@phdthesis{Lerch2018,
  author    = {Lerch, Maike Franziska},
  title     = {Characterisation of a novel non-coding RNA and its involvement in polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA)-mediated biofilm formation of \(Staphylococcus\) \(epidermidis\)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-155777},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Coagulase-negative staphylococci, particularly Staphylococcus epidermidis, have been recognised as an important cause of health care-associated infections due to catheterisation, and livestock-associated infections. The colonisation of indwelling medical devices is achieved by the formation of biofilms, which are large cell-clusters surrounded by an extracellular matrix. This extracellular matrix consists mainly of PIA (polysaccharide intercellular adhesin), which is encoded by the icaADBC-operon. The importance of icaADBC in clinical strains provoking severe infections initiated numerous investigations of this operon and its regulation within the last two decades. The discovery of a long transcript being located next to icaADBC, downstream of the regulator gene icaR, led to the hypothesis of a possible involvement of this transcript in the regulation of biofilm formation (Eckart, 2006). Goal of this work was to characterise this transcript, named ncRNA IcaZ, in molecular detail and to uncover its functional role in S. epidermidis. The ~400 nt long IcaZ is specific for ica-positive S. epidermidis and is transcribed in early- and mid-exponential growth phase as primary transcript. The promotor sequence and the first nucleotides of icaZ overlap with the 3' UTR of the preceding icaR gene, whereas the terminator sequence is shared by tRNAThr-4, being located convergently to icaZ. Deletion of icaZ resulted in a macroscopic biofilm-negative phenotype with highly diminished PIA-biofilm. Biofilm composition was analysed in vitro by classical crystal violet assays and in vivo by confocal laser scanning microscopy under flow conditions to display biofilm formation in real-time. The mutant showed clear defects in initial adherence and decreased cell-cell adherence, and was therefore not able to form a proper biofilm under flow in contrast to the wildtype. Restoration of PIA upon providing icaZ complementation from plasmids revealed inconsistent results in the various mutant backgrounds. To uncover the functional role of IcaZ, transcriptomic and proteomic analysis was carried out, providing some hints on candidate targets, but the varying biofilm phenotypes of wildtype and icaZ mutants made it difficult to identify direct IcaZ mRNA targets. Pulse expression of icaZ was then used as direct fishing method and computational target predictions were executed with candidate mRNAs from aforesaid approaches. The combined data of these analyses suggested an involvement of icaR in IcaZ-mediated biofilm control. Therefore, RNA binding assays were established for IcaZ and icaR mRNA. A positive gel shift was maintained with icaR 3' UTR and with 5'/3' icaR mRNA fusion product, whereas no gel shift was obtained with icaA mRNA. From these assays, it was assumed that IcaZ regulates icaR mRNA expression in S. epidermidis. S. aureus instead lacks ncRNA IcaZ and its icaR mRNA was shown to undergo autoregulation under so far unknown circumstances by intra- or intermolecular binding of 5' UTR and 3' UTR (Ruiz de los Mozos et al., 2013). Here, the Shine-Dalgarno sequence is blocked through 5'/3' UTR base pairing and RNase III, an endoribonuclease, degrades icaR mRNA, leading to translational blockade. In this work, icaR mRNA autoregulation was therefore analysed experimentally in S. epidermidis and results showed that this specific autoregulation does not take place in this organism. An involvement of RNase III in the degradation process could not be verified here. GFP-reporter plasmids were generated to visualise the interaction, but have to be improved for further investigations. In conclusion, IcaZ was found to interact with icaR mRNA, thereby conceivably interfering with translation initiation of repressor IcaR, and thus to promote PIA synthesis and biofilm formation. In addition, the environmental factor ethanol was found to induce icaZ expression, while only weak or no effects were obtained with NaCl and glucose. Ethanol, actually is an ingredient of disinfectants in hospital settings and known as efficient effector for biofilm induction. As biofilm formation on medical devices is a critical factor hampering treatment of S. epidermidis infections in clinical care, the results of this thesis do not only contribute to better understanding of the complex network of biofilm regulation in staphylococci, but may also have practical relevance in the future.},
  subject      = {Biofilm},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{HockSiew2018,
  author    = {Hock Siew, Tan},
  title     = {Functional characterization of an acid-regulated sRNA in \(Helicobacter\) \(pylori\)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-150671},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Low pH is the main environmental stress encountered by Helicobacter pylori in the human stomach. To ensure its survival under acidic conditions, this bacterium utilizes urease (encoded by the ureAB operon), a nickel-activated metalloenzyme, which cleaves urea into ammonia to buffer the periplasmic space. Expression of the ureAB operon is tightly regulated at the transcriptional level. Moreover, the urease activity is modulated post translationally via the activity of nickel-binding proteins such as HP1432 that act as nickel sponges to either sequester or release nickel depending on the pH. However, little is known how the levels of these nickel-binding proteins are regulated at the post-transcriptional level. Interestingly, more than 60 candidate small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) have been identified in a differential RNA-seq approach in H. pylori strain 26695, suggesting an uncharacterized layer of post-transcriptional riboregulation in this pathogen. sRNAs control their trans- or cis- encoded targets by direct binding. Many of the characterized sRNAs are expressed in response to specific environmental cues and are ideal candidates to confer post-transcriptional regulation under different growth conditions. This study demonstrates that a small RNA termed ArsZ (Acid Responsive sRNA Z) and its target HP1432 constitute yet another level of urease regulation. In-vitro and in-vivo experiments show that ArsZ interacts with the ribosome binding site (RBS) of HP1432 mRNA, effectively repressing translation of HP1432. During acid adaptation, the acid-responsive ArsRS two-component system represses expression of ArsZ. ArsRS and ArsZ work in tandem to regulate expression of HP1432 via a coherent feedforward loop (FFL). ArsZ acts as a delay mechanism in this feedforward loop to ensure that HP1432 protein levels do not abruptly change upon transient pH drops encountered by the bacteria. ArsZ "fine-tunes" the dynamics of urease activity after pH shift presumably by altering nickel availability through post transcriptional control of HP1432 expression. Interestingly, after adaptation to acid stress, ArsZ indirectly activates the transcription of HP1432 and forms an incoherent FFL with ArsRS to regulate HP1432. This study identified a non-standard FFL in which ArsZ can participate directly or indirectly in two different network configurations depending on the state of acid stress adaptation. The importance of ArsZ in the acid response of H. pylori is further supported by bioinformatics analysis showing that the evolution of ArsZ is closely related to the emergence of modern H. pylori strains that globally infect humans. No homologs of arsZ were found in the non-pylori species of Helicobacter. Moreover, this study also demonstrates that the physiological role of a sRNA can be elucidated without the artificial overexpression of the respective sRNA, a method commonly used to characterize sRNAs. Coupled with time-course experiments, this approach allows the kinetics of ArsZ regulation to be studied under more native conditions. ArsZ is the first example of a trans-acting sRNA that regulates a nickel storage protein to modulate apo-urease maturation. These findings may have important implications in understanding the details of urease activation and hence the colonization capability of H. pylori, the only bacterial class I carcinogen to date (WHO, 1994).},
  subject      = {Small RNA},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Horn2019,
  author    = {Horn, Jessica},
  title     = {Molecular and functional characterization of the long non-coding RNA SSR42 in \(Staphylococcus\) \(aureus\)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-175778},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Staphylococcus aureus asymptomatically colonizes the skin and anterior nares of 20-30\% of the healthy human population. As an opportunistic human pathogen it elicits a variety of infections ranging from skin and soft tissue infections to highly severe manifestations such as pneumonia, endocarditis and osteomyelitis. Due to the emergence of multi resistant strains, treatment of staphylococcal infections becomes more and more challenging and the WHO therefore classified S. aureus as a "superbug". The variety of diseases triggered by S. aureus is the result of a versatile expression of a large set of virulence factors. The most prominent virulence factor is the cytotoxic and haemolytic pore-forming α-toxin whose expression is mediated by a complex regulatory network involving two-component systems such as the agr quorum-sensing system, accessory transcriptional regulators and alternative sigma-factors. However, the intricate regulatory network is not yet understood in its entirety. Recently, a transposon mutation screen identified the AraC-family transcriptional regulator 'Repressor of surface proteins' (Rsp) to regulate haemolysis, cytotoxicity and the expression of various virulence associated factors. Deletion of rsp was accompanied by a complete loss of transcription of a 1232 nt long non-coding RNA, SSR42. This doctoral thesis focuses on the molecular and functional characterization of SSR42. By analysing the transcriptome and proteome of mutants in either SSR42 or both SSR42 and rsp, as well as by complementation of SSR42 in trans, the ncRNA was identified as the main effector of Rsp-mediated virulence. Mutants in SSR42 exhibited strong effects on transcriptional and translational level when compared to wild-type bacteria. These changes resulted in phenotypic alterations such as strongly reduced haemolytic activity and cytotoxicity towards epithelial cells as well as reduced virulence in a murine infection model. Deletion of SSR42 further promoted the formation of small colony variants (SCV) during long term infection of endothelial cells and demonstrated the importance of this molecule for intracellular bacteria. The impact of this ncRNA on staphylococcal haemolysis was revealed to be executed by modulation of sae mRNA stability and by applying mutational studies functional domains within SSR42 were identified. Moreover, various stressors modulated the transcription of SSR42 and antibiotic challenge resulted in SSR42-dependently increased haemolysis and cytotoxicity. Transcription of SSR42 itself was found under control of various important global regulators including AgrA, SaeS, CodY and σB, thereby illustrating a central position in S. aureus virulence gene regulation. The present study thus demonstrates SSR42 as a global virulence regulatory RNA which is important for haemolysis, disease progression and adaption of S. aureus to intracellular conditions via formation of SCVs.},
  subject      = {Staphylococcus aureus},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Haug2019,
  author    = {Haug, Lukas},
  title     = {Dynamisch-kernspintomographische Definition der Flexions-Extensionsachse des Kniegelenks},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-17979},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-179799},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Es sollte eine dynamische MRT Methode entwickelt werden, welche die Berechnung und Darstellung einer Achse einer komplexen Bewegung erm{\"o}glicht. Dabei war die eigens auferlegte Definition von „Dynamik", dass ein kompletter Bewegungsablauf als dreidimensionaler Datensatz im Zeitverlauf erfasst und ausgewertet werden soll (4 Dimensionen). Diese Methode sollte auf die komplexe Bewegung des Kniegelenks angewendet werden und mit einem Knie-Modell verglichen werden. Schlussendlich sollte die Flexion-Extensionsbewegung als vereinfacht monoaxial verifiziert werden. F{\"u}r diese Ziele wurden folgende Schritte durchgef{\"u}hrt: Es wurden zun{\"a}chst 10 Kadaver-Knie pr{\"a}pariert und hierbei u.a. kontrastmittelhaltige Kugeln als Tracker eingebracht. Die Knie wurden dann im Rahmen des Versuchsaufbaus in einer speziellen, pneumatischen Bewegungsschiene befestigt, welche dann automatisiert eine passive Bewegung vollzog. Diese wurde mit einer dynamischen MRT Methode festgehalten. Der entstandene 4D-Datensatz wurde eingelesen und die Kugelpositionen ausgewertet. Die Koordinaten der Positionen dienten dann als Grundlage f{\"u}r spezielle mathematische Algorithmen, welche die Flexion-Extensionsachse und ggf. die Innen- und Außenrotationsachse berechneten und schließlich eine graphische Darstellung erm{\"o}glichten. Zur {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung wurde zudem ein Knie-Modell herangezogen und von diesem die gleichen Berechnungen durchgef{\"u}hrt.},
