@phdthesis{Fazeli2010,
  author    = {Fazeli, Gholamreza},
  title     = {Signaling in the induction of genomic damage by endogenous compounds},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-55634},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously generated in cells and are involved in physiological processes including signal transduction but also their damaging effects on biological molecules have been well described. A number of reports in the literature implicate excessive oxidative stress and/or inadequate antioxidant defense in the pathogenesis of cancer, atherosclerosis, chronic and age related disorders. Several studies have indicated that activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system can lead to the formation of ROS. Epidemiological studies have revealed higher renal cell cancer incidences and also higher cancer mortalities in hypertensive individuals. Recently, our group has shown that perfusion of the isolated mouse kidney with Ang II or treatment of several cell lines with Ang II leads to formation of DNA damage and oxidative base modifications. Here, we tried to scrutinize the pathway involved in genotoxicity of Ang II. We confirmed the genotoxicity of Ang II in two kidney cell lines of human origin. Ang II treatment led to the production of superoxide anions which we could hinder when we used the membrane permeable superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic TEMPOL. One of the enzymes which is activated in the cells after Ang II treatment and is able to produce ROS is NADPH oxidase. We demonstrated the activation of NADPH oxidase in response to Ang II by upregulation of its p47 subunit using RT-PCR. Also, pPhosphorylation of p47 subunit of NADPH oxidase after Ang II treatment was enhanced. Using two inhibitors we showed that NADPH oxidase inhibition completely prevents DNA damage by Ang II treatment. To differentiate between Nox2 and Nox4 isoforms of NADPH oxidase subunits in the genotoxicity of Ang II, we performed siRNA inhibition and found a role only for Nox4, while Nox2 was not involved. Next, we investigated PKC as a potential activator of NADPH oxidase. We showed that PKC becomes phosphorylated after Ang II treatment and also that inhibition of PKC hinders Ang II from damaging the cells. Our results from using several inhibitors of different parts of the pathway revealed that PKC activation in this pathway is dependent on the action of PLC on membrane phospholipids and production of IP3. IP3 binds to its receptor at endoplasmic reticulum (ER), opening a channel which allows calcium efflux into the cytoplasm. In this manner, both ER calcium stores and extracellular calcium cooperate so that Ang II can exert its genotoxic effect. PLC is activated by AT1R stimulation. We could also show that the genotoxicity of Ang II is mediated via AT1R signaling using the AT1R antagonist candesartan. In conclusion, here we have shown that Ang II is able to damage genomic damage in cell lines of kidney origin. The observed damage is associated with production of ROS. A decrease in Ang II-induced DNA damage was observed after inhibition of G-proteins, PLC, PKC and NADPH oxidase and interfering with intra- as well as extracellular calcium signaling. This leads to the following preliminary model of signaling in Ang II-induced DNA damage: binding of Ang II to the AT1 receptor activates PLC via stimulation of G-proteins, resulting in the activation of PKC in a calcium dependent manner which in turn, activates NADPH oxidase. NADPH oxidase with involvement of its Nox4 subunit then produces reactive oxygen species which cause DNA damage. Dopamine content and metabolism in the peripheral lymphocytes of PD patients are influenced by L-Dopa administration. The PD patients receiving a high dose of L-Dopa show a significantly higher content of dopamine in their lymphocytes compared to PD patients who received a low dose of L-Dopa or the healthy control. Central to many of the processes involved in oxidative stress and oxidative damage in PD are the actions of monoamine oxidase (MAO), the enzyme which is responsible for the enzymatic oxidation of dopamine which leadsing to production of H2O2 as a by-product. We investigated whether dopamine oxidation can cause genotoxicity in lymphocytes of PD patents who were under high dose L-Dopa therapy and afterward questioned the occurrence of DNA damage after dopamine treatment in vitro and tried to reveal the mechanism by which dopamine exerts its genotoxic effect. The frequency of micronuclei in peripheral blood lymphocytes of the PD patients was not elevated compared to healthy age-matched individuals, although the formation of micronuclei revealed a positive correlation with the daily dose of L-Dopa administration in patients who received L-Dopa therapy together with dopamine receptor agonists. In vitro, we describe an induction of genomic damage detected as micronucleus formation by low micromolar concentrations in cell lines with of different tissue origins. The genotoxic effect of dopamine was reduced by addition of the antioxidants TEMPOL and dimethylthiourea which proved the involvement of ROS production in dopamine-induced DNA damage. To determine whether oxidation of dopamine by MAO is relevant in its genotoxicity, we inhibited MAO with two inhibitors, trans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine hydrochloride (PCPA) and Ro 16-6491 which both reduced the formation of micronuclei in PC-12 cells. We also studied the role of the dopamine transporter (DAT) and dopamine type 2 receptor (D2R) signaling in the genotoxicity of dopamine. Inhibitors of the DAT, GBR-12909 and nomifensine, hindered dopamine-induced genotoxicity. These results were confirmed by treatment of MDCK and MDCK-DAT cells, the latter containing the human DAT gene, with dopamine. Only MDCK-DAT cells showed elevated chromosomal damage and dopamine uptake. Although stimulation