@unpublished{Dandekar2007,
  author    = {Dandekar, Thomas},
  title     = {Some general system properties of a living observer and the environment he explores},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-33537},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {In a nice assay published in Nature in 1993 the physicist Richard God III started from a human observer and made a number of witty conclusions about our future prospects giving estimates for the existence of the Berlin Wall, the human race and all the rest of the universe. In the same spirit, we derive implications for "the meaning of life, the universe and all the rest" from few principles. Adams´ absurd answer "42" tells the lesson "garbage in / garbage out" - or suggests that the question is non calculable. We show that experience of "meaning" and to decide fundamental questions which can not be decided by formal systems imply central properties of life: Ever higher levels of internal representation of the world and an escalating tendency to become more complex. An observer, "collecting observations" and three measures for complexity are examined. A theory on living systems is derived focussing on their internal representation of information. Living systems are more complex than Kolmogorov complexity ("life is NOT simple") and overcome decision limits (G{\"o}del theorem) for formal systems as illustrated for cell cycle. Only a world with very fine tuned environments allows life. Such a world is itself rather complex and hence excessive large in its space of different states - a living observer has thus a high probability to reside in a complex and fine tuned universe.},
  subject      = {Komplex <Algebra>},
  language  = {en}
}
@unpublished{Dandekar2008,
  author    = {Dandekar, Thomas},
  title     = {Why are nature´s constants so fine-tuned? The case for an escalating complex universe},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-34488},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {Why is our universe so fine-tuned? In this preprint we discuss that this is not a strange accident but that fine-tuned universes can be considered to be exceedingly large if one counts the number of observable different states (i.e. one aspect of the more general preprint http://www.opus-bayern.de/uni-wuerzburg/volltexte/2009/3353/). Looking at parameter variation for the same set of physical laws simple and complex processes (including life) and worlds in a multiverse are compared in simple examples. Next the anthropocentric principle is extended as many conditions which are generally interpreted anthropocentric only ensure a large space of different system states. In particular, the observed over-tuning beyond the level for our existence is explainable by these system considerations. More formally, the state space for different systems becomes measurable and comparable looking at their output behaviour. We show that highly interacting processes are more complex then Chaitin complexity, the latter denotes processes not compressible by shorter descriptions (Kolomogorov complexity). The complexity considerations help to better study and compare different processes (programs, living cells, environments and worlds) including dynamic behaviour and can be used for model selection in theoretical physics. Moreover, the large size (in terms of different states) of a world allowing complex processes including life can in a model calculation be determined applying discrete histories from quantum spin-loop theory. Nevertheless there remains a lot to be done - hopefully the preprint stimulates further efforts in this area.},
  subject      = {Natur},
  language  = {en}
}
@unpublished{Nassourou2010,
  author    = {Nassourou, Mohamadou},
  title     = {Markup overlap: Improving Fragmentation Method},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-49084},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Overlapping is a common word used to describe documents whose structural dimensions cannot be adequately represented using tree structure. For instance a quotation that starts in one verse and ends in another verse. The problem of overlapping hierarchies is a recurring one, which has been addressed by a variety of approaches. There are XML based solutions as well as Non-XML ones. The XML-based solutions are: multiple documents, empty elements, fragmentation, out-of-line markup, JITT and BUVH. And the Non-XML approaches comprise CONCUR/XCONCUR, MECS, LMNL ...etc. This paper presents shortly state-of-the-art in overlapping hierarchies, and introduces two variations on the TEI fragmentation markup that have several advantages.},
  subject      = {XML},
  language  = {en}
}
@unpublished{Nassourou2010,
  author    = {Nassourou, Mohamadou},