  subject      = {Kniegelenk},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Dugar2016,
  author    = {Dugar, Gaurav},
  title     = {Comparative transcriptomics and post-transcriptional regulation in \(Campylobacter\) \(jejuni\)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-146180},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The transcriptome is defined as the set of all RNA molecules transcribed in a cell. These include protein-coding messenger RNAs (mRNAs) as well as non-coding RNAs, such as ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs). sRNAs are known to play an important role in regulating gene expression and virulence in pathogens. In this thesis, the transcriptome of the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni was characterized at single nucleotide resolution by use of next-generation sequencing approaches. The first genome of a C. jejuni strain was published in the year 2000. However, its transcriptome remained uncharacterized at large. C. jejuni can survive in a variety of ecological niches and hosts. However, how strain-specific transcriptional changes contribute to such adaptation is not known. In this study, the global transcriptome maps of four closely related C. jejuni strains were defined using a differential RNA-seq (dRNA-seq) approach. This analysis also included a novel automated method to annotate the transcriptional start sites (TSS) at a genome-wide scale. Next, the transcriptomes of four strains were simultaneously mapped and compared by the use of a common coordinate system derived from whole-genome alignment, termed as SuperGenome. This approach helped to refine the promoter maps by comparison of TSS within strains. Most of the TSS were found to be conserved among all four strains, but some single-nucleotide-polymorphisms (SNPs) around promoter regions led to strain-specific transcriptional output. Most of these SNPs altered transcription only slightly, but some others led to a complete abrogation of transcription leading to differential molecular phenotypes. These in turn might help the strains to adapt to their specific host or microniche. The transcriptome also unveiled a plethora of sRNAs, some of which were conserved among the four strains while others were strain specific. Furthermore, a Cas9-dependent minimal type-II CRISPR-Cas system with only three Cas genes and multiple promoters to drive the transcription of the CRISPR locus was also characterized in C. jejuni using the dRNA-seq dataset. Apart from sRNAs, the role of global RNA binding proteins (RBPs) is also unclear in C. jejuni. Aided by the global transcriptome data, the role of RBPs in post-transcriptional regulation of C. jejuni was studied at a global scale. Two of the most widely studied RNA binding proteins in bacteria are Hfq and CsrA. The RNA interactome of the translational regulator CsrA was defined using another global deep-sequencing technique that combines co-immunoprecipitation (coIP) with RNA sequencing (RIP-seq). Using this interactome dataset, the direct targets of this widespread global post-transcriptional regulator were defined, revealing a significant enrichment for mRNAs encoding genes involved in flagella biosynthesis. Unlike Gammaproteobacteria, where sRNAs such as CsrB/C, antagonize CsrA activity, no sRNAs were enriched in the CsrA-coIP in C. jejuni, indicating absence of any sRNA antagonists and novel modes of CsrA activity regulation. Instead, the CsrA regulatory pathway revealed flaA mRNA, encoding the major flagellin, as a dual-function mRNA. flaA mRNA was the main target of CsrA but it also served to antagonize CsrA activity along with the protein antagonist FliW previously identified in the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Furthermore, this regulatory mRNA was also shown in this thesis to localize to the poles of elongating C. jejuni cells in a translation-dependent manner. It was also shown that this localization is dependent on the CsrA-FliW regulon, which controls the translation of flaA mRNA. The role and mechanism of flaA mRNA localization or mRNA localization in general is not yet clear in bacteria when compared to their eukaryotic counterparts. Overall, this study provides first insights into riboregulation of the bacterial pathogen C. jejuni. The work presented in this thesis unveils several novel modes of riboregulation in C. jejuni, which could be applicable more generally. Moreover, this study also lays out several unsolved intriguing questions, which may pave the way for interesting studies to come.},
  subject      = {Campylobacter jejuni},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Pernitzsch2021,
  author    = {Pernitzsch, Sandy Ramona},
  title     = {Functional Characterization of the abundant and conserved small regulatory RNA RepG in Helicobacter pylori},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-12268},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-122686},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Bacterial small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) play fundamental roles in controlling and finetuning gene expression in a wide variety of cellular processes, including stress responses, environmental signaling and virulence in pathogens. Despite the identification of hundreds of sRNA candidates in diverse bacteria by genomics approaches, the mechanisms and regulatory capabilities of these posttranscriptional regulators have most intensively been studied in Gram-negative Gammaproteobacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella. So far, almost nothing is known about sRNA-mediated regulation (riboregulation) in Epsilonproteobacteria, including the major human pathogen Helicobacter pylori. H. pylori was even thought to be deficient for riboregulation as none of the sRNAs known from enterobacteria are conserved in Helicobacter and since it lacks the major RNA chaperone Hfq, which is crucial for sRNA function as well as stability in many bacteria. Nonetheless, more than 60 cis- and trans-acting sRNA candidates were recently identified in H. pylori by a global RNA sequencing approach, indicating that this pathogen, in principle, has the capability to use riboregulation for its gene expression control. However, the functions and underlying mechanisms of H. pylori sRNAs remained unclear. This thesis focused on the first functional characterization and target gene identification of a trans-acting sRNA, RepG (Regulator of polymeric G-repeats), in H. pylori. Using in-vitro and in-vivo approaches, RepG was shown to directly base-pair with its C/Urich terminator loop to a variable