of D2R with quinpirole in the absence of dopamine did not induce genotoxicity in PC-12 cells, interference with D2R signaling using D2R antagonist and inhibition of G-proteins, phosphoinositide 3 kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinases reduced dopamine-induced genotoxicity and affected the ability of DAT to take up dopamine. Furthermore, the D2R antagonist sulpiride inhibited the dopamine-induced migration of DAT from cytosol to cell membrane. Overall, the neurotransmitter dopamine causes DNA damage and oxidative stress in vitro. There are also indications that high dose L-Dopa therapy might lead to oxidative stress. Dopamine exerts its genotoxicity in vitro upon transport into the cells and oxidization oxidation by MAO. Transport of dopamine by DAT has the central role in this process. D2R signaling is involved in the genotoxicity of dopamine by affecting activation and cell surface expression of DAT and hence modulating dopamine uptake. We provided evidences for receptor-mediated genotoxicity of two compounds with different mechanism of actions. The involvement of these receptors in many human complications urges more investigations to reveal whether abnormalities in the endogenous compounds-mediated signaling can play a role in the initiation of new conditions like carcinogenesis.},
  subject      = {Angiotensin II},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MarinovichLutz1985,
  author    = {Marinovich, M. and Lutz, Werner K.},
  title     = {Covalent binding of aflatoxin B\(_1\) to liver DNA in rats pretreated with ethanol},
  series = {Experientia},
  volume    = {41},
  journal   = {Experientia},
  number    = {10},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-55237},
  pages     = {1338 -- 1340},
  year      = {1985},
  abstract  = {Male Fischer F-344 rats were given ethanol in the drinking water and/or by single oral administration. Following this, the animals received p.o. 100 ng/kg of the hepatocarcinogen eHJaflatoxin BI (AFBI)' 24 h later, the level of DNA-bound AFBI was determined in the liver and was found not to be affected by any type of ethanol pretreatment. A cocarcinogenic effect of ethanol in the liver is therefore unlikely to be due to an effect on the metabolic activation and inactivation processes governing the formation of DNA-binding AFBI metabolites.},
  subject      = {Toxikologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Vidal2013,
  author    = {Vidal, Marie},
  title     = {b-adrenergic receptors and Erk1/2-mediated cardiac hypertrophy},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-83671},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Chronische Aktivierung von b-Adrenorezeptoren (b-ARs) durch Katecholamine ist ein Stimulus f{\"u}r kardiale Hypertrophie und Herzinsuffizienz. Ebenso f{\"u}hrt die Expression von b1-ARs oder Gas-Proteinen in genetisch modifizierten M{\"a}usen zu Hypertrophie und Herzinsuffizienz. Allerdings f{\"u}hrt die direkte Aktivierung dem Gas nachgeschalteten Komponenten des b-adrenergen Signalwegs wie z.B. die Aktivierung der Adenylylcyclase (AC) oder der Proteinkinase A (PKA) nicht im signifikanten Ausmaß zur Herzhypertrophie. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass zus{\"a}tzlich zu dem klassischen Signalweg, auch weitere durch Gas-Proteine aktivierte Komponenten in die b-adrenerg vermittelte Hypertrophieentwicklung involviert sind. Interessanterweise wurde vor kurzem ein hypertropher Signalweg beschrieben, der eine direkte Involvierung von Gbg-Untereinheiten bei der Induktion von Herzhypertrophie durch die extrazellul{\"a}r-regulierten Kinasen 1 und 2 (ERK1/2) zeigt: Nach Aktivierung Gaq-gekoppelter Rezeptoren binden Gbg-Untereinheiten an die aktivierte Raf/Mek/Erk Kaskade. Die Bindung der freigesetzten Gbg-Untereinheiten an Erk1/2 f{\"u}hrt zu einer Autophosphorylierung von Erk1/2 an Threonin 188 (bzw. Thr208 in Erk1; im folgenden ErkThr188-Phosphorylierung genannt), welche f{\"u}r die Vermittlung kardialer Hypertrophie verantwortlich ist. In dieser Arbeit konnte nun gezeigt werden, dass auch die Aktivierung von b-ARs in M{\"a}usen sowie von isolierten Kardiomyozyten zur Induktion von ErkThr188-Phosphorylierung f{\"u}hrt. Dar{\"u}berhinaus f{\"u}hrte die {\"U}berexpression von Erk2 Mutanten (Erk2T188S und Erk2T188A), die nicht an Threonin 188 phosphoryliert werden k{\"o}nnen, zu einer deutlich reduzierten Hypertrophieantwort von Kardiomyozyten auf Isoproterenol. Auch die kardiale Expression der Erk2T188S Mutante im M{\"a}usen verminderte die Hypertrophieantwort auf eine 2-w{\"o}chige Isoproterenol-Behandlung deutlich: Die linksventrikul{\"a}re Wanddicke, aber auch interstitielle Fibrose und Herzinsuffizienzmarker wie z.B. BNP waren signifikant reduziert. Weiterhin konnte in dieser Arbeit gezeigt werden, dass tats{\"a}chlich ein Zusammenspiel von Ga und Gbg-vermittelten Signalen zur Induktion von ErkThr188-Phosphorylierung und damit zur Induktion von b-adrenerg vermittelter Hypertrophie notwendig ist. W{\"a}hrend die Hemmung von Gbg-Signalen mit dem C-Terminus der GRK2 oder die Hemmung von Adenylylzyklase eine ErkThr188-Phosphorylierung und eine Hypertrophieantwort nach Isoprenalingabe effektiv reduzierten, f{\"u}hrt die alleinige Aktivierung von Adenylylzyklase nicht zu einer Hypertrophieantwort. Diese Ergebnisse k{\"o}nnten bei der Entwicklung neuer m{\"o}glicher therapeutischen Strategien zur Therapie b-adrenerg induzierter Herzhypertrophie und Herzinsuffizienz helfen.},
  subject      = {Adrenerger Rezeptor},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{JesaitisKlotz1993,
  author    = {Jesaitis, A. J. and Klotz, Karl-Norbert},
  title     = {Cytoskeletal regulation of chemotactic receptors: Molecular complexation of N-formyl peptide receptors with G proteins and actin},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-79673},
  year      = {1993},
