@article{BaumhoerDietzKneiseletal.2019, author = {Baumhoer, Celia A. and Dietz, Andreas J. and Kneisel, C. and Kuenzer, C.}, title = {Automated Extraction of Antarctic Glacier and Ice Shelf Fronts from Sentinel-1 Imagery Using Deep Learning}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {11}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {21}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs11212529}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-193150}, pages = {2529}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Sea level rise contribution from the Antarctic ice sheet is influenced by changes in glacier and ice shelf front position. Still, little is known about seasonal glacier and ice shelf front fluctuations as the manual delineation of calving fronts from remote sensing imagery is very time-consuming. The major challenge of automatic calving front extraction is the low contrast between floating glacier and ice shelf fronts and the surrounding sea ice. Additionally, in previous decades, remote sensing imagery over the often cloud-covered Antarctic coastline was limited. Nowadays, an abundance of Sentinel-1 imagery over the Antarctic coastline exists and could be used for tracking glacier and ice shelf front movement. To exploit the available Sentinel-1 data, we developed a processing chain allowing automatic extraction of the Antarctic coastline from Seninel-1 imagery and the creation of dense time series to assess calving front change. The core of the proposed workflow is a modified version of the deep learning architecture U-Net. This convolutional neural network (CNN) performs a semantic segmentation on dual-pol Sentinel-1 data and the Antarctic TanDEM-X digital elevation model (DEM). The proposed method is tested for four training and test areas along the Antarctic coastline. The automatically extracted fronts deviate on average 78 m in training and 108 m test areas. Spatial and temporal transferability is demonstrated on an automatically extracted 15-month time series along the Getz Ice Shelf. Between May 2017 and July 2018, the fronts along the Getz Ice Shelf show mostly an advancing tendency with the fastest moving front of DeVicq Glacier with 726 ± 20 m/yr.}, language = {en} } @article{PhilippLevick2019, author = {Philipp, Marius B. and Levick, Shaun R.}, title = {Exploring the potential of C-Band SAR in contributing to burn severity mapping in tropical savanna}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {12}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {1}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs12010049}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-193789}, pages = {49}, year = {2019}, abstract = {The ability to map burn severity and to understand how it varies as a function of time of year and return frequency is an important tool for landscape management and carbon accounting in tropical savannas. Different indices based on optical satellite imagery are typically used for mapping fire scars and for estimating burn severity. However, cloud cover is a major limitation for analyses using optical data over tropical landscapes. To address this pitfall, we explored the suitability of C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data for detecting vegetation response to fire, using experimental fires in northern Australia. Pre- and post-fire results from Sentinel-1 C-band backscatter intensity data were compared to those of optical satellite imagery and were corroborated against structural changes on the ground that we documented through terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). Sentinel-1 C-band backscatter (VH) proved sensitive to the structural changes imparted by fire and was correlated with the Normalised Burn Ratio (NBR) derived from Sentinel-2 optical data. Our results suggest that C-band SAR holds potential to inform the mapping of burn severity in savannas, but further research is required over larger spatial scales and across a broader spectrum of fire regime conditions before automated products can be developed. Combining both Sentinel-1 SAR and Sentinel-2 multi-spectral data will likely yield the best results for mapping burn severity under a range of weather conditions.}, language = {en} } @article{SognoKleinKuenzer2022, author = {Sogno, Patrick and Klein, Igor and Kuenzer, Claudia}, title = {Remote sensing of surface water dynamics in the context of global change — a review}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {14}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {10}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs14102475}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-275274}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Inland surface water is often the most accessible freshwater source. As opposed to groundwater, surface water is replenished in a comparatively quick cycle, which makes this vital resource — if not overexploited — sustainable. From a global perspective, freshwater is plentiful. Still, depending on the region, surface water availability is severely limited. Additionally, climate change and human interventions act as large-scale drivers and cause dramatic changes in established surface water dynamics. Actions have to be taken to secure sustainable water availability and usage. This requires informed decision making based on reliable environmental data. Monitoring inland surface water dynamics is therefore more important than ever. Remote sensing is able to delineate surface water in a number of ways by using optical as well as active and passive microwave sensors. In this review, we look at the proceedings within this discipline by reviewing 233 scientific works. We provide an extensive overview of used sensors, the spatial and temporal resolution of studies, their thematic foci, and their spatial distribution. We observe that a wide array of available sensors and datasets, along with increasing computing capacities, have shaped the field over the last years. Multiple global analysis-ready products are available for investigating surface water area dynamics, but so far none offer high spatial and temporal resolution.}, language = {en} } @article{LappeUllmannBachofer2022, author = {Lappe, Ronja and Ullmann, Tobias and Bachofer, Felix}, title = {State of the Vietnamese coast — assessing three decades (1986 to 2021) of coastline dynamics using the Landsat archive}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {14}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {10}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs14102476}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-275281}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Vietnam's 3260 km coastline is densely populated, experiences rapid urban and economic growth, and faces at the same time a high risk of coastal hazards. Satellite archives provide a free and powerful opportunity for long-term area-wide monitoring of the coastal zone. This paper presents an automated analysis of coastline dynamics from 1986 to 2021 for Vietnam's entire coastal zone using the Landsat archive. The proposed method is implemented within the cloud-computing platform Google Earth Engine to only involve publicly and globally available datasets and tools. We generated annual coastline composites representing the mean-high water level and extracted sub-pixel coastlines. We further quantified coastline change rates along shore-perpendicular transects, revealing that half of Vietnam's coast did not experience significant change, while the remaining half is classified as erosional (27.7\%) and accretional (27.1\%). A hotspot analysis shows that coastal segments with the highest change rates are concentrated in the low-lying deltas of the Mekong River in the south and the Red River in the north. Hotspots with the highest accretion rates of up to +47 m/year are mainly associated with the construction of artificial coastlines, while hotspots with the highest erosion rates of -28 m/year may be related to natural sediment redistribution and human activity.}, language = {en} } @article{HalbgewachsWegmanndaPonte2022, author = {Halbgewachs, Magdalena and Wegmann, Martin and da Ponte, Emmanuel}, title = {A spectral mixture analysis and landscape metrics based framework for monitoring spatiotemporal forest cover changes: a case study in Mato Grosso, Brazil}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {14}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {8}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs14081907}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-270644}, year = {2022}, abstract = {An increasing amount of Brazilian rainforest is being lost or degraded for various reasons, both anthropogenic and natural, leading to a loss of biodiversity and further global consequences. Especially in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso, soy production and large-scale cattle farms led to extensive losses of rainforest in recent years. We used a spectral mixture approach followed by a decision tree classification based on more than 30 years of Landsat data to quantify these losses. Research has shown that current methods for assessing forest degradation are lacking accuracy. Therefore, we generated classifications to determine land cover changes for each year, focusing on both cleared and degraded forest land. The analyses showed a decrease in forest area in Mato Grosso by 28.8\% between 1986 and 2020. In order to measure changed forest structures for the selected period, fragmentation analyses based on diverse landscape metrics were carried out for the municipality of Colniza in Mato Grosso. It was found that forest areas experienced also a high degree of fragmentation over the study period, with an increase of 83.3\% of the number of patches and a decrease of the mean patch area of 86.1\% for the selected time period, resulting in altered habitats for flora and fauna.}, language = {en} } @article{YangYaoLietal.2022, author = {Yang, Xuting and Yao, Wanqiang and Li, Pengfei and Hu, Jinfei and Latifi, Hooman and Kang, Li and Wang, Ningjing and Zhang, Dingming}, title = {Changes of SOC content in China's Shendong coal mining area during 1990-2020 investigated using remote sensing techniques}, series = {Sustainability}, volume = {14}, journal = {Sustainability}, number = {12}, issn = {2071-1050}, doi = {10.3390/su14127374}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-278939}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Coal mining, an important human activity, disturbs soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation and decomposition, eventually affecting terrestrial carbon cycling and the sustainability of human society. However, changes of SOC content and their relation with influential factors in coal mining areas remained unclear. In the study, predictive models of SOC content were developed based on field sampling and Landsat images for different land-use types (grassland, forest, farmland, and bare land) of the largest coal mining area in China (i.e., Shendong). The established models were employed to estimate SOC content across the Shendong mining area during 1990-2020, followed by an investigation into the impacts of climate change and human disturbance on SOC content by a Geo-detector. Results showed that the models produced satisfactory results (R\(^2\) > 0.69, p < 0.05), demonstrating that SOC content over a large coal mining area can be effectively assessed using remote sensing techniques. Results revealed that average SOC content in the study area rose from 5.67 gC·kg\(^{-1}\) in 1990 to 9.23 gC·kg\(^{-1}\) in 2010 and then declined to 5.31 gC·Kg\(^{-1}\) in 2020. This could be attributed to the interaction between the disturbance of soil caused by coal mining and the improvement of eco-environment by land reclamation. Spatially, the SOC content of farmland was the highest, followed by grassland, and that of bare land was the lowest. SOC accumulation was inhibited by coal mining activities, with the effect of high-intensity mining being lower than that of moderate- and low-intensity mining activities. Land use was found to be the strongest individual influencing factor for SOC content changes, while the interaction between vegetation coverage and precipitation exerted the most significant influence on the variability of SOC content. Furthermore, the influence of mining intensity combined with precipitation was 10 times higher than that of mining intensity alone.}, language = {en} } @article{DhillonDahmsKuebertFlocketal.2023, author = {Dhillon, Maninder Singh and Dahms, Thorsten and Kuebert-Flock, Carina and Rummler, Thomas and Arnault, Joel and Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf and Ullmann, Tobias}, title = {Integrating random forest and crop modeling improves the crop yield prediction of winter wheat and oil seed rape}, series = {Frontiers in Remote Sensing}, volume = {3}, journal = {Frontiers in Remote Sensing}, issn = {2673-6187}, doi = {10.3389/frsen.2022.1010978}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-301462}, year = {2023}, abstract = {The fast and accurate yield estimates with the increasing availability and variety of global satellite products and the rapid development of new algorithms remain a goal for precision agriculture and food security. However, the consistency and reliability of suitable methodologies that provide accurate crop yield outcomes still need to be explored. The study investigates the coupling of crop modeling and machine learning (ML) to improve the yield prediction of winter wheat (WW) and oil seed rape (OSR) and provides examples for the Free State of Bavaria (70,550 km2), Germany, in 2019. The main objectives are to find whether a coupling approach [Light Use Efficiency (LUE) + Random Forest (RF)] would result in better and more accurate yield predictions compared to results provided with other models not using the LUE. Four different RF models [RF1 (input: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)), RF2 (input: climate variables), RF3 (input: NDVI + climate variables), RF4 (input: LUE generated biomass + climate variables)], and one semi-empiric LUE model were designed with different input requirements to find the best predictors of crop monitoring. The results indicate that the individual use of the NDVI (in RF1) and the climate variables (in RF2) could not be the most accurate, reliable, and precise solution for crop monitoring; however, their combined use (in RF3) resulted in higher accuracies. Notably, the study suggested the coupling of the LUE model variables to the RF4 model can reduce the relative root mean square error (RRMSE) from -8\% (WW) and -1.6\% (OSR) and increase the R 2 by 14.3\% (for both WW and OSR), compared to results just relying on LUE. Moreover, the research compares models yield outputs by inputting three different spatial inputs: Sentinel-2(S)-MOD13Q1 (10 m), Landsat (L)-MOD13Q1 (30 m), and MOD13Q1 (MODIS) (250 m). The S-MOD13Q1 data has relatively improved the performance of models with higher mean R 2 [0.80 (WW), 0.69 (OSR)], and lower RRMSE (\%) (9.18, 10.21) compared to L-MOD13Q1 (30 m) and MOD13Q1 (250 m). Satellite-based crop biomass, solar radiation, and temperature are found to be the most influential variables in the yield prediction of both crops.}, language = {en} } @article{EmmertKneisel2021, author = {Emmert, Adrian and Kneisel, Christof}, title = {Internal structure and palsa development at Orravatnsr{\´u}stir Palsa Site (Central Iceland), investigated by means of integrated resistivity and ground-penetrating radar methods}, series = {Permafrost and Periglacial Processes}, volume = {32}, journal = {Permafrost and Periglacial Processes}, number = {3}, doi = {10.1002/ppp.2106}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-238933}, pages = {503 -- 519}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The natural cyclical development of palsas makes it difficult to use visible signs of decay as reference points for environmental change. Thus, to determine the actual development stage of a palsa, investigations of the internal structure are crucial. Our study presents 2-D and 3-D electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) and 2-D ground-penetrating radar (GPR) results, measurements of surface and subsurface temperatures, and of the soil matric potential from Orravatnsr{\´u}stir Palsa Site in Central Iceland. By a joint interpretation of the results, we deduce the internal structure (i.e., thickness of thaw zone and permafrost, ice/water content) of five palsas of different size and shape. The results differentiate between initial and mature development stages and show that palsas of different development stages can exist in close proximity. While internal characteristics indicate undisturbed development of four palsas, one palsa shows indications of environmental change. Our study shows the value of the multimethod geophysical approach and introduces measurements of the soil matric potential as a promising method to assess the current state of the subsurface.}, language = {en} } @article{Ibebuchi2023, author = {Ibebuchi, Chibuike Chiedozie}, title = {On the representation of atmospheric circulation modes in regional climate models over Western Europe}, series = {International Journal of Climatology}, volume = {43}, journal = {International Journal of Climatology}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1002/joc.7807}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312424}, pages = {668 -- 682}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Atmospheric circulation is a key driver of climate variability, and the representation of atmospheric circulation modes in regional climate models (RCMs) can enhance the credibility of regional climate projections. This study examines the representation of large-scale atmospheric circulation modes in Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project phase 5 RCMs once driven by ERA-Interim, and by two general circulation models (GCMs). The study region is Western Europe and the circulation modes are classified using the Promax rotated T-mode principal component analysis. The results indicate that the RCMs can replicate the classified atmospheric modes as obtained from ERA5 reanalysis, though with biases dependent on the data providing the lateral boundary condition and the choice of RCM. When the boundary condition is provided by ERA-Interim that is more consistent with observations, the simulated map types and the associating time series match well with their counterparts from ERA5. Further, on average, the multi-model ensemble mean of the analysed RCMs, driven by ERA-Interim, indicated a slight improvement in the representation of the modes obtained from ERA5. Conversely, when the RCMs are driven by the GCMs that are models without assimilation of observational data, the representation of the atmospheric modes, as obtained from ERA5, is relatively less accurate compared to when the RCMs are driven by ERA-Interim. This suggests that the biases stem from the GCMs. On average, the representation of the modes was not improved in the multi-model ensemble mean of the five analysed RCMs driven by either of the GCMs. However, when the best-performed RCMs were selected on average the ensemble mean indicated a slight improvement. Moreover, the presence of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in the simulated modes depends also on the lateral boundary conditions. The relationship between the modes and the NAO was replicated only when the RCMs were driven by reanalysis. The results indicate that the forcing model is the main factor in reproducing the atmospheric circulation.}, language = {en} } @article{GeyerLanding2021, author = {Geyer, Gerd and Landing, Ed}, title = {The Souss lagerstatte of the Anti-Atlas, Morocco: discovery of the first Cambrian fossil lagerstatte from Africa}, series = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {11}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-021-82546-0}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259236}, pages = {3107}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Episodic low oxygenated conditions on the sea-floor are likely responsible for exceptional preservation of animal remains in the upper Amouslek Formation (lower Cambrian, Stage 3) on the northern slope of the western Anti-Atlas, Morocco. This stratigraphic interval has yielded trilobite, brachiopod, and hyolith fossils with preserved soft parts, including some of the oldest known trilobite guts. The "Souss fossil lagerstatte" (newly proposed designation) represents the first Cambrian fossil lagerstatte in Cambrian strata known from Africa and is one of the oldest trilobite-bearing fossil lagerstatten on Earth. Inter-regional correlation of the Souss fossil lagerstatte in West Gondwana suggests its development during an interval of high eustatic levels recorded by dark shales that occur in informal upper Cambrian Series 2 in Siberia, South China, and East Gondwana.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Engelbauer2023, author = {Engelbauer, Manuel}, title = {Global assessment of recent UNESCO Biosphere Reserve quality enhancement strategies and interlinkages with other UNESCO labels}, publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, address = {W{\"u}rzburg}, isbn = {978-3-95826-196-9}, doi = {10.25972/WUP-978-3-95826-197-6}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-286538}, school = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, pages = {XVI, 187}, year = {2023}, abstract = {In 1995, the Second International Biosphere Reserve Congress in Seville resulted in a set of new regulations that spurred a significant paradigm shift in the UNESCO Man and Bio-sphere (MAB) Programme, reconceptualizing the research programme as a modern instrument for the dual mandate of nature conservation and sustainable development. But almost 20 years later, a large proportion of biosphere reserves designated before 1996 still did not comply with the new regulations. In 2013, the International Coordination Council of the MAB Programme announced the 'Exit Strategy' to assess, monitor and improve the quality of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. However, the strategy also meant that 266 biosphere reserves in 76 member states were faced with the possibility of exclusion from the world network. This study presents a global assessment of the challenges that result from the Exit Strategy and the Process of Excellence and Enhancement that follows. Specifically, it investigates the differences in quality management strategies and the periodic review processes of various biosphere reserves, the effects of those quality management strategies on the MAB Programme and on the 76 directly affected member states, and the interlinkages between the MAB Programme and other UNESCO designations for nature conservation: the natural World Heritage Sites and the Global Geoparks. Semi-structured expert interviews were conducted with 31 participants in 21 different countries, representing all UN regions. To showcase the diversity of the World Network of Bio-sphere Reserves, 20 country-specific case studies are presented, highlighting the challenges of implementing the biosphere reserve concept and, more specifically, the periodic review process. Information gleaned from the experts was transcribed and evaluated using a qualitative content analysis method. The results of this study demonstrate major differences worldwide in the implementation biosphere reserves, especially in the case of the national affiliation of the MAB Programme, the legal recognition of biosphere reserves in national legislation, the usage of the term 'bio-sphere reserve' and the governance structures of the biosphere reserves. Of those represented by the case studies, the four countries with the highest number of voluntary biosphere reserves withdrawals after 2013, Australia, Austria, Bulgaria and the United States of America, show that the Exit Strategy contributed to the streamlining and quality enhancement of the world network. The biosphere reserves in those countries were strictly nature conservation areas without human settlements and were designated as such in the 1970s and 1980s. Only post-Seville biosphere reserves remain in those countries. Some experts have pointed out that there appears to be competition for political attention and funding between the three UNESCO labels for nature conservation. While a combination of the designation of biosphere reserves and World Heritage Sites in one place is favoured by experts, Global Geoparks and Biosphere Reserves are seen as being in competition with each other. This study concludes that quality enhancement strategies were fundamental to improving the credibility and coherence of the MAB Programme. Most pre-Seville biosphere reserves were adapted or the member states were encouraged to withdraw them voluntarily. Challenges in implementing the Exit Strategy were not unique to individual countries but applied equally to all member states with pre-Seville sites. Over the course of the quality enhancement process, many UNESCO member states have become more involved with the MAB Programme, which has led to rejuvenation of the national biosphere reserves network in many countries.