homopolymeric G-repeat in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the tlpB mRNA, thereby regulating expression of the chemotaxis receptor TlpB. While the RepG sRNA is highly conserved, the length of the G-repeat in the tlpB mRNA leader varies among different H. pylori isolates, resulting in a strain-specific tlpB regulation. The modification of the number of guanines within the G-stretch in H. pylori strain 26695 demonstrated that the length of the homopolymeric G-repeat determines the outcome of posttranscriptional control (repression or activation) of tlpB by RepG. This lengthdependent targeting of a simple sequence repeat by a trans-acting sRNA represents a new twist in sRNA-mediated regulation and a novel mechanism of gene expression control, since it uniquely links phase variation by simple sequence repeats to posttranscriptional regulation. In almost all sequenced H. pylori strains, tlpB is encoded in a two gene operon upstream of HP0102, a gene of previously unknown function. This study provided evidence that HP0102 encodes a glycosyltransferase involved in LPS O-chain and Lewis x antigen production. Accordingly, this glycosyltransferase was shown to be essential for mice colonization by H. pylori. The coordinated posttranscriptional regulation of the tlpB-HP0102 operon by antisense base-pairing of RepG to the phase-variable G-repeat in the 5' UTR of the tlpB mRNA allows for a gradual, rather than ON/OFF, control of HP0102 expression, thereby affecting LPS biosynthesis in H. pylori. This fine-tuning of O-chain and Lewis x antigen expression modulates H. pylori antibiotics sensitivity and thus, might be advantageous for Helicobacter colonization and persistence. Whole transcriptome analysis based on microarray and RNA sequencing was used to identify additional RepG target mRNAs and uncover the physiological role of this riboregulator in H. pylori. Altogether, repG deletion affected expression of more than 40 target gene candidates involved various cellular processes, including membrane transport and adhesion, LPS modification, amino acid metabolism, oxidative and nitrosative stress, and nucleic acid modification. The presence of homopolymeric G-repeats/G-rich sequences in almost all target mRNA candidates indicated that RepG hijacks a conserved motif to recognize and regulate multiple target mRNAs in H. pylori. Overall, this study demonstrates that H. pylori employs riboregulation in stress response and virulence control. In addition, this thesis has successfully established Helicobacter as a new model organism for investigating general concepts of gene expression control by Hfq-independent sRNAs and sRNAs in bacterial pathogens.},
  subject      = {Small RNA},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Yu2019,
  author    = {Yu, Sung-Huan},
  title     = {Development and application of computational tools for RNA-Seq based transcriptome annotations},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176468},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {In order to understand the regulation of gene expression in organisms, precise genome annotation is essential. In recent years, RNA-Seq has become a potent method for generating and improving genome annotations. However, this Approach is time consuming and often inconsistently performed when done manually. In particular, the discovery of non-coding RNAs benefits strongly from the application of RNA-Seq data but requires significant amounts of expert knowledge and is labor-intensive. As a part of my doctoral study, I developed a modular tool called ANNOgesic that can detect numerous transcribed genomic features, including non-coding RNAs, based on RNA-Seq data in a precise and automatic fashion with a focus on bacterial and achaeal species. The software performs numerous analyses and generates several visualizations. It can generate annotations of high-Resolution that are hard to produce using traditional annotation tools that are based only on genome sequences. ANNOgesic can detect numerous novel genomic Features like UTR-derived small non-coding RNAs for which no other tool has been developed before. ANNOgesic is available under an open source license (ISCL) at https://github.com/Sung-Huan/ANNOgesic. My doctoral work not only includes the development of ANNOgesic but also its application to annotate the transcriptome of Staphylococcus aureus HG003 - a strain which has been a insightful model in infection biology. Despite its potential as a model, a complete genome sequence and annotations have been lacking for HG003. In order to fill this gap, the annotations of this strain, including sRNAs and their functions, were generated using ANNOgesic by analyzing differential RNA-Seq data from 14 different samples (two media conditions with seven time points), as well as RNA-Seq data generated after transcript fragmentation. ANNOgesic was also applied to annotate several bacterial and archaeal genomes, and as part of this its high performance was demonstrated. In summary, ANNOgesic is a powerful computational tool for RNA-Seq based annotations and has been successfully applied to several species.},
  subject      = {Genom},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Bischler2018,
  author    = {Bischler, Thorsten David},
  title     = {Data mining and software development for RNA-seq-based approaches in bacteria},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-166108},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) has in recent years become the preferred method for gene expression analysis and whole transcriptome annotation. While initial RNA-seq experiments focused on eukaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs), which can be purified from the cellular ribonucleic acid (RNA) pool with relative ease, more advanced protocols had to be developed for sequencing of microbial transcriptomes. The resulting RNA-seq data revealed an unexpected complexity of bacterial transcriptomes and the requirement for specific analysis methods, which in many cases is not covered by tools developed for processing of eukaryotic data. The aim of this thesis was the development and application of specific data analysis methods for different RNA-seq-based approaches used to gain insights into transcription and gene regulatory processes in prokaryotes. The differential RNA sequencing (dRNA-seq) approach allows for transcriptional start site (TSS) annotation by differentiating between primary transcripts with a 5'-triphosphate (5'-PPP) and processed transcripts with a 5'-monophosphate (5'-P). This method was applied in combination with an automated TSS annotation tool to generate global trancriptome maps for Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). In the E. coli study we conducted