  abstract  = {Signal transduction via receptors for N-formylmethionyl peptide chemoattractants (FPR) on human neutrophils is a highly regulated process. It involves direct interaction of receptors with heterotrimeric G-proteins and may be under thc control of cytoskeletal clemcnts. Evidencc exists suggesting that thc cytoskeleton and/or the membrane ske1eton determines the distribution of FPR in the plane of the plasma membrane, thus controlling FPR accessibility to different protcins in functionally distinct membrane domains. In desensitized cells, FPR are restricted to domains which are depleted of G proteins but enriched in cytoskeletal proteins such as actin and fodrin. Thus, the G protein signal transduction partners of FPR become inacccssible to the agonist-occupied receptor, preventing cell activation. We are investigating the molecular basis for the interaction of FPR with the membrane skeleton, and our results suggest that FPR, and possibly other receptors, may directly bind to cytoskeletal proteins such as actin.},
  subject      = {Immunologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Lutz1990,
  author    = {Lutz, Werner K.},
  title     = {Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehungen in der chemischen Kanzerogenese},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-80046},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {Ich habe versucht darzulegen, daß mechanistische {\"U}berlegungen zur Extrapolation der Dosis-WirkungsBeziehung herangezogen werden k{\"o}nnen. Ein nichtlinearer Verlauf ist nicht nur bei den epigenetischen Kanzerogenen wahrscheinlich, sondern auch bei den DNA-bindenden. Echte Schwellen sind aber nur in solchen F{\"a}llen zu erwarten, wo kein endogenes Korrelat besteht. Immerhin k{\"o}nnen auch steile Nichtlinearit{\"a}ten zu einer drastischen Risikoreduktion f{\"u}hren, so daß die Anstrengungen dahin gehen sollten, die Steigung und den Bereich des {\"u}berproportionalen Abfalls experimentell zu zeigen. In einer heterogenen Population kann die 0 0- sis-Wirkungs-Kurve zus{\"a}tzliche "Wellen" bekommen und wird dadurch grunds{\"a}tzlich flacher. Im Extremfall ergibt sich eine lineare Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehung unabh{\"a}ngig vom Wirkmechanismus des Kanzerogens. Diese Proportionalit{\"a}t zwischen tiefster Dosis und Effekt wird bei genotoxischen Kanzerogenen aus mechanistischen Gr{\"u}nden schon f{\"u}r eine homogene Population postuliert, doch kann dies in einer heterogenen Population auch bei epigenetischen Kanzerogenen in Frage kommen.},
  subject      = {Toxikologie},
  language  = {de}
}
@inproceedings{SagelsdorffLutz1987,
  author    = {Sagelsdorff, P. and Lutz, Werner K.},
  title     = {Sensitivity of DNA and nucleotides to oxidation by permanganate and hydrogen peroxide},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-80062},
  year      = {1987},
  abstract  = {no abstract available},
  subject      = {Toxikologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{Lutz1987,
  author    = {Lutz, Werner K.},
  title     = {Quantitative evaluation of DNA-binding data in vivo for low-dose extrapolations},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-80079},
  year      = {1987},
  abstract  = {no abstract available},
  subject      = {Toxikologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{Lutz1984,
  author    = {Lutz, Werner K.},
  title     = {Structural characteristics of compounds that can be activated to chemically reactive metabolites: use for a prediction of a carcinogenic potential},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-80105},
  year      = {1984},
  abstract  = {Many mutagens and carcinogens act via covalent interaction of metabolic intermediates with DNA in the target cell. This report groups those structural elements which are often found to form the basis for a metabolism to such chemically reactive metabolites. ~mpounds which are chemically reactive per se and which do not require metabolic activation form group 1. Group 2 compri~es of olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons where the oxidation via an epoxide can be responsible for the generation of reactive species. Aromatic amines, hydrazines, and nitrosamirres form group 3 requiring an oxidation of a nitrogen atom or of a carbon atom in alpha position to a nitrosated amine. Group 4 compounds are halogenated hydrocarbons which can either give rise to radicals or can form an ·olefin (group 2) upon dehydrohalogenation. Group 5 compounds depend upon some preceding enzymatic activity either not available in the target cell or acting on positions in the molecule which are not directly involved in the subsequent formation of electrophilic atoms. Examples for each group are taken from the "List of Chemieals and Irrdustrial Processes Associated with Cancer in Humans" as compiled by the International Agency for the Research on Cancer, and it is shown that 91\% of the organic carcinogens would have been detected on the basis of structural elements characteristic for group 1-5. As opposed to this very high sensitivity, the specificity ( the true negative fraction) of using this approach as a short-term test for carcinogenicity is shown to be bad because detoxification pathways have so far not been taken into account. These competing processes are so complex, however, that either only very extensive knowledge about pharmacokinetics, stability, and reactivity will be required or that in vivo systems have to be used to predict, on a quantitative basis, the darnage expected on the DNA. DNA-binding experiments in vivo are presented with benzene and toluene to demonstrate one possible way for an experimental assessment and it is shown that the detoxification reaction at the methyl group available only in toluene gives rise to a reduction by at least a factor of forty for the binding to rat liver DNA. This quantitative approach available with DNA-binding tests in vivo, also allows evaluation as to whether reactive metabolites and their DNA binding are always the most important single activities contributing to the overall carcinogenicity of a chemical. With the example of the livertumor inducing hexachlorocyclohexane isomers it is shown that situations will be found where reactive metabolites are formed and DNA binding in vivo is measurable but where this activity cannot be the decisive mode of carcinogenic action. It is concluded that the lack of structural elements known to become potentially reactive does not guarantee the lack of a carcinogenic potential.},
