@phdthesis{Sauter2022,
  author    = {Sauter, Amelie Judith},
  title     = {Herzratenvariabilit{\"a}t assoziiert mit der Zunahme von Suizidgedanken w{\"a}hrend der antidepressiven Therapie in Zusammenhang mit Traumatisierungen in der Kindheit},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-25177},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-251779},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Die Depression ist eine Erkrankung mit einer hohen Pr{\"a}valenz, die mit einem hohen Risiko f{\"u}r Suizidalit{\"a}t assoziiert ist. Traumata w{\"a}hrend der Kindheit gelten als einer der Hauptrisikofaktoren f{\"u}r Depressionen und Suizide. Die Assoziation einer Hyperaktivit{\"a}t des adrenergen Nervensystems und sowohl Depressionen als auch Suizidalit{\"a}t ist gut belegt. Mit einer antidepressiven Behandlung k{\"o}nnen suizidale Handlungen verhindert werden, jedoch gibt es eine Subgruppe, in der Suizidgedanken w{\"a}hrend der Therapie neu auftreten oder sich intensivieren (TWOSI). W{\"a}hrend bereits mehrere genetische Polymorphismen mit dem Auftreten von Suizidgedanken w{\"a}hrend der Therapie assoziiert werden konnten, gibt es noch keine geeignete Methode, diese Patienten vor Therapiebeginn zu identifizieren, um deren Krankheitsverlauf genauer zu {\"u}berwachen. Im Rahmen unserer Studie untersuchten wir station{\"a}re Patienten mit einer depressiven Episode mittels eines Langzeit-EKGs zur Messung der Herzfrequenz und verschiedener Herzratenvariabilit{\"a}tsparameter. Außerdem wurde bei Studieneinschluss durch einen Selbstbeurteilungsfragebogen verschiedene Formen einer Traumatisierung in der Kindheit erhoben und sowohl bei Aufnahme als auch in den darauffolgenden Wochen eine Fremdbeurteilungsskala zur Erfassung der Suizidgedanken durchgef{\"u}hrt. Dabei zeigte sich, dass elf der insgesamt 89 Patienten ein Neuauftreten oder eine Verschlechterung von Suizidgedanken zeigten. Hierbei stellte sich heraus, dass TWOSI� Patienten schwerwiegendere emotionale Missbrauchserfahrungen in ihrer Kindheit erlebt hatten. Zudem zeigten diese Patienten eine h{\"o}here adrenerge Aktivit{\"a}t, widergespiegelt durch eine erh{\"o}hte Herzfrequenz und eine niedrigere Herzratenvariabilit{\"a}t. Somit k{\"o}nnte sich mit zunehmender Schwere der Kindheitstraumatisierung ein {\"U}berwiegen der sympathischen Aktivit{\"a}t ergeben, und daraus wiederum ein h{\"o}heres Risiko f{\"u}r die Intensivierung der Suizidgedanken w{\"a}hrend der Behandlung. Messungen des autonomen Nervensystems k{\"o}nnten in Zukunft als Werkzeug dienen, Patienten mit einem erh{\"o}hten Risiko f{\"u}r TWOSI zu identifizieren.},
  subject      = {Herzfrequenzvariabilit{\"a}t},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Bruch2022,
  author    = {Bruch, Doroth{\´e}e Eva-Maria},
  title     = {‚\(Social\) \(Buffering\)'. Die Rolle der Anwesenheit einer zweiten Person auf physiologische Angstreaktionen bei M{\"a}nnern},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-28244},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-282443},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {‚Social Buffering' beschreibt den positiven Einfluss eines Artgenossen auf die Verarbeitung aversiver Reize. In Tierexperimenten zeigte sich, dass Tiere mit geringeren Anspannungsreaktionen reagieren, wenn ein weiteres Tier w{\"a}hrend der Pr{\"a}sentation von Angstreizen anwesend ist. Eine Untersuchung an einer weiblichen Stichprobe replizierte den Effekt am Menschen. Allerdings gibt es Hinweise auf m{\"o}gliche Geschlechtsunterschiede. Da vergleichbare Experimente bei M{\"a}nnern fehlen, will sich diese Studie der Frage n{\"a}hern, ob die reine Anwesenheit einer fremden m{\"a}nnlichen Person im Stande ist, autonome Angstreaktionen bei M{\"a}nnern abzumildern. Daf{\"u}r wurden 72 m{\"a}nnliche, psychisch gesunde Probanden auf zwei Gruppen aufgeteilt, welche eine identische Stimulation mit angstinduzierenden und neutralen T{\"o}nen erhielten. Die M{\"a}nner der Alleinbedingung wurden allein getestet (n allein = 36), die der Sozialbedingung zusammen mit einer fremden m{\"a}nnlichen Person (n sozial = 36). Bei allen Probanden wurden die Hautleitf{\"a}higkeitsreaktionen (skin conductance response; SCR) w{\"a}hrend der Antizipation und der Darbietung der T{\"o}ne erfasst. Außerdem wurden die Probanden nach ihrem Gef{\"u}hlszustand befragt (Rating). Als relevante Pers{\"o}nlichkeitsdimensionen