}, subject = {Naturschutz}, language = {en} } @article{RichardAbdelRahmanSubramanianetal.2017, author = {Richard, Kyalo and Abdel-Rahman, Elfatih M. and Subramanian, Sevgan and Nyasani, Johnson O. and Thiel, Michael and Jozani, Hosein and Borgemeister, Christian and Landmann, Tobias}, title = {Maize cropping systems mapping using RapidEye observations in agro-ecological landscapes in Kenya}, series = {Sensors}, volume = {17}, journal = {Sensors}, number = {11}, doi = {10.3390/s17112537}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-173285}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Cropping systems information on explicit scales is an important but rarely available variable in many crops modeling routines and of utmost importance for understanding pests and disease propagation mechanisms in agro-ecological landscapes. In this study, high spatial and temporal resolution RapidEye bio-temporal data were utilized within a novel 2-step hierarchical random forest (RF) classification approach to map areas of mono- and mixed maize cropping systems. A small-scale maize farming site in Machakos County, Kenya was used as a study site. Within the study site, field data was collected during the satellite acquisition period on general land use/land cover (LULC) and the two cropping systems. Firstly, non-cropland areas were masked out from other land use/land cover using the LULC mapping result. Subsequently an optimized RF model was applied to the cropland layer to map the two cropping systems (2nd classification step). An overall accuracy of 93\% was attained for the LULC classification, while the class accuracies (PA: producer's accuracy and UA: user's accuracy) for the two cropping systems were consistently above 85\%. We concluded that explicit mapping of different cropping systems is feasible in complex and highly fragmented agro-ecological landscapes if high resolution and multi-temporal satellite data such as 5 m RapidEye data is employed. Further research is needed on the feasibility of using freely available 10-20 m Sentinel-2 data for wide-area assessment of cropping systems as an important variable in numerous crop productivity models.}, language = {en} } @book{Wiedemann2023, author = {Wiedemann, Cathrin}, title = {Picken, Packen, Radeln? Betriebsformen, Standorte, Arbeitsprozesse und deren Auswirkungen auf Besch{\"a}ftigte im Lebensmittelonlinehandel in Deutschland}, edition = {1. Auflage}, publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, address = {W{\"u}rzburg}, isbn = {978-3-95826-208-9}, issn = {2196-5811}, doi = {10.25972/WUP-978-3-95826-209-6}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-298886}, publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, pages = {XV, 171}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Der Lebensmittelonlinehandel in Deutschland gewann, verst{\"a}rkt durch die Covid-19-Pandemie, an Umsatzanteilen im Lebensmitteleinzelhandel. Hierdurch wurden neue Anforderungen an Arbeit und Besch{\"a}ftigung in Deutschland geschaffen. Insbesondere in urbanen R{\"a}umen hat die Lebensmittelzustellung durch neu entstandene Betriebsformen zugenommen. So entstehen durch das Versprechen der Betriebe, Lebensmittel in kurzen Zeitr{\"a}umen zu liefern, verschiedene Logistikstandorte und u.a. urbane Fahrradlieferdienste. W{\"a}hrend Medien und Gewerkschaften bereits vor der Entstehung prek{\"a}rer Arbeitsbedingungen warnen, sind die genauen Auswirkungen des Lebensmittelonlinehandels auf die Entwicklung neuer Arbeitsstandorte und die dort stattfindende Besch{\"a}ftigung nur unzureichend bekannt. Diese Arbeit untersucht den Lebensmittelonlinehandel anhand seiner Betriebsformen, Standorte und Arbeitsprozesse sowie deren Auswirkungen auf Besch{\"a}ftigte in Deutschland. Den konzeptionellen Hintergrund bilden Arbeiten der geographischen Handelsforschung sowie Debatten zu Arbeitsplatzqualit{\"a}t und Besch{\"a}ftigung. F{\"u}r die Analyse sind Prim{\"a}rdaten und Sekund{\"a}rdaten erhoben worden. Es zeigt sich, dass teilweise komplexe Betriebsformen entstehen, bei denen sich die Arbeit und Arbeitsorte ver{\"a}ndern. Zudem entstehen neue Herausforderungen f{\"u}r die Besch{\"a}ftigten (u.a. physische und psychische Belastung), welche in dieser Arbeit identifiziert werden.}, subject = {Arbeitsprozess}, language = {de} } @article{AichAkhundzadahKnuerretal.2017, author = {Aich, Valentin and Akhundzadah, Noor Ahmad and Knuerr, Alec and Khoshbeen, Ahmad Jamshed and Hattermann, Fred and Paeth, Heiko and Scanlon, Andrew and Paton, Eva Nora}, title = {Climate change in Afghanistan deduced from reanalysis and coordinated regional climate downscaling experiment (CORDEX)—South Asia Simulations}, series = {Climate}, volume = {5}, journal = {Climate}, number = {2}, issn = {2225-1154}, doi = {10.3390/cli5020038}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-198024}, pages = {38}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Past and the projected future climate change in Afghanistan has been analyzed systematically and differentiated with respect to its different climate regions to gain some first quantitative insights into Afghanistan's vulnerability to ongoing and future climate changes. For this purpose, temperature, precipitation and five additional climate indices for extremes and agriculture assessments (heavy precipitation; spring precipitation; growing season length (GSL), the Heat Wave Magnitude Index (HWMI); and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI)) from the reanalysis data were examined for their consistency to identify changes in the past (data since 1950). For future changes (up to the year 2100), the same parameters were extracted from an ensemble of 12 downscaled regional climate models (RCM) of the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX)-South Asia simulations for low and high emission scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 and 8.5). In the past, the climatic changes were mainly characterized by a mean temperature increase above global level of 1.8 °C from 1950 to 2010; uncertainty with regard to reanalyzed rainfall data limited a thorough analysis of past changes. Climate models projected the temperature trend to accelerate in the future, depending strongly on the global carbon emissions (2006-2050 Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5/8.5: 1.7/2.3 °C; 2006-2099: 2.7/6.4 °C, respectively). Despite the high uncertainty with regard to precipitation projections, it became apparent that the increasing evapotranspiration is likely to exacerbate Afghanistan's already existing water stress, including a very strong increase of frequency and magnitude of heat waves. Overall, the results show that in addition to the already extensive deficiency in adaptation to current climate conditions, the situation will be aggravated in the future, particularly in regard to water management and agriculture. Thus, the results of this study underline the importance of adequate adaptation to climate change in Afghanistan. This is even truer taking into account that GSL is projected to increase substantially by around 20 days on average until 2050, which might open the opportunity for extended agricultural husbandry or even additional harvests when water resources are properly managed.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Nwaila2017, author = {Nwaila, Tsundukani Glen}, title = {Geochemistry of Palaeoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic Kaapvaal Craton marine shales: Implications for sediment provenance and siderophile elements endowment}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-155326}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2017}, abstract = {The Kaapvaal Craton hosts a number of large gold deposits (e.g. Witwatersrand Supergroup) which mining companies have exploited at certain stratigraphic positions. It also hosts the largest platinum group element (PGE) deposits (e.g. Bushveld Igneous Complex) which mining companies have exploited in different mineralised layered magmatic zones. In spite of the extensive exploration history in the Kaapvaal Craton, the origin of the Witwatersrand gold deposits and Bushveld Igneous Complex PGE deposits has remained one of the most debated topics in economic geology. The goal of this study was to identify the geochemical characteristics of marine shales in the Barberton, Witwatersrand, and Transvaal supergroups in South Africa in order to make inferences on their sediment provenance and siderophile element endowments. Understanding why some of the Archaean and Proterozoic hinterlands are heavily mineralised, compared to others with similar geological characteristics, will aid in the development of more efficient exploration models. Fresh, unmineralised marine shales from the Barberton (Fig Tree and Moodies groups), Witwatersrand (West Rand and Central Rand groups), and Transvaal (Black Reef Formation and Pretoria Group) supergroups were sampled from drill core and underground mining exposures. Analytical methods, such as X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) were applied to comprehensively characterise the shales. All of the Au and PGE assays examined the newly collected shale samples. The Barberton Supergroup shales consist mainly of quartz, illite, chlorite, and albite, with diverse heavy minerals, including sulfides and oxides, representing the minor constituents. The regionally persistent Witwatersrand Supergroup shales consist mainly of quartz, muscovite, and chlorite, and also contain minor constituents of sulfides and oxides. The Transvaal Supergroup shales comprise quartz, chlorite, and carbonaceous material. Major, trace (including rare-earth element) concentrations were determined for shales from the above supergroups to constrain their source and post-depositional evolution. Chemical variations were observed in all the studied marine shales. Results obtained from this study revealed that post-depositional modification of shale chemistry was significant only near contacts with over- and underlying coarser-grained siliciclastic rocks and along cross-cutting faults, veins, and dykes. Away from such zones, the shale composition remained largely unaltered and can be used to draw inferences concerning sediment provenance and palaeoweathering in the source region and/or on intrabasinal erosion surfaces. Evaluation of weathering profiles through sections of the studied supergroups revealed that the shales therein are characterised by high chemical index of alteration (CIA), chemical index of weathering (CIW), and index of compositional variability (ICV), suggesting that the source area was lithologically complex and subject to intense chemical weathering. A progressive change in the chemical composition was identified, from a dominant ultramafic-mafic source for the Fig Tree Group to a progressively felsic-plutonic provenance for the Moodies Group. The West Rand Group of the Witwatersrand Supergroup shows a dominance of tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite and calcalkaline granite sources. Compositional profiles through the only major marine shale unit within the Central Rand Group indicate the progressive unroofing of a granitic source in an otherwise greenstone-dominated hinterland during the course of sedimentation. No plausible likely tectonic setting was obtained through geochemical modelling. However, the combination of the systematic shale chemistry, geochronology, and sedimentology in the Witwatersrand Supergroup supports the hypothesised passive margin setting for the >2.98 to 2.91 Ga West Rand Group, and an active continental margin source for the overlying >2.90 to 2.78 Ga Central Rand Group, along with a foreland basin setting for the latter. Ultra-low detection limit analyses of gold and PGE concentrations revealed a variable degree of gold accumulation within pristine unmineralised shales. All the studied shales contain elevated gold and PGE contents relative to the upper continental crust, with marine shales from the Central Rand Group showing the highest Au (±9.85 ppb) enrichment. Based on this variation in the provenance of contemporaneous sediments in different parts of the Kaapvaal Craton, one can infer that the siderophile elements were sourced from a fertile hinterland, but concentrated into the marine shales by a combination of different processes. It is proposed that accumulation of siderophile elements in the studied marine shales was mainly controlled by mechanical coagulation and aggregation. These processes involved suspended sediments, fine gold particles, and other trace elements being trapped in marine environments. Mechanical coagulation and aggregation resulted in gold enrichments by 2-3 orders of magnitude, whereas some of the gold in these marine shales can be reconciled by seawater adsorption into sedimentary pyrite. For the source of gold and PGEs in the studied marine shales in the Kaapvaal Craton, a genetic model is proposed that involves the following: (1) A highly siderophile elements enriched upper mantle domain, herein referred to as "geochemically anomalous mantle domain", from which the Kaapvaal crust was sourced. This mantle domain enriched in highly siderophile elements was formed either by inhomogeneous mixing with cosmic material that was added during intense meteorite bombardment of the Hadaean to Palaeoarchaean Earth or by plume-like ascent of relics from the core-mantle boundary. In both cases, elevated siderophile elements concentrations would be expected. The geochemically anomalous mantle domain is likely the ultimate source of the Witwatersrand modified palaeoplacer gold deposits and was tapped again ca. 2.054 Ga during the emplacement of the Bushveld Igneous Complex. Therefore, I propose that there is a genetic link (i.e. common geochemically anomalous mantle source) between the Witwatersrand gold deposits and the younger Bushveld Igneous Complex PGE deposits. (2) Scavenging of crustal gold by various surface processes such as trapping of gold from Archaean/Palaeoproterozoic river water on the surface of local photosynthesizing cyanobacterial or microbial mats, and reworking of these mats into erosion channels during flooding events. The above two models complement each other, with model (1) providing a common geological source for the Witwatersrand gold and Bushveld Igneous Complex PGE deposits, and model (2) explaining the processes responsible for Witwatersrand-type gold pre-concentration processes. In sequences such as the Transvaal Supergroup, a less fertile hinterland and/or less reworking of older sediments led to a correspondingly lower gold endowment. These findings indicate temporal distribution of siderophile elements in the upper crust (e.g. marine shales). The overall implications of these findings are that background concentrations of gold and PGEs can be used to target potential exploration areas in other cratons of similar age. This increases the likelihood of finding other Witwatersrand-type gold or Bushveld Igneous Complex-type PGE deposits in other cratons.}, subject = {Gold}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Ziegler2022, author = {Ziegler, Katrin}, title = {Implementierung von verbesserten Landoberfl{\"a}chenparametern und -prozessen in das hochaufgel{\"o}ste Klimamodell REMO}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-26128}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-261285}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war neue Eingangsdaten f{\"u}r die Landoberfl{\"a}chenbeschreibung des regionalen Klimamodells REMO zu finden und ins Modell zu integrieren, um die Vorhersagequalit{\"a}t des Modells zu verbessern. Die neuen Daten wurden so in das Modell eingebaut, dass die bisherigen Daten weiterhin als Option verf{\"u}gbar sind. Dadurch kann {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft werden, ob und in welchem Umfang sich die von jedem Klimamodell ben{\"o}tigten Rahmendaten auf Modellergebnisse auswirken. Im Zuge der Arbeit wurden viele unterschiedliche Daten und Methoden zur Generierung neuer Parameter miteinander verglichen, denn neben dem Ersetzen der konstanten Eingangswerte f{\"u}r verschiedene Oberfl{\"a}chenparameter und den damit verbundenen {\"A}nderungen wurden als zus{\"a}tzliche Verbesserung auch Ver{\"a}nderungen an der Parametrisierung des Bodens speziell in Hinblick auf die Bodentemperaturen in REMO vorgenommen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden die durch die verschiedenen {\"A}nderungen ausgel{\"o}sten Auswirkungen f{\"u}r das CORDEX-Gebiet EUR-44 mit einer Aufl{\"o}sung von ca. 50km und f{\"u}r das in dem darin eingebetteten neu definierten Deutschlandgebiet GER-11 mit einer Aufl{\"o}sung von ca. 12km getestet sowie alle {\"A}nderungen anhand von verschiedenen Beobachtungsdatens{\"a}tzen validiert. Die vorgenommenen Arbeiten gliederten sich in drei Hauptteile. Der erste Teil bestand in dem vom eigentlichen Klimamodell unabh{\"a}ngigen Vergleich der verschiedenen Eingangsdaten auf unterschiedlichen Aufl{\"o}sungen und deren Performanz in allen Teilen der Erde, wobei ein besonderer Fokus auf der Qualit{\"a}t in den sp{\"a}teren Modellgebieten lag. Unter Ber{\"u}cksichtigung der Faktoren, wie einer globalen Verf{\"u}gbarkeit der Daten, einer verbesserten r{\"a}umlichen Aufl{\"o}sung und einer kostenlosen Nutzung der Daten sowie verschiedener Validationsergebnissen von anderen Studien, wurden in dieser Arbeit vier neue Topographiedatens{\"a}tze (SRTM, ALOS, TANDEM und ASTER) und drei neue Bodendatens{\"a}tze (FAOn, Soilgrid und HWSD) f{\"u}r die Verwendung im Pr{\"a}prozess von REMO aufbereitet und miteinander sowie mit den bisher in REMO verwendeten Daten verglichen. Auf Grundlage dieser Vergleichsstudien schieden bei den Topographiedaten die verwendeten Datensatz-Versionen von SRTM, ALOS und TANDEM f{\"u}r die in dieser Arbeit durchgef{\"u}hrten REMO-L{\"a}ufe aus. Bei den neuen Bodendatens{\"a}tzen wurde ausgenutzt, dass diese verschiedenen Bodeneigenschaften f{\"u}r unterschiedliche Tiefen als Karten zur Verf{\"u}gung stellen. In REMO wurden bisher alle ben{\"o}tigten Bodenparameter abh{\"a}ngig von f{\"u}nf verschiedenen Bodentexturklassen und einer zus{\"a}tzlichen Torfklasse ausgewiesen und als konstant {\"u}ber die gesamte Modellbodens{\"a}ule (bis ca. 10m) angenommen. Im zweiten Teil wurden auf Basis der im ersten Teil ausgew{\"a}hlten neuen Datens{\"a}tze und den neu verf{\"u}gbaren Bodenvariablen verschiedene Sensitivit{\"a}tsstudien {\"u}ber das Beispieljahr 2000 durchgef{\"u}hrt. Dabei wurden verschiedene neue Parametrisierungen f{\"u}r die bisher aus der Textur abgeleiteten Bodenvariablen und die Parametrisierung von weiteren hydrologischen und thermalen Bodeneigenschaften verglichen. Ferner wurde aufgrund der neuen nicht {\"u}ber die Tiefe konstanten Bodeneigenschaften eine neue numerische Methode zur Berechnung der Bodentemperaturen der f{\"u}nf Schichten in REMO getestet, welche wiederum andere Anpassungen erforderte. Der Test und die Auswahl der verschiedenen Datensatz- und Parametrisierungsversionen auf die Modellperformanz wurde in drei Experimentpl{\"a}ne unterteilt. Im ersten Plan wurden die Auswirkungen der ausgew{\"a}hlten Topographie- und Bodendatens{\"a}tze {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft. Der zweite Plan behandelte die Unterschiede der verschiedenen Parametrisierungsarten der Bodenvariablen hinsichtlich der verwendeten Variablen zur Berechnung der Bodeneigenschaften, der {\"u}ber die Tiefe variablen oder konstanten Eigenschaften und der verwendeten Berechnungsmethode der Bodentemperatur{\"a}nderungen. Durch die Erkenntnisse aus diesen beiden Experimentpl{\"a}nen, die f{\"u}r beide Untersuchungsgebiete durchgef{\"u}hrt wurden, ergaben sich im dritten Plan weitere Parametrisierungs{\"a}nderungen. Alle {\"A}nderungen dieses dritten Experimentplans wurden sukzessiv getestet, sodass der paarweise Vergleich von zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Modelll{\"a}ufen die Auswirkungen der Neuerung im jeweils zweiten Lauf widerspiegelt. Der letzte Teil der Arbeit bestand aus der Analyse von f{\"u}nf l{\"a}ngeren Modelll{\"a}ufen (2000-2018), die zur {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung der Ergebnisse aus den Sensitivit{\"a}tsstudien sowie zur Einsch{\"a}tzung der Performanz in weiteren teilweise extremen atmosph{\"a}rischen Bedingungen durchgef{\"u}hrt wurden. Hierf{\"u}r wurden die bisherige Modellversion von REMO (id01) f{\"u}r die beiden Untersuchungsgebiete EUR-44 und GER-11 als Referenzl{\"a}ufe, zwei aufgrund der Vergleichsergebnisse von Experimentplan 3 selektierte Modellversionen (id06 und id15a f{\"u}r GER-11) sowie die finale Version (id18a f{\"u}r GER-11), die alle vorgenommenen {\"A}nderungen dieser Arbeit enth{\"a}lt, ausgew{\"a}hlt. Es stellte sich heraus, dass sowohl die neuen Topographiedaten als auch die neuen Bodendaten große Differenzen zu den bisherigen Daten in REMO haben. Zudem {\"a}nderten sich die von diesen konstanten Eingangsdaten abgeleiteten Hilfsvariablen je nach verwendeter Parametrisierung sehr deutlich. Dies war besonders gut anhand der Bodenparameter zu erkennen. Sowohl die r{\"a}umliche Verteilung als auch der Wertebereich der verschiedenen Modellversionen unterschieden sich stark. Eine Einsch{\"a}tzung der Qualit{\"a}t der resultierenden Parameter wurde jedoch dadurch erschwert, dass auch die verschiedenen zur Validierung herangezogenen Bodendatens{\"a}tze f{\"u}r diese Parameter deutlich voneinander abweichen. Die finale Modellversion id18a {\"a}hnelte trotz der umfassenden {\"A}nderungen in den meisten Variablen den Ergebnissen der bisherigen REMO-Version. Je nach zeitlicher und r{\"a}umlicher Aggregation sowie unterschiedlichen Regionen und Jahreszeiten wurden leichte Verbesserungen, aber auch leichte Verschlechterungen im Vergleich zu den klimatologischen Validationsdaten festgestellt. Gr{\"o}ßere Ver{\"a}nderungen im Vergleich zur bisherigen Modellversion konnten in den tieferen Bodenschichten aufgezeigt werden, welche allerdings aufgrund von fehlenden Validationsdaten nicht beurteilt werden konnten. F{\"u}r alle 2m-Temperaturen konnte eine tendenzielle leichte Erw{\"a}rmung im Vergleich zum bisherigen Modelllauf beobachtet werden, was sich einerseits negativ auf die ohnehin durchschnittlich zu hohe Minimumtemperatur, aber andererseits positiv auf die bisher zu niedrige Maximumtemperatur des Modells in den betrachteten Gebieten auswirkte. Im Niederschlagssignal und in den 10m-Windvariablen konnten keine signifikanten {\"A}nderungen nachgewiesen werden, obwohl die neue Topographie an manchen Stellen im Modellgebiet deutlich von der bisherigen abweicht. Des Weiteren variierte das Ranking der verschiedenen Modellversionen jeweils nach dem angewendeten Qualit{\"a}tsindex. Um diese Ergebnisse besser einordnen zu k{\"o}nnen, muss ber{\"u}cksichtigt werden, dass die neuen Daten f{\"u}r Modellgebiete mit 50 bzw. 12km r{\"a}umlicher Aufl{\"o}sung und der damit verbundenen hydrostatischen Modellversion getestet wurden. Zudem sind vor allem in Fall der Topographie die bisher enthaltenen GTOPO-Daten (1km Aufl{\"o}sung) f{\"u}r die Aggregation auf diese gr{\"o}bere Modellaufl{\"o}sung geeignet. Die bisherigen Bodendaten stoßen jedoch mit 50km Aufl{\"o}sung bereits an ihre Grenzen. Zus{\"a}tzlich ist zu beachten, dass nicht nur die Mittelwerte dieser Daten, sondern auch deren Subgrid-Variabilit{\"a}t als Variablen im Modell f{\"u}r verschiedene Parametrisierungen verwendet werden. Daher ist es essentiell, dass die Eingangsdaten eine deutlich h{\"o}here Aufl{\"o}sung bereitstellen als die zur Modellierung definierte Aufl{\"o}sung. F{\"u}r lokale Klimasimulationen mit Aufl{\"o}sungen im niedrigen Kilometerbereich spielen auch die Vertikalbewegungen (nicht-hydrostatische Modellversion) eine wichtige Rolle, die stark von der Topographie sowie deren horizontaler und vertikaler {\"A}nderungsrate beeinflusst werden, was die in dieser Arbeit eingebauten wesentlich h{\"o}her aufgel{\"o}sten Daten f{\"u}r die zuk{\"u}nftige Weiterentwicklung von REMO wertvoll machen kann.