@phdthesis{Engelbauer2023,
  author    = {Engelbauer, Manuel},
  title     = {Global assessment of recent UNESCO Biosphere Reserve quality enhancement strategies and interlinkages with other UNESCO labels},
  publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press},
  address   = {W{\"u}rzburg},
  isbn      = {978-3-95826-196-9},
  doi       = {10.25972/WUP-978-3-95826-197-6},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-286538},
  school      = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press},
  pages     = {XVI, 187},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {In 1995, the Second International Biosphere Reserve Congress in Seville resulted in a set of new regulations that spurred a significant paradigm shift in the UNESCO Man and Bio-sphere (MAB) Programme, reconceptualizing the research programme as a modern instrument for the dual mandate of nature conservation and sustainable development. But almost 20 years later, a large proportion of biosphere reserves designated before 1996 still did not comply with the new regulations. In 2013, the International Coordination Council of the MAB Programme announced the 'Exit Strategy' to assess, monitor and improve the quality of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. However, the strategy also meant that 266 biosphere reserves in 76 member states were faced with the possibility of exclusion from the world network. This study presents a global assessment of the challenges that result from the Exit Strategy and the Process of Excellence and Enhancement that follows. Specifically, it investigates the differences in quality management strategies and the periodic review processes of various biosphere reserves, the effects of those quality management strategies on the MAB Programme and on the 76 directly affected member states, and the interlinkages between the MAB Programme and other UNESCO designations for nature conservation: the natural World Heritage Sites and the Global Geoparks. Semi-structured expert interviews were conducted with 31 participants in 21 different countries, representing all UN regions. To showcase the diversity of the World Network of Bio-sphere Reserves, 20 country-specific case studies are presented, highlighting the challenges of implementing the biosphere reserve concept and, more specifically, the periodic review process. Information gleaned from the experts was transcribed and evaluated using a qualitative content analysis method. The results of this study demonstrate major differences worldwide in the implementation biosphere reserves, especially in the case of the national affiliation of the MAB Programme, the legal recognition of biosphere reserves in national legislation, the usage of the term 'bio-sphere reserve' and the governance structures of the biosphere reserves. Of those represented by the case studies, the four countries with the highest number of voluntary biosphere reserves withdrawals after 2013, Australia, Austria, Bulgaria and the United States of America, show that the Exit Strategy contributed to the streamlining and quality enhancement of the world network. The biosphere reserves in those countries were strictly nature conservation areas without human settlements and were designated as such in the 1970s and 1980s. Only post-Seville biosphere reserves remain in those countries. Some experts have pointed out that there appears to be competition for political attention and funding between the three UNESCO labels for nature conservation. While a combination of the designation of biosphere reserves and World Heritage Sites in one place is favoured by experts, Global Geoparks and Biosphere Reserves are seen as being in competition with each other. This study concludes that quality enhancement strategies were fundamental to improving the credibility and coherence of the MAB Programme. Most pre-Seville biosphere reserves were adapted or the member states were encouraged to withdraw them voluntarily. Challenges in implementing the Exit Strategy were not unique to individual countries but applied equally to all member states with pre-Seville sites. Over the course of the quality enhancement process, many UNESCO member states have become more involved with the MAB Programme, which has led to rejuvenation of the national biosphere reserves network in many countries.},
  subject      = {Naturschutz},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RichardAbdelRahmanSubramanianetal.2017,
  author    = {Richard, Kyalo and Abdel-Rahman, Elfatih M. and Subramanian, Sevgan and Nyasani, Johnson O. and Thiel, Michael and Jozani, Hosein and Borgemeister, Christian and Landmann, Tobias},
  title     = {Maize cropping systems mapping using RapidEye observations in agro-ecological landscapes in Kenya},