  subject      = {Toxikologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{EmamiNemini2012,
  author    = {Emami-Nemini, Alexander Darius},
  title     = {Differential parathyroid hormone receptor signaling directed by adaptor proteins},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72369},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {The superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) regulates numerous physiological and pathophysiological processes. Hence GPCRs are of significant interest for pharmacological therapy. Embedded into cytoplasmic membranes, GPCRs represent the core of large signaling complexes, which are critical for transduction of exogenous stimuli towards activation of downstream signaling pathways. As a member of the GPCR family B, the parathyroid hormone receptor (PTHR) activates adenylyl cyclases, phospholipases C β as well as mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent signaling pathways, thereby mediating endocrine and paracrine effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), respectively. This regulates, calcium homeostasis, bone metabolism and bone development. Paradoxically, PTH is able to induce both catabolic and anabolic bone metabolism. The anabolic effect of PTH is successfully applied in the therapy of severe osteoporosis. Domination of anabolic or catabolic bone-metabolism is entailed by temporal and cell-type specific determinants. The molecular bases are presumably differential arrangements of adaptor proteins within large signaling complexes that may lead to differential activation of signaling pathways, thereby regulating physiological effects. The molecular mechanisms are largely unclear; thus, there is significant interest in revealing a better understanding of PTHR-related adaptor proteins. To identify novel adaptor proteins which direct PTHR signaling pathways, a proteomic screening approach was developed. In this screening, vav2, a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for small GTPases which regulates cytoskeleton reorganization, was found to interact with intracellular domains of PTHR. Evidence is provided that vav2 impairs PTH-mediated phospholipase C β (PLCβ) signaling pathways by competitive interactions with G protein αq subunits. Vice versa, PTH was shown to regulate phosphorylation and subsequent GEF activity of vav2. These findings may thus shed new light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of PTH on bone metabolism by PLC-signaling, cell migration and cytoskeleton organization. In addition to the understanding of intracellular molecular signaling processes, screening for ligands is a fundamental and demanding prerequisite for modern drug development. To this end, ligand binding assays represent a fundamental technique. As a substitution for expensive and potentially harmful radioligand binding, fluorescence-based ligand-binding assays for PTHR were developed in this work. Based on time-resolved fluorescence, several assay variants were established to facilitate drug development for the PTHR.},
  subject      = {G-Protein gekoppelte Rezeptoren},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CaviezelAeschbachLutzetal.1984,
  author    = {Caviezel, M. and Aeschbach, A. P. and Lutz, Werner K. and Schlatter, C.},
  title     = {Reduction of covalent binding of aflatoxin B1 to rabbit liver DNA after immunization against this carcinogen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-80116},
  year      = {1984},
  abstract  = {The covalent binding of [3H]aflatoxin B1 (AF) to liver DNA was determined, 6 h after oral administration to male rabbits. A Covalent Binding Index, CBI (flmol AF/mol DNA-P)/(mmol AF/kg b. w.) = 8,500 was found. Pretreatment of rabbits with AF coupled to bovine serum albumin in Freund's adjuvant led to the production of AF-directed antibodies. Administration of [3H]AF to such immunized rabbits resulted in a CJH of only 2,500, i.e., the iiDJ{.lUnization provided a protection by a factor of more than 3. Although this is encouraging evidence for the potential of active immunization against genotoxic carcinogens, a nurober of pointswill have to be clarified, such as the time course for the DNA binding and the question of a possible shift to other target cells.},
  subject      = {Krebs},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LutzSchlatter1979,
  author    = {Lutz, Werner K. and Schlatter, C.},
  title     = {In vivo covalent binding of chemicals to DNA as a short-term test for carcinogenicity},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-80127},
  year      = {1979},
  abstract  = {The determination of a covalent binding of radioactive chemieals to DNA in intact mammalian organisms is proposedas a short-term test for carcinogenicity. The effectiveness of covalent binding to rat liver DNA correlates well with the hepatocarcinogenicity known from long-term bioassays. The binding indices range over more than five orders of rriagnitude between the strongest hepatocarcinogen aflatoxin B 1 and the limit of detection of a binding with 100 f-LCi 14C-labelled chemical. The order of magnitude of binding is therefore a surprisingly good quantitative measure for carcinogenicity. The pattern of DNA binding sites is important especially for small alkylating agents where the determination of total binding might indicate a higher carcinogenic potency than is actually observed.},