wurden anhand von Frageb{\"o}gen die Angstsensitivit{\"a}t (ASI-3), die {\"A}ngstlichkeit als Trait (STAI trait), die {\"A}ngstlichkeit als State (STAI state) und der Eindruck des Probanden von der anwesenden m{\"a}nnlichen Person erhoben. Die Ergebnisse zeigten keine signifikanten Unterschiede in den SCRs und Ratings bez{\"u}glich des angstinduzierenden Tones. Dieses Ergebnis legt nahe, dass bei der m{\"a}nnlichen Stichprobe kein ‚Social Buffering'-Effekt vorlag. Weiterhin waren die autonomen Reaktionen auf die Angstreize h{\"o}her, je {\"a}hnlicher der Mann die fremde Person zu sich bewertete. Die m{\"o}glichen Ursachen des fehlenden ‚Social-Buffering'-Effekts werden unter Ber{\"u}cksichtigung von Geschlechtsunterschieden im Umgang mit Angst und sozialer Unterst{\"u}tzung diskutiert.},
  subject      = {Geschlechtsunterschiede},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Saulin2023,
  author    = {Saulin, Anne Christin},
  title     = {Sustainability of empathy as driver for prosocial behavior and social closeness: insights from computational modelling and functional magnetic resonance imaging},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-30555},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-305550},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Empathy, the act of sharing another person's affective state, is a ubiquitous driver for helping others and feeling close to them. These experiences are integral parts of human behavior and society. The studies presented in this dissertation aimed to investigate the sustainability and stability of social closeness and prosocial decision-making driven by empathy and other social motives. In this vein, four studies were conducted in which behavioral and neural indicators of empathy sustainability were identified using model-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Applying reinforcement learning, drift-diffusion modelling (DDM), and fMRI, the first two studies were designed to investigate the formation and sustainability of empathy-related social closeness (study 1) and examined how sustainably empathy led to prosocial behavior (study 2). Using DDM and fMRI, the last two studies investigated how empathy combined with reciprocity, the social norm to return a favor, on the one hand and empathy combined with the motive of outcome maximization on the other hand altered the behavioral and neural social decision process. The results showed that empathy-related social closeness and prosocial decision tendencies persisted even if empathy was rarely reinforced. The sustainability of these empathy effects was related to recalibration of the empathy-related social closeness learning signal (study 1) and the maintenance of a prosocial decision bias (study 2). The findings of study 3 showed that empathy boosted the processing of reciprocity-based social decisions, but not vice versa. Study 4 revealed that empathy-related decisions were modulated by the motive of outcome maximization, depending on individual differences in state empathy. Together, the studies strongly support the concept of empathy as a sustainable driver of social closeness and prosocial behavior.},
  subject      = {Einf{\"u}hlung <Motiv>},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Gruendahl2023,
  author    = {Gr{\"u}ndahl, Marthe Erda},
  title     = {From Lab to Life: Investigating the Role of Social Contact for Anxiety and Related Autonomic Responses},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-31685},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-316859},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Social contact is an integral part of daily life. Its health-enhancing effects include reduced negative affective experiences of fear and anxiety, a phenomenon called social buffering. This dissertation studied different forms of social contact and their anxiety-buffering effects with diverse methodologies. The laboratory-based first study investigated minimal social contact in the context of pain relief learning. Results showed that the observed decreased autonomic and increased subjective fear responses following pain relief learning were independent of social influence. The minimalistic and controlled social setting may have prevented social buffering. Study 2 targeted social buffering in daily life using Ecological Momentary Assessment. We repeatedly assessed individuals' state