different downstream analyses to gain a deeper understanding of the nature and properties of transcripts in our TSS map. Here, we focused especially on putative antisense RNAs (asRNAs), an RNA class transcribed from the opposite strand of known protein-coding genes with the potential to regulate corresponding sense transcripts. Besides providing a set of putative asRNAs and experimental validation of candidates via Northern analysis, we analyzed and discussed different sources of variation in RNA-seq data. The aim of the H. pylori study was to provide a detailed description of the dRNA-seq approach and its application to a bacterial model organism. It includes information on experimental protocols and requirements for data analysis to generate a genome-wide TSS map. We show how the included TSS can be used to identify and analyze transcriptome and regulatory features and discuss challenges in terms oflibrary preparation protocols, sequencing platforms, and data analysis including manual and automated TSS annotation. The TSS maps and associated transcriptome data from both H. pylori and E. coli were made available for visualization in an easily accessible online browser. Furthermore, a modified version of dRNA-seq was used to identify transcriptome targets of the RNA pyrophosphohydrolase (RppH) in H. pylori. RppH initiates 5'-end-dependent degradation of transcripts by converting the 5'-PPP of primary transcripts to a 5'-P. I developed an analysis method, which uses data from complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries specific for transcripts carrying a 5'-PPP, 5'-P or both, to specifically identify transcripts modified by RppH. For this, the method assessed the 5'-phosphorylation state and cellular concentration of transcripts in rppH deletion in comparison to strains with the intact gene. Several of the identified potential RppH targets were further validated via half-life measurements and quantification of their 5'-phosphorylation state in wild-type and mutant cells. Our findings suggest an important role for RppH in post-transcriptional gene regulationin H. pylori and related organisms. In addition, we applied two RNA-seq -based approaches, RNA immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (RIP-seq) and cross-linking immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (CLIP-seq), to identify transcripts bound by Hfq and CsrA, two RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) with an important role in post-transcriptional regulation. For RIP-seq -based identification of CsrA binding regions in Campylobacter jejuni(C. jejuni), we used annotation-based analysis and, in addition, a self-developed peak calling method based on a sliding window approach. Both methods revealed flaA mRNA, encoding the major flagellin, as the main target and functional analysis of identified targets showed a significant enrichment of genes involved in flagella biosynthesis. Further experimental analysis revealed the role of flaA mRNA in post-transcriptional regulation. In comparison to RIP-seq, CLIP-seq allows mapping of RBP binding sites with a higher resolution. To identify these sites an approach called "block-based peak calling" was developed and resulting peaks were used to identify sequence and structural constraints required for interaction of Hfq and CsrA with Salmonella transcripts. Overall, the different RNA-seq-based approaches described in this thesis together with their associated analyis pipelines extended our knowledge on the transcriptional repertoire and modes of post-transcriptional regulation in bacteria. The global TSS maps, including further characterized asRNA candidates, putative RppH targets, and identified RBP interactomes will likely trigger similar global studies in the same or different organisms or will be used as a resource for closer examination of these features.},
  subject      = {Bakterien},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Zachary2021,
  author    = {Zachary, Marie},
  title     = {Functional characterization of small non-coding RNAs of \(Neisseria\) \(gonorrhoeae\)},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-24582},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-245826},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {During infection, bacteria need to adapt to a changing environment and have to endure various stress conditions. Small non-coding RNAs are considered as important regulators of bacterial gene expression and so allow quick adaptations by altering expression of specific target genes. Regulation of gene expression in the human-restricted pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the causative agent of the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhoea, is only poorly understood. The present study aims a better understanding of gene regulation in N. gonorrhoeae by studying small non-coding RNAs. The discovery of antisense RNAs for all opa genes led to the hypothesis of asRNA-mediated degradation of out-of-frame opa transcripts. Analysis of asRNA expression revealed a very low abundance of the transcripts and inclusion of another phase-variable gene in the study indicates that the asRNAs are not involved in degradation of out-of-frame transcripts. This doctoral thesis focuses on the analysis of trans-acting sRNAs. The sibling sRNAs NgncR_162 and NgncR_163 were discovered as post-transcriptional regulators altering expression of genes involved in metabolic processes, amino acid uptake and transcriptional regulation. A more detailed analysis by in silico and transcriptomic approaches showed that the sRNAs regulate a broad variety of genes coding for proteins of central metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis and degradation and several transport processes. Expression levels of the sibling sRNAs depend on the growth phase of the bacteria and on the growth medium. This indicates that NgncR_162 and NgncR_163 are involved in the adaptation of the gonococcal metabolism to specific growth conditions. This work further initiates characterisation of the sRNA NgncR_237. An in silico analysis showed details on sequence conservation and a possible secondary structure. A combination of in silico target prediction and differential RNA sequencing resulted in the identification of several target genes involved in type IV pilus biogenesis and DNA recombination. However, it was not successful to find induction conditions for sRNA expression. Interestingly, a possible sibling sRNA could be identified that shares the target interaction sequence with NgncR_237 and could therefore target the same mRNAs. In conclusion, this thesis provides further insights in gene regulation by non-coding RNAs in N. gonorrhoeae by analysing two pairs of sibling sRNAs modulating bacterial metabolism or possibly type IV pilus biogenesis.},