  subject      = {DNA},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Mueller2014,
  author    = {M{\"u}ller, Markus},
  title     = {Effekte kardioprotektiver Zyklopeptide auf Funktion und Morphometrie des Herzens im Rattenmodell der dilatativen Immunkardiomyopathie},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-101935},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Kardiomyopathien sind Erkrankungen des Herzmuskels, die mit einer kardialen Funktionsst{\"o}rung einhergehen. Formen, die ohne erkennbare Ursache zu einer progredienten Dilatation und Reduktion der Kontraktilit{\"a}t des linken Ventrikels f{\"u}hren, werden als idiopathische dilatative Kardiomyopathie (DCM) bezeichnet. Sie ist der Hauptgrund f{\"u}r schwere Herzinsuffizienz und die damit assoziierten Einschr{\"a}nkungen der Lebensqualit{\"a}t bei jungen Erwachsenen. Neben der beeintr{\"a}chtigten kardialen Funktion weisen diese Patienten oftmals auch Ver{\"a}nderungen im Bereich der humoralen und zellul{\"a}ren Immunit{\"a}t auf. Ein Teil der Patienten entwickelt Autoantik{\"o}rper, die sich gegen den kardialen β1-adrenergen Rezeptor richten und ihn {\"a}hnlich wie der nat{\"u}rliche Ligand Adrenalin aktivieren. Hieraus resultiert eine chronische {\"U}berstimulation des Rezeptors, die {\"u}ber eine initiale Hypertrophie dann zu einer eingeschr{\"a}nkten Pumpfunktion f{\"u}hrt. Nachdem sich die Therapie der Antik{\"o}rper-vermittelten Immunkardiomyopathie bisher auf die Behandlung der Herzinsuffizienz und die Kontrolle der Herz-insuffizienzsymptome beschr{\"a}nkt, k{\"o}nnten β1-ECII-homologe Peptide als Antik{\"o}rper-F{\"a}nger bei Antik{\"o}rper-positiven Patienten nun einen kausalen Therapieansatz darstellen. In diesem Zusammenhang wurden ein aus 25 Aminos{\"a}uren bestehendes zyklisches Peptid, eine aus 18 Aminos{\"a}uren bestehende Zyklopeptid-Mutante und ihre jeweiligen linearen {\"A}quivalente im Rattenmodell auf Antik{\"o}rper-neutralisierende Effekte und potentielle therapeutische Wirksamkeit getestet. Das Rattenmodell ist hierf{\"u}r besonders geeignet, da die Aminos{\"a}uresequenz der funktionell wichtigen zweiten extrazellul{\"a}ren Dom{\"a}ne des β1-adrenergen Rezeptors (β1-ECII) bei Mensch und Ratte absolut identisch ist. Auf immunologischer Ebene konnte der Titer der krankheitsinduzierenden β1-ECII-Antik{\"o}rper bereits nach der ersten Applikation zyklischer Peptide relevant gesenkt werden und nahm im weiteren Verlauf der Behandlung kontinuierlich ab. Nach Zyklopeptidgabe kam es am Herzen zu einer Reduktion des linksventrikul{\"a}ren Durchmessers und zu einer fast vollst{\"a}ndigen Normalisierung der anatomischen Proportionen. Auf die Morphologie der Myozyten selbst und auch den Kollagengehalt des Gewebes hatte die Zyklopeptidtherapie keinen wesentlichen Einfluss. Die funktionellen Eigenschaften des Herzens ließen sich durch die Neutralisation stimulatorischer β1-ECII-Antik{\"o}rper mittels intraven{\"o}ser Zyklopeptidapplikation deutlich verbessern: Die Verk{\"u}rzungsfraktion des linken Ventrikels und der Herzindex als Parameter f{\"u}r die kardiale Leistungsf{\"a}higkeit konnten durch die Behandlung wieder weitgehend normalisiert werden. Diese im Tiermodell erzielten Ergebnisse lassen einen therapeutischen Effekt der Zyklopeptide vermuten. Der Ansatz einer spezifisch gegen Antik{\"o}rper gerichteten Therapie zur Behandlung von Patienten mit β1-Antik{\"o}rper-positiver Herzinsuffizienz erscheint daher vielversprechend.},
  subject      = {Dilatative Kardiomyopathie},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{KannenHintzscheZanetteetal.2012,
  author    = {Kannen, Vinicius and Hintzsche, Henning and Zanette, Dalila L. and Silva Jr., Wilson A. and Garcia, Sergio B. and Waaga-Gasser, Anna Maria and Stopper, Helga},
  title     = {Antiproliferative Effects of Fluoxetine on Colon Cancer Cells and in a Colonic Carcinogen Mouse Model},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75879},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {The antidepressant fluoxetine has been under discussion because of its potential influence on cancer risk. It was found to inhibit the development of carcinogen-induced preneoplastic lesions in colon tissue, but the mechanisms of action are not well understood. Therefore, we investigated anti-proliferative effects, and used HT29 colon tumor cells in vitro, as well as C57BL/6 mice exposed to intra-rectal treatment with the carcinogen N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) as models. Fluoxetine increased the percentage of HT29 cells in the G0/G1 phase of cell-cycle, and the expression of p27 protein. This was not related to an induction of apoptosis, reactive oxygen species or DNA damage. In vivo, fluoxetine reduced the development of MNNG-induced dysplasia and vascularization-related dysplasia in colon tissue, which was analyzed by histopathological techniques. An anti-proliferative potential of fluoxetine was observed in epithelial and stromal areas. It was accompanied by a reduction of VEGF expression and of the number of cells with angiogenic potential, such as CD133, CD34, and CD31-positive cell clusters. Taken together, our findings suggest that fluoxetine treatment targets steps of early colon carcinogenesis. This confirms its protective potential, explaining at least partially the lower colon cancer risk under antidepressant therapy.},
  subject      = {Medizin},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schmidt2013,
  author    = {Schmidt, Tobias},