  series = {Sensors},
  volume    = {17},
  journal   = {Sensors},
  number    = {11},
  doi       = {10.3390/s17112537},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-173285},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Cropping systems information on explicit scales is an important but rarely available variable in many crops modeling routines and of utmost importance for understanding pests and disease propagation mechanisms in agro-ecological landscapes. In this study, high spatial and temporal resolution RapidEye bio-temporal data were utilized within a novel 2-step hierarchical random forest (RF) classification approach to map areas of mono- and mixed maize cropping systems. A small-scale maize farming site in Machakos County, Kenya was used as a study site. Within the study site, field data was collected during the satellite acquisition period on general land use/land cover (LULC) and the two cropping systems. Firstly, non-cropland areas were masked out from other land use/land cover using the LULC mapping result. Subsequently an optimized RF model was applied to the cropland layer to map the two cropping systems (2nd classification step). An overall accuracy of 93\% was attained for the LULC classification, while the class accuracies (PA: producer's accuracy and UA: user's accuracy) for the two cropping systems were consistently above 85\%. We concluded that explicit mapping of different cropping systems is feasible in complex and highly fragmented agro-ecological landscapes if high resolution and multi-temporal satellite data such as 5 m RapidEye data is employed. Further research is needed on the feasibility of using freely available 10-20 m Sentinel-2 data for wide-area assessment of cropping systems as an important variable in numerous crop productivity models.},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{Wiedemann2023,
  author    = {Wiedemann, Cathrin},
  title     = {Picken, Packen, Radeln? Betriebsformen, Standorte, Arbeitsprozesse und deren Auswirkungen auf Besch{\"a}ftigte im Lebensmittelonlinehandel in Deutschland},
  edition   = {1. Auflage},
  publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press},
  address   = {W{\"u}rzburg},
  isbn      = {978-3-95826-208-9},
  issn      = {2196-5811},
  doi       = {10.25972/WUP-978-3-95826-209-6},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-298886},
  publisher      = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press},
  pages     = {XV, 171},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Der Lebensmittelonlinehandel in Deutschland gewann, verst{\"a}rkt durch die Covid-19-Pandemie, an Umsatzanteilen im Lebensmitteleinzelhandel. Hierdurch wurden neue Anforderungen an Arbeit und Besch{\"a}ftigung in Deutschland geschaffen. Insbesondere in urbanen R{\"a}umen hat die Lebensmittelzustellung durch neu entstandene Betriebsformen zugenommen. So entstehen durch das Versprechen der Betriebe, Lebensmittel in kurzen Zeitr{\"a}umen zu liefern, verschiedene Logistikstandorte und u.a. urbane Fahrradlieferdienste. W{\"a}hrend Medien und Gewerkschaften bereits vor der Entstehung prek{\"a}rer Arbeitsbedingungen warnen, sind die genauen Auswirkungen des Lebensmittelonlinehandels auf die Entwicklung neuer Arbeitsstandorte und die dort stattfindende Besch{\"a}ftigung nur unzureichend bekannt. Diese Arbeit untersucht den Lebensmittelonlinehandel anhand seiner Betriebsformen, Standorte und Arbeitsprozesse sowie deren Auswirkungen auf Besch{\"a}ftigte in Deutschland. Den konzeptionellen Hintergrund bilden Arbeiten der geographischen Handelsforschung sowie Debatten zu Arbeitsplatzqualit{\"a}t und Besch{\"a}ftigung. F{\"u}r die Analyse sind Prim{\"a}rdaten und Sekund{\"a}rdaten erhoben worden. Es zeigt sich, dass teilweise komplexe Betriebsformen entstehen, bei denen sich die Arbeit und Arbeitsorte ver{\"a}ndern. Zudem entstehen neue Herausforderungen f{\"u}r die Besch{\"a}ftigten (u.a. physische und psychische Belastung), welche in dieser Arbeit identifiziert werden.},
  subject      = {Arbeitsprozess},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{AichAkhundzadahKnuerretal.2017,
  author    = {Aich, Valentin and Akhundzadah, Noor Ahmad and Knuerr, Alec and Khoshbeen, Ahmad Jamshed and Hattermann, Fred and Paeth, Heiko and Scanlon, Andrew and Paton, Eva Nora},
  title     = {Climate change in Afghanistan deduced from reanalysis and coordinated regional climate downscaling experiment (CORDEX)—South Asia Simulations},
  series = {Climate},
  volume    = {5},
  journal   = {Climate},
  number    = {2},
  issn      = {2225-1154},
  doi       = {10.3390/cli5020038},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-198024},