anxiety, related cardiovascular responses, and aspects of social interactions with smartphones and portable sensors on five days. Analyses of over 1,500 social contacts revealed gender-specific effects, e.g., heart rate-reducing effects of familiarity in women, but not men. Study 3 examined anxiety, loneliness, and related social factors in the absence of social contact due to social distancing. We constructed and validated a scale measuring state and trait loneliness and isolation, and analysed its link to mental health. Results include a social buffering-like relation of lower anxiety with more trait sociability and sense of belonging. In sum, the studies showed no fear reduction by minimal social contact, but buffering effects relating to social and personal factors in more complex social situations. Anxiety responses during daily social contacts were lower with more familiar or opposite-gender interaction partners. During limited social contact, lower anxiety related to inter-individual differences in sociability, social belonging, and loneliness. By taking research from lab to life, this dissertation underlined the diverse nature of social contact and its relevance to mental health.},
  subject      = {Angst},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Siminski2023,
  author    = {Siminski, Niklas},
  title     = {Temporal predictability of threat: Evaluation of differential involvement of amygdala and BNST, and relevance for therapy response prediction in spider phobia},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-24664},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-246643},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Predictability of threat is one of the key modulators of neural activity in fear and anxiety-related threat processes and there is a considerable number of studies focusing on the exact contribution of centromedial amygdala and Bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST) in animals as well as in humans. In this research field, some studies already investigated the differential involvement of both areas during temporally predictable and unpredictable threat processes in humans. However, these studies showed several limitations e.g. small sample size, no predictable threat conditions, no separation of anticipation and confrontation processes, which should be addressed in future studies. Furthermore, evidence for group-based inter-individual differences of amygdala and BNST activity during predictable and unpredictable threat processes have not been studied extensively. Several studies suggest a relevant role of the amygdala and BNST activity in phobic processes in patients with specific phobia, but no study so far has investigated the exact contribution of centromedial amygdala (CM) and BNST during temporally predictable and unpredictable threat processes in specific phobia. This thesis consisted of three studies and aimed to evaluate the exact contribution of CM and BNST during temporally predictable and unpredictable threat anticipation and confrontation with the use of an optimized functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm, which aimed to solve methodological limitations of recent studies. Study 1 used a large sample of healthy participants who were grouped based on NPSR1 genotype, and study 2 and study 3 used a sample of patients with spider phobia. In sum, the results of all three studies indicated, that BNST is more relevant for anticipation processes as compared to the CM. Contrary, during the confrontation phase the CM displays a greater relevance for threat confrontation processes. In recent years, various studies have investigated the extent to which treatment success can be predicted in patients with anxiety disorders based on pre-treatment fMRI activity. Therefore, this was investigated for the first time in study 3 in patients with spider phobia during temporally predictable and unpredictable threat processes. Results indicated that independent of temporal predictability lower anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) activity during threat anticipation and engaged BNST during threat confrontation might be benefitting factors for successful therapy response in spider phobia.},
  subject      = {Amygdala},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Widmaier2023,
  author    = {Widmaier, Louis},