  title     = {Biotransformation of trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-78579},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {The novel refrigerant 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf) as well as the novel foam blowing and precision cleaning agent trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (trans-HCFO-1233zd) are both chlorofluorocarbon replacements with low GWPs and a short atmospheric life time. Whereas the hydrofluoroolefin HFO-1234yf has no negative effect on stratospheric ozone due to the lack of chlorine in its structure, the hydrochlorofluoroolefine trans-HCFO-1233zd exhibits a very low potential for ozone depletion (ODP). This is approximately 100 times lower than the ozone depletion potential of precursor compounds such as 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (CFC-113). Principle aims of this thesis were to investigate the unknown metabolism of the new solvent trans-HCFO-1233zd and to further investigate a possible biotransformation based toxicity of HFO-1234yf observed in rabbits. Therefore study specimens of different in vitro and in vivo studies with trans-HCFO-1233zd and HFO-1234yf were analyzed for metabolites using 19FNMR spectroscopy, LC-MS/MS spectrometry and GC/MS spectrometry. Metabolites were identified by comparison with purchased or synthesized standard substances. Excretion kinetics of the predominant metabolites were determined by LC-MS/MS quantification,inorganic fluoride was determined by potentiometry. Moreover cytochrome P-450 2E1 and 3A4 liver enzyme activities were measured in a multi-exposure study with HFO-1234yf. ...},
  subject      = {Propenderivate},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Saxena2011,
  author    = {Saxena, Ambrish},
  title     = {Role of the novel protein tyrosine phosphatase AUM for cell adhesion},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-65503},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Cell adhesion and migration are essential for development and homeostasis. Adhesion to the extracellular matrix occurs at specialized plasma membrane domains where transmembrane adhesion receptors, signaling proteins such as kinases and phosphatases, and a large number of adaptor proteins interact with the cytoskeleton in a tightly regulated and synchronized fashion. Whereas altered cell adhesion and migration are known to be important in cardiovascular disease and malignant tumors, the target proteins and molecular interactions that regulate these complex processes still remain incompletely understood. Whereas numerous kinases are known to regulate cell adhesion dynamics, information about the involved protein phosphatases is still very limited. A newly emerging phosphatase family contains the unconventional active site sequence DXDX(T/V) and belongs to the haloacid dehalogenase (HAD) superfamily of hydrolases. Our laboratory has recently discovered AUM, a novel phosphatase that belongs to this poorly characterized enzyme family. Initial findings pointed toward a potential involvement of AUM in the regulation of cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix. The objective of the present study was to study the potential role of AUM in cell adhesion. We could show that cells stably depleted of AUM are characterized by accelerated adhesion on immobilized fibronectin. To confirm these findings, we used an siRNA-based approach for the acute depletion of AUM and observed a similar phenomenon. Rescue experiments were performed with stably AUM-depleted cells to ensure that the above mentioned effects are indeed AUM specific. We observed that the re-addition of AUM normalizes cellular adhesion kinetics on fibronectin. These results clearly show that AUM exerts important functions in cell-matrix adhesion. To investigate the molecular basis of these effects, we have characterized integrin expression patterns using flow cytometry. Interestingly, fibronectin-stimulated AUM-depleted cells are characterized by an increase in the cell surface expression of conformationally active 1-integrins. Consistent with the important role of 1-integrins in the regulation of RhoA activity, we also observed a specific increase in RhoA-GTP, but not Rac1-GTP-levels during cell adhesion to fibronectin. Consistent with these findings and with the important role of RhoA for focal adhesion maturation, AUM depleted cells showed more elongated and more centripetally oriented focal adhesions as compared to control cells when spread on fibronectin. Taken together, this study has revealed an important role of AUM for cell-matrix adhesion. Our findings strongly suggest that AUM functions as a negative regulator of 1-integrins and RhoA-dependent cytoskeletal dynamics during cell adhesion.},
  subject      = {Proteintyrosinphosphatase},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schlippverh:Woelfel2011,
  author    = {Schlipp [verh.: W{\"o}lfel], Angela},
  title     = {Characterization of anti-beta1-adrenoceptor antibodies with F{\"o}rster resonance energy transfer microscopy},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-67162},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) represents an important subgroup of patients suffering from heart failure. The disease is supposed to be associated with autoimmune mechanisms in about one third of the cases. In the latter patients functionally active conformational autoantibodies directed against the second extracellular loop of the β1-adrenergic receptor (AR, β1ECII-aabs) have been detected. Such antibodies chronically stimulate the β1-AR thereby inducing the adrenergic signaling cascade in cardiomyocytes, which, in the long run, contributes to heart failure progression. We analyzed the production of cAMP after aab-mediated β1-AR activation in vitro using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay. This assay is based on HEK293 cells stably expressing human β1-AR as well as the cAMP-sensor Epac1-camps. The assay showed a concentration-dependent increase in intracellular cAMP upon stimulation with the full agonist (-) isoproterenol. This response was comparable to results obtained in isolated adult murine cardiomyocytes and was partially blockable by a selective β1-AR antagonist. In the same assay poly- and