  title     = {Understanding the Vex Rendering Engine},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-51333},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The Visual Editor for XML (Vex)[1] used by TextGrid [2]and other applications has got rendering and layout engines. The layout engine is well documented but the rendering engine is not. This lack of documenting the rendering engine has made refactoring and extending the editor hard and tedious. For instance many CSS2.1 and upcoming CSS3 properties have not been implemented. Software developers in different projects such as TextGrid using Vex would like to update its CSS rendering engine in order to provide advanced user interfaces as well as support different document types. In order to minimize the effort of extending Vex functionality, I found it beneficial to write a basic documentation about Vex software architecture in general and its CSS rendering engine in particular. The documentation is mainly based on the idea of architectural layered diagrams. In fact layered diagrams can help developers understand software's source code faster and easier in order to alter it, and fix errors. This paper is written for the purpose of providing direct support for exploration in the comprehension process of Vex source code. It discusses Vex software architecture. The organization of packages that make up the software, the architecture of its CSS rendering engine, an algorithm explaining the working principle of its rendering engine are described.},
  subject      = {Cascading Style Sheets},
  language  = {en}
}
@unpublished{Nassourou2010,
  author    = {Nassourou, Mohamadou},
  title     = {Reference Architecture, Design of Cascading Style Sheets Processing Model},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-51328},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The technique of using Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to format and present structured data is called CSS processing model. For instance a CSS processing model for XML documents describes steps involved in formatting and presenting XML documents on screens or papers. Many software applications such as browsers and XML editors have their own CSS processing models which are part of their rendering engines. For instance each browser based on its CSS processing model renders CSS layout differently, as a result an inconsistency in the support of CSS features arises. Some browsers support more CSS features than others, and the rendering itself varies. Moreover the W3C standards are not even adhered by some browsers such as Internet Explorer. Test suites and other hacks and filters cannot definitely solve these problems, because these solutions are temporary and fragile. To palliate this inconsistency and browser compatibility issues with respect to CSS, a reference CSS processing model is needed. By extension it could even allow interoperability across CSS rendering engines. A reference architecture would provide common software architecture and interfaces, and facilitate refactoring, reuse, and automated unit testing. In [2] a reference architecture for browsers has been proposed. However this reference architecture is a macro reference model which does not consider separately individual components of rendering and layout engines. In this paper an attempt to develop a reference architecture for CSS processing models is discussed. In addition the Vex editor [3] rendering and layout engines, as well as an extended version of the editor used in TextGrid project [5] are also presented in order to validate the proposed reference architecture.},
  subject      = {Cascading Style Sheets},
  language  = {en}
}
@unpublished{Nassourou2010,
  author    = {Nassourou, Mohamadou},
  title     = {Empirical Study on Screen Scraping Web Service Creation: Case of Rhein-Main-Verkehrsverbund (RMV)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-49396},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Internet is the biggest database that science and technology have ever produced. The world wide web is a large repository of information that cannot be used for automation by many applications due to its limited target audience. One of the solutions to the automation problem is to develop wrappers. Wrapping is a process whereby unstructured extracted information is transformed into a more structured one such as XML, which could be provided as webservice to other applications. A web service is a web page whose content is well structured so that a computer program can consume it automatically. This paper describes steps involved in constructing wrappers manually in order to automatically generate web services.},
  subject      = {HTML},
  language  = {en}
}
@unpublished{Nassourou2010,
  author    = {Nassourou, Mohamadou},
  title     = {Java Web Frameworks Which One to Choose?},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-49407},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {This article discusses web frameworks that are available to a software developer in Java language. It introduces MVC paradigm and some frameworks that implement it. The article presents an overview of Struts, Spring MVC, JSF Frameworks, as well as guidelines for selecting one of them as development environment.},
  subject      = {Java Frameworks},
  language  = {en}
}
@unpublished{Nassourou2010,
  author    = {Nassourou, Mohamadou},