  title     = {Die Regulation des Chemokinrezeptors CXCR4 durch Chemotherapeutika in Myelomzelllinien},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-34568},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-345682},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Untersucht wurde der Einfluss mehrerer Chemotherapeutika auf den Chemokinrezeptor CXCR4 in Myelomzelllinien auf Ebene des Promotors, der mRNA und der Rezeptorverteilung, wobei drei Substanzen (Etoposid, Bortezomib und Dexamethason) als potenzielle Suppressoren des Promotors ausgemacht werden konnten. Abh{\"a}ngig vom Myelom-Zelltyp und der Dosierung k{\"o}nnen so evtl. R{\"u}ckschl{\"u}sse auf die beobachtete Suppression von CXCR4 bei erkrankten Patienten mit hoher CXCR4-Aktivit{\"a}t (hier: Malignes Myelom) durch die begleitende Chemotherapie gezogen werden, welche eine Diagnostik und Therapie bei diesen Patienten erschwert. Hintergrund: Hintergrund f{\"u}r diese Arbeit waren Beobachtungen in klinischen Fallstudien von Lapa et al. am Universit{\"a}tsklinikum W{\"u}rzburg, die sich auf CXCR4 bezogen, welches u.a. bei Patienten mit Multiplem Myelom {\"u}berexprimiert wird und dadurch bereits als Target f{\"u}r Diagnostik und Therapie in der Klinik Anwendung findet. Dabei konnte bei PET-CT Untersuchungen in der Nuklearmedizin beobachtet werden, dass es durch die begleitende Chemotherapie der Patienten zu einer Suppression des markierten CXCR4-Signals kam, so dass es nicht mehr zur Verlaufsbeobachtung und vor allem nicht mehr zur Radiotherapie und Therapiekontrolle verwendet werden konnte. Um den Einfluss und m{\"o}gliche Interaktionen der Chemotherapeutika auf CXCR4 zu untersuchen, war es Ziel dieser Arbeit, ein vergleichbares Szenario in-vitro nachzustellen und Einfl{\"u}sse messbar zu machen, um so m{\"o}gliche Ans{\"a}tze und Verbesserungsvorschl{\"a}ge f{\"u}r die klinische Anwendung zu liefern. Methoden/Ergebnisse: Hierf{\"u}r wurden im ersten Teil INA-6 (Myelomzellen) und Mesenchymale Stammzellen (MSC) kultiviert, in Ko-Kultur gebracht und nach einer bestimmten Zeit wieder getrennt, um anschließend den gegenseitigen Einfluss in Bezug auf CXCR4 zu messen. Zudem wurde der Einfluss von Dexamethason untersucht. Es zeigte sich eine enge Bindung zwischen INA-6 und MSC sowie eine hohe CXCR4-Aktivit{\"a}t bei INA-6, jedoch konnte keine Induktion der CXCR4-Aktivit{\"a}t in MSC durch INA-6-Kontakt oder Dexamethason quantifiziert werden. Die Immunzytologie erwies sich aufgrund einer schweren Anf{\"a}rbbarkeit von CXCR4 - auch mit verschiedensten Antik{\"o}rpern und sogar Liganden-gekoppeltem Farbstoff- als kaum auswertbar, wobei eine Darstellung von CXCR4 generell aber gelang. Der CXCR4-Promotor wurde mittels Software genauer analysiert, wobei einige relevante Bindestellen, u.a. f{\"u}r Glukokortikoide und NFkB gefunden wurden. Die Herstellung eines CXCR4- pGl4.14-Promotor-Konstrukts war erfolgreich, ebenso dessen Einschleusung in Myelomzellen. Auch gelang die Herstellung stabiler transfizierter INA-6, sodass mit diesen anschließend konstantere Ergebnisse erzielt werden konnten. Im gr{\"o}ßten Teil der Arbeit wurden geeignete Chemotherapeutika-Konzentrationen ermittelt und in Viabilit{\"a}ts- und Apoptose-Versuchen {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft. Die Stimulationsversuche mit diesen zeigten variable Effekte abh{\"a}ngig vom Zelltyp (INA-6, MM1S), jedoch konnten Bortezomib, Etoposid und Dexamethason konzentrationsabh{\"a}ngig als starke Suppressoren der CXCR4-Aktivit{\"a}t ausgemacht werden, was sich v.a. auf Ebene der Promotoraktivit{\"a}t - gemessen mittels Luciferase - zeigte. Interpretation: In-vitro konnten somit drei potenzielle Suppressoren der CXCR4-Aktivit{\"a}t ausgemacht werden: Etoposid, Bortezomib und Dexamethason. Zumindest beim INA-6-Zelltyp fiel dieser Effekt deutlich aus, wobei in der Klinik der entsprechende Zelltyp sowie die Dosierung der Medikamente ber{\"u}cksichtigt werden m{\"u}ssen. Hinzu kommen weitere Einflussfaktoren des menschlichen K{\"o}rpers, die nicht ber{\"u}cksichtig werden konnten. Die genauen Mechanismen der Suppression k{\"o}nnten sich aus den Bindestellen des Promotors erkl{\"a}ren, die von uns analysiert wurden, aber auf die in weiteren Arbeiten noch n{\"a}her eingegangen werden muss.},
  subject      = {Bortezomib},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Pollerhoff2024,
  author    = {Pollerhoff, Lena Katharina},