monoclonal anti-β1ECII-abs (induced in different animals) could activate the adrenergic signaling cascade, whereas isotypic control abs had no effect on intracellular cAMP levels. Using the same method, we were able to detect functionally activating aabs in the serum of heart failure patients with ischemic and hypertensive heart disease as well as patients with DCM, but not in sera of healthy control subjects. In patients with DCM we observed an inverse correlation between the stimulatory potential of anti-β1-aabs and left ventricular pump function. To adopt this assay for the detection of functionally activating anti-β1ECII-aabs in clinical routine we attempted to establish an automated large-scale approach. Neither flow cytometry nor FRET detection with a fluorescence plate reader provided an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio. It was possible to detect (-) isoproterenol in a concentration-dependent manner using two different FRET multiwell microscopes. However, due to focus problems large-scale detection of activating anti-β1ECII-abs could not be implemented. Neutralization of anti-β1-aabs with the corresponding epitope-mimicking peptides is a possible therapeutic approach to treat aab-associated autoimmune DCM. Using our FRET assay we could demonstrate a reduction in the stimulatory potential of anti-β1ECII-abs after in vitro incubation with β1ECII-mimicking peptides. Cyclic (and to a lesser extent linear) peptides in 40-fold molar excess acted as efficient ab-scavengers in vitro. Intravenously injected cyclic peptides in a rat model of DCM also neutralized functionally active anti-β1ECII-abs efficiently in vivo. For a detailed analysis of the receptor-epitope targeted by anti-β1ECII-abs we used sequentially alanine-mutated β1ECII-mimicking cyclic peptides. Our data revealed that the disulfide bridge between the cysteine residues C209 and C215 of the human β1-AR appears essential for the formation of the ab-epitope. Substitution of further amino acids relevant for ab-binding in the cyclic scavenger peptide by alanine reduced its affinity to the ab and the receptor-activating potential was blocked less efficiently. In contrast, the non-mutant cyclic peptide almost completely blocked ab-induced receptor activation. Using this ala-scan approach we were able to identify a "NDPK"-epitope as essential for ab binding to the β1ECII. In summary, neutralization of conformational activating anti-β1ECII-(a)abs by cyclic peptides is a plausible therapeutic concept in heart failure that should be further exploited based on the here presented data.},
  subject      = {Adrenerger Rezeptor},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GonzalezCaleroCuberoKlotz1991,
  author    = {Gonzalez-Calero, G. and Cubero, A. and Klotz, Karl-Norbert},
  title     = {Characterization and photoaffinity labeling of A1 adenosine receptors in coated visicles form bovine brain},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-86004},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {The antagonist (3 II ) DPCPX exhi bitcd a Kd of 0. 4 nM at coalcd vcsicles from bovine brain. Agonist compelition for ( 3 11) DPCPX bind in~ revcaled two affini ty slales for gonists. The pholoaffinity probe I25 I -AHPIA specifically labelled a band with a molecular weight of 35 Kd.},
  subject      = {Pharmakologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Eman2013,
  author    = {Eman, Maher Othman Sholkamy},
  title     = {In Vitro and In Vivo Analysis of Insulin-Induced Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69274},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Hyperinsulinemia, a condition with excessively high insulin blood levels, is related to an increased cancer incidence. Diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, obesity and polycystic ovarian syndrome are the most common of several diseases accompanied by hyperinsulinemia. Since an elevated cancer risk especially for colon and kidney cancers, was reported for those patients, we investigated for the first time the induction of genomic damage by insulin mainly in HT29 (human colon cells), LLC-PK1 (pig kidney cells), HK2 (human kidney cells) and peripheral lymphocytes, and to confirm the genotoxicity of insulin in other cells from different tissues. To ascertain that the insulin effects were not only limited to permanent cell lines, rat primary colon, kidney, liver and fatty tissue cells were also studied. To connect the study and the findings to in vivo conditions, two in vivo models for hyperinsulinemia were used; Zucker diabetic fatty rats in a lean and diabetic state infused with different insulin concentrations and peripheral lymphocytes from type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. First, the human colon adenocarcinoma cells (HT29) showed significant elevation of DNA damage using comet assay and micronucleus frequency analysis upon treatment with 5 nM insulin in standard protocols. Extension of the treatment to 6 days lowered the concentration needed to reach significance to 0.5-1 nM. Insulin enhanced the cellular ROS production as examined by the oxidation of the dyes 2´,7´-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCF-DA) and dihydroethidium (DHE). The FPG modified comet assay and the reduction of damage by the radical scavenger tempol connected the insulin-mediatedDNA damage to ROS production. To investigate the sources of ROS upon insulin stimulation, apocynin and VAS2870 as NADPH oxidase inhibitors and rotenone as mitochondrial inhibitor were applied in combination with insulin and all of them led to a reduction of the genomic damage. Investigation of the signaling pathway started by evaluation of the binding of insulin to its receptor and to the IGF-1 receptor. The results showed the involvement of both receptors in the signaling mechanism. Following the activation of both receptors, PI3K activation occurs leading to phosphorylation