  subject      = {Neisseria gonorrhoeae},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Alzheimer2023,
  author    = {Alzheimer, Mona},
  title     = {Development of tissue-engineered three-dimensional infection models to study pathogenesis of \(Campylobacter\) \(jejuni\)},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-19344},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-193440},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms are one of the largest socioeconomic burdens today. Although infectious diseases have been studied for decades, in numerous cases, the precise mechanisms involved in the multifaceted interaction between pathogen and host continue to be elusive. Thus, it still remains a challenge for researchers worldwide to develop novel strategies to investigate the molecular context of infectious diseases in order to devise preventive or at least anti-infective measures. One of the major drawbacks in trying to obtain in-depth knowledge of how bacterial pathogens elicit disease is the lack of suitable infection models to authentically mimic the disease progression in humans. Numerous studies rely on animal models to emulate the complex temporal interactions between host and pathogen occurring in humans. While they have greatly contributed to shed light on these interactions, they require high maintenance costs, are afflicted with ethical drawbacks, and are not always predictive for the infection outcome in human patients. Alternatively, in-vitro two-dimensional (2D) cell culture systems have served for decades as representatives of human host environments to study infectious diseases. These cell line-based models have been essential in uncovering virulence-determining factors of diverse pathogens as well as host defense mechanisms upon infection. However, they lack the morphological and cellular complexity of intact human tissues, limiting the insights than can be gained from studying host-pathogen interactions in these systems. The focus of this thesis was to establish and innovate intestinal human cell culture models to obtain in-vitro reconstructed three-dimensional (3D) tissue that can faithfully mimic pathogenesis-determining processes of the zoonotic bacterium Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni). Generally employed for reconstructive medicine, the field of tissue engineering provides excellent tools to generate organ-specific cell culture models in vitro, realistically recapitulating the distinctive architecture of human tissues. The models employed in this thesis are based on decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds of porcine intestinal origin. Reseeded with intestinal human cells, application of dynamic culture conditions promoted the formation of a highly polarized mucosal epithelium maintained by functional tight and adherens junctions. While most other in-vitro infection systems are limited to a flat monolayer, the tissue models developed in this thesis can display the characteristic 3D villi and crypt structure of human small intestine. First, experimental conditions were established for infection of a previously developed, statically cultivated intestinal tissue model with C. jejuni. This included successful isolation of bacterial colony forming units (CFUs), measurement of epithelial barrier function, as well as immunohistochemical and histological staining techniques. In this way, it became possible to follow the number of viable bacteria during the infection process as well as their translocation over the polarized epithelium of the tissue model. Upon infection with C. jejuni, disruption of tight and adherens junctions could be observed via confocal microscopy and permeability measurements of the epithelial barrier. Moreover, C. jejuni wildtype-specific colonization and barrier disruption became apparent in addition to niche-dependent bacterial localization within the 3D microarchitecture of the tissue model. Pathogenesis-related phenotypes of C. jejuni mutant strains in the 3D host environment deviated from those obtained with conventional in-vitro 2D monolayers but mimicked observations made in vivo. Furthermore, a genome-wide screen of a C. jejuni mutant library revealed significant differences for bacterial factors required or dispensable for interactions with unpolarized host cells or the highly prismatic epithelium provided by the intestinal tissue model. Elucidating the role of several previously uncharacterized factors specifically important for efficient colonization of a 3D human environment, promises to be an intriguing task for future research. At the frontline of the defense against invading pathogens is the protective, viscoelastic mucus layer overlying mucosal surfaces along the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The development of a mucus-producing 3D tissue model in this thesis was a vital step towards gaining a deeper understanding of the interdependency between bacterial pathogens and host-site specific mucins. The presence of a mucus layer conferred C. jejuni wildtype-specific protection against epithelial barrier disruption by the pathogen and prevented a high bacterial burden during the course of infection. Moreover, results obtained in this thesis provide evidence in vitro that the characteristic corkscrew morphology of C. jejuni indeed grants a distinct advantage in colonizing mucous surfaces. Overall, the results obtained within this thesis highlight the strength of the tissue models to combine crucial features of native human intestine into accessible in-vitro infection models. Translation of these systems into infection research demonstrated their ability to expose in-vivo like infection outcomes. While displaying complex organotypic architecture and highly prismatic cellular morphology, these tissue models still represent an imperfect reflection of human tissue. Future advancements towards inclusion of human primary and immune cells will strive for even more comprehensive model systems exhibiting intricate multicellular networks of in-vivo tissue. Nevertheless, the work presented in this thesis emphasizes the necessity to investigate host-pathogen interactions in infection models authentically mimicking the natural host environment, as they remain among the most vital parts in understanding and counteracting infectious diseases.},
  subject      = {Campylobacter jejuni},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Fiore2023,
  author    = {Fiore, Elisabetta},