  pages     = {38},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Past and the projected future climate change in Afghanistan has been analyzed systematically and differentiated with respect to its different climate regions to gain some first quantitative insights into Afghanistan's vulnerability to ongoing and future climate changes. For this purpose, temperature, precipitation and five additional climate indices for extremes and agriculture assessments (heavy precipitation; spring precipitation; growing season length (GSL), the Heat Wave Magnitude Index (HWMI); and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI)) from the reanalysis data were examined for their consistency to identify changes in the past (data since 1950). For future changes (up to the year 2100), the same parameters were extracted from an ensemble of 12 downscaled regional climate models (RCM) of the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX)-South Asia simulations for low and high emission scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 and 8.5). In the past, the climatic changes were mainly characterized by a mean temperature increase above global level of 1.8 °C from 1950 to 2010; uncertainty with regard to reanalyzed rainfall data limited a thorough analysis of past changes. Climate models projected the temperature trend to accelerate in the future, depending strongly on the global carbon emissions (2006-2050 Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5/8.5: 1.7/2.3 °C; 2006-2099: 2.7/6.4 °C, respectively). Despite the high uncertainty with regard to precipitation projections, it became apparent that the increasing evapotranspiration is likely to exacerbate Afghanistan's already existing water stress, including a very strong increase of frequency and magnitude of heat waves. Overall, the results show that in addition to the already extensive deficiency in adaptation to current climate conditions, the situation will be aggravated in the future, particularly in regard to water management and agriculture. Thus, the results of this study underline the importance of adequate adaptation to climate change in Afghanistan. This is even truer taking into account that GSL is projected to increase substantially by around 20 days on average until 2050, which might open the opportunity for extended agricultural husbandry or even additional harvests when water resources are properly managed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Nwaila2017,
  author    = {Nwaila, Tsundukani Glen},
  title     = {Geochemistry of Palaeoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic Kaapvaal Craton marine shales: Implications for sediment provenance and siderophile elements endowment},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-155326},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {The Kaapvaal Craton hosts a number of large gold deposits (e.g. Witwatersrand Supergroup) which mining companies have exploited at certain stratigraphic positions. It also hosts the largest platinum group element (PGE) deposits (e.g. Bushveld Igneous Complex) which mining companies have exploited in different mineralised layered magmatic zones. In spite of the extensive exploration history in the Kaapvaal Craton, the origin of the Witwatersrand gold deposits and Bushveld Igneous Complex PGE deposits has remained one of the most debated topics in economic geology. The goal of this study was to identify the geochemical characteristics of marine shales in the Barberton, Witwatersrand, and Transvaal supergroups in South Africa in order to make inferences on their sediment provenance and siderophile element endowments. Understanding why some of the Archaean and Proterozoic hinterlands are heavily mineralised, compared to others with similar geological characteristics, will aid in the development of more efficient exploration models. Fresh, unmineralised marine shales from the Barberton (Fig Tree and Moodies groups), Witwatersrand (West Rand and Central Rand groups), and Transvaal (Black Reef Formation and Pretoria Group) supergroups were sampled from drill core and underground mining exposures. Analytical methods, such as X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) were applied to comprehensively characterise the shales. All of the Au and PGE assays examined the newly collected shale samples. The Barberton Supergroup shales consist mainly of quartz, illite, chlorite, and albite, with diverse heavy minerals, including sulfides and oxides, representing the minor constituents. The regionally persistent Witwatersrand Supergroup shales consist mainly of quartz, muscovite, and chlorite, and also contain minor constituents of sulfides and oxides. The Transvaal Supergroup shales