of AKT which in turn activates two pathways for ROS production, the first related to mitochondria and the second through activation of Rac1 , resulting in the activation of Nox1. Both pathways could be activated through AKT or through the mitochondrial ROS which in turn could activates Nox1. Studying another human colon cancer cell line, Caco-2 and rat primary colon cells in vitro confirmed the effect of insulin on cellular chromatin. We conclude that pathophysiological levels of insulin can cause DNA damage in colon cells, which may contribute to the induction or progression of colon cancer. Second, in kidney cells, insulin at a concentration of 5 nM caused a significant increase in DNA damage in vitro. This was associated with the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the presence of antioxidants, blockers of the insulin and IGF-1 receptors, and a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K) inhibitor, the insulin mediated DNA damage was reduced. Phosphorylation of AKT was increased and p53 accumulated. Inhibition of the mitochondrial and NADPH oxidase related ROS production reduced the insulin mediated damage. In primary rat cells insulin also induced genomic damage. HK2 cells were used to investigate the mechanistic pathway in the kidney The signaling is identical to the one in the colon cells untill the activation of the mitochondrial ROS production, because after the activation of PI3K activation of Nox4 occurs at the same time across talk between mitochondria and Nox4 activation has been suggested and might play a role in the observed effects. In the in vivo model, kidneys from healthy, lean ZDF rats, which were infused with insulin to yield normal or high blood insulin levels, while keeping blood glucose levels constant, the amounts of ROS and p53 were elevated in the high insulin group compared to the control level group. ROS and p53 were also elevated in diabetic obese ZDF rats. The treatment of the diabetic rats with metformin reduced the DNA oxidation measured as 8-oxodG as well as the ROS production in that group. HL60 the human premyelocytic cells and cultured lymphocytes as models for the hemopoietic system cells showed a significant induction for DNA damage upon treatment with insulin. The diabetic patients also exhibited an increase in the micronucleus formation over the healthy individuals. In the present study, we showed for the first time that insulin induced oxidative stress resulting in genomic damage in different tissues, and that the source of the produced ROS differs between the tissues. If the same mechanisms are active in patients, hyperinsulinemia might cause genomic damage through the induction of ROS contributing to the increased cancer risk, against which the use of antioxidants as well as mitochondrial and NADPH oxidase inhibitors might exert protective effects with cancer preventive potential under certain conditions. Normal healthy human plasma insulin concentrations are in the order of 0.04 nM after overnight fasting and increase to less than about 0.2 nM after a meal. Pathophysiological levels can reach 1 nM and can stay above 0.2 nM for the majority of the daytime yielding condictions close to the insulin concentrations determined in the present study. Whether the observed effects also occur in vivo and whether they actually initiate or promote tumor formation remains to be determined. However, if proof of that can be obtained, our experiments with inhibitors indicate chances for pharmacological intervention applying antioxidants or enzyme inhibitors. It will not be the aim to reduce ROS in any case or as much as possible because ROS have now been recognized as important signaling molecules and participatants in immune defense, but a reduction to physiological levels instead of pathophysiological levels in the context of a disease associated with ROS overproduction might be beneficial.},
  subject      = {Insulin},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{StopperKirchnerSchiffmannetal.1994,
  author    = {Stopper, Helga and Kirchner, S. and Schiffmann, D. and Poot, M.},
  title     = {Cell cycle disturbance in relation to micronucleus formation induced by the carcinogenic estrogen diethylstilbestrol},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-82250},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {In addition to its tumor-promoting activity in honnone-receptive tissue, the carcinogenic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) has been found to induce cell transformation, aneuploidy and micronucleus formation in mammalian cells. The majority of these micronuclei contained whole chromosomes and were fonned during mitosis. Here a possible relationship between a disturbance in cell cycle progression and micronucleus fonnation is investigated by exposing Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells to DES. Continuous bromodeoxyuridine labeling followed by bivariate Hoechst 33258/ethidium bromide flow cytometry was employed for analysis of cell cycle transit and related to the time course of micronucleus formation. Treatment of SHE cells with DES resulted in delayed and impaired cell activation (exit from the GO/G 1 phase), impaired S-phase transit and, mainly, G2-phase traverse. Cells forming micronuclei, on the other hand, were predominantly in G2 phase during DES treatment. These results suggest that impairment of Sand G2 transit may involve a process ultimately leading to micronucleus formation.},
  subject      = {Toxikologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{StopperZimmermannWecker1985,
  author    = {Stopper, Helga and Zimmermann, U. and Wecker, E.},
  title     = {High yields of DNA-transfer into mouse L-cells by electropermeabilization},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-82408},
  year      = {1985},
  abstract  = {no abstracts available},
  subject      = {Toxikologie},
  language  = {en}
}