}, subject = {Klimamodell}, language = {de} } @article{QamarAzmatAbbasetal.2018, author = {Qamar, Muhammad Uzair and Azmat, Muhammad and Abbas, Azhar and Usman, Muhammad and Shahid, Muhammad Adnan and Khan, Zahid Mahmood}, title = {Water Pricing and Implementation Strategies for the Sustainability of an Irrigation System: A Case Study within the Command Area of the Rakh Branch Canal}, series = {Water}, volume = {10}, journal = {Water}, number = {4, 509}, doi = {10.3390/w10040509}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-224711}, pages = {1-24}, year = {2018}, abstract = {The command area of the Rakh branch canal grows wheat, sugarcane, and rice crops in abundance. The canal water, which is trivial for irrigating these crops, is conveyed to the farms through the network of canals and distributaries. For the maintenance of this vast infrastructure; the end users are charged on a seasonal basis. The present water charges are severely criticized for not being adequate to properly manage the entire infrastructure. We use the residual value to determine the value of the irrigation water and then based on the quantity of irrigation water supplied to farm land coupled with the infrastructure maintenance cost, full cost recovery figures are executed for the study area, and policy recommendations are made for the implementation of the full cost recovery system. The approach is unique in the sense that the pricings are based on the actual quantity of water conveyed to the field for irrigating crops. The results of our analysis showed that the canal water is severely under charged in the culturable command area of selected distributaries, thus negating the plan of having a self-sustainable irrigation system.}, language = {en} } @article{ReinermannGessnerAsametal.2019, author = {Reinermann, Sophie and Gessner, Ursula and Asam, Sarah and Kuenzer, Claudia and Dech, Stefan}, title = {The Effect of Droughts on Vegetation Condition in Germany: An Analysis Based on Two Decades of Satellite Earth Observation Time Series and Crop Yield Statistics}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {11}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {15}, doi = {10.3390/rs11151783}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225165}, pages = {1783, 1-21}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Central Europe experienced several droughts in the recent past, such as in the year 2018, which was characterized by extremely low rainfall rates and high temperatures, resulting in substantial agricultural yield losses. Time series of satellite earth observation data enable the characterization of past drought events over large temporal and spatial scales. Within this study, Moderate Resolution Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) (MOD13Q1) 250 m time series were investigated for the vegetation periods of 2000 to 2018. The spatial and temporal development of vegetation in 2018 was compared to other dry and hot years in Europe, like the drought year 2003. Temporal and spatial inter- and intra-annual patterns of EVI anomalies were analyzed for all of Germany and for its cropland, forest, and grassland areas individually. While vegetation development in spring 2018 was above average, the summer months of 2018 showed negative anomalies in a similar magnitude as in 2003, which was particularly apparent within grassland and cropland areas in Germany. In contrast, the year 2003 showed negative anomalies during the entire growing season. The spatial pattern of vegetation status in 2018 showed high regional variation, with north-eastern Germany mainly affected in June, north-western parts in July, and western Germany in August. The temporal pattern of satellite-derived EVI deviances within the study period 2000-2018 were in good agreement with crop yield statistics for Germany. The study shows that the EVI deviation of the summer months of 2018 were among the most extreme in the study period compared to other years. The spatial pattern and temporal development of vegetation condition between the drought years differ.}, language = {en} } @article{KhareLatifiKhare2021, author = {Khare, Suyash and Latifi, Hooman and Khare, Siddhartha}, title = {Vegetation growth analysis of UNESCO World Heritage Hyrcanian forests using multi-sensor optical remote sensing data}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {13}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {19}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs13193965}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-248398}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Freely available satellite data at Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform enables vegetation phenology analysis across different scales very efficiently. We evaluated seasonal and annual phenology of the old-growth Hyrcanian forests (HF) of northern Iran covering an area of ca. 1.9 million ha, and also focused on 15 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. We extracted bi-weekly MODIS-NDVI between 2017 and 2020 in GEE, which was used to identify the range of NDVI between two temporal stages. Then, changes in phenology and growth were analyzed by Sentinel 2-derived Temporal Normalized Phenology Index. We modelled between seasonal phenology and growth by additionally considering elevation, surface temperature, and monthly precipitation. Results indicated considerable difference in onset of forests along the longitudinal gradient of the HF. Faster growth was observed in low- and uplands of the western zone, whereas it was lower in both the mid-elevations and the western outskirts. Longitudinal range was a major driver of vegetation growth, to which environmental factors also differently but significantly contributed (p < 0.0001) along the west-east gradient. Our study developed at GEE provides a benchmark to examine the effects of environmental parameters on the vegetation growth of HF, which cover mountainous areas with partly no or limited accessibility.}, language = {en} } @article{ThonfeldSteinbachMuroetal.2020, author = {Thonfeld, Frank and Steinbach, Stefanie and Muro, Javier and Kirimi, Fridah}, title = {Long-term land use/land cover change assessment of the Kilombero catchment in Tanzania using random forest classification and robust change vector analysis}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {12}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {7}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs12071057}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-203513}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Information about land use/land cover (LULC) and their changes is useful for different stakeholders to assess future pathways of sustainable land use for food production as well as for nature conservation. In this study, we assess LULC changes in the Kilombero catchment in Tanzania, an important area of recent development in East Africa. LULC change is assessed in two ways: first, post-classification comparison (PCC) which allows us to directly assess changes from one LULC class to another, and second, spectral change detection. We perform LULC classification by applying random forests (RF) on sets of multitemporal metrics that account for seasonal within-class dynamics. For the spectral change detection, we make use of the robust change vector analysis (RCVA) and determine those changes that do not necessarily lead to another class. The combination of the two approaches enables us to distinguish areas that show (a) only PCC changes, (b) only spectral changes that do not affect the classification of a pixel, (c) both types of change, or (d) no changes at all. Our results reveal that only one-quarter of the catchment has not experienced any change. One-third shows both, spectral changes and LULC conversion. Changes detected with both methods predominantly occur in two major regions, one in the West of the catchment, one in the Kilombero floodplain. Both regions are important areas of food production and economic development in Tanzania. The Kilombero floodplain is a Ramsar protected area, half of which was converted to agricultural land in the past decades. Therefore, LULC monitoring is required to support sustainable land management. Relatively poor classification performances revealed several challenges during the classification process. The combined approach of PCC and RCVA allows us to detect spatial patterns of LULC change at distinct dimensions and intensities. With the assessment of additional classifier output, namely class-specific per-pixel classification probabilities and derived parameters, we account for classification uncertainty across space. We overlay the LULC change results and the spatial assessment of classification reliability to provide a thorough picture of the LULC changes taking place in the Kilombero catchment.}, language = {en} } @article{AkhundzadahSoltaniAich2020, author = {Akhundzadah, Noor Ahmad and Soltani, Salim and Aich, Valentin}, title = {Impacts of climate change on the water resources of the Kunduz River Basin, Afghanistan}, series = {Climate}, volume = {8}, journal = {Climate}, number = {10}, issn = {2225-1154}, doi = {10.3390/cli8100102}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-213199}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The Kunduz River is one of the main tributaries of the Amu Darya Basin in North Afghanistan. Many communities live in the Kunduz River Basin (KRB), and its water resources have been the basis of their livelihoods for many generations. This study investigates climate change impacts on the KRB catchment. Rare station data are, for the first time, used to analyze systematic trends in temperature, precipitation, and river discharge over the past few decades, while using Mann-Kendall and Theil-Sen trend statistics. The trends show that the hydrology of the basin changed significantly over the last decades. A comparison of landcover data of the river basin from 1992 and 2019 shows significant changes that have additional impact on the basin hydrology, which are used to interpret the trend analysis. There is considerable uncertainty due to the data scarcity and gaps in the data, but all results indicate a strong tendency towards drier conditions. An extreme warming trend, partly above 2 °C since the 1960s in combination with a dramatic precipitation decrease by more than -30\% lead to a strong decrease in river discharge. The increasing glacier melt compensates the decreases and leads to an increase in runoff only in the highland parts of the upper catchment. The reduction of water availability and the additional stress on the land leads to a strong increase of barren land and a reduction of vegetation cover. The detected trends and changes in the basin hydrology demand an active management of the already scarce water resources in order to sustain water supply for agriculture and ecosystems in the KRB.}, language = {en} } @article{WeigandWurmDechetal.2019, author = {Weigand, Matthias and Wurm, Michael and Dech, Stefan and Taubenb{\"o}ck, Hannes}, title = {Remote sensing in environmental justice research—a review}, series = {ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information}, volume = {8}, journal = {ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information}, number = {1}, issn = {2220-9964}, doi = {10.3390/ijgi8010020}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-196950}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Human health is known to be affected by the physical environment. Various environmental influences have been identified to benefit or challenge people's physical condition. Their heterogeneous distribution in space results in unequal burdens depending on the place of living. In addition, since societal groups tend to also show patterns of segregation, this leads to unequal exposures depending on social status. In this context, environmental justice research examines how certain social groups are more affected by such exposures. Yet, analyses of this per se spatial phenomenon are oftentimes criticized for using "essentially aspatial" data or methods which neglect local spatial patterns by aggregating environmental conditions over large areas. Recent technological and methodological developments in satellite remote sensing have proven to provide highly detailed information on environmental conditions. This narrative review therefore discusses known influences of the urban environment on human health and presents spatial data and applications for analyzing these influences. Furthermore, it is discussed how geographic data are used in general and in the interdisciplinary research field of environmental justice in particular. These considerations include the modifiable areal unit problem and ecological fallacy. In this review we argue that modern earth observation data can represent an important data source for research on environmental justice and health. Especially due to their high level of spatial detail and the provided large-area coverage, they allow for spatially continuous description of environmental characteristics. As a future perspective, ongoing earth observation missions, as well as processing architectures, ensure data availability and applicability of 'big earth data' for future environmental justice analyses.}, language = {en} } @article{KhareLatifiRossietal.2019, author = {Khare, Siddhartha and Latifi, Hooman and Rossi, Sergio and Ghosh, Sanjay Kumar}, title = {Fractional cover mapping of invasive plant species by combining very high-resolution stereo and multi-sensor multispectral imageries}, series = {Forests}, volume = {10}, journal = {Forests}, number = {7}, issn = {1999-4907}, doi = {10.3390/f10070540}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-197250}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Invasive plant species are major threats to biodiversity. They can be identified and monitored by means of high spatial resolution remote sensing imagery. This study aimed to test the potential of multiple very high-resolution (VHR) optical multispectral and stereo imageries (VHRSI) at spatial resolutions of 1.5 and 5 m to quantify the presence of the invasive lantana (Lantana camara L.) and predict its distribution at large spatial scale using medium-resolution fractional cover analysis. We created initial training data for fractional cover analysis by classifying smaller extent VHR data (SPOT-6 and RapidEye) along with three dimensional (3D) VHRSI derived digital surface model (DSM) datasets. We modelled the statistical relationship between fractional cover and spectral reflectance for a VHR subset of the study area located in the Himalayan region of India, and finally predicted the fractional cover of lantana based on the spectral reflectance of Landsat-8 imagery of a larger spatial extent. We classified SPOT-6 and RapidEye data and used the outputs as training data to create continuous field layers of Landsat-8 imagery. The area outside the overlapping region was predicted by fractional cover analysis due to the larger extent of Landsat-8 imagery compared with VHR datasets. Results showed clear discrimination of understory lantana from upperstory vegetation with 87.38\% (for SPOT-6), and 85.27\% (for RapidEye) overall accuracy due to the presence of additional VHRSI derived DSM information. Independent validation for lantana fractional cover estimated root-mean-square errors (RMSE) of 11.8\% (for RapidEye) and 7.22\% (for SPOT-6), and R\(^2\) values of 0.85 and 0.92 for RapidEye (5 m) and SPOT-6 (1.5 m), respectively. Results suggested an increase in predictive accuracy of lantana within forest areas along with increase in the spatial resolution for the same Landsat-8 imagery. The variance explained at 1.5 m spatial resolution to predict lantana was 64.37\%, whereas it decreased by up to 37.96\% in the case of 5 m spatial resolution data. This study revealed the high potential of combining small extent VHR and VHRSI- derived 3D optical data with larger extent, freely available satellite data for identification and mapping of invasive species in mountainous forests and remote regions.}, language = {en} } @article{UlloaTorrealbaStahlmannWegmannetal.2020, author = {Ulloa-Torrealba, Yrneh and Stahlmann, Reinhold and Wegmann, Martin and Koellner, Thomas}, title = {Over 150 years of change: object-oriented analysis of historical land cover in the Main river catchment, Bavaria/Germany}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {12}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {24}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs12244048}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-220029}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The monitoring of land cover and land use change is critical for assessing the provision of ecosystem services. One of the sources for long-term land cover change quantification is through the classification of historical and/or current maps. Little research has been done on historical maps using Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA). This study applied an object-based classification using eCognition tool for analyzing the land cover based on historical maps in the Main river catchment, Upper Franconia, Germany. This allowed land use change analysis between the 1850s and 2015, a time span which covers the phase of industrialization of landscapes in central Europe. The results show a strong increase in urban area by 2600\%, a severe loss of cropland (-24\%), a moderate reduction in meadows (-4\%), and a small gain in forests (+4\%). The method proved useful for the application on historical maps due to the ability of the software to create semantic objects. The confusion matrix shows an overall accuracy of 82\% for the automatic classification compared to manual reclassification considering all 17 sample tiles. The minimum overall accuracy was 65\% for historical maps of poor quality and the maximum was 91\% for very high-quality ones. Although accuracy is between high and moderate, coarse land cover patterns in the past and trends in land cover change can be analyzed. We conclude that such long-term analysis of land cover is a prerequisite for quantifying long-term changes in ecosystem services.}, language = {en} } @article{WalzWegmannDechetal.2015, author = {Walz, Yvonne and Wegmann, Martin and Dech, Stefan and Raso, Giovanna and Utzinger, J{\"u}rg}, title = {Risk profiling of schistosomiasis using remote sensing: approaches, challenges and outlook}, series = {Parasites \& Vectors}, volume = {8}, journal = {Parasites \& Vectors}, number = {163}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-015-0732-6}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-148778}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Background: Schistosomiasis is a water-based disease that affects an estimated 250 million people, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa. The transmission of schistosomiasis is spatially and temporally restricted to freshwater bodies that contain schistosome cercariae released from specific snails that act as intermediate hosts. Our objective was to assess the contribution of remote sensing applications and to identify remaining challenges in its optimal application for schistosomiasis risk profiling in order to support public health authorities to better target control interventions. Methods: We reviewed the literature (i) to deepen our understanding of the ecology and the epidemiology of schistosomiasis, placing particular emphasis on remote sensing; and (ii) to fill an identified gap, namely interdisciplinary research that bridges different strands of scientific inquiry to enhance spatially explicit risk profiling. As a first step, we reviewed key factors that govern schistosomiasis risk. Secondly, we examined remote sensing data and variables that have been used for risk profiling of schistosomiasis. Thirdly, the linkage between the ecological consequence of environmental conditions and the respective measure of remote sensing data were synthesised. Results: We found that the potential of remote sensing data for spatial risk profiling of schistosomiasis is - in principle - far greater than explored thus far. Importantly though, the application of remote sensing data requires a tailored approach that must be optimised by selecting specific remote sensing variables, considering the appropriate scale of observation and modelling within ecozones. Interestingly, prior studies that linked prevalence of Schistosoma infection to remotely sensed data did not reflect that there is a spatial gap between the parasite and intermediate host snail habitats where disease transmission occurs, and the location (community or school) where prevalence measures are usually derived from. Conclusions: Our findings imply that the potential of remote sensing data for risk profiling of schistosomiasis and other neglected tropical diseases has yet to be fully exploited.}, language = {en} } @book{Sonntag2021, author = {Sonntag, Christian}, title = {Wie kommen Obst und Gem{\"u}se in Superm{\"a}rkte im Globalen S{\"u}den? Supermarktexpansion und Liefersysteme/Intermedi{\"a}re f{\"u}r Frischeprodukte in Kenia und Tansania}, isbn = {978-3-95826-170-9}, issn = {2196-5811}, doi = {10.25972/WUP-978-3-95826-171-6}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-244320}, publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, pages = {xiv, 194}, year = {2021}, abstract = {In den letzten drei Jahrzehnten expandierten Supermarktketten aus dem Globalen Norden in L{\"a}nder des Globalen S{\"u}dens. Insbesondere L{\"a}nder mit einem raschen wirtschaftlichen Wachstum und damit neuen Marktpotentialen waren dabei Expansionsziele. Zugleich zeigt sich innerhalb der L{\"a}nder des Globalen S{\"u}dens eine Ausbreitung von regionalen Supermarktketten. Mittlerweile geh{\"o}rt frisches Obst und Gem{\"u}se fast immer zum Sortiment dieser Einzelhandelsunternehmen. Bisher untersuchte eine Reihe von Studien die Auswirkungen der Kooperation mit den Einzelh{\"a}ndlern auf die landwirtschaftlichen Produzierenden. Weniger ist dagegen bekannt, welche Liefersysteme und Intermedi{\"a}re f{\"u}r die Verbindung zwischen landwirtschaftlichen Produzierenden und Supermarktketten in L{\"a}ndern des Globalen S{\"u}dens bestehen und sich entwickeln. Insbesondere f{\"u}r leicht verderbliche Frischeprodukte (Obst und Gem{\"u}se) ist die Herausbildung dieser Intermedi{\"a}re eine große Herausforderung. Die vorliegende Studie betrachtet den Zusammenhang zwischen der r{\"a}umlichen und zeitlichen Ausbreitung von Superm{\"a}rkten und der Etablierung von Liefersystemen sowie Intermedi{\"a}ren am Beispiel von Kenia und Tansania.