  title     = {Global mapping of pseudouridine in the transcriptomes of \(Campylobacter\) \(jejuni\) and \(Helicobacter\) \(pylori\) and functional characterization of pseudouridine synthases},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-28873},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-288736},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {More than 150 different RNA modifications have been detected in all kingdoms of life and 60 are known to decorate bacterial RNA. Among them, pseudouridine is universally conserved and one of the most abundant modifications present in bacterial stable RNAs such as tRNAs and rRNAs. In bacteria, the nucleotide is posttranscriptionally generated by dedicated enzymes called pseudouridine synthases (PUSs). With the advent of sophisticated deep-sequencing technologies, this modification has been identified in different types of RNA classes (tRNAs, rRNAs, mRNAs, snRNAs, and lncRNAs) in diverse eukaryotic organisms. However, these techniques have never been applied to bacteria, generating a knowledge gap about the location of the modified nucleotide in prokaryotic RNAs. Mutations or deletions of specific eukaryotic PUS enzymes are linked to human diseases and therefore their absence is deleterious for the correct function of the cell. However, deletion of tRNA or rRNA PUS enzymes in the bacterial model organism E. coli have not revealed any such drastic phenotypes, suggesting a different role and function of the modification itself and of the enzymes in different kingdoms of life. Since the roles of tRNA PUS enzymes in bacteria is still poorly understood, a functional characterization of these proteins is pursued in the Epsilonproteobacteria Campylobacter jejuni and Helicobacter pylori. While C. jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis in humans, infection with H. pylori is associated with the development of gastric cancer. In particular, phenotypes were explored for the tRNA PUS enzymes TruA, TruB, and TruD in C. jejuni as well as TruA and TruD in H. pylori. Upon deletion of truD, a severe growth defect is observed for C. jejuni but not for H. pylori, highlighting a potential difference in function of the enzyme in the two related bacterial pathogens. Moreover, a genome-wide approach called Pseudo-seq is established and applied for RNA of these two pathogens, which allows, for the first time, the global identification of pseudouridine modifications at single-nucleotide resolution in the bacterial transcriptome. Applying Pseudo-seq in RNAs of wildtype and diverse PUS enzyme deletion mutants enabled the identification of the distinct RNA substrates of tRNA PUS enyzmes in C. jejuni and H. pylori. Hereby, the tRNA-Glu was determined to be the major tRNA substrate of TruD in C. jejuni. Interestingly, the tRNA-Glu is expressed as a single copy in the C. jejuni genome. To link the growth defect observed for a C. jejuni ∆truD mutant strain to the pseudouridine modification of the tRNA-Glu, a catalytically inactive TruD complementation was generated. This strain is unable to restore the tRNA-Glu modification but surprisingly, was able to complement the growth defect. The same observation was made for a cross-complementation with a copy of H. pylori TruD. This indicates that there is a potential additional function of the TruD PUS enzyme in C. jejuni that is independent of the pseudouridine modification. Using a combination of deep-sequencing technologies (RIP-seq, RNA-seq, Ribo-seq, and CLIP-seq), the dual function of TruD is investigated. Overall, this study provides the first in-depth investigation into pseudouridylation of bacteria in general and the bacterial pathogens C. jejuni and H. pylori in particular. The work presented in this thesis reveals not only a global map of pseudouridine in tRNAs and rRNAs of the two bacteria but it also explores the function of the responsible tRNA PUS enzymes. In addition, this study provides evidence for a dual function of the C. jejuni PUS enzyme TruD that goes beyond its RNA modifying function. Future research could focus on unravelling the function of TruD and its potential interaction partners and thus reveal new mechanisms of regulation of a protein previously only described as an RNA modification enzyme.},
  subject      = {Pseudouridin},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Wimmer2023,
  author    = {Wimmer, Franziska},
  title     = {Implications of self-targeting by type I CRISPR-Cas systems},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-28777},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-287771},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {CRISPR-Cas systems are highly diverse and canonically function as prokaryotic adaptive immune systems. The canonical resistance mechanism relies on spacers that are complementary to the invaders' nucleic acids. By accidental incorporation or other mechanisms, prokaryotes can also acquire self-targeting spacers that are complementary to their own genome. As self-targeting commonly leads to lethal autoimmunity, the existence of self-targeting spacers poses a paradox. In Chapter 1, we provide an overview of the prevalence of self-targeting spacers, summarize how they can be incorporated, and which means can be employed by the host to evade lethal self-targeting. In addition, we outline alternative functions of CRISPR-Cas systems that are associated with self-targeting spacers. Whether CRISPR-Cas systems can efficiently target their own genome depends heavily on the presence of protospacer adjacent motifs (PAMs) next to the target region. In Chapter 2, we developed a method to determine PAM requirements. Thereby, we specifically focused on type I systems that engage multi-protein complexes, which are challenging to assess. Using the cell-free transcription-translation (TXTL) system, we developed an enrichment-based binding assay and validated its reliability by examining the well-known PAM requirements of the E. coli type I-E system. In Chapter 3, we applied the TXTL-based PAM assay to assess 16 additional CRISPR-Cas systems. These 16 systems included three CRISPR-Cas associated transposons (CASTs). CASTs are recently discovered transposons that employ CRISPR-Cas systems in a non-canonical function for the directed integration of the transposon. To further characterize CASTs in TXTL outside their PAM requirements, we reconstituted the transposition of CASTs in TXTL. In Chapter 4, we turned to non-canonical self-targeting CRISPR-Cas systems, which were already discussed in Chapter 1. While investigating how the plant pathogen Xanthomonas albilineans survives self-targeting by its two endogenous CRISPR-Cas systems, we identified multiple putative anti-CRISPR proteins (Acrs) in the genome of X. albilineans. Two of the Acrs, named AcrIC11 and AcrIF12Xal, inhibited degradation by their respective CRISPR-Cas systems but still retained Cascade-binding ability, and appear responsible for the lack of autoimmunity in X. albilineans. In summary, we developed new technologies that eased the investigation of non-canonical multi-component systems and, if applied to additional systems, might reveal unique properties that could be implemented in new CRISPR-Cas based tools.},
