0,000-0,023) ermitteln. Somit zeigt sich eine Einflussnahme der genetischen Variante um MIR579 auf die Feinmodulation der Noradrenalin-Hom{\"o}ostase als m{\"o}glichem {\"a}tiopathogenetischen Faktor von Angsterkrankungen.},
  subject      = {Angsterkrankungen},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Krebs2016,
  author    = {Krebs, Markus Karl Ludwig},
  title     = {microRNA-221 und ihr Einfluss auf Zytokin-vermittelte Signalwege im Hochrisiko-Karzinom der Prostata},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-137644},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Der klinische Verlauf von Prostatakarzinom(PCa)-Erkrankungen ist extrem unterschiedlich und l{\"a}sst sich mit den bisher {\"u}blichen Verfahren wie der feingeweblichen Beurteilung der Prostatastanzbiopsie bzw. des OP-Pr{\"a}parates und der PSA-Wert-Bestimmung nur unzureichend vorhersagen. F{\"u}r eine bessere Versorgung von PCa-Patienten sind deshalb neuartige Marker notwendig, die das individuelle Progressions-Risiko bestimmen. Ein hoffnungsvoller Ansatz sind miRNA-Vertreter als Prognose-Parameter. Besonders interessant in dieser Hinsicht ist miR-221, die im PCa-Gewebe signifikant niedriger exprimiert wird. Jedoch existieren f{\"u}r diese in den meisten Neoplasien als Onkogen betrachtete miRNA kaum Erkl{\"a}rungsans{\"a}tze f{\"u}r eine tumorsuppressive Funktion im PCa. Die vorliegende Arbeit konnte mit Hilfe von Microarray-basierten Expressionsanalysen und deren bioinformatischer Auswertung sowie zell- und molekularbiologischen Experimenten erstmals zeigen, dass miR-221 das protektive Interferon-Signal in PCa-Zellen st{\"a}rkt und auf diese Weise deren Proliferation hemmt. Daneben konnten zwei prominente Inhibitoren dieses Signals, IRF2 und SOCS3, als neue Zielgene von miR-221 in vitro nachgewiesen und eine Korrelation von miR-221 mit diesen Zielgenen auch in PCa-Nativmaterial identifiziert werden. Somit konnte erstmals ein Mechanismus der - vorher lediglich aufgrund der Herabregulation in PCa-Nativmaterial postulierten - tumorsuppressiven Funktion von miR-221 im Rahmen der PCa-Entstehung und -Progression dargestellt werden. Eine Aktivierung des JAK / STAT-vermittelten Interferon-Signals durch miR-221 erscheint auch in einem breiteren infektiologischen Kontext interessant - sind doch zahlreiche Virenarten wie das HI-Virus, Hepatitis- und Herpesviren in der Lage, die zellul{\"a}re miR-221-Expression zu vermindern und auf diese Weise wohl das antivirale Interferon-Signal zu umgehen. Die Erh{\"o}hung der zellul{\"a}ren miR-221-Spiegel k{\"o}nnte nach diesem Prinzip auch Interferon-basierte Therapie-Strategien unterst{\"u}tzen bzw. erst erm{\"o}glichen. F{\"u}r das PCa m{\"u}ssen weitere experimentelle sowie klinisch-translationale Untersuchungen zeigen, ob miR-221 als Bestandteil einer Biomarker-Signatur dazu beitr{\"a}gt, Patienten mit einem letalen PCa fr{\"u}hzeitig zu identifizieren und der dringend notwendigen Prim{\"a}rtherapie bzw. einer adjuvanten Behandlung zuzuf{\"u}hren. Im Gegenzug k{\"o}nnte zahlreichen Patienten, deren (hohe) miR-221-Expression im Tumorgewebe einen g{\"u}nstigeren Verlauf prognostiziert, die {\"u}berm{\"a}ßige Therapie erspart werden.},
  subject      = {miRNS},
  language  = {de}
}