comprise quartz, chlorite, and carbonaceous material. Major, trace (including rare-earth element) concentrations were determined for shales from the above supergroups to constrain their source and post-depositional evolution. Chemical variations were observed in all the studied marine shales. Results obtained from this study revealed that post-depositional modification of shale chemistry was significant only near contacts with over- and underlying coarser-grained siliciclastic rocks and along cross-cutting faults, veins, and dykes. Away from such zones, the shale composition remained largely unaltered and can be used to draw inferences concerning sediment provenance and palaeoweathering in the source region and/or on intrabasinal erosion surfaces. Evaluation of weathering profiles through sections of the studied supergroups revealed that the shales therein are characterised by high chemical index of alteration (CIA), chemical index of weathering (CIW), and index of compositional variability (ICV), suggesting that the source area was lithologically complex and subject to intense chemical weathering. A progressive change in the chemical composition was identified, from a dominant ultramafic-mafic source for the Fig Tree Group to a progressively felsic-plutonic provenance for the Moodies Group. The West Rand Group of the Witwatersrand Supergroup shows a dominance of tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite and calcalkaline granite sources. Compositional profiles through the only major marine shale unit within the Central Rand Group indicate the progressive unroofing of a granitic source in an otherwise greenstone-dominated hinterland during the course of sedimentation. No plausible likely tectonic setting was obtained through geochemical modelling. However, the combination of the systematic shale chemistry, geochronology, and sedimentology in the Witwatersrand Supergroup supports the hypothesised passive margin setting for the >2.98 to 2.91 Ga West Rand Group, and an active continental margin source for the overlying >2.90 to 2.78 Ga Central Rand Group, along with a foreland basin setting for the latter. Ultra-low detection limit analyses of gold and PGE concentrations revealed a variable degree of gold accumulation within pristine unmineralised shales. All the studied shales contain elevated gold and PGE contents relative to the upper continental crust, with marine shales from the Central Rand Group showing the highest Au (±9.85 ppb) enrichment. Based on this variation in the provenance of contemporaneous sediments in different parts of the Kaapvaal Craton, one can infer that the siderophile elements were sourced from a fertile hinterland, but concentrated into the marine shales by a combination of different processes. It is proposed that accumulation of siderophile elements in the studied marine shales was mainly controlled by mechanical coagulation and aggregation. These processes involved suspended sediments, fine gold particles, and other trace elements being trapped in marine environments. Mechanical coagulation and aggregation resulted in gold enrichments by 2-3 orders of magnitude, whereas some of the gold in these marine shales can be reconciled by seawater adsorption into sedimentary pyrite. For the source of gold and PGEs in the studied marine shales in the Kaapvaal Craton, a genetic model is proposed that involves the following: (1) A highly siderophile elements enriched upper mantle domain, herein referred to as "geochemically anomalous mantle domain", from which the Kaapvaal crust was sourced. This mantle domain enriched in highly siderophile elements was formed either by inhomogeneous mixing with cosmic material that was added during intense meteorite bombardment of the Hadaean to Palaeoarchaean Earth or by plume-like ascent of relics from the core-mantle boundary. In both cases, elevated siderophile elements concentrations would be expected. The geochemically anomalous mantle domain is likely the ultimate source of the Witwatersrand modified palaeoplacer gold deposits and was tapped again ca. 2.054 Ga during the emplacement of the Bushveld Igneous Complex. Therefore, I propose that there is a genetic link (i.e. common geochemically anomalous mantle source) between the Witwatersrand gold deposits and the younger Bushveld Igneous Complex PGE deposits. (2) Scavenging of crustal gold by various surface processes such as trapping of gold from Archaean/Palaeoproterozoic river water on the surface of local photosynthesizing cyanobacterial or microbial mats, and reworking of these mats into erosion channels during flooding events. The above two models complement each other, with model (1) providing a common geological source for the Witwatersrand gold