  title     = {Doing Webservices Composition by Content-based Mashup: Example of a Web-based Simulator for Itinerary Planning},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-50036},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Webservices composition is traditionally carried out using composition technologies such as Business Process Execution Language (BPEL) [1] and Web Service Choreography Interface (WSCI) [2]. The composition technology involves the process of web service discovery, invocation, and composition. However these technologies are not easy and flexible enough because they are mainly developer-centric. Moreover majority of websites have not yet embarked into the world of web service, although they have very important and useful information to offer. Is it because they have not understood the usefulness of web services or is it because of the costs? Whatever might be the answers to these questions, time and money are definitely required in order to create and offer web services. To avoid these expenditures, wrappers [7] to automatically generate webservices from websites would be a cheaper and easier solution. Mashups offer a different way of doing webservices composition. In web environment a Mashup is a web application that brings together data from several sources using webservices, APIs, wrappers and so on, in order to create entirely a new application that was not provided before. This paper presents first an overview of Mashups and the process of web service invocation and composition based on Mashup, then describes an example of a web-based simulator for navigation system in Germany.},
  subject      = {Mashup <Internet>},
  language  = {en}
}
@unpublished{Nassourou2011,
  author    = {Nassourou, Mohamadou},
  title     = {A Rule-based Statistical Classifier for Determining a Base Text and Ranking Witnesses In Textual Documents Collation Process},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-57465},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Given a collection of diverging documents about some lost original text, any person interested in the text would try reconstructing it from the diverging documents. Whether it is eclecticism, stemmatics, or copy-text, one is expected to explicitly or indirectly select one of the documents as a starting point or as a base text, which could be emended through comparison with remaining documents, so that a text that could be designated as the original document is generated. Unfortunately the process of giving priority to one of the documents also known as witnesses is a subjective approach. In fact even Cladistics, which could be considered as a computer-based approach of implementing stemmatics, does not present or recommend users to select a certain witness as a starting point for the process of reconstructing the original document. In this study, a computational method using a rule-based Bayesian classifier is used, to assist text scholars in their attempts of reconstructing a non-existing document from some available witnesses. The method developed in this study consists of selecting a base text successively and collating it with remaining documents. Each completed collation cycle stores the selected base text and its closest witness, along with a weighted score of their similarities and differences. At the end of the collation process, a witness selected more often by majority of base texts is considered as the probable base text of the collection. Witnesses' scores are weighted using a weighting system, based on effects of types of textual modifications on the process of reconstructing original documents. Users have the possibility to select between baseless and base text collation. If a base text is selected, the task is reduced to ranking the witnesses with respect to the base text, otherwise a base text as well as ranking of the witnesses with respect to the base text are computed and displayed on a histogram.},
  subject      = {Textvergleich},
  language  = {en}
}
@unpublished{Nassourou2011,
  author    = {Nassourou, Mohamadou},
  title     = {Assisting Understanding, Retention, and Dissemination of Religious Texts Knowledge with Modeling, and Visualization Techniques: The Case of The Quran},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-55927},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Learning a book in general involves reading it, underlining important words, adding comments, summarizing some passages, and marking up some text or concepts. Once deeper understanding is achieved, one would like to organize and manage her/his knowledge in such a way that, it could be easily remembered and efficiently transmitted to others. In this paper, books organized in terms of chapters consisting of verses, are considered as the source of knowledge to be modeled. The knowledge model consists of verses with their metadata and semantic annotations. The metadata represent the multiple perspectives of knowledge modeling. Verses with their metadata and annotations form a meta-model, which will be published on a web Mashup. The meta-model with linking between its elements constitute a knowledge base. An XML-based annotation system breaking down the learning process into specific tasks, helps constructing the desired meta-model. The system is made up of user interfaces for creating metadata, annotating chapters' contents according to user selected semantics, and templates for publishing the generated knowledge on the Internet. The proposed software system improves comprehension and retention of knowledge contained in religious texts through modeling and visualization. The system has been applied to the Quran, and the result obtained shows that multiple perspectives of information modeling can be successfully applied to religious texts. It is expected that this short ongoing study would motivate others to engage in devising and offering software systems for cross-religions learning.},
  subject      = {Wissensmanagement},
  language  = {en}
}