}, subject = {Wertsch{\"o}pfungskette}, language = {de} } @article{KnauerGessnerFensholtetal.2017, author = {Knauer, Kim and Gessner, Ursula and Fensholt, Rasmus and Forkuor, Gerald and Kuenzer, Claudia}, title = {Monitoring agricultural expansion in Burkina Faso over 14 years with 30 m resolution time series: the role of population growth and implications for the environment}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {9}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {2}, doi = {10.3390/rs9020132}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-171905}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Burkina Faso ranges amongst the fastest growing countries in the world with an annual population growth rate of more than three percent. This trend has consequences for food security since agricultural productivity is still on a comparatively low level in Burkina Faso. In order to compensate for the low productivity, the agricultural areas are expanding quickly. The mapping and monitoring of this expansion is difficult, even on the basis of remote sensing imagery, since the extensive farming practices and frequent cloud coverage in the area make the delineation of cultivated land from other land cover and land use types a challenging task. However, as the rapidly increasing population could have considerable effects on the natural resources and on the regional development of the country, methods for improved mapping of LULCC (land use and land cover change) are needed. For this study, we applied the newly developed ESTARFM (Enhanced Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model) framework to generate high temporal (8-day) and high spatial (30 m) resolution NDVI time series for all of Burkina Faso for the years 2001, 2007, and 2014. For this purpose, more than 500 Landsat scenes and 3000 MODIS scenes were processed with this automated framework. The generated ESTARFM NDVI time series enabled extraction of per-pixel phenological features that all together served as input for the delineation of agricultural areas via random forest classification at 30 m spatial resolution for entire Burkina Faso and the three years. For training and validation, a randomly sampled reference dataset was generated from Google Earth images and based on expert knowledge. The overall accuracies of 92\% (2001), 91\% (2007), and 91\% (2014) indicate the well-functioning of the applied methodology. The results show an expansion of agricultural area of 91\% between 2001 and 2014 to a total of 116,900 km\(^2\). While rainfed agricultural areas account for the major part of this trend, irrigated areas and plantations also increased considerably, primarily promoted by specific development projects. This expansion goes in line with the rapid population growth in most provinces of Burkina Faso where land was still available for an expansion of agricultural area. The analysis of agricultural encroachment into protected areas and their surroundings highlights the increased human pressure on these areas and the challenges of environmental protection for the future.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Buedel2020, author = {B{\"u}del, Christian}, title = {Quaternary alluvial fan morphodynamics and basin sedimentation in North Iran}, edition = {1. Auflage}, publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, address = {W{\"u}rzburg}, isbn = {978-3-95826-114-3}, issn = {0510-9833}, doi = {10.25972/WUP-978-3-95826-115-0}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-184508}, school = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, pages = {XI, 124}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Several hundred meter thick alluvial fans are dominating the landscape of semiarid plains of north-eastern Iranian mountain-talus. These fans developed since Miocene times and are still prograding today. They are storing and transporting major amount of weathered debris from the mountain ranges and sediments are directed to the depressions of the endorheic basins. In this course, the debris gets increasingly weathered and abraded to sand silt and clay fractions, which finally constitute the fine loamy layers of the typical central playa lakes and playas. The study focused on the detailed investigation of a characteristic section of this prominent sediment cascades. The sediments were planned be comprehensively documented by using a fully analytical geomorphological mapping approach, also suitable for the classification of the sediment's geomorphological system contexts. Therefore, a geodatabase structure was developed, which is capable of managing and analyzing geomorphological data. The corresponding data was acquired using remote sensing imagery, digital elevation models and field mapping campaigns. Additionally, mapped sediments were selected and analyzed to reveal representative stratigraphic and sedimentologic characteristics. The fieldwork was conducted in Damghan Basin on sections in geomorphologically subdivided alluvial apron sediments. The corresponding, more regularly layered and partly laminated sediments from the central playa, were also investigated and comparably described. Attending to the preparation of profile sections and the percussion core probing, samples from both origins were taken. Detailed lithostratigraphical and geochemical analyses were carried out in the laboratory, in order to develop sound comparable sediment and sediment alteration indices. In addition, OSL sampling was done on distinct alluvial fan surfaces, and the samples were measured and dated in the laboratory in order to develop a functional chronostratigraphy. The results of the geomorphological and stratigraphical investigations reveal five classes of surface ages on the alluvial apron. Parallel to that observation, the ramming core samples exhibit four main phases of sediment development in the playa, each with internal differentiation. This brings up opportunities for a valid correlation of continuously deposited playa sediments, with widespread alluvial surfaces. By considering the OSL ages of selected terrestrial and lacustrine layers, the stratigraphy and relative chronological order of the studied sediments, are aligned to Pleistocene and mid to late Holocene periods. This is also confirmed by proxy ages from the chronological framework of the landscape development, within the basin. Geophysical and geochemical data reveals roughly cyclic sedimentation and sediment alteration that can also be observed in genetically differing geoarchives from alluvial fan surfaces to the playa sediments. These parallel developments are confirmed by the sequence-stratigraphic order of the archives which is derived from geomorphological mapping. We postulate a time span covered by the playa sediments from today to late Pleistocene times. Drying and Lake level retreat at the end of Pleistocene is documented in parallel geoarchives of terrestrial and lacustrine origin. Thus, geomorphologic landform-succession and alluvial fan morphogenesis, as well as geochemical and geophysical fingerprinting data of playa sediments characterize this development. Therefore, it is present in the two youngest generations of alluvial fans, which deposited at the toe of the alluvial apron and which incorporate reworked still water deposits of a former lake level terrace. The geochemical parameters, like pH-value and Ca/S-ratio, in both, sediments of a former lake level and those from the recent playa extent exhibit a similar development. In addition, Ti/Al-ratio shows the potential for quantifying lake level retreat, as it seems to be tightly depending on lake level and increasing transportation distances along the sediment cascade. Major Findings - Analytical geomorphological mapping is a key tool for understanding the sedimentation history of the Iranian Quaternary and for describing Quaternary stratigraphic units of North Iran. - The younger playa deposits in Damghan Basin cover a time span from today to late Pleistocene. They are 10 meters thick and reveal very low organic matter contents throughout the core. - Drying and Lake level retreat is documented in parallel geoarchives (1) in geomorphologic landform-succession and alluvial fan morphogenesis and (2) in geochemical and geophysical fingerprinting data of playa sediments - Sequences of torrential sedimentation are detectable signals and can be correlated in both: playa sediments and landform morphology}, subject = {Quart{\"a}rgeomorphologie}, language = {en} } @article{HoehnFrimmelPrince2021, author = {H{\"o}hn, Stefan and Frimmel, Hartwig E. and Prince, Westley}, title = {Syn-metamorphic sulfidation of the Gamsberg zinc deposit, South Africa}, series = {Mineralogy and Petrology}, volume = {115}, journal = {Mineralogy and Petrology}, number = {6}, issn = {1438-1168}, doi = {10.1007/s00710-021-00764-w}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-268574}, pages = {709-728}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The Mesoproterozoic Aggeneys-Gamsberg ore district, South Africa, is one of the world´s largest sulfidic base metal concentrations and well-known as a prime example of Broken Hill-type base metal deposits, traditionally interpreted as metamorphosed SEDEX deposits. Within this district, the Gamsberg deposit stands out for its huge size and strongly Zn-dominated ore ( >14 Mt contained Zn). New electron microprobe analyses and element abundance maps of sulfides and silicates point to fluid-driven sulfidation during retrograde metamorphism. Differences in the chemistry of sulfide inclusions within zoned garnet grains reflect different degrees of interaction of sulfides with high metal/sulfur-ratio with a sulfur-rich metamorphic fluid. Independent evidence of sulfidation during retrograde metamorphism comes from graphic-textured sulfide aggregates that previously have been interpreted as quenched sulfidic melts, replacement of pyrrhotite by pyrite along micro-fractures, and sulfides in phyllic alteration zones. Limited availability of fluid under retrograde conditions caused locally different degrees of segregation of Fe-rich sphalerite into Zn-rich sphalerite and pyrite, and thus considerable heterogeneity in sphalerite chemistry. The invoked sulfur-rich metamorphic fluids would have been able to sulfidize base metal-rich zones in the whole deposit and thus camouflage a potential pre-metamorphic oxidation. These findings support the recently established hypothesis of a pre-Klondikean weathering-induced oxidation event and challenge the traditional explanation of Broken Hill-type deposits as merely metamorphosed SEDEX deposits. Instead, we suggest that the massive sulfide deposits experienced a complex history, starting with initial SEDEX-type mineralization, followed by near-surface oxidation with spatial metal separation, and then sulfidation of this oxidized ore during medium- to high-grade metamorphism.}, language = {en} } @article{Ibebuchi2021, author = {Ibebuchi, Chibuike Chiedozie}, title = {Circulation pattern controls of wet days and dry days in Free State, South Africa}, series = {Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics}, volume = {133}, journal = {Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics}, number = {5}, issn = {1436-5065}, doi = {10.1007/s00703-021-00822-0}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-268552}, pages = {1469-1480}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Atmospheric circulation is a vital process in the transport of heat, moisture, and pollutants around the globe. The variability of rainfall depends to some extent on the atmospheric circulation. This paper investigates synoptic situations in southern Africa that can be associated with wet days and dry days in Free State, South Africa, in addition to the underlying dynamics. Principal component analysis was applied to the T-mode matrix (variable is time series and observation is grid points at which the field was observed) of daily mean sea level pressure field from 1979 to 2018 in classifying the circulation patterns in southern Africa. 18 circulation types (CTs) were classified in the study region. From the linkage of the CTs to the observed rainfall data, from 11 stations in Free State, it was found that dominant austral winter and late austral autumn CTs have a higher probability of being associated with dry days in Free State. Dominant austral summer and late austral spring CTs were found to have a higher probability of being associated with wet days in Free State. Cyclonic/anti-cyclonic activity over the southwest Indian Ocean, explained to a good extent, the inter-seasonal variability of rainfall in Free State. The synoptic state associated with a stronger anti-cyclonic circulation at the western branch of the South Indian Ocean high-pressure, during austral summer, leading to enhanced low-level moisture transport by southeast winds was found to have the highest probability of being associated with above-average rainfall in most regions in Free State. On the other hand, the synoptic state associated with enhanced transport of cold dry air, by the extratropical westerlies, was found to have the highest probability of being associated with (winter) dryness in Free State.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Majewski2023, author = {Majewski, Lisa}, title = {Input-Output-Analyse zur Ermittlung der regional{\"o}konomischen Effekte des Tourismus in Schutzgebieten : Eine Adaption der Methodik an internationale Standards am Fallbeispiel Biosph{\"a}rengebiet Schwarzwald}, publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, address = {W{\"u}rzburg}, isbn = {978-3-95826-216-4}, issn = {0510-9833}, doi = {10.25972/WUP-978-3-95826-217-1}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-316545}, school = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, pages = {XVI, 444}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Schutzgebiete gelten laut der Convention on Biological Diversity als Fl{\"a}cheninstrument zum Schutz der Biodiversit{\"a}t. Menschen profitieren davon unter anderem durch die Nutzung als touristische Attraktion. Sch{\"a}tzungen zufolge werden weltweit etwa acht Mrd. Besuche zur Wahrnehmung des Naturerlebnisangebots der Schutzgebiete erreicht, woraus direkte Besucherausgaben in H{\"o}he von 600 Mrd. US-\$ resultieren. Schutzgebiete sind damit auch bedeutende Wirtschaftsmotoren der regionalen {\"O}konomien. Deutschlands Nationalparks z{\"a}hlen j{\"a}hrlich etwa 53 Mio. Besuchstage, deren t{\"a}gliche Ausgaben vor Ort einen Bruttoumsatz in H{\"o}he von 2,78 Mrd. € generieren. Die touristische Wertsch{\"o}pfung betr{\"a}gt 1,45 Mrd. €. Die weiteren 65 Mio. Besuchstage in deutschen Biosph{\"a}renreservaten erwirtschaften einen Bruttoumsatz in H{\"o}he von 2,94 Mrd. €. Das Einkommen von 172.000 Personen ist vom Tourismus in deutschen Nationalparken und Biosph{\"a}renreservaten abh{\"a}ngig. Im Rahmen einer ersten Studie zu den regional{\"o}konomischen Effekten des Nationalparks Berchtesgaden im Jahr 2002 wurde die touristische Wertsch{\"o}pfungsanalyse als Standardmethode der deutschen Schutzgebietsforschung etabliert. Im Laufe der Jahre wurde sie dahingehend modifiziert, ein vergleichbares, weil standardisiertes Vorgehen anwenden zu k{\"o}nnen. Die internationale Forschung manifestiert mit der Herausgabe eines Leitfadens einen anderen Standard zur regional{\"o}konomischen Wirkungsanalyse des Tourismus in Schutzgebieten: die Input-Output-Analyse. Schutzgebietsverwaltungen in den USA, Kanada, Brasilien, Namibia, S{\"u}dafrika und Finnland f{\"u}hren f{\"u}r ihr Besuchermonitoring Input-Output-Analysen durch. Diese sind im Vergleich zur Wertsch{\"o}pfungsanalyse als der validiere Ansatz einzustufen, weil damit ein Rechenwerk gegeben ist, womit indirekte Vorleistungs- und induzierte Konsumwirkungen zuverl{\"a}ssig quantifiziert werden k{\"o}nnen. Die Wertsch{\"o}pfungsanalyse arbeitet hingegen mit pauschalen Wertsch{\"o}pfungsquoten f{\"u}r alle touristischen Wirtschaftszweige und auf jeder Maßstabsebene. Aufgrund der fehlenden Datenverf{\"u}gbarkeit konnte die Input-Output-Analyse in Deutschland bisher nicht angewandt werden. Eine potenzielle Datenquelle er{\"o}ffnete sich durch das US-amerikanische Modellierungsunternehmen IMPLAN, welches Input-Output-Tabellen f{\"u}r die regionale Ebene der EU anbot. IMPLAN-Daten werden auch vom US-amerikanischen National Park Service verwendet. Die vorliegende Arbeit versteht sich als methodische Weiterentwicklung regional{\"o}konomischer Wirkungsanalysen in Deutschlands Schutzgebieten zur Adaption an internationale Standards. Dazu erfolgt die Applikation der Input-Output-Analyse f{\"u}r das Fallbeispiel des Biosph{\"a}rengebiets Schwarzwald, dessen Regional{\"o}konomie einen {\"u}berschaubaren Analyserahmen bietet. Der Nationalpark Schwarzwald wurde als Vergleichsregion zur Validierung der Ergebnisse untersucht. F{\"u}r eine erweiterte Einordnung der touristischen Multiplikatorwirkung in der Schwarzwaldregion wurde eine multiregionale Input-Output-Analyse durchgef{\"u}hrt, die sich auf die Gebietsabgrenzung der beiden Naturparke Schwarzwald Mitte/Nord und S{\"u}dschwarzwald bezieht. Zur Quantifizierung der direkten Wirkungsebene wurden touristische Kenngr{\"o}ßen der amtlichen Statistik entnommen. Die Berechnung von direkten Wertsch{\"o}pfungsquoten erfolgte gem{\"a}ß ihrer Definition als die in der Region verbleibende Wertsch{\"o}pfung am touristischen Produktionswert. Mittels der Input-Output-Analyse wurden die indirekten und induzierten Effekte des Tourismus im Biosph{\"a}rengebiet Schwarzwald ermittelt. Aus den regionalen Input-Output-Tabellen wurden inverse Koeffizienten abgeleitet, welche die regional{\"o}konomischen Multiplikatoren anzeigen. Zwei Multiplikatortypen wurden f{\"u}r die touristischen Kenngr{\"o}ßen Output, Wertsch{\"o}pfung und Besch{\"a}ftigung berechnet: Typ I-Multiplikatoren bemessen die indirekten Vorleistungseffekte touristischer Ausgaben. Typ II-Multiplikatoren inkludieren auch die induzierten Konsumeffekte. In einem mehrstufigen Prozess der Analyse von weiteren Fallbeispielen k{\"o}nnen regional{\"o}konomische Multiplikatoren f{\"u}r verschiedene Gebietseinheiten validiert und so ganzheitlich abgestimmt f{\"u}r das deutsche Schutzgebietssystem adaptiert werden. Dadurch k{\"o}nnte die Input-Output-Analyse als neue Standardmethode f{\"u}r ein dauerhaftes regional{\"o}konomisches Monitoring in deutschen Schutzgebieten etabliert werden.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Reinermann2023, author = {Reinermann, Sophie}, title = {Earth Observation Time Series for Grassland Management Analyses - Development and large-scale Application of a Framework to detect Grassland Mowing Events in Germany}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-32273}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-322737}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Grasslands shape many landscapes of the earth as they cover about one-third of its surface. They are home and provide livelihood for billions of people and are mainly used as source of forage for animals. However, grasslands fulfill many additional ecosystem functions next to fodder production, such as storage of carbon, water filtration, provision of habitats and cultural values. They play a role in climate change (mitigation) and in preserving biodiversity and ecosystem functions on a global scale. The degree to what these ecosystem functions are present within grassland ecosystems is largely determined by the management. Individual management practices and the use intensity influence the species composition as well as functions, like carbon storage, while higher use intensities (e.g. high mowing frequencies) usually show a negative impact. Especially in Central European countries, like in Germany, the determining influence of grassland management on its physiognomy and ecosystem functions leads to a large variability and small-scale alternations of grassland parcels. Large-scale information on the management and use intensity of grasslands is not available. Consequently, estimations of grassland ecosystem functions are challenging which, however, would be required for large-scale assessments of the status of grassland ecosystems and optimized management plans for the future. The topic of this thesis tackles this gap by investigating the major grassland management practice in Germany, which is mowing, for multiple years, in high spatial resolution and on a national scale. Earth Observation (EO) has the advantage of providing information of the earth's surface on multi-temporal time steps. An extensive literature review on the use of EO for grassland management and production analyses, which was part of this thesis, showed that in particular research on grasslands consisting of small parcels with a large variety of management and use intensity, like common in Central Europe, is underrepresented. Especially the launch of the Sentinel satellites in the recent past now enables the analyses of such grasslands due to their high spatial and temporal resolution. The literature review specifically on the investigation of grassland mowing events revealed that most previous studies focused on small study areas, were exploratory, only used one sensor type and/or lacked a reference data set with a complete range of management options. Within this thesis a novel framework to detect grassland mowing events over large areas is presented which was applied and validated for the entire area of Germany for multiple years (2018-2021). The potential of both sensor types, optical (Sentinel-2) and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) (Sentinel-1) was investigated regarding grassland mowing event detection. Eight EO parameters were investigated, namely the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), the backscatter intensity and the interferometric (InSAR) temporal coherence for both available polarization modes (VV and VH), and the polarimetric (PolSAR) decomposition parameters Entropy, K0 and K1. An extensive reference data set was generated based on daily images of webcams distributed in Germany which resulted in mowing information for grasslands with the entire possible range of mowing frequencies - from one to six in Germany - and in 1475 reference mowing events for the four years of interest. For the first time a observation-driven mowing detection approach including data from Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-1 and combining the two was developed, applied and validated on large scale. Based on a subset of the reference data (13 grassland parcels with 44 mowing events) from 2019 the EO parameters were investigated and the detection algorithm developed and parameterized. This analysis showed that a threshold-based change detection approach based on EVI captured grassland mowing events best, which only failed during periods of clouds. All SAR-based parameters showed a less consistent behavior to mowing events, with PolSAR Entropy and InSAR Coherence VH, however, revealing the highest potential among them. A second, combined approach based on EVI and a SARbased parameter was developed and tested for PolSAR Entropy and InSAR VH. To avoid additional false positive detections during periods in which mowing events are anyhow reliably detected using optical data, the SAR-based mowing detection was only initiated during long gaps within the optical time series (< 25 days). Application and validation of these approaches in a focus region revealed that only using EVI leads to the highest accuracies (F1-Score = 0.65) as combining this approach with SAR-based detection led to a strong increase in falsely detected mowing events resulting in a decrease of accuracies (EVI + PolSAR ENT F1-Score = 0.61; EVI + InSAR COH F1-Score = 0.61). The mowing detection algorithm based on EVI was applied for the entire area of Germany for the years 2018-2021. It was revealed that the largest share of grasslands with high mowing frequencies (at least four mowing events) can be found in southern/south-eastern Germany. Extensively used grassland (mown up to two times) is distributed within the entire country with larger shares in the center and north-eastern parts of Germany. These patterns stay constant in general, but small fluctuations between the years are visible. Early mown grasslands can be found in southern/south-eastern Germany - in line with high mowing frequency areas - but also in central-western parts. The years 2019 and 2020 revealed higher accuracies based on the 1475 mowing events of the multi-annual validation data set (F1-Scores of 0.64 and 0.63), 2018 and 2021 lower ones (F1-Score of 0.52 and 0.50). Based on this new, unprecedented data set, potential influencing factors on the mowing dynamics were investigated. Therefore, climate, topography, soil data and information on conservation schemes were related to mowing dynamics for the year 2020, which showed a high number of valid observations and detection accuracy. It was revealed that there are no strong linear relationships between the mowing frequency or the timing of the first mowing event and the investigated variables. However, it was found that for intensive grassland usage certain climatic and topographic conditions have to be fulfilled, while extensive grasslands appear on the entire spectrum of these variables. Further, higher mowing frequencies occur on soils with influence of ground water and lower mowing frequencies in protected areas. These results show the complex interplay between grassland mowing dynamics and external influences and highlight the challenges of policies aiming to protect grassland ecosystem functions and their need to be adapted to regional circumstances.