  title     = {Age differences in prosociality across the adult lifespan: Insights from self-reports, experimental paradigms, and meta-analyses},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-35944},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-359445},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {Human prosociality, encompassing generosity, cooperation, and volunteering, holds a vital role in our daily lives. Over the last decades, the question of whether prosociality undergoes changes over the adult lifespan has gained increased research attention. Earlier studies suggested increased prosociality in older compared to younger individuals. However, recent meta-analyses revealed that this age effect might be heterogeneous and modest. Moreover, the contributing factors and mechanisms behind these age-related variations remain to be identified. To unravel age-related differences in prosociality, the first study of this dissertation employed a meta-analytical approach to summarize existing findings and provide insight into their heterogeneity by exploring linear and quadratic age effects on self-reported and behavioral prosociality. Additionally, two empirical research studies investigated whether these age-related differences in prosociality were observed in real life, assessed through ecological momentary assessment (Study 2), and in a controlled laboratory setting by applying a modified dictator game (Study 3). Throughout these three studies, potential underlying behavioral and computational mechanisms were explored. The outcome of the meta-analysis (Study 1) revealed small linear age effects on prosociality and significant age group differences between younger and older adults, with higher levels of prosociality in older adults. Explorative evidence emerged in favor of a quadratic age effect on behavioral prosociality, indicating the highest levels in midlife. Additionally, heightened prosocial behavior among middle-aged adults was observed compared to younger adults, whereas no significant differences in prosocial behavior were noted between middle-aged and older adults. Situational and contextual features, such as the setting of the study and specific paradigm characteristics, moderated the age-prosociality relationship, highlighting the importance of the (social) context when studying prosociality. For Study 2, no significant age effect on real-life prosocial behavior was observed. However, evidence for a significant linear and quadratic age effect on experiencing empathy in real life emerged, indicating a midlife peak. Additionally, across all age groups, the link between an opportunity to empathize and age significantly predicted real-life prosocial behavior. This effect, indicating higher levels of prosocial behavior when there was a situation possibly evoking empathy, was most pronounced in midlife. Study 3 presented age differences in how older and younger adults integrate values related to monetary gains for self and others to make a potential prosocial decision. Younger individuals effectively combined both values in a multiplicative fashion, enhancing decision-making efficiency. Older adults showed an additive effect of values for self and other and displayed increased decision-making efficiency when considering the values separately. However, among older adults, individuals with better inhibitory control were better able to integrate information about both values in their decisions. Taken together, the findings of this dissertation offer new insights into the multi-faceted nature of prosociality across adulthood and the mechanisms that help explain these age-related disparities. While this dissertation observed increasing prosociality across the adult lifespan, it also questions the assumption that older adults are inherently more prosocial. The studies highlight midlife as a potential peak period in social development but also emphasize the importance of the (social) context and that different operationalizations might capture distinct facets of prosociality. This underpins the need for a comprehensive framework to understand age effects of prosociality better and guide potential interventions.},
  subject      = {Altersunterschied},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Glueck2024,
  author    = {Gl{\"u}ck, Valentina},