and Bushveld Igneous Complex PGE deposits, and model (2) explaining the processes responsible for Witwatersrand-type gold pre-concentration processes. In sequences such as the Transvaal Supergroup, a less fertile hinterland and/or less reworking of older sediments led to a correspondingly lower gold endowment. These findings indicate temporal distribution of siderophile elements in the upper crust (e.g. marine shales). The overall implications of these findings are that background concentrations of gold and PGEs can be used to target potential exploration areas in other cratons of similar age. This increases the likelihood of finding other Witwatersrand-type gold or Bushveld Igneous Complex-type PGE deposits in other cratons.},
  subject      = {Gold},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Ziegler2022,
  author    = {Ziegler, Katrin},
  title     = {Implementierung von verbesserten Landoberfl{\"a}chenparametern und -prozessen in das hochaufgel{\"o}ste Klimamodell REMO},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-26128},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-261285},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war neue Eingangsdaten f{\"u}r die Landoberfl{\"a}chenbeschreibung des regionalen Klimamodells REMO zu finden und ins Modell zu integrieren, um die Vorhersagequalit{\"a}t des Modells zu verbessern. Die neuen Daten wurden so in das Modell eingebaut, dass die bisherigen Daten weiterhin als Option verf{\"u}gbar sind. Dadurch kann {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft werden, ob und in welchem Umfang sich die von jedem Klimamodell ben{\"o}tigten Rahmendaten auf Modellergebnisse auswirken. Im Zuge der Arbeit wurden viele unterschiedliche Daten und Methoden zur Generierung neuer Parameter miteinander verglichen, denn neben dem Ersetzen der konstanten Eingangswerte f{\"u}r verschiedene Oberfl{\"a}chenparameter und den damit verbundenen {\"A}nderungen wurden als zus{\"a}tzliche Verbesserung auch Ver{\"a}nderungen an der Parametrisierung des Bodens speziell in Hinblick auf die Bodentemperaturen in REMO vorgenommen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden die durch die verschiedenen {\"A}nderungen ausgel{\"o}sten Auswirkungen f{\"u}r das CORDEX-Gebiet EUR-44 mit einer Aufl{\"o}sung von ca. 50km und f{\"u}r das in dem darin eingebetteten neu definierten Deutschlandgebiet GER-11 mit einer Aufl{\"o}sung von ca. 12km getestet sowie alle {\"A}nderungen anhand von verschiedenen Beobachtungsdatens{\"a}tzen validiert. Die vorgenommenen Arbeiten gliederten sich in drei Hauptteile. Der erste Teil bestand in dem vom eigentlichen Klimamodell unabh{\"a}ngigen Vergleich der verschiedenen Eingangsdaten auf unterschiedlichen Aufl{\"o}sungen und deren Performanz in allen Teilen der Erde, wobei ein besonderer Fokus auf der Qualit{\"a}t in den sp{\"a}teren Modellgebieten lag. Unter Ber{\"u}cksichtigung der Faktoren, wie einer globalen Verf{\"u}gbarkeit der Daten, einer verbesserten r{\"a}umlichen Aufl{\"o}sung und einer kostenlosen Nutzung der Daten sowie verschiedener Validationsergebnissen von anderen Studien, wurden in dieser Arbeit vier neue Topographiedatens{\"a}tze (SRTM, ALOS, TANDEM und ASTER) und drei neue Bodendatens{\"a}tze (FAOn, Soilgrid und HWSD) f{\"u}r die Verwendung im Pr{\"a}prozess von REMO aufbereitet und miteinander sowie mit den bisher in REMO verwendeten Daten verglichen. Auf Grundlage dieser Vergleichsstudien schieden bei den Topographiedaten die verwendeten Datensatz-Versionen von SRTM, ALOS und TANDEM f{\"u}r die in dieser Arbeit durchgef{\"u}hrten REMO-L{\"a}ufe aus. Bei den neuen Bodendatens{\"a}tzen wurde ausgenutzt, dass diese verschiedenen Bodeneigenschaften f{\"u}r unterschiedliche Tiefen als Karten zur Verf{\"u}gung stellen. In REMO wurden bisher alle ben{\"o}tigten Bodenparameter abh{\"a}ngig von f{\"u}nf verschiedenen Bodentexturklassen und einer zus{\"a}tzlichen Torfklasse ausgewiesen und als konstant {\"u}ber die gesamte Modellbodens{\"a}ule (bis ca. 10m) angenommen. Im zweiten Teil wurden auf Basis der im ersten Teil ausgew{\"a}hlten neuen Datens{\"a}tze und den neu verf{\"u}gbaren Bodenvariablen verschiedene Sensitivit{\"a}tsstudien {\"u}ber das Beispieljahr 2000 durchgef{\"u}hrt. Dabei wurden verschiedene neue Parametrisierungen f{\"u}r die bisher aus der Textur abgeleiteten Bodenvariablen und die Parametrisierung von weiteren hydrologischen und thermalen Bodeneigenschaften verglichen. Ferner wurde aufgrund der neuen nicht {\"u}ber die Tiefe konstanten Bodeneigenschaften eine neue numerische Methode zur Berechnung der Bodentemperaturen der f{\"u}nf Schichten in REMO getestet, welche wiederum andere Anpassungen erforderte. Der Test und die Auswahl der verschiedenen Datensatz- und