}, subject = {Gr{\"u}nland}, language = {en} } @article{HaHuthBachoferetal.2022, author = {Ha, Tuyen V. and Huth, Juliane and Bachofer, Felix and Kuenzer, Claudia}, title = {A review of Earth observation-based drought studies in Southeast Asia}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {14}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {15}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs14153763}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-286258}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Drought is a recurring natural climatic hazard event over terrestrial land; it poses devastating threats to human health, the economy, and the environment. Given the increasing climate crisis, it is likely that extreme drought phenomena will become more frequent, and their impacts will probably be more devastating. Drought observations from space, therefore, play a key role in dissimilating timely and accurate information to support early warning drought management and mitigation planning, particularly in sparse in-situ data regions. In this paper, we reviewed drought-related studies based on Earth observation (EO) products in Southeast Asia between 2000 and 2021. The results of this review indicated that drought publications in the region are on the increase, with a majority (70\%) of the studies being undertaken in Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. These countries also accounted for nearly 97\% of the economic losses due to drought extremes. Vegetation indices from multispectral optical remote sensing sensors remained a primary source of data for drought monitoring in the region. Many studies (~21\%) did not provide accuracy assessment on drought mapping products, while precipitation was the main data source for validation. We observed a positive association between spatial extent and spatial resolution, suggesting that nearly 81\% of the articles focused on the local and national scales. Although there was an increase in drought research interest in the region, challenges remain regarding large-area and long time-series drought measurements, the combined drought approach, machine learning-based drought prediction, and the integration of multi-sensor remote sensing products (e.g., Landsat and Sentinel-2). Satellite EO data could be a substantial part of the future efforts that are necessary for mitigating drought-related challenges, ensuring food security, establishing a more sustainable economy, and the preservation of the natural environment in the region.}, language = {en} } @article{KoehlerBauerDietzetal.2022, author = {Koehler, Jonas and Bauer, Andr{\´e} and Dietz, Andreas J. and Kuenzer, Claudia}, title = {Towards forecasting future snow cover dynamics in the European Alps — the potential of long optical remote-sensing time series}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {14}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {18}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs14184461}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-288338}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Snow is a vital environmental parameter and dynamically responsive to climate change, particularly in mountainous regions. Snow cover can be monitored at variable spatial scales using Earth Observation (EO) data. Long-lasting remote sensing missions enable the generation of multi-decadal time series and thus the detection of long-term trends. However, there have been few attempts to use these to model future snow cover dynamics. In this study, we, therefore, explore the potential of such time series to forecast the Snow Line Elevation (SLE) in the European Alps. We generate monthly SLE time series from the entire Landsat archive (1985-2021) in 43 Alpine catchments. Positive long-term SLE change rates are detected, with the highest rates (5-8 m/y) in the Western and Central Alps. We utilize this SLE dataset to implement and evaluate seven uni-variate time series modeling and forecasting approaches. The best results were achieved by Random Forests, with a Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.79 and a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 258 m, Telescope (0.76, 268 m), and seasonal ARIMA (0.75, 270 m). Since the model performance varies strongly with the input data, we developed a combined forecast based on the best-performing methods in each catchment. This approach was then used to forecast the SLE for the years 2022-2029. In the majority of the catchments, the shift of the forecast median SLE level retained the sign of the long-term trend. In cases where a deviating SLE dynamic is forecast, a discussion based on the unique properties of the catchment and past SLE dynamics is required. In the future, we expect major improvements in our SLE forecasting efforts by including external predictor variables in a multi-variate modeling approach.}, language = {en} } @article{JobMeyerCoronadoetal.2022, author = {Job, Hubert and Meyer, Constantin and Coronado, Oriana and Koblar, Simon and Laner, Peter and Omizzolo, Andrea and Plassmann, Guido and Riedler, Walter and Vesely, Philipp and Schindelegger, Arthur}, title = {Open spaces in the European Alps — GIS-based analysis and implications for spatial planning from a transnational perspective}, series = {Land}, volume = {11}, journal = {Land}, number = {9}, issn = {2073-445X}, doi = {10.3390/land11091605}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-288207}, year = {2022}, abstract = {This article presents an open space concept of areas that are kept permanently free from buildings, technical infrastructure, and soil sealing. In the European Alps, space is scarce because of the topography; conflicts often arise between competing land uses such as permanent settlements and commercial activity. However, the presence of open spaces is important for carbon sequestration and the prevention of natural hazards, especially given climate change. A GIS-based analysis was conducted to identify an alpine-wide inventory of large-scale near-natural areas, or simply stated, open spaces. The method used identified the degree of infrastructure development for natural landscape units. Within the Alpine Convention perimeter, near-natural areas (with a degree of infrastructural development of up to 20\%) account for a share of 51.5\%. Only 14.5\% of those areas are highly protected and are mostly located in high altitudes of over 1500 m or 2000 m above sea level. We advocate that the remaining Alpine open spaces must be preserved through the delimitation of more effective protection mechanisms, and green corridors should be safeguarded through spatial planning. To enhance the ecological connectivity of open spaces, there is the need for tailored spatial and sectoral planning strategies to prevent further landscape fragmentation and to coordinate new forms of land use for renewable energy production.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Kraff2023, author = {Kraff, Nicolas Johannes}, title = {Analyse raumzeitlicher Ver{\"a}nderungen und ontologische Kategorisierung morphologischer Armutserscheinungen - Eine globale Betrachtung mithilfe von Satellitenbildern und manueller Bildinterpretation}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-32026}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-320264}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Die st{\"a}dtische Umwelt ist in steter Ver{\"a}nderung, vor allem durch den Bau, aber auch durch die Zerst{\"o}rung von st{\"a}dtischen Elementen. Die formelle Entwicklung ist ein Prozess mit langen Planungszeitr{\"a}umen und die bebaute Landschaft wirkt daher statisch. Dagegen unterliegen informelle oder spontane Siedlungen aufgrund ihrer stets unvollendeten st{\"a}dtischen Form einer hohen Dynamik - so wird in der Literatur berichtet. Allerdings sind Dynamik und die morphologischen Merkmale der physischen Transformation in solchen Siedlungen, die st{\"a}dtische Armut morphologisch repr{\"a}sentieren, auf globaler Ebene bisher kaum mit einer konsistenten Datengrundlage empirisch untersucht worden. Hier setzt die vorliegende Arbeit an. Unter der Annahme, dass die erforschte zeitliche Dynamik in Europa geringer ausf{\"a}llt, stellt sich die generelle Frage nach einer katalogisierten Erfassung physischer Wohnformen von Armut speziell in Europa. Denn Wohnformen der Armut werden oft ausschließlich mit dem ‚Globalen S{\"u}den' assoziiert, insbesondere durch die Darstellung von Slums. Tats{\"a}chlich ist Europa sogar die Wiege der Begriffe ‚Slum' und ‚Ghetto', die vor Jahrhunderten zur Beschreibung von Missst{\"a}nden und Unterdr{\"u}ckung auftauchten. Bis heute weist dieser facettenreiche Kontinent eine enorme Vielfalt an physischen Wohnformen der Armut auf, die ihre Wurzeln in unterschiedlichen Politiken, Kulturen, Geschichten und Lebensstilen haben. Um {\"u}ber diese genannten Aspekte Aufschluss zu erlangen, bedarf es u.a. der Bildanalyse durch Satellitenbilder. Diese Arbeit wird daher mittels Fernerkundung bzw. Erdbeobachtung (EO) sowie zus{\"a}tzlicher Literaturrecherchen und einer empirischen Erhebung erstellt. Um Unsicherheiten konzeptionell und in der Erfassung offenzulegen, ist die Methode der manuellen Bildinterpretation von Armutsgebieten kritisch zu hinterfragen. Das {\"u}bergeordnete Ziel dieser Arbeit ist eine bessere Wissensbasis {\"u}ber Armut zu schaffen, um Maßnahmen zur Reduzierung von Armut entwickeln zu k{\"o}nnen. Die Arbeit dient dabei als eine Antwort auf die Nachhaltigkeitsziele der Vereinten Nationen. Es wird Grundlagenforschung betrieben, indem Wissensl{\"u}cken in der Erdbeobachtung zu physisch-baulichen bzw. morphologischen Erscheinungen von Armut auf Geb{\"a}ude-Ebene explorativ analysiert werden. Die Arbeit wird in drei Forschungsthemen bzw. Studienteile untergliedert: Ziel des ersten Studienteils ist die globale raumzeitliche Erfassung von Dynamiken durch Ankn{\"u}pfung an bisherige Kategorisierungen von Armutsgebieten. Die bisherige Wissensl{\"u}cke soll gef{\"u}llt werden, indem {\"u}ber einen Zeitraum von etwa sieben Jahren in 16 dokumentierten Manifestationen st{\"a}dtischer Armut anhand von Erdbeobachtungsdaten eine zeitliche Analyse der bebauten Umwelt durchgef{\"u}hrt wird. Neben einer global verteilten Gebietsauswahl wird die visuelle Bildinterpretation (MVII) unter Verwendung von hochaufl{\"o}senden optischen Satellitendaten genutzt. Dies geschieht in Kombination mit in-situ- und Google Street View-Bildern zur Ableitung von 3D-Stadtmodellen. Es werden physische Raumstrukturen anhand von sechs r{\"a}umlichen morphologischen Variablen gemessen: Anzahl, Gr{\"o}ße, H{\"o}he, Ausrichtung und Dichte der Geb{\"a}ude sowie Heterogenit{\"a}t der Bebauung. Diese ‚temporale Analyse' zeigt zun{\"a}chst sowohl inter- als auch intra-urbane Unterschiede. Es lassen sich unterschiedliche, aber generell hohe morphologische Dynamiken zwischen den Untersuchungsgebieten finden. Dies dr{\"u}ckt sich in vielf{\"a}ltiger Weise aus: von abgerissenen und rekonstruierten Gebieten bis hin zu solchen, wo Ver{\"a}nderungen innerhalb der gegebenen Strukturen auftreten. Geographisch gesehen resultiert in der Stichprobe eine fortgeschrittene Dynamik, insbesondere in Gebieten des Globalen S{\"u}dens. Gleichzeitig l{\"a}sst sich eine hohe r{\"a}umliche Variabilit{\"a}t der morphologischen Transformationen innerhalb der untersuchten Gebiete beobachten. Trotz dieser teilweise hohen morphologischen Dynamik sind die r{\"a}umlichen Muster von Geb{\"a}udefluchten, Straßen und Freifl{\"a}chen {\"u}berwiegend konstant. Diese ersten Ergebnisse deuten auf einen geringen Wandel in Europa hin, weshalb diese europ{\"a}ischen Armutsgebiete im folgenden Studienteil von Grund auf erhoben und kategorisiert werden. Ziel des zweiten Studienteils ist die Erschaffung einer neuen Kategorisierung, speziell f{\"u}r das in der Wissenschaft unterrepr{\"a}sentierte Europa. Die verschiedenen Formen nicht indizierter Wohnungsmorphologien werden erforscht und kategorisiert, um das bisherige globale wissenschaftliche ontologische Portfolio f{\"u}r Europa zu erweitern. Hinsichtlich dieses zweiten Studienteils bietet eine Literaturrecherche mit mehr als 1.000 gesichteten Artikeln die weitere Grundlage f{\"u}r den folgenden Fokus auf Europa. Auf der Recherche basierend werden mittels der manuellen visuellen Bildinterpretation (engl.: MVII) erneut Satellitendaten zur Erfassung der physischen Morphologien von Wohnformen genutzt. Weiterhin kommen selbst definierte geographische Indikatoren zu Lage, Struktur und formellem Status zum Einsatz. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus werden gesellschaftliche Hintergr{\"u}nde, die durch Begriffe wie ‚Ghetto', ‚Wohnwagenpark', ‚ethnische Enklave' oder ‚Fl{\"u}chtlingslager' beschrieben werden, recherchiert und implementiert. Sie sollen als Erkl{\"a}rungsansatz f{\"u}r Armutsviertel in Europa dienen. Die Stichprobe der europ{\"a}ischen, insgesamt aber unbekannten Grundgesamtheit verdeutlicht eine große Vielfalt an physischen Formen: Es wird f{\"u}r Europa eine neue Kategorisierung von sechs Hauptklassen entwickelt, die von ‚einfachsten Wohnst{\"a}tten' (z. B. Zelten) {\"u}ber ‚behelfsm{\"a}ßige Unterk{\"u}nfte ' (z. B. Baracken, Container) bis hin zu ‚mehrst{\"o}ckigen Bauten' - als allgemeine Taxonomie der Wohnungsnot in Europa - reicht. Die Untersuchung zeigt verschiedene Wohnformen wie z. B. unterirdische oder mobile Typen, verfallene Wohnungen oder große Wohnsiedlungen, die die Armut im Europa des 21. Jahrhunderts widerspiegeln. {\"U}ber die Wohnungsmorphologie hinaus werden diese Klassen durch die Struktur und ihren rechtlichen Status beschrieben - entweder als geplante oder als organisch-gewachsene bzw. weiterhin als formelle, informelle oder hybride (halblegale) Formen. Geographisch lassen sich diese {\"a}rmlichen Wohnformen sowohl in st{\"a}dtischen als auch in l{\"a}ndlichen Gebieten finden, mit einer Konzentration in S{\"u}deuropa. Der Hintergrund bei der Mehrheit der Morphologien betrifft Fl{\"u}chtlinge, ethnische Minderheiten und sozio{\"o}konomisch benachteiligte Menschen - die ‚Unterprivilegierten'. Ziel des dritten Studienteils ist eine kritische Analyse der Methode. Zur Erfassung all dieser Siedlungen werden heutzutage Satellitenbilder aufgrund der Fortschritte bei den Bildklassifizierungsmethoden meist automatisch ausgewertet. Dennoch spielt die MVII noch immer eine wichtige Rolle, z.B. um Trainingsdaten f{\"u}r Machine-Learning-Algorithmen zu generieren oder f{\"u}r Validierungszwecke. In bestimmten st{\"a}dtischen Umgebungen jedoch, z.B. solchen mit h{\"o}chster Dichte und struktureller Komplexit{\"a}t, fordern spektrale und textur-basierte Verflechtungen von {\"u}berlappenden Dachstrukturen den menschlichen Interpreten immer noch heraus, wenn es darum geht einzelne Geb{\"a}udestrukturen zu erfassen. Die kognitive Wahrnehmung und die Erfahrung aus der realen Welt sind nach wie vor unumg{\"a}nglich. Vor diesem Hintergrund zielt die Arbeit methodisch darauf ab, Unsicherheiten speziell bei der Kartierung zu quantifizieren und zu interpretieren. Kartiert werden Dachfl{\"a}chen als ‚Fußabdr{\"u}cke' solcher Gebiete. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf der {\"U}bereinstimmung zwischen mehreren Bildinterpreten und welche Aspekte der Wahrnehmung und Elemente der Bildinterpretation die Kartierung beeinflussen. Um letztlich die Methode der MVII als drittes Ziel selbstkritisch zu reflektieren, werden Experimente als sogenannte ‚Unsicherheitsanalyse' geschaffen. Dabei digitalisieren zehn Testpersonen bzw. Probanden/Interpreten sechs komplexe Gebiete. Hierdurch werden quantitative Informationen {\"u}ber r{\"a}umliche Variablen von Geb{\"a}uden erzielt, um systematisch die Konsistenz und Kongruenz der Ergebnisse zu {\"u}berpr{\"u}fen. Ein zus{\"a}tzlicher Fragebogen liefert subjektive qualitative Informationen {\"u}ber weitere Schwierigkeiten. Da die Grundlage der hierf{\"u}r bisher genutzten Kategorisierungen auf der subjektiven Bildinterpretation durch den Menschen beruht, m{\"u}ssen etwaige Unsicherheiten und damit Fehleranf{\"a}lligkeiten offengelegt werden. Die Experimente zu dieser Unsicherheitsanalyse erfolgen quantifiziert und qualifiziert. Es lassen sich generell große Unterschiede zwischen den Kartierungsergebnissen der Probanden, aber eine hohe Konsistenz der Ergebnisse bei ein und demselben Probanden feststellen. Steigende Abweichungen korrelieren mit einer steigenden baustrukturellen (morphologischen) Komplexit{\"a}t. Ein hoher Grad an Individualit{\"a}t bei den Probanden {\"a}ußert sich in Aspekten wie z.B. Zeitaufwand beim Kartieren, in-situ Vorkenntnissen oder Vorkenntnissen beim Umgang mit Geographischen Informationssystemen (GIS). Nennenswert ist hierbei, dass die jeweilige Datenquelle das Kartierungsverfahren meist beeinflusst. Mit dieser Studie soll also auch an der Stelle der angewandten Methodik eine weitere Wissensl{\"u}cke gef{\"u}llt werden. Die bisherige Forschung komplexer urbaner Areale unter Nutzung der manuellen Bildinterpretation implementiert oftmals keine Unsicherheitsanalyse oder Quantifizierung von Kartierungsfehlern. Fernerkundungsstudien sollten k{\"u}nftig zur Validierung nicht nur zweifelsfrei auf MVII zur{\"u}ckgreifen k{\"o}nnen, sondern vielmehr sind Daten und Methoden notwendig, um Unsicherheiten auszuschließen. Zusammenfassend tr{\"a}gt diese Arbeit zur bisher wenig erforschten morphologischen Dynamik von Armutsgebieten bei. Es werden inter- wie auch intra-urbane Unterschiede auf globaler Ebene pr{\"a}sentiert. Dabei sind allgemein hohe morphologische Transformationen zwischen den selektierten Gebieten festzustellen. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf einen grundlegenden Kenntnismangel in Europa hin, weshalb an dieser Stelle angekn{\"u}pft wird. Eine {\"u}ber Europa verteilte Stichprobe erlaubt eine neue morphologische Kategorisierung der großen Vielfalt an gefundenen physischen Formen. Die Menge an Gebieten erschließt sich in einer unbekannten Grundgesamtheit. Zur Datenaufbereitung bisheriger Analysen m{\"u}ssen Satellitenbilder manuell interpretiert werden. Das Verfahren birgt Unsicherheiten. Als kritische Selbstreflexion zeigt eine Reihe von Experimenten signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Ergebnissen der Probanden auf, verdeutlicht jedoch bei ein und derselben Person Best{\"a}ndigkeit.}, subject = {Slum}, language = {de} } @article{DongWurmTaubenboeck2022, author = {Dong, Ruirui and Wurm, Michael and Taubenb{\"o}ck, Hannes}, title = {Seasonal and diurnal variation of land surface temperature distribution and its relation to land use/land cover patterns}, series = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {19}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, number = {19}, issn = {1660-4601}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph191912738}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-290393}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The surface urban heat island (SUHI) affects the quality of urban life. Because varying urban structures have varying impacts on SUHI, it is crucial to understand the impact of land use/land cover characteristics for improving the quality of life in cities and urban health. Satellite-based data on land surface temperatures (LST) and derived land use/cover pattern (LUCP) indicators provide an efficient opportunity to derive the required data at a large scale. This study explores the seasonal and diurnal variation of spatial associations from LUCP and LST employing Pearson correlation and ordinary least squares regression analysis. Specifically, Landsat-8 images were utilized to derive LSTs in four seasons, taking Berlin as a case study. The results indicate that: (1) in terms of land cover, hot spots are mainly distributed over transportation, commercial and industrial land in the daytime, while wetlands were identified as hot spots during nighttime; (2) from the land composition indicators, the normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) showed the strongest influence in summer, while the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) exhibited the biggest impact in winter; (3) from urban morphological parameters, the building density showed an especially significant positive association with LST and the strongest effect during daytime.}, language = {en} } @article{BucheltBloetheKuenzeretal.2023, author = {Buchelt, Sebastian and Bl{\"o}the, Jan Henrik and Kuenzer, Claudia and Schmitt, Andreas and Ullmann, Tobias and Philipp, Marius and Kneisel, Christof}, title = {Deciphering small-scale seasonal surface dynamics of rock glaciers in the Central European Alps using DInSAR time series}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {15}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {12}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs15122982}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-362939}, year = {2023}, abstract = {The Essential Climate Variable (ECV) Permafrost is currently undergoing strong changes due to rising ground and air temperatures. Surface movement, forming characteristic landforms such as rock glaciers, is one key indicator for mountain permafrost. Monitoring this movement can indicate ongoing changes in permafrost; therefore, rock glacier velocity (RGV) has recently been added as an ECV product. Despite the increased understanding of rock glacier dynamics in recent years, most observations are either limited in terms of the spatial coverage or temporal resolution. According to recent studies, Sentinel-1 (C-band) Differential SAR Interferometry (DInSAR) has potential for monitoring RGVs at high spatial and temporal resolutions. However, the suitability of DInSAR for the detection of heterogeneous small-scale spatial patterns of rock glacier velocities was never at the center of these studies. We address this shortcoming by generating and analyzing Sentinel-1 DInSAR time series over five years to detect small-scale displacement patterns of five high alpine permafrost environments located in the Central European Alps on a weekly basis at a range of a few millimeters. Our approach is based on a semi-automated procedure using open-source programs (SNAP, pyrate) and provides East-West displacement and elevation change with a ground sampling distance of 5 m. Comparison with annual movement derived from orthophotos and unpiloted aerial vehicle (UAV) data shows that DInSAR covers about one third of the total movement, which represents the proportion of the year suited for DInSAR, and shows good spatial agreement (Pearson R: 0.42-0.74, RMSE: 4.7-11.6 cm/a) except for areas with phase unwrapping errors. Moreover, the DInSAR time series unveils spatio-temporal variations and distinct seasonal movement dynamics related to different drivers and processes as well as internal structures. Combining our approach with in situ observations could help to achieve a more holistic understanding of rock glacier dynamics and to assess the future evolution of permafrost under changing climatic conditions.