  title     = {Habitual avoidance in trait anxiety and anxiety disorders},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-36022},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-360227},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {Maladaptive avoidance behaviors can contribute to the maintenance of fear, anxiety, and anxiety disorders. It has been proposed that, throughout anxiety disorder progression, extensively repeated avoidance may become a habit (i.e., habitual avoidance) instead of being controlled by internal threat-related goals (i.e., goal-directed avoidance). However, the process of the acquisition of habitual avoidance in anxiety disorders is not yet well understood. Accordingly, the current thesis aimed to investigate experimentally whether trait anxiety and anxiety disorders are associated with an increased shift from goal-directed to habitual avoidance. The aim of Study 1 was to develop an experimental operationalization of maladaptive habitual avoidance. To this end, we adapted a commonly used action control task, the outcome devaluation paradigm. In this task, habitual avoidance was operationalized as persistent responses after extensive training to avoid an unpleasant stimulus when the aversive outcome was devalued, i.e., when individuals knew the aversive outcome could not occur anymore. We included indicators for costly and low-cost habitual avoidance, whereby habitual avoidance was associated with a monetary cost, while low-cost habitual avoidance was not associated with monetary costs. In Experiment 1 of Study 1, a pronounced costly and non-costly outcome devaluation effect was observed. However, this result may have partly resulted from trial-and-error learning or a better-safe-than-sorry strategy since not instructions about the stimulus-response-outcome contingencies after the outcome devaluation procedure had been provided to the participants. In Experiment 2 of Study 1, instructions on these stimulus-response-outcome contingencies were included to prevent the potential confounders. As a result, we observed no indicators for costly habitual avoidance, but evidence for low-cost habitual avoidance, potentially because competing goal-directed responses could easily be implemented and inhibited costly habitual avoidance tendencies. In Study 2, the strength of habitual avoidance acquisition was compared between participants with and without anxiety disorders, using the experimental task of Experiment 1 in Study 1. The results indicated that costly and low-cost habitual avoidance was not more pronounced in participants with anxiety disorders than in the healthy control group. However, in an exploratory subgroup comparison, panic disorder predicted more substantial habitual avoidance acquisition than social anxiety disorder. In Study 3, we investigated whether trait anxiety as a risk factor for anxiety disorders is associated with a specific increased shift from goal-directed to habitual avoidance and approach. The task from the Experiment 1 of Study 1 was adapted to include parallel versions for operationalizing habitual avoidance and habitual approach responses. Using a within-subjects design, the individuals - pre-screened for high and low trait anxiety - took part in the approach and the avoidance outcome devaluation task version. The results suggested stronger non-costly habitual responses in more highly trait-anxious individuals independent of the task version, and suggested a tendency towards an impact of trait anxiety on costly habitual approach rather than on costly habitual avoidance. In summary, individuals with high trait anxiety or anxiety disorders did not develop habitual avoidance more readily than individuals with low trait anxiety or without anxiety disorders. Therefore, this thesis does not support the assumption that an increased tendency to acquire habitual avoidance contributes to persistent maladaptive avoidance in anxiety disorders. The thesis also contributes to the discourse on the validity of outcome devaluation studies in general by highlighting the impact of task features, such as the instructions after the outcome devaluation procedure or the task difficulty in the test phase, on the experimental results. Such validity issues may partly explain the heterogeneity of findings in research with the outcome devaluation paradigm. We suggest ways towards more valid operationalizations of habitual avoidance in future studies.},
  subject      = {Gewohnheit},
  language  = {en}
}