Parametrisierungsversionen auf die Modellperformanz wurde in drei Experimentpl{\"a}ne unterteilt. Im ersten Plan wurden die Auswirkungen der ausgew{\"a}hlten Topographie- und Bodendatens{\"a}tze {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft. Der zweite Plan behandelte die Unterschiede der verschiedenen Parametrisierungsarten der Bodenvariablen hinsichtlich der verwendeten Variablen zur Berechnung der Bodeneigenschaften, der {\"u}ber die Tiefe variablen oder konstanten Eigenschaften und der verwendeten Berechnungsmethode der Bodentemperatur{\"a}nderungen. Durch die Erkenntnisse aus diesen beiden Experimentpl{\"a}nen, die f{\"u}r beide Untersuchungsgebiete durchgef{\"u}hrt wurden, ergaben sich im dritten Plan weitere Parametrisierungs{\"a}nderungen. Alle {\"A}nderungen dieses dritten Experimentplans wurden sukzessiv getestet, sodass der paarweise Vergleich von zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Modelll{\"a}ufen die Auswirkungen der Neuerung im jeweils zweiten Lauf widerspiegelt. Der letzte Teil der Arbeit bestand aus der Analyse von f{\"u}nf l{\"a}ngeren Modelll{\"a}ufen (2000-2018), die zur {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung der Ergebnisse aus den Sensitivit{\"a}tsstudien sowie zur Einsch{\"a}tzung der Performanz in weiteren teilweise extremen atmosph{\"a}rischen Bedingungen durchgef{\"u}hrt wurden. Hierf{\"u}r wurden die bisherige Modellversion von REMO (id01) f{\"u}r die beiden Untersuchungsgebiete EUR-44 und GER-11 als Referenzl{\"a}ufe, zwei aufgrund der Vergleichsergebnisse von Experimentplan 3 selektierte Modellversionen (id06 und id15a f{\"u}r GER-11) sowie die finale Version (id18a f{\"u}r GER-11), die alle vorgenommenen {\"A}nderungen dieser Arbeit enth{\"a}lt, ausgew{\"a}hlt. Es stellte sich heraus, dass sowohl die neuen Topographiedaten als auch die neuen Bodendaten große Differenzen zu den bisherigen Daten in REMO haben. Zudem {\"a}nderten sich die von diesen konstanten Eingangsdaten abgeleiteten Hilfsvariablen je nach verwendeter Parametrisierung sehr deutlich. Dies war besonders gut anhand der Bodenparameter zu erkennen. Sowohl die r{\"a}umliche Verteilung als auch der Wertebereich der verschiedenen Modellversionen unterschieden sich stark. Eine Einsch{\"a}tzung der Qualit{\"a}t der resultierenden Parameter wurde jedoch dadurch erschwert, dass auch die verschiedenen zur Validierung herangezogenen Bodendatens{\"a}tze f{\"u}r diese Parameter deutlich voneinander abweichen. Die finale Modellversion id18a {\"a}hnelte trotz der umfassenden {\"A}nderungen in den meisten Variablen den Ergebnissen der bisherigen REMO-Version. Je nach zeitlicher und r{\"a}umlicher Aggregation sowie unterschiedlichen Regionen und Jahreszeiten wurden leichte Verbesserungen, aber auch leichte Verschlechterungen im Vergleich zu den klimatologischen Validationsdaten festgestellt. Gr{\"o}ßere Ver{\"a}nderungen im Vergleich zur bisherigen Modellversion konnten in den tieferen Bodenschichten aufgezeigt werden, welche allerdings aufgrund von fehlenden Validationsdaten nicht beurteilt werden konnten. F{\"u}r alle 2m-Temperaturen konnte eine tendenzielle leichte Erw{\"a}rmung im Vergleich zum bisherigen Modelllauf beobachtet werden, was sich einerseits negativ auf die ohnehin durchschnittlich zu hohe Minimumtemperatur, aber andererseits positiv auf die bisher zu niedrige Maximumtemperatur des Modells in den betrachteten Gebieten auswirkte. Im Niederschlagssignal und in den 10m-Windvariablen konnten keine signifikanten {\"A}nderungen nachgewiesen werden, obwohl die neue Topographie an manchen Stellen im Modellgebiet deutlich von der bisherigen abweicht. Des Weiteren variierte das Ranking der verschiedenen Modellversionen jeweils nach dem angewendeten Qualit{\"a}tsindex. Um diese Ergebnisse besser einordnen zu k{\"o}nnen, muss ber{\"u}cksichtigt werden, dass die neuen Daten f{\"u}r Modellgebiete mit 50 bzw. 12km r{\"a}umlicher Aufl{\"o}sung und der damit verbundenen hydrostatischen Modellversion getestet wurden. Zudem sind vor allem in Fall der Topographie die bisher enthaltenen GTOPO-Daten (1km Aufl{\"o}sung) f{\"u}r die Aggregation auf diese gr{\"o}bere Modellaufl{\"o}sung geeignet. Die bisherigen Bodendaten stoßen jedoch mit 50km Aufl{\"o}sung bereits an ihre Grenzen. Zus{\"a}tzlich ist zu beachten, dass nicht nur die Mittelwerte dieser Daten, sondern auch deren Subgrid-Variabilit{\"a}t als Variablen im Modell f{\"u}r verschiedene Parametrisierungen verwendet werden. Daher ist es essentiell, dass die Eingangsdaten eine deutlich h{\"o}here Aufl{\"o}sung bereitstellen als die zur Modellierung definierte Aufl{\"o}sung. F{\"u}r lokale Klimasimulationen mit Aufl{\"o}sungen im niedrigen Kilometerbereich spielen auch die Vertikalbewegungen (nicht-hydrostatische Modellversion) eine wichtige Rolle, die stark von der Topographie sowie deren horizontaler und vertikaler {\"A}nderungsrate beeinflusst werden, was die in dieser Arbeit eingebauten wesentlich h{\"o}her aufgel{\"o}sten Daten f{\"u}r die zuk{\"u}nftige Weiterentwicklung von REMO wertvoll machen kann.},
