@article{ThomasMyers‐SmithBjorkmanetal.2019,
  author    = {Thomas, H. J. D. and Myers-Smith, I. H. and Bjorkman, A. D. and Elmendorf, S. C. and Blok, D. and Cornelissen, J. H. C. and Forbes, B. C. and Hollister, R. D. and Normand, S. and Prev{\´e}y, J. S. and Rixen, C. and Schaepman-Strub, G. and Wilmking, M. and Wipf, S. and Cornwell, W. K. and Kattge, J. and Goetz, S. J. and Guay, K. C. and Alatalo, J. M. and Anadon-Rosell, A. and Angers-Blondin, S. and Berner, L. T. and Bj{\"o}rk, R. G. and Buchwal, A. and Buras, A. and Carbognani, M. and Christie, K. and Siegwart Collier, L. and Cooper, E. J. and Eskelinen, A. and Frei, E. R. and Grau, O. and Grogan, P. and Hallinger, M. and Heijmans, M. M. P. D. and Hermanutz, L. and Hudson, J. M. G. and H{\"u}lber, K. and Iturrate-Garcia, M. and Iversen, C. M. and Jaroszynska, F. and Johnstone, J. F. and Kaarlej{\"a}rvi, E. and Kulonen, A. and Lamarque, L. J. and L{\´e}vesque, E. and Little, C. J. and Michelsen, A. and Milbau, A. and Nabe-Nielsen, J. and Nielsen, S. S. and Ninot, J. M. and Oberbauer, S. F. and Olofsson, J. and Onipchenko, V. G. and Petraglia, A. and Rumpf, S. B. and Semenchuk, P. R. and Soudzilovskaia, N. A. and Spasojevic, M. J. and Speed, J. D. M. and Tape, K. D. and te Beest, M. and Tomaselli, M. and Trant, A. and Treier, U. A. and Venn, S. and Vowles, T. and Weijers, S. and Zamin, T. and Atkin, O. K. and Bahn, M. and Blonder, B. and Campetella, G. and Cerabolini, B. E. L. and Chapin III, F. S. and Dainese, M. and de Vries, F. T. and D{\´i}az, S. and Green, W. and Jackson, R. B. and Manning, P. and Niinemets, {\"U}. and Ozinga, W. A. and Pe{\~n}uelas, J. and Reich, P. B. and Schamp, B. and Sheremetev, S. and van Bodegom, P. M.},
  title     = {Traditional plant functional groups explain variation in economic but not size-related traits across the tundra biome},
  series = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
  volume    = {28},
  journal   = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
  doi       = {10.1111/geb.12783},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-241310},
  pages     = {78-95},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Aim Plant functional groups are widely used in community ecology and earth system modelling to describe trait variation within and across plant communities. However, this approach rests on the assumption that functional groups explain a large proportion of trait variation among species. We test whether four commonly used plant functional groups represent variation in six ecologically important plant traits. Location Tundra biome. Time period Data collected between 1964 and 2016. Major taxa studied 295 tundra vascular plant species. Methods We compiled a database of six plant traits (plant height, leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, leaf nitrogen, seed mass) for tundra species. We examined the variation in species-level trait expression explained by four traditional functional groups (evergreen shrubs, deciduous shrubs, graminoids, forbs), and whether variation explained was dependent upon the traits included in analysis. We further compared the explanatory power and species composition of functional groups to alternative classifications generated using post hoc clustering of species-level traits. Results Traditional functional groups explained significant differences in trait expression, particularly amongst traits associated with resource economics, which were consistent across sites and at the biome scale. However, functional groups explained 19\% of overall trait variation and poorly represented differences in traits associated with plant size. Post hoc classification of species did not correspond well with traditional functional groups, and explained twice as much variation in species-level trait expression. Main conclusions Traditional functional groups only coarsely represent variation in well-measured traits within tundra plant communities, and better explain resource economic traits than size-related traits. We recommend caution when using functional group approaches to predict tundra vegetation change, or ecosystem functions relating to plant size, such as albedo or carbon storage. We argue that alternative classifications or direct use of specific plant traits could provide new insights for ecological prediction and modelling.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{IslesIngasonLowtheretal.2016,
  author    = {Isles, Anthony R. and Ingason, Andr{\´e}s and Lowther, Chelsea and Walters, James and Gawlick, Micha and St{\"o}ber, Gerald and Rees, Elliott and Martin, Joanna and Little, Rosie B. and Potter, Harry and Georgieva, Lyudmila and Pizzo, Lucilla and Ozaki, Norio and Aleksic, Branko and Kushima, Itaru and Ikeda, Masashi and Iwata, Nakao and Levinson, Douglas F. and Gejman, Pablo V. and Shi, Jianxin and Sanders, Alan R. and Duan, Jubao and Willis, Joseph and Sisodiya, Sanjay and Costain, Gregory and Werge, Thomas M. and Degenhardt, Franziska and Giegling, Ina and Rujescu, Dan and Hreidarsson, Stefan J. and Saemundsen, Evald and Ahn, Joo Wook and Ogilvie, Caroline and Girirajan, Santhosh D. and Stefansson, Hreinn and Stefansson, Kari and O'Donovan, Michael C. and Owen, Michael J. and Bassett, Anne and Kirov, George},
  title     = {Parental Origin of Interstitial Duplications at 15q11.2-q13.3 in Schizophrenia and Neurodevelopmental Disorders},
  series = {PLoS Genetics},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {PLoS Genetics},
  number    = {5},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pgen.1005993},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-166706},
  pages     = {e1005993},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Duplications at 15q11.2-q13.3 overlapping the Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome (PWS/AS) region have been associated with developmental delay (DD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia (SZ). Due to presence of imprinted genes within the region, the parental origin of these duplications may be key to the pathogenicity. Duplications of maternal origin are associated with disease, whereas the pathogenicity of paternal ones is unclear. To clarify the role of maternal and paternal duplications, we conducted the largest and most detailed study to date of parental origin of 15q11.2-q13.3 interstitial duplications in DD, ASD and SZ cohorts. We show, for the first time, that paternal duplications lead to an increased risk of developing DD/ASD/multiple congenital anomalies (MCA), but do not appear to increase risk for SZ. The importance of the epigenetic status of 15q11.2-q13.3 duplications was further underlined by analysis of a number of families, in which the duplication was paternally derived in the mother, who was unaffected, whereas her offspring, who inherited a maternally derived duplication, suffered from psychotic illness. Interestingly, the most consistent clinical characteristics of SZ patients with 15q11.2-q13.3 duplications were learning or developmental problems, found in 76\% of carriers. Despite their lower pathogenicity, paternal duplications are less frequent in the general population with a general population prevalence of 0.0033\% compared to 0.0069\% for maternal duplications. This may be due to lower fecundity of male carriers and differential survival of embryos, something echoed in the findings that both types of duplications are de novo in just over 50\% of cases. Isodicentric chromosome 15 (idic15) or interstitial triplications were not observed in SZ patients or in controls. Overall, this study refines the distinct roles of maternal and paternal interstitial duplications at 15q11.2-q13.3, underlining the critical importance of maternally expressed imprinted genes in the contribution of Copy Number Variants (CNVs) at this interval to the incidence of psychotic illness. This work will have tangible benefits for patients with 15q11.2-q13.3 duplications by aiding genetic counseling.},
  language  = {en}
}