  subject      = {CRISPR/Cas-Methode},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Daeullary2024,
  author    = {D{\"a}ullary, Thomas},
  title     = {Establishment of an infection model of the human intestinal epithelium to study host and pathogen determinants during the \(Salmonella\) Typhimurium infection process},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-31154},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-311548},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {According to the WHO, foodborne derived enteric infections are a global disease burden and often manifest in diseases that can potentially reach life threatening levels, especially in developing countries. These diseases are caused by a variety of enteric pathogens and affect the gastrointestinal tract, from the gastric to the intestinal to the rectal tissue. Although the complex mucosal structure of these organs is usually well prepared to defend the body against harmful agents, specialised pathogens such as Salmonella enterica can overcome the intestinal defence mechanism. After ingestion, Salmonella are capable of colonising the gut and establishing their proliferative niche, thereby leading to inflammatory processes and tissue damage of the host epithelium. In order to understand these processes, the scientific community in the last decades mostly used cell line based in vitro approaches or in vivo animal studies. Although these approaches provide fundamental insights into the interactions between bacteria and host cells, they have limited applicability to human pathology. Therefore, tissue engineered primary based approaches are important for modern infection research. They exhibit the human complexity better than traditional cell lines and can mimic human-obligate processes in contrast to animal studies. Therefore, in this study a tissue engineered human primary model of the small intestinal epithelium was established for the application of enteric infection research with the exemplary pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium. To this purpose, adult stem cell derived intestinal organoids were used as a primary human cell source to generate monolayers on biological or synthetic scaffolds in a Transwell®-like setting. These tissue models of the intestinal epithelium were examined for their comparability to the native tissue in terms of morphology, morphometry and barrier function. Further, the gene expression profiles of organotypical mucins, tight junction-associated proteins and claudins were investigated. Overall, the biological scaffold-based tissue models showed higher similarity to the native tissue - among others in morphometry and polarisation. Therefore, these models were further characterised on cellular and structural level. Ultrastructural analysis demonstrated the establishment of characteristic microvilli and tight-junction connections between individual epithelial cells. Furthermore, the expression pattern of typical intestinal epithelial protein was addressed and showed in vivo-like localisation. Interested in the cell type composition, single cell transcriptomic profiling revealed distinct cell types including proliferative cells and stem cells, progenitors, cellular entities of the absorptive lineage, Enterocytes and Microfold-like cells. Cells of the secretory lineage were also annotated, but without distinct canonical gene expression patterns. With the organotypical polarisation, protein expression, structural features and the heterogeneous cell composition including the rare Microfold-like cells, the biological scaffold-based tissue model of the intestinal epithelium demonstrates key requisites needed for infection studies with Salmonella. In a second part of this study, a suitable infection protocol of the epithelial tissue model with Salmonella Typhimurium was established, followed by the examination of key features of the infection process. Salmonella adhered to the epithelial microvilli and induced typical membrane ruffling during invasion; interestingly the individual steps of invasion could be observed. After invasion, time course analysis showed that Salmonella resided and proliferated intracellularly, while simultaneously migrating from the apical to the basolateral side of the infected cell. Furthermore, the bacterial morphology changed to a filamentous phenotype; especially when the models have been analysed at late time points after infection. The epithelial cells on the other side released the cytokines Interleukin 8 and Tumour Necrosis Factor α upon bacterial infection in a time-dependent manner. Taken together, Salmonella infection of the intestinal epithelial tissue model recapitulates important steps of the infection process as described in the literature, and hence demonstrates a valid in vitro platform for the investigation of the Salmonella infection process in the human context. During the infection process, intracellular Salmonella populations varied in their bacterial number, which could be attributed to increased intracellular proliferation and demonstrated thereby a heterogeneous behaviour of Salmonella in individual cells. Furthermore, by the application of single cell transcriptomic profiling, the upregulation of Olfactomedin-4 (OLFM4) gene expression was detected; OLFM4 is a protein involved in various functions including cell immunity as well as proliferating signalling pathways and is often used as intestinal stem cell marker. This OLFM4 upregulation was time-dependent, restricted to Salmonella infected cells and seemed to increase with bacterial mass. Investigating the OLFM4 regulatory mechanism, nuclear factor κB induced upregulation could be excluded, whereas inhibition of the Notch signalling led to a decrease of OLFM4 gene and protein expression. Furthermore, Notch inhibition resulted in decreased filamentous Salmonella formation. Taken together, by the use of the introduced primary epithelial tissue model, a heterogeneous intracellular bacterial behaviour was observed and a so far overlooked host cell response - the expression of OLFM4 by individual infected cells - could be identified; although Salmonella Typhimurium is one of the best-studied enteric pathogenic bacteria. This proves the applicability of the introduced tissue model in enteric infection research as well as the importance of new approaches in order to decipher host-pathogen interactions with higher relevance to the host.},
  subject      = {Salmonella typhimurium},
  language  = {en}
}