  subject      = {Klimamodell},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{QamarAzmatAbbasetal.2018,
  author    = {Qamar, Muhammad Uzair and Azmat, Muhammad and Abbas, Azhar and Usman, Muhammad and Shahid, Muhammad Adnan and Khan, Zahid Mahmood},
  title     = {Water Pricing and Implementation Strategies for the Sustainability of an Irrigation System: A Case Study within the Command Area of the Rakh Branch Canal},
  series = {Water},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Water},
  number    = {4, 509},
  doi       = {10.3390/w10040509},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-224711},
  pages     = {1-24},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The command area of the Rakh branch canal grows wheat, sugarcane, and rice crops in abundance. The canal water, which is trivial for irrigating these crops, is conveyed to the farms through the network of canals and distributaries. For the maintenance of this vast infrastructure; the end users are charged on a seasonal basis. The present water charges are severely criticized for not being adequate to properly manage the entire infrastructure. We use the residual value to determine the value of the irrigation water and then based on the quantity of irrigation water supplied to farm land coupled with the infrastructure maintenance cost, full cost recovery figures are executed for the study area, and policy recommendations are made for the implementation of the full cost recovery system. The approach is unique in the sense that the pricings are based on the actual quantity of water conveyed to the field for irrigating crops. The results of our analysis showed that the canal water is severely under charged in the culturable command area of selected distributaries, thus negating the plan of having a self-sustainable irrigation system.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ReinermannGessnerAsametal.2019,
  author    = {Reinermann, Sophie and Gessner, Ursula and Asam, Sarah and Kuenzer, Claudia and Dech, Stefan},
  title     = {The Effect of Droughts on Vegetation Condition in Germany: An Analysis Based on Two Decades of Satellite Earth Observation Time Series and Crop Yield Statistics},
  series = {Remote Sensing},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Remote Sensing},
  number    = {15},
  doi       = {10.3390/rs11151783},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225165},
  pages     = {1783, 1-21},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Central Europe experienced several droughts in the recent past, such as in the year 2018, which was characterized by extremely low rainfall rates and high temperatures, resulting in substantial agricultural yield losses. Time series of satellite earth observation data enable the characterization of past drought events over large temporal and spatial scales. Within this study, Moderate Resolution Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) (MOD13Q1) 250 m time series were investigated for the vegetation periods of 2000 to 2018. The spatial and temporal development of vegetation in 2018 was compared to other dry and hot years in Europe, like the drought year 2003. Temporal and spatial inter- and intra-annual patterns of EVI anomalies were analyzed for all of Germany and for its cropland, forest, and grassland areas individually. While vegetation development in spring 2018 was above average, the summer months of 2018 showed negative anomalies in a similar magnitude as in 2003, which was particularly apparent within grassland and cropland areas in Germany. In contrast, the year 2003 showed negative anomalies during the entire growing season. The spatial pattern of vegetation status in 2018 showed high regional variation, with north-eastern Germany mainly affected in June, north-western parts in July, and western Germany in August. The temporal pattern of satellite-derived EVI deviances within the study period 2000-2018 were in good agreement with crop yield statistics for Germany. The study shows that the EVI deviation of the summer months of 2018 were among the most extreme in the study period compared to other years. The spatial pattern and temporal development of vegetation condition between the drought years differ.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KhareLatifiKhare2021,
  author    = {Khare, Suyash and Latifi, Hooman and Khare, Siddhartha},