}, language = {en} } @article{FleuchausBlumWildeetal.2021, author = {Fleuchaus, Paul and Blum, Philipp and Wilde, Martina and Terhorst, Birgit and Butscher, Christoph}, title = {Retrospective evaluation of landslide susceptibility maps and review of validation practice}, series = {Environmental Earth Sciences}, volume = {80}, journal = {Environmental Earth Sciences}, issn = {1866-6280}, doi = {10.1007/s12665-021-09770-9}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-308911}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Despite the widespread application of landslide susceptibility analyses, there is hardly any information about whether or not the occurrence of recent landslide events was correctly predicted by the relevant susceptibility maps. Hence, the objective of this study is to evaluate four landslide susceptibility maps retrospectively in a landslide-prone area of the Swabian Alb (Germany). The predictive performance of each susceptibility map is evaluated based on a landslide event triggered by heavy rainfalls in the year 2013. The retrospective evaluation revealed significant variations in the predictive accuracy of the analyzed studies. Both completely erroneous as well as very precise predictions were observed. These differences are less attributed to the applied statistical method and more to the quality and comprehensiveness of the used input data. Furthermore, a literature review of 50 peer-reviewed articles showed that most landslide susceptibility analyses achieve very high validation scores. 73\% of the analyzed studies achieved an area under curve (AUC) value of at least 80\%. These high validation scores, however, do not reflect the high uncertainty in statistical susceptibility analysis. Thus, the quality assessment of landslide susceptibility maps should not only comprise an index-based, quantitative validation, but also an additional qualitative plausibility check considering local geomorphological characteristics and local landslide mechanisms. Finally, the proposed retrospective evaluation approach cannot only help to assess the quality of susceptibility maps and demonstrate the reliability of such statistical methods, but also identify issues that will enable the susceptibility maps to be improved in the future.}, language = {en} } @article{Schamel2017, author = {Schamel, Johannes}, title = {A demographic perspective on the spatial behaviour of hikers in mountain areas: the example of Berchtesgaden National Park}, series = {eco.mont - Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management}, volume = {9}, journal = {eco.mont - Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management}, number = {Special issue}, issn = {2073-1558}, doi = {10.1553/eco.mont-9-sis66}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-172128}, pages = {66-74}, year = {2017}, abstract = {In Germany, as in many Western societies, demographic change will lead to a higher number of senior visitors to natural recreational areas and national parks. Given the high physiological requirements of many outdoor recreation activities, especially in mountain areas, it seems likely that demographic change will affect the spatial behaviour of national park visitors, which may pose a challenge to the management of these areas. With the help of GPS tracking and a standardized questionnaire (n=481), this study empirically investigates the spatial behaviour of demographic age brackets in Berchtesgaden National Park (NP) and the potential effects of demographic change on the use of the area. Cluster analysis revealed four activity types in the study area. More than half of the groups with visitors aged 60 and older belong to the activity type of Walker.}, language = {en} } @article{DirscherlDietzKneiseletal.2020, author = {Dirscherl, Mariel and Dietz, Andreas J. and Kneisel, Christof and Kuenzer, Claudia}, title = {Automated mapping of Antarctic supraglacial lakes using a Machine Learning approach}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {12}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {7}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs12071203}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-203735}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Supraglacial lakes can have considerable impact on ice sheet mass balance and global sea-level-rise through ice shelf fracturing and subsequent glacier speedup. In Antarctica, the distribution and temporal development of supraglacial lakes as well as their potential contribution to increased ice mass loss remains largely unknown, requiring a detailed mapping of the Antarctic surface hydrological network. In this study, we employ a Machine Learning algorithm trained on Sentinel-2 and auxiliary TanDEM-X topographic data for automated mapping of Antarctic supraglacial lakes. To ensure the spatio-temporal transferability of our method, a Random Forest was trained on 14 training regions and applied over eight spatially independent test regions distributed across the whole Antarctic continent. In addition, we employed our workflow for large-scale application over Amery Ice Shelf where we calculated interannual supraglacial lake dynamics between 2017 and 2020 at full ice shelf coverage. To validate our supraglacial lake detection algorithm, we randomly created point samples over our classification results and compared them to Sentinel-2 imagery. The point comparisons were evaluated using a confusion matrix for calculation of selected accuracy metrics. Our analysis revealed wide-spread supraglacial lake occurrence in all three Antarctic regions. For the first time, we identified supraglacial meltwater features on Abbott, Hull and Cosgrove Ice Shelves in West Antarctica as well as for the entire Amery Ice Shelf for years 2017-2020. Over Amery Ice Shelf, maximum lake extent varied strongly between the years with the 2019 melt season characterized by the largest areal coverage of supraglacial lakes (~763 km\(^2\)). The accuracy assessment over the test regions revealed an average Kappa coefficient of 0.86 where the largest value of Kappa reached 0.98 over George VI Ice Shelf. Future developments will involve the generation of circum-Antarctic supraglacial lake mapping products as well as their use for further methodological developments using Sentinel-1 SAR data in order to characterize intraannual supraglacial meltwater dynamics also during polar night and independent of meteorological conditions. In summary, the implementation of the Random Forest classifier enabled the development of the first automated mapping method applied to Sentinel-2 data distributed across all three Antarctic regions.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Uereyen2022, author = {{\"U}reyen, Soner}, title = {Multivariate Time Series for the Analysis of Land Surface Dynamics - Evaluating Trends and Drivers of Land Surface Variables for the Indo-Gangetic River Basins}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-29194}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-291941}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The investigation of the Earth system and interplays between its components is of utmost importance to enhance the understanding of the impacts of global climate change on the Earth's land surface. In this context, Earth observation (EO) provides valuable long-term records covering an abundance of land surface variables and, thus, allowing for large-scale analyses to quantify and analyze land surface dynamics across various Earth system components. In view of this, the geographical entity of river basins was identified as particularly suitable for multivariate time series analyses of the land surface, as they naturally cover diverse spheres of the Earth. Many remote sensing missions with different characteristics are available to monitor and characterize the land surface. Yet, only a few spaceborne remote sensing missions enable the generation of spatio-temporally consistent time series with equidistant observations over large areas, such as the MODIS instrument. In order to summarize available remote sensing-based analyses of land surface dynamics in large river basins, a detailed literature review of 287 studies was performed and several research gaps were identified. In this regard, it was found that studies rarely analyzed an entire river basin, but rather focused on study areas at subbasin or regional scale. In addition, it was found that transboundary river basins remained understudied and that studies largely focused on selected riparian countries. Moreover, the analysis of environmental change was generally conducted using a single EO-based land surface variable, whereas a joint exploration of multivariate land surface variables across spheres was found to be rarely performed. To address these research gaps, a methodological framework enabling (1) the preprocessing and harmonization of multi-source time series as well as (2) the statistical analysis of a multivariate feature space was required. For development and testing of a methodological framework that is transferable in space and time, the transboundary river basins Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna (IGBM) in South Asia were selected as study area, having a size equivalent to around eight times the size of Germany. These basins largely depend on water resources from monsoon rainfall and High Mountain Asia which holds the largest ice mass outside the polar regions. In total, over 1.1 billion people live in this region and in parts largely depend on these water resources which are indispensable for the world's largest connected irrigated croplands and further domestic needs as well. With highly heterogeneous geographical settings, these river basins allow for a detailed analysis of the interplays between multiple spheres, including the anthroposphere, biosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere. In this thesis, land surface dynamics over the last two decades (December 2002 - November 2020) were analyzed using EO time series on vegetation condition, surface water area, and snow cover area being based on MODIS imagery, the DLR Global WaterPack and JRC Global Surface Water Layer, as well as the DLR Global SnowPack, respectively. These data were evaluated in combination with further climatic, hydrological, and anthropogenic variables to estimate their influence on the three EO land surface variables. The preprocessing and harmonization of the time series was conducted using the implemented framework. The resulting harmonized feature space was used to quantify and analyze land surface dynamics by means of several statistical time series analysis techniques which were integrated into the framework. In detail, these methods involved (1) the calculation of trends using the Mann-Kendall test in association with the Theil-Sen slope estimator, (2) the estimation of changes in phenological metrics using the Timesat tool, (3) the evaluation of driving variables using the causal discovery approach Peter and Clark Momentary Conditional Independence (PCMCI), and (4) additional correlation tests to analyze the human influence on vegetation condition and surface water area. These analyses were performed at annual and seasonal temporal scale and for diverse spatial units, including grids, river basins and subbasins, land cover and land use classes, as well as elevation-dependent zones. The trend analyses of vegetation condition mostly revealed significant positive trends. Irrigated and rainfed croplands were found to contribute most to these trends. The trend magnitudes were particularly high in arid and semi-arid regions. Considering surface water area, significant positive trends were obtained at annual scale. At grid scale, regional and seasonal clusters with significant negative trends were found as well. Trends for snow cover area mostly remained stable at annual scale, but significant negative trends were observed in parts of the river basins during distinct seasons. Negative trends were also found for the elevation-dependent zones, particularly at high altitudes. Also, retreats in the seasonal duration of snow cover area were found in parts of the river basins. Furthermore, for the first time, the application of the causal discovery algorithm on a multivariate feature space at seasonal temporal scale revealed direct and indirect links between EO land surface variables and respective drivers. In general, vegetation was constrained by water availability, surface water area was largely influenced by river discharge and indirectly by precipitation, and snow cover area was largely controlled by precipitation and temperature with spatial and temporal variations. Additional analyses pointed towards positive human influences on increasing trends in vegetation greenness. The investigation of trends and interplays across spheres provided new and valuable insights into the past state and the evolution of the land surface as well as on relevant climatic and hydrological driving variables. Besides the investigated river basins in South Asia, these findings are of great value also for other river basins and geographical regions.}, subject = {Multivariate Analyse}, language = {en} } @article{NaeschenDiekkruegerEversetal.2019, author = {N{\"a}schen, Kristian and Diekkr{\"u}ger, Bernd and Evers, Mariele and H{\"o}llermann, Britta and Steinbach, Stefanie and Thonfeld, Frank}, title = {The impact of land use/land cover change (LULCC) on water resources in a tropical catchment in Tanzania under different climate change scenarios}, series = {Sustainability}, volume = {11}, journal = {Sustainability}, number = {24}, issn = {2071-1050}, doi = {10.3390/su11247083}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-193825}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Many parts of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are prone to land use and land cover change (LULCC). In many cases, natural systems are converted into agricultural land to feed the growing population. However, despite climate change being a major focus nowadays, the impacts of these conversions on water resources, which are essential for agricultural production, is still often neglected, jeopardizing the sustainability of the socio-ecological system. This study investigates historic land use/land cover (LULC) patterns as well as potential future LULCC and its effect on water quantities in a complex tropical catchment in Tanzania. It then compares the results using two climate change scenarios. The Land Change Modeler (LCM) is used to analyze and to project LULC patterns until 2030 and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is utilized to simulate the water balance under various LULC conditions. Results show decreasing low flows by 6-8\% for the LULC scenarios, whereas high flows increase by up to 84\% for the combined LULC and climate change scenarios. The effect of climate change is stronger compared to the effect of LULCC, but also contains higher uncertainties. The effects of LULCC are more distinct, although crop specific effects show diverging effects on water balance components. This study develops a methodology for quantifying the impact of land use and climate change and therefore contributes to the sustainable management of the investigated catchment, as it shows the impact of environmental change on hydrological extremes (low flow and floods) and determines hot spots, which are critical for environmental development.}, language = {en} } @article{LatifiValbuena2019, author = {Latifi, Hooman and Valbuena, Ruben}, title = {Current trends in forest ecological applications of three-dimensional remote sensing: Transition from experimental to operational solutions?}, series = {Forests}, volume = {10}, journal = {Forests}, number = {10}, issn = {1999-4907}, doi = {10.3390/f10100891}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-193282}, year = {2019}, abstract = {The alarming increase in the magnitude and spatiotemporal patterns of changes in composition, structure and function of forest ecosystems during recent years calls for enhanced cross-border mitigation and adaption measures, which strongly entail intensified research to understand the underlying processes in the ecosystems as well as their dynamics. Remote sensing data and methods are nowadays the main complementary sources of synoptic, up-to-date and objective information to support field observations in forest ecology. In particular, analysis of three-dimensional (3D) remote sensing data is regarded as an appropriate complement, since they are hypothesized to resemble the 3D character of most forest attributes. Following their use in various small-scale forest structural analyses over the past two decades, these sources of data are now on their way to be integrated in novel applications in fields like citizen science, environmental impact assessment, forest fire analysis, and biodiversity assessment in remote areas. These and a number of other novel applications provide valuable material for the Forests special issue "3D Remote Sensing Applications in Forest Ecology: Composition, Structure and Function", which shows the promising future of these technologies and improves our understanding of the potentials and challenges of 3D remote sensing in practical forest ecology worldwide.}, language = {en} } @article{GhazaryanRienowOldenburgetal.2021, author = {Ghazaryan, Gohar and Rienow, Andreas and Oldenburg, Carsten and Thonfeld, Frank and Trampnau, Birte and Sticksel, Sarah and J{\"u}rgens, Carsten}, title = {Monitoring of urban sprawl and densification processes in Western Germany in the light of SDG indicator 11.3.1 based on an automated retrospective classification approach}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {13}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {9}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs13091694}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-236671}, year = {2021}, abstract = {By 2050, two-third of the world's population will live in cities. In this study, we develop a framework for analyzing urban growth-related imperviousness in North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) from the 1980s to date using Landsat data. For the baseline 2017-time step, official geodata was extracted to generate labelled data for ten classes, including three classes representing low, middle, and high level of imperviousness. We used the output of the 2017 classification and information based on radiometric bi-temporal change detection for retrospective classification. Besides spectral bands, we calculated several indices and various temporal composites, which were used as an input for Random Forest classification. The results provide information on three imperviousness classes with accuracies exceeding 75\%. According to our results, the imperviousness areas grew continuously from 1985 to 2017, with a high imperviousness area growth of more than 167,000 ha, comprising around 30\% increase. The information on the expansion of urban areas was integrated with population dynamics data to estimate the progress towards SDG 11. With the intensity analysis and the integration of population data, the spatial heterogeneity of urban expansion and population growth was analysed, showing that the urban expansion rates considerably excelled population growth rates in some regions in NRW. The study highlights the applicability of earth observation data for accurately quantifying spatio-temporal urban dynamics for sustainable urbanization and targeted planning.}, language = {en} } @article{FekriLatifiAmanietal.2021, author = {Fekri, Erfan and Latifi, Hooman and Amani, Meisam and Zobeidinezhad, Abdolkarim}, title = {A training sample migration method for wetland mapping and monitoring using Sentinel data in Google Earth Engine}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {13}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {20}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs13204169}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-248542}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Wetlands are one of the most important ecosystems due to their critical services to both humans and the environment. Therefore, wetland mapping and monitoring are essential for their conservation. In this regard, remote sensing offers efficient solutions due to the availability of cost-efficient archived images over different spatial scales. However, a lack of sufficient consistent training samples at different times is a significant limitation of multi-temporal wetland monitoring. In this study, a new training sample migration method was developed to identify unchanged training samples to be used in wetland classification and change analyses over the International Shadegan Wetland (ISW) areas of southwestern Iran. To this end, we first produced the wetland map of a reference year (2020), for which we had training samples, by combining Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 images and the Random Forest (RF) classifier in Google Earth Engine (GEE). The Overall Accuracy (OA) and Kappa coefficient (KC) of this reference map were 97.93\% and 0.97, respectively. Then, an automatic change detection method was developed to migrate unchanged training samples from the reference year to the target years of 2018, 2019, and 2021. Within the proposed method, three indices of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), and the mean Standard Deviation (SD) of the spectral bands, along with two similarity measures of the Euclidean Distance (ED) and Spectral Angle Distance (SAD), were computed for each pair of reference-target years. The optimum threshold for unchanged samples was also derived using a histogram thresholding approach, which led to selecting the samples that were most likely unchanged based on the highest OA and KC for classifying the test dataset. The proposed migration sample method resulted in high OAs of 95.89\%, 96.83\%, and 97.06\% and KCs of 0.95, 0.96, and 0.96 for the target years of 2018, 2019, and 2021, respectively. Finally, the migrated samples were used to generate the wetland map for the target years. Overall, our proposed method showed high potential for wetland mapping and monitoring when no training samples existed for a target year.}, language = {en} } @article{SchoenbrodtStittAhmadianKurtenbachetal.2021, author = {Sch{\"o}nbrodt-Stitt, Sarah and Ahmadian, Nima and Kurtenbach, Markus and Conrad, Christopher and Romano, Nunzio and Bogena, Heye R. and Vereecken, Harry and Nasta, Paolo}, title = {Statistical Exploration of SENTINEL-1 Data, Terrain Parameters, and in-situ Data for Estimating the Near-Surface Soil Moisture in a Mediterranean Agroecosystem}, series = {Frontiers in Water}, volume = {3}, journal = {Frontiers in Water}, doi = {10.3389/frwa.2021.655837}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259062}, pages = {655837}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Reliable near-surface soil moisture (θ) information is crucial for supporting risk assessment of future water usage, particularly considering the vulnerability of agroforestry systems of Mediterranean environments to climate change. We propose a simple empirical model by integrating dual-polarimetric Sentinel-1 (S1) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) C-band single-look complex data and topographic information together with in-situ measurements of θ into a random forest (RF) regression approach (10-fold cross-validation). Firstly, we compare two RF models' estimation performances using either 43 SAR parameters (θNov\(^{SAR}\)) or the combination of 43 SAR and 10 terrain parameters (θNov\(^{SAR+Terrain}\)). Secondly, we analyze the essential parameters in estimating and mapping θ for S1 overpasses twice a day (at 5 a.m. and 5 p.m.) in a high spatiotemporal (17 × 17 m; 6 days) resolution. The developed site-specific calibration-dependent model was tested for a short period in November 2018 in a field-scale agroforestry environment belonging to the "Alento" hydrological observatory in southern Italy. Our results show that the combined SAR + terrain model slightly outperforms the SAR-based model (θNov\(^{SAR+Terrain}\) with 0.025 and 0.020 m3 m\(^{-3}\), and 89\% compared to θNov\(^{SAR}\) with 0.028 and 0.022 m\(^3\) m\(^{-3}\, and 86\% in terms of RMSE, MAE, and R2). The higher explanatory power for θNov\(^{SAR+Terrain}\) is assessed with time-variant SAR phase information-dependent elements of the C2 covariance and Kennaugh matrix (i.e., K1, K6, and K1S) and with local (e.g., altitude above channel network) and compound topographic attributes (e.g., wetness index). Our proposed methodological approach constitutes a simple empirical model aiming at estimating θ for rapid surveys with high accuracy. It emphasizes potentials for further improvement (e.g., higher spatiotemporal coverage of ground-truthing) by identifying differences of SAR measurements between S1 overpasses in the morning and afternoon.}, language = {en} } @article{HaggMayrMannigetal.2018, author = {Hagg, Wilfried and Mayr, Elisabeth and Mannig, Birgit and Reyers, Mark and Schubert, David and Pinto, Joaquim G. and Peters, Juliane and Pieczonka, Tino and Juen, Martin and Bolch, Tobias and Paeth, Heiko and Mayer, Christoph}, title = {Future climate change and its impact on runoff generation from the debris-covered Inylchek glaciers, Central Tian Shan, Kyrgyzstan}, series = {Water}, volume = {10}, journal = {Water}, number = {11}, issn = {2073-4441}, doi = {10.3390/w10111513}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-197592}, pages = {1513}, year = {2018}, abstract = {The heavily debris-covered Inylchek glaciers in the central Tian Shan are the largest glacier system in the Tarim catchment. It is assumed that almost 50\% of the discharge of Tarim River are provided by glaciers. For this reason, climatic changes, and thus changes in glacier mass balance and glacier discharge are of high impact for the whole region. In this study, a conceptual hydrological model able to incorporate discharge from debris-covered glacier areas is presented. To simulate glacier melt and subsequent runoff in the past (1970/1971-1999/2000) and future (2070/2071-2099/2100), meteorological input data were generated based on ECHAM5/MPI-OM1 global climate model projections. The hydrological model HBV-LMU was calibrated by an automatic calibration algorithm using runoff and snow cover information as objective functions. Manual fine-tuning was performed to avoid unrealistic results for glacier mass balance. The simulations show that annual runoff sums will increase significantly under future climate conditions. A sensitivity analysis revealed that total runoff does not decrease until the glacier area is reduced by 43\%. Ice melt is the major runoff source in the recent past, and its contribution will even increase in the coming decades. Seasonal changes reveal a trend towards enhanced melt in spring, but a change from a glacial-nival to a nival-pluvial runoff regime will not be reached until the end of this century.}, language = {en} } @article{ForkuorHounkpatinWelpetal.2017, author = {Forkuor, Gerald and Hounkpatin, Ozias K.L. and Welp, Gerhard and Thiel, Michael}, title = {High resolution mapping of soil properties using remote sensing variables in south-western Burkina Faso: a comparison of machine learning and multiple linear regression models}, series = {PLOS One}, volume = {12}, journal = {PLOS One}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0170478}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-180978}, pages = {21}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Accurate and detailed spatial soil information is essential for environmental modelling, risk assessment and decision making. The use of Remote Sensing data as secondary sources of information in digital soil mapping has been found to be cost effective and less time consuming compared to traditional soil mapping approaches. But the potentials of Remote Sensing data in improving knowledge of local scale soil information in West Africa have not been fully explored. This study investigated the use of high spatial resolution satellite data (RapidEye and Landsat), terrain/climatic data and laboratory analysed soil samples to map the spatial distribution of six soil properties-sand, silt, clay, cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen-in a 580 km2 agricultural watershed in south-western Burkina Faso. Four statistical prediction models-multiple linear regression (MLR), random forest regression (RFR), support vector machine (SVM), stochastic gradient boosting (SGB)-were tested and compared. Internal validation was conducted by cross validation while the predictions were validated against an independent set of soil samples considering the modelling area and an extrapolation area. Model performance statistics revealed that the machine learning techniques performed marginally better than the MLR, with the RFR providing in most cases the highest accuracy. The inability of MLR to handle non-linear relationships between dependent and independent variables was found to be a limitation in accurately predicting soil properties at unsampled locations. Satellite data acquired during ploughing or early crop development stages (e.g. May, June) were found to be the most important spectral predictors while elevation, temperature and precipitation came up as prominent terrain/climatic variables in predicting soil properties. The results further showed that shortwave infrared and near infrared channels of Landsat8 as well as soil specific indices of redness, coloration and saturation were prominent predictors in digital soil mapping. Considering the increased availability of freely available Remote Sensing data (e.g. Landsat, SRTM, Sentinels), soil information at local and regional scales in data poor regions such as West Africa can be improved with relatively little financial and human resources.}, language = {en} } @article{PhilippDietzUllmannetal.2022, author = {Philipp, Marius and Dietz, Andreas and Ullmann, Tobias and Kuenzer, Claudia}, title = {Automated extraction of annual erosion rates for Arctic permafrost coasts using Sentinel-1, Deep Learning, and Change Vector Analysis}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {14}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {15}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs14153656}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-281956}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Arctic permafrost coasts become increasingly vulnerable due to environmental drivers such as the reduced sea-ice extent and duration as well as the thawing of permafrost itself. A continuous quantification of the erosion process on large to circum-Arctic scales is required to fully assess the extent and understand the consequences of eroding permafrost coastlines. This study presents a novel approach to quantify annual Arctic coastal erosion and build-up rates based on Sentinel-1 (S1) Synthetic Aperture RADAR (SAR) backscatter data, in combination with Deep Learning (DL) and Change Vector Analysis (CVA). The methodology includes the generation of a high-quality Arctic coastline product via DL, which acted as a reference for quantifying coastal erosion and build-up rates from annual median and standard deviation (sd) backscatter images via CVA. The analysis was applied on ten test sites distributed across the Arctic and covering about 1038 km of coastline. Results revealed maximum erosion rates of up to 160 m for some areas and an average erosion rate of 4.37 m across all test sites within a three-year temporal window from 2017 to 2020. The observed erosion rates within the framework of this study agree with findings published in the previous literature. The proposed methods and data can be applied on large scales and, prospectively, even for the entire Arctic. The generated products may be used for quantifying the loss of frozen ground, estimating the release of stored organic material, and can act as a basis for further related studies in Arctic coastal environments.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Hoffmann2017, author = {Hoffmann, Susanne}, title = {Demographischer Wandel und innerst{\"a}dtische Einkaufszentren in Deutschland. Entwicklungen in Erlangen, Koblenz und Zwickau}, publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, address = {W{\"u}rzburg}, isbn = {978-3-95826-062-7 (print)}, issn = {0510-9833}, doi = {10.25972/WUP-978-3-95826-062-7}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-148218}, school = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, pages = {380}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Der Anteil {\"a}lterer und alter Menschen an der Gesamtbev{\"o}lkerung steigt kontinuierlich an. Diese Entwicklung wird sich auch in den kommenden Jahren fortsetzen. So werden 2050 rund 40 \% der deutschen Bev{\"o}lkerung 60 Jahre oder {\"a}lter sein. Die Alterung der Bev{\"o}lkerung wirkt sich auf nahezu alle Lebensbereiche aus und stellt damit Planer und Entscheider auf staatlicher wie auf privater Seite vor neue Herausforderungen. Dies betrifft auch die Frage, wie innerst{\"a}dtische Einkaufsstandorte, und zwar traditionelle innerst{\"a}dtische Einkaufsstraßen und innerst{\"a}dtische Shopping Center, gestaltet werden m{\"u}ssen, um den Anforderungen und Bed{\"u}rfnissen m{\"o}glichst aller Altersgruppen und damit auch denjenigen der {\"a}lteren und alten Konsumenten zu entsprechen. Am Beispiel der St{\"a}dte Erlangen, Koblenz und Zwickau wird in vorliegender Untersuchung der Frage nachgegangen, wie {\"a}ltere und alte Menschen die verschiedenen innerst{\"a}dtischen Einkaufsstandorte wahrnehmen und nutzen, welche Unterschiede diesbez{\"u}glich zu j{\"u}ngeren Kundengruppen bestehen und welche Schlussfolgerungen sich daraus f{\"u}r eine zukunftsgerichtete Gestaltung der traditionellen Einkaufsstraßen und der innerst{\"a}dtischen Shopping Center ableiten lassen. F{\"u}r die Untersuchung kam ein breites methodisches Instrumentarium aus Zeitungsrecherchen, Kartierungen, qualitativen Beobachtungen, qualitativen Haushaltsbefragungen sowie quantitativen Passantenbefragungen zur Anwendung.}, subject = {Demographie}, language = {de} } @techreport{MeyerJobLaneretal.2022, author = {Meyer, Constantin and Job, Hubert and Laner, Peter and Omizzolo, Andrea and Kollmann, Nadia and Clare, Jasmin and Vesely, Philipp and Riedler, Walter and Plassmann, Guido and Coronado, Oriana and Praper Gulič, Sergeja and Gulič, Andrej and Koblar, Simon and Teofili, Corrado and Rohringer, Verena and Schoßleitner, Richard and Ainz, Gerhard}, title = {Izhodišča za usklajeno ohranjanje odprtega prostora na območju Alp: Načrtovalski priročnik projekta OpenSpaceAlps}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-28651}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-286518}, pages = {114}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Na območju Alp že dalj časa poteka preobrazba odprtega prostora zaradi gradnje in širjenja naselij ter tehnične infrastrukture. Navedeni procesi povzročajo zlasti izgubo kmetijskih zemljišč, stalno pokritje površine tal z nepropustnimi snovmi in razdrobljenost krajine. Razdrobljenost je odvisna od vrst posegov in stopnje pozidanosti prostora, poglavitna negativna učinka pa sta izolacija naravnih habitatov in slabšanje ekološke povezljivosti. Opisana problematika je bila glavna tema projekta OpenSpaceAlps, v katerem so bili ob sodelovanju z deležniki na več pilotnih območjih razviti pristopi in rešitve, ki omogočajo trajnostno ohranjanje odprtega prostora. Načrtovalski priročnik povzema del rezultatov projekta. Namenjen je različnim deležnikom, zlasti načrtovalcem v javnih službah, kot pripomoček pri izvajanju načrtovalskih nalog in odločanju. V priročniku so predstavljeni analiza izzivov in okvirnih pogojev v Alpah ter opis in primerjava poglavitnih načel načrtovanja odprtega prostora, obravnavane pa so tudi celostne načrtovalske strategije za različne kategorije prostora.}, subject = {Raumordnung}, language = {mul} } @article{MayrKleinRutzingeretal.2021, author = {Mayr, Stefan and Klein, Igor and Rutzinger, Martin and Kuenzer, Claudia}, title = {Systematic water fraction estimation for a global and daily surface water time-series}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {13}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {14}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs13142675}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-242586}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Fresh water is a vital natural resource. Earth observation time-series are well suited to monitor corresponding surface dynamics. The DLR-DFD Global WaterPack (GWP) provides daily information on globally distributed inland surface water based on MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) images at 250 m spatial resolution. Operating on this spatiotemporal level comes with the drawback of moderate spatial resolution; only coarse pixel-based surface water quantification is possible. To enhance the quantitative capabilities of this dataset, we systematically access subpixel information on fractional water coverage. For this, a linear mixture model is employed, using classification probability and pure pixel reference information. Classification probability is derived from relative datapoint (pixel) locations in feature space. Pure water and non-water reference pixels are located by combining spatial and temporal information inherent to the time-series. Subsequently, the model is evaluated for different input sets to determine the optimal configuration for global processing and pixel coverage types. The performance of resulting water fraction estimates is evaluated on the pixel level in 32 regions of interest across the globe, by comparison to higher resolution reference data (Sentinel-2, Landsat 8). Results show that water fraction information is able to improve the product's performance regarding mixed water/non-water pixels by an average of 11.6\% (RMSE). With a Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.61, the model shows good overall performance. The approach enables the systematic provision of water fraction estimates on a global and daily scale, using only the reflectance and temporal information contained in the input time-series.}, language = {en} } @article{StereńczakLaurinChiricietal.2020, author = {Stereńczak, Krzysztof and Laurin, Gaia Vaglio and Chirici, Gherardo and Coomes, David A. and Dalponte, Michele and Latifi, Hooman and Puletti, Nicola}, title = {Global Airborne Laser Scanning Data Providers Database (GlobALS) — a new tool for monitoring ecosystems and biodiversity}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {12}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {11}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs12111877}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-207819}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Protection and recovery of natural resource and biodiversity requires accurate monitoring at multiple scales. Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) provides high-resolution imagery that is valuable for monitoring structural changes to vegetation, providing a reliable reference for ecological analyses and comparison purposes, especially if used in conjunction with other remote-sensing and field products. However, the potential of ALS data has not been fully exploited, due to limits in data availability and validation. To bridge this gap, the global network for airborne laser scanner data (GlobALS) has been established as a worldwide network of ALS data providers that aims at linking those interested in research and applications related to natural resources and biodiversity monitoring. The network does not collect data itself but collects metadata and facilitates networking and collaborative research amongst the end-users and data providers. This letter describes this facility, with the aim of broadening participation in GlobALS.}, language = {en} } @article{HuthGessnerKleinetal.2020, author = {Huth, Juliane and Gessner, Ursula and Klein, Igor and Yesou, Herv{\´e} and Lai, Xijun and Oppelt, Natascha and Kuenzer, Claudia}, title = {Analyzing water dynamics based on Sentinel-1 time series — a study for Dongting Lake wetlands in China}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {12}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {11}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs12111761}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-205977}, year = {2020}, abstract = {In China, freshwater is an increasingly scarce resource and wetlands are under great pressure. This study focuses on China's second largest freshwater lake in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River — the Dongting Lake — and its surrounding wetlands, which are declared a protected Ramsar site. The Dongting Lake area is also a research region of focus within the Sino-European Dragon Programme, aiming for the international collaboration of Earth Observation researchers. ESA's Copernicus Programme enables comprehensive monitoring with area-wide coverage, which is especially advantageous for large wetlands that are difficult to access during floods. The first year completely covered by Sentinel-1 SAR satellite data was 2016, which is used here to focus on Dongting Lake's wetland dynamics. The well-established, threshold-based approach and the high spatio-temporal resolution of Sentinel-1 imagery enabled the generation of monthly surface water maps and the analysis of the inundation frequency at a 10 m resolution. The maximum extent of the Dongting Lake derived from Sentinel-1 occurred in July 2016, at 2465 km\(^2\), indicating an extreme flood year. The minimum size of the lake was detected in October, at 1331 km\(^2\). Time series analysis reveals detailed inundation patterns and small-scale structures within the lake that were not known from previous studies. Sentinel-1 also proves to be capable of mapping the wetland management practices for Dongting Lake polders and dykes. For validation, the lake extent and inundation duration derived from the Sentinel-1 data were compared with excerpts from the Global WaterPack (frequently derived by the German Aerospace Center, DLR), high-resolution optical data, and in situ water level data, which showed very good agreement for the period studied. The mean monthly extent of the lake in 2016 from Sentinel-1 was 1798 km\(^2\), which is consistent with the Global WaterPack, deviating by only 4\%. In summary, the presented analysis of the complete annual time series of the Sentinel-1 data provides information on the monthly behavior of water expansion, which is of interest and relevance to local authorities involved in water resource management tasks in the region, as well as to wetland conservationists concerned with the Ramsar site wetlands of Dongting Lake and to local researchers.}, language = {en} } @article{ForkuorUllmannGriesbeck2020, author = {Forkuor, Gerald and Ullmann, Tobias and Griesbeck, Mario}, title = {Mapping and monitoring small-scale mining activities in Ghana using Sentinel-1 time series (2015-2019)}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {12}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {6}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs12060911}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-203204}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Illegal small-scale mining (galamsey) in South-Western Ghana has grown tremendously in the last decade and caused significant environmental degradation. Excessive cloud cover in the area has limited the use of optical remote sensing data to map and monitor the extent of these activities. This study investigated the use of annual time-series Sentinel-1 data to map and monitor illegal mining activities along major rivers in South-Western Ghana between 2015 and 2019. A change detection approach, based on three time-series features — minimum, mean, maximum — was used to compute a backscatter threshold value suitable to identify/detect mining-induced land cover changes in the study area. Compared to the mean and maximum, the minimum time-series feature (in both VH and VV polarization) was found to be more sensitive to changes in backscattering within the period of investigation. Our approach permitted the detection of new illegal mining areas on an annual basis. A backscatter threshold value of +1.65 dB was found suitable for detecting illegal mining activities in the study area. Application of this threshold revealed illegal mining area extents of 102 km\(^2\), 60 km\(^2\) and 33 km\(^2\) for periods 2015/2016-2016/2017, 2016/2017-2017/2018 and 2017/2018-2018/2019, respectively. The observed decreasing trend in new illegal mining areas suggests that efforts at stopping illegal mining yielded positive results in the period investigated. Despite the advantages of Synthetic Aperture Radar data in monitoring phenomena in cloud-prone areas, our analysis revealed that about 25\% of the Sentinel-1 data, mostly acquired in March and October (beginning and end of rainy season respectively), were unusable due to atmospheric effects from high intensity rainfall events. Further investigation in other geographies and climatic regions is needed to ascertain the susceptibility of Sentinel-1 data to atmospheric conditions.}, language = {en} } @book{Herb2022, author = {Herb, Christopher}, title = {Restrukturierung von Wertsch{\"o}pfungsketten in der Digitalisierung. Eine Analyse der deutschen Schuhbranche vom Hersteller bis zum Konsumenten}, publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, address = {W{\"u}rzburg}, isbn = {978-3-95826-186-0}, issn = {2626-8906}, doi = {10.25972/WUP-978-3-95826-187-7}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-269564}, publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, pages = {xii, 284}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Globale Wertsch{\"o}pfungsketten stellen nicht nur hochkomplexe Beziehungsgef{\"u}ge dar, sondern unterliegen auch einem st{\"a}ndigen Wandlungsprozess. Ein zentraler Treiber dieser Wandlungsprozesse ist der technologische Fortschritt. Moderne Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien, insbesondere die Ph{\"a}nomene der Digitalisierung und des Online-Handels, sind derzeit von besonderer Bedeutung f{\"u}r Wertsch{\"o}pfungsketten, da unterschiedliche Fortschritte in der Digitalisierung nicht nur zu wirtschaftlichen Vor- und Nachteilen von Unternehmen f{\"u}hren k{\"o}nnen, sondern auch zu Up- bzw. Downgradingprozessen innerhalb der Wertsch{\"o}pfungsketten. In der vorliegenden Studie wird der Fokus auf den handels- bzw. konsumentennahen Teil von Wertsch{\"o}pfungsketten gelegt, um die Folgen der Digitalisierung f{\"u}r Hersteller, H{\"a}ndler und Konsumenten n{\"a}her zu betrachten. Als konkretes Forschungsbeispiel dient die deutsche Schuhbranche, da sich diese gegenw{\"a}rtig - von Industrie bis Handel - in einem umfassenden Strukturwandel befindet. Die Analyse zeigt, dass sich die Komplexit{\"a}t von Wertsch{\"o}pfungsketten im Zuge der Digitalisierung deutlich erh{\"o}ht (hat). In der Schuhbranche dr{\"a}ngen neue Akteure auf den Markt, bestehende Akteure m{\"u}ssen sich anpassen. Direkte Folgen sind nicht nur eine neue Akteurskonstellation, sondern auch ein sich neu bildendes Machtgef{\"u}ge. Es kommt somit zur Restrukturierung bisheriger Wertsch{\"o}pfungsketten.