  title     = {Vegetation growth analysis of UNESCO World Heritage Hyrcanian forests using multi-sensor optical remote sensing data},
  series = {Remote Sensing},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {Remote Sensing},
  number    = {19},
  issn      = {2072-4292},
  doi       = {10.3390/rs13193965},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-248398},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Freely available satellite data at Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform enables vegetation phenology analysis across different scales very efficiently. We evaluated seasonal and annual phenology of the old-growth Hyrcanian forests (HF) of northern Iran covering an area of ca. 1.9 million ha, and also focused on 15 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. We extracted bi-weekly MODIS-NDVI between 2017 and 2020 in GEE, which was used to identify the range of NDVI between two temporal stages. Then, changes in phenology and growth were analyzed by Sentinel 2-derived Temporal Normalized Phenology Index. We modelled between seasonal phenology and growth by additionally considering elevation, surface temperature, and monthly precipitation. Results indicated considerable difference in onset of forests along the longitudinal gradient of the HF. Faster growth was observed in low- and uplands of the western zone, whereas it was lower in both the mid-elevations and the western outskirts. Longitudinal range was a major driver of vegetation growth, to which environmental factors also differently but significantly contributed (p < 0.0001) along the west-east gradient. Our study developed at GEE provides a benchmark to examine the effects of environmental parameters on the vegetation growth of HF, which cover mountainous areas with partly no or limited accessibility.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ThonfeldSteinbachMuroetal.2020,
  author    = {Thonfeld, Frank and Steinbach, Stefanie and Muro, Javier and Kirimi, Fridah},
  title     = {Long-term land use/land cover change assessment of the Kilombero catchment in Tanzania using random forest classification and robust change vector analysis},
  series = {Remote Sensing},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Remote Sensing},
  number    = {7},
  issn      = {2072-4292},
  doi       = {10.3390/rs12071057},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-203513},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Information about land use/land cover (LULC) and their changes is useful for different stakeholders to assess future pathways of sustainable land use for food production as well as for nature conservation. In this study, we assess LULC changes in the Kilombero catchment in Tanzania, an important area of recent development in East Africa. LULC change is assessed in two ways: first, post-classification comparison (PCC) which allows us to directly assess changes from one LULC class to another, and second, spectral change detection. We perform LULC classification by applying random forests (RF) on sets of multitemporal metrics that account for seasonal within-class dynamics. For the spectral change detection, we make use of the robust change vector analysis (RCVA) and determine those changes that do not necessarily lead to another class. The combination of the two approaches enables us to distinguish areas that show (a) only PCC changes, (b) only spectral changes that do not affect the classification of a pixel, (c) both types of change, or (d) no changes at all. Our results reveal that only one-quarter of the catchment has not experienced any change. One-third shows both, spectral changes and LULC conversion. Changes detected with both methods predominantly occur in two major regions, one in the West of the catchment, one in the Kilombero floodplain. Both regions are important areas of food production and economic development in Tanzania. The Kilombero floodplain is a Ramsar protected area, half of which was converted to agricultural land in the past decades. Therefore, LULC monitoring is required to support sustainable land management. Relatively poor classification performances revealed several challenges during the classification process. The combined approach of PCC and RCVA allows us to detect spatial patterns of LULC change at distinct dimensions and intensities. With the assessment of additional classifier output, namely class-specific per-pixel classification probabilities and derived parameters, we account for classification uncertainty across space. We overlay the LULC change results and the spatial assessment of classification reliability to provide a thorough picture of the LULC changes taking place in the Kilombero catchment.},
  language  = {en}
}