}, subject = {Wertsch{\"o}pfungskette}, language = {de} } @article{HoeserBachoferKuenzer2020, author = {Hoeser, Thorsten and Bachofer, Felix and Kuenzer, Claudia}, title = {Object detection and image segmentation with deep learning on Earth Observation data: a review — part II: applications}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {12}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {18}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs12183053}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-213152}, year = {2020}, abstract = {In Earth observation (EO), large-scale land-surface dynamics are traditionally analyzed by investigating aggregated classes. The increase in data with a very high spatial resolution enables investigations on a fine-grained feature level which can help us to better understand the dynamics of land surfaces by taking object dynamics into account. To extract fine-grained features and objects, the most popular deep-learning model for image analysis is commonly used: the convolutional neural network (CNN). In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the impact of deep learning on EO applications by reviewing 429 studies on image segmentation and object detection with CNNs. We extensively examine the spatial distribution of study sites, employed sensors, used datasets and CNN architectures, and give a thorough overview of applications in EO which used CNNs. Our main finding is that CNNs are in an advanced transition phase from computer vision to EO. Upon this, we argue that in the near future, investigations which analyze object dynamics with CNNs will have a significant impact on EO research. With a focus on EO applications in this Part II, we complete the methodological review provided in Part I.}, language = {en} } @article{HoeserKuenzer2020, author = {Hoeser, Thorsten and Kuenzer, Claudia}, title = {Object detection and image segmentation with deep learning on Earth observation data: a review-part I: evolution and recent trends}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {12}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {10}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs12101667}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-205918}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Deep learning (DL) has great influence on large parts of science and increasingly established itself as an adaptive method for new challenges in the field of Earth observation (EO). Nevertheless, the entry barriers for EO researchers are high due to the dense and rapidly developing field mainly driven by advances in computer vision (CV). To lower the barriers for researchers in EO, this review gives an overview of the evolution of DL with a focus on image segmentation and object detection in convolutional neural networks (CNN). The survey starts in 2012, when a CNN set new standards in image recognition, and lasts until late 2019. Thereby, we highlight the connections between the most important CNN architectures and cornerstones coming from CV in order to alleviate the evaluation of modern DL models. Furthermore, we briefly outline the evolution of the most popular DL frameworks and provide a summary of datasets in EO. By discussing well performing DL architectures on these datasets as well as reflecting on advances made in CV and their impact on future research in EO, we narrow the gap between the reviewed, theoretical concepts from CV and practical application in EO.}, language = {en} } @article{HeinemannSiegmannThonfeldetal.2020, author = {Heinemann, Sascha and Siegmann, Bastian and Thonfeld, Frank and Muro, Javier and Jedmowski, Christoph and Kemna, Andreas and Kraska, Thorsten and Muller, Onno and Schultz, Johannes and Udelhoven, Thomas and Wilke, Norman and Rascher, Uwe}, title = {Land surface temperature retrieval for agricultural areas using a novel UAV platform equipped with a thermal infrared and multispectral sensor}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {12}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {7}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs12071075}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-203557}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Land surface temperature (LST) is a fundamental parameter within the system of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, which can be used to describe the inherent physical processes of energy and water exchange. The need for LST has been increasingly recognised in agriculture, as it affects the growth phases of crops and crop yields. However, challenges in overcoming the large discrepancies between the retrieved LST and ground truth data still exist. Precise LST measurement depends mainly on accurately deriving the surface emissivity, which is very dynamic due to changing states of land cover and plant development. In this study, we present an LST retrieval algorithm for the combined use of multispectral optical and thermal UAV images, which has been optimised for operational applications in agriculture to map the heterogeneous and diverse agricultural crop systems of a research campus in Germany (April 2018). We constrain the emissivity using certain NDVI thresholds to distinguish different land surface types. The algorithm includes atmospheric corrections and environmental thermal emissions to minimise the uncertainties. In the analysis, we emphasise that the omission of crucial meteorological parameters and inaccurately determined emissivities can lead to a considerably underestimated LST; however, if the emissivity is underestimated, the LST can be overestimated. The retrieved LST is validated by reference temperatures from nearby ponds and weather stations. The validation of the thermal measurements indicates a mean absolute error of about 0.5 K. The novelty of the dual sensor system is that it simultaneously captures highly spatially resolved optical and thermal images, in order to construct the precise LST ortho-mosaics required to monitor plant diseases and drought stress and validate airborne and satellite data.}, language = {en} } @article{LatifiHeurich2019, author = {Latifi, Hooman and Heurich, Marco}, title = {Multi-scale remote sensing-assisted forest inventory: a glimpse of the state-of-the-art and future prospects}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {11}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {11}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs11111260}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-197358}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Advances in remote inventory and analysis of forest resources during the last decade have reached a level to be now considered as a crucial complement, if not a surrogate, to the long-existing field-based methods. This is mostly reflected in not only the use of multiple-band new active and passive remote sensing data for forest inventory, but also in the methodic and algorithmic developments and/or adoptions that aim at maximizing the predictive or calibration performances, thereby minimizing both random and systematic errors, in particular for multi-scale spatial domains. With this in mind, this editorial note wraps up the recently-published Remote Sensing special issue "Remote Sensing-Based Forest Inventories from Landscape to Global Scale", which hosted a set of state-of-the-art experiments on remotely sensed inventory of forest resources conducted by a number of prominent researchers worldwide.}, language = {en} } @article{AppelHardaker2021, author = {Appel, Alexandra and Hardaker, Sina}, title = {Strategies in Times of Pandemic Crisis — Retailers and Regional Resilience in W{\"u}rzburg, Germany}, series = {Sustainability}, volume = {13}, journal = {Sustainability}, number = {5}, issn = {2071-1050}, doi = {10.3390/su13052643}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-233991}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Research on the COVID-19 crisis and its implications on regional resilience is still in its infancy. To understand resilience on its aggregate level it is important to identify (non)resilient actions of individual actors who comprise regions. As the retail sector among others represents an important factor in an urban regions recovery, we focus on the resilience of (textile) retailers within the city of W{\"u}rzburg in Germany to the COVID-19 pandemic. To address the identified research gap, this paper applies the concept of resilience. Firstly, conducting expert interviews, the individual (textile) retailers' level and their strategies in coping with the crisis is considered. Secondly, conducting a contextual analysis of the German city of W{\"u}rzburg, we wish to contribute to the discussion of how the resilience of a region is influenced inter alia by actors. Our study finds three main strategies on the individual level, with retailers: (1) intending to "bounce back" to a pre-crisis state, (2) reorganising existing practices, as well as (3) closing stores and winding up business. As at the time of research, no conclusions regarding long-term impacts and resilience are possible, the results are limited. Nevertheless, detailed analysis of retailers' strategies contributes to a better understanding of regional resilience.}, language = {en} } @article{HolzwarthThonfeldAbdullahietal.2020, author = {Holzwarth, Stefanie and Thonfeld, Frank and Abdullahi, Sahra and Asam, Sarah and Da Ponte Canova, Emmanuel and Gessner, Ursula and Huth, Juliane and Kraus, Tanja and Leutner, Benjamin and Kuenzer, Claudia}, title = {Earth Observation based monitoring of forests in Germany: a review}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {12}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {21}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs12213570}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-216334}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Forests in Germany cover around 11.4 million hectares and, thus, a share of 32\% of Germany's surface area. Therefore, forests shape the character of the country's cultural landscape. Germany's forests fulfil a variety of functions for nature and society, and also play an important role in the context of climate levelling. Climate change, manifested via rising temperatures and current weather extremes, has a negative impact on the health and development of forests. Within the last five years, severe storms, extreme drought, and heat waves, and the subsequent mass reproduction of bark beetles have all seriously affected Germany's forests. Facing the current dramatic extent of forest damage and the emerging long-term consequences, the effort to preserve forests in Germany, along with their diversity and productivity, is an indispensable task for the government. Several German ministries have and plan to initiate measures supporting forest health. Quantitative data is one means for sound decision-making to ensure the monitoring of the forest and to improve the monitoring of forest damage. In addition to existing forest monitoring systems, such as the federal forest inventory, the national crown condition survey, and the national forest soil inventory, systematic surveys of forest condition and vulnerability at the national scale can be expanded with the help of a satellite-based earth observation. In this review, we analysed and categorized all research studies published in the last 20 years that focus on the remote sensing of forests in Germany. For this study, 166 citation indexed research publications have been thoroughly analysed with respect to publication frequency, location of studies undertaken, spatial and temporal scale, coverage of the studies, satellite sensors employed, thematic foci of the studies, and overall outcomes, allowing us to identify major research and geoinformation product gaps.}, language = {en} } @article{UsmanMahmoodConradetal.2020, author = {Usman, Muhammad and Mahmood, Talha and Conrad, Christopher and Bodla, Habib Ullah}, title = {Remote Sensing and modelling based framework for valuing irrigation system efficiency and steering indicators of consumptive water use in an irrigated region}, series = {Sustainability}, volume = {12}, journal = {Sustainability}, number = {22}, issn = {2071-1050}, doi = {10.3390/su12229535}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-219358}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Water crises are becoming severe in recent times, further fueled by population increase and climate change. They result in complex and unsustainable water management. Spatial estimation of consumptive water use is vital for performance assessment of the irrigation system using Remote Sensing (RS). For this study, its estimation is done using the Soil Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) approach. Performance indicators including equity, adequacy, and reliability were worked out at various spatiotemporal scales. Moreover, optimization and sustainable use of water resources are not possible without knowing the factors mainly influencing consumptive water use of major crops. For that purpose, random forest regression modelling was employed using various sets of factors for site-specific, proximity, and cropping system. The results show that the system is underperforming both for Kharif (i.e., summer) and Rabi (i.e., winter) seasons. Performance indicators highlight poor water distribution in the system, a shortage of water supply, and unreliability. The results are relatively good for Rabi as compared to Kharif, with an overall poor situation for both seasons. Factors importance varies for different crops. Overall, distance from canal, road density, canal density, and farm approachability are the most important factors for explaining consumptive water use. Auditing of consumptive water use shows the potential for resource optimization through on-farm water management by the targeted approach. The results are based on the present situation without considering future changes in canal water supply and consumptive water use under climate change.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Bangelesa2022, author = {Bangelesa, Freddy Fefe}, title = {Impacts of climate variability and change on Maize (\(Zea\) \(mays\)) production in tropical Africa}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-25934}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259347}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Climate change is undeniable and constitutes one of the major threats of the 21st century. It impacts sectors of our society, usually negatively, and is likely to worsen towards the middle and end of the century. The agricultural sector is of particular concern, for it is the primary source of food and is strongly dependent on the weather. Considerable attention has been given to the impact of climate change on African agriculture because of the continent's high vulnerability, which is mainly due to its low adaptation capac- ity. Several studies have been implemented to evaluate the impact of climate change on this continent. The results are sometimes controversial since the studies are based on different approaches, climate models and crop yield datasets. This study attempts to contribute substantially to this large topic by suggesting specific types of climate pre- dictors. The study focuses on tropical Africa and its maize yield. Maize is considered to be the most important crop in this region. To estimate the effect of climate change on maize yield, the study began by developing a robust cross-validated multiple linear regression model, which related climate predictors and maize yield. This statistical trans- fer function is reputed to be less prone to overfitting and multicollinearity problems. It is capable of selecting robust predictors, which have a physical meaning. Therefore, the study combined: large-scale predictors, which were derived from the principal component analysis of the monthly precipitation and temperature; traditional local-scale predictors, mainly, the mean precipitation, mean temperature, maximum temperature and minimum temperature; and the Water Requirement Satisfaction Index (WRSI), derived from the specific crop (maize) water balance model. The projected maize-yield change is forced by a regional climate model (RCM) REMO under two emission scenarios: high emission scenario (RCP8.5) and mid-range emission scenario (RCP4.5). The different effects of these groups of predictors in projecting the future maize-yield changes were also assessed. Furthermore, the study analysed the impact of climate change on the global WRSI. The results indicate that almost 27 \% of the interannual variability of maize production of the entire region is explained by climate variables. The influence of climate predictors on maize-yield production is more pronounced in West Africa, reaching 55 \% in some areas. The model projection indicates that the maize yield in the entire region is expected to decrease by the middle of the century under an RCP8.5 emission scenario, and from the middle of the century to the end of the century, the production will slightly recover but will remain negative (around -10 \%). However, in some regions of East Africa, a slight increase in maize yield is expected. The maize-yield projection under RCP4.5 remains relatively unchanged compared to the baseline period (1982-2016). The results further indicate that large-scale predictors are the most critical drivers of the global year-to-year maize-yield variability, and ENSO - which is highly correlated with the most important predictor (PC2) - seems to be the physical process underlying this variability. The effects of local predictors are more pronounced in the eastern parts of the region. The impact of the future climate change on WRSI reveals that the availability of maize water is expected to decrease everywhere, except in some parts of eastern Africa.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Karama2021, author = {Karama, Alphonse}, title = {East African Seasonal Rainfall prediction using multiple linear regression and regression with ARIMA errors models}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-25183}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-251831}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The detrimental impacts of climate variability on water, agriculture, and food resources in East Africa underscore the importance of reliable seasonal climate prediction. To overcome this difficulty RARIMAE method were evolved. Applications RARIMAE in the literature shows that amalgamating different methods can be an efficient and effective way to improve the forecasts of time series under consideration. With these motivations, attempt have been made to develop a multiple linear regression model (MLR) and a RARIMAE models for forecasting seasonal rainfall in east Africa under the following objectives: 1. To develop MLR model for seasonal rainfall prediction in East Africa. 2. To develop a RARIMAE model for seasonal rainfall prediction in East Africa. 3. Comparison of model's efficiency under consideration In order to achieve the above objectives, the monthly precipitation data covering the period from 1949 to 2000 was obtained from Climate Research Unit (CRU). Next to that, the first differenced climate indices were used as predictors. In the first part of this study, the analyses of the rainfall fluctuation in whole Central- East Africa region which span over a longitude of 15 degrees East to 55 degrees East and a latitude of 15 degrees South to 15 degrees North was done by the help of maps. For models' comparison, the R-squared values for the MLR model are subtracted from the R-squared values of RARIMAE model. The results show positive values which indicates that R-squared is improved by RARIMAE model. On the other side, the root mean square errors (RMSE) values of the RARIMAE model are subtracted from the RMSE values of the MLR model and the results show negative value which indicates that RMSE is reduced by RARIMAE model for training and testing datasets. For the second part of this study, the area which is considered covers a longitude of 31.5 degrees East to 41 degrees East and a latitude of 3.5 degrees South to 0.5 degrees South. This region covers Central-East of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), north of Burundi, south of Uganda, Rwanda, north of Tanzania and south of Kenya. Considering a model constructed based on the average rainfall time series in this region, the long rainfall season counts the nine months lead of the first principal component of Indian sea level pressure (SLP_PC19) and the nine months lead of Dipole Mode Index (DMI_LR9) as selected predictors for both statistical and predictive model. On the other side, the short rainfall season counts the three months lead of the first principal component of Indian sea surface temperature (SST_PC13) and the three months lead of Southern Oscillation Index (SOI_SR3) as predictors for predictive model. For short rainfall season statistical model SAOD current time series (SAOD_SR0) was added on the two predictors in predictive model. By applying a MLR model it is shown that the forecast can explain 27.4\% of the total variation and has a RMSE of 74.2mm/season for long rainfall season while for the RARIMAE the forecast explains 53.6\% of the total variation and has a RMSE of 59.4mm/season. By applying a MLR model it is shown that the forecast can explain 22.8\% of the total variation and has a RMSE of 106.1 mm/season for short rainfall season predictive model while for the RARIMAE the forecast explains 55.1\% of the total variation and has a RMSE of 81.1 mm/season. From such comparison, a significant rise in R-squared, a decrease of RMSE values were observed in RARIMAE models for both short rainfall and long rainfall season averaged time series. In terms of reliability, RARIMAE outperformed its MLR counterparts with better efficiency and accuracy. Therefore, whenever the data suffer from autocorrelation, we can go for MLR with ARIMA error, the ARIMA error part is more to correct the autocorrelation thereby improving the variance and productiveness of the model.}, subject = {Regression}, language = {en} } @article{JobWilliMayeretal.2020, author = {Job, Hubert and Willi, Gero and Mayer, Marius and P{\"u}tz, Marco}, title = {Open Spaces in Alpine Countries: Analytical Concepts and Preservation Strategies in Spatial Planning}, series = {Mountain Research and Development}, volume = {40}, journal = {Mountain Research and Development}, number = {3}, doi = {10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-20-00016.1}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259338}, pages = {D1-D11}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Open spaces in the Alps are becoming noticeably scarcer, and the long-term consequences for humans and the environment are often overlooked. Open spaces preserve ecosystem services but are under pressure in many Alpine valleys due to demographic and economic development as well as corresponding technical and tourism infrastructure. This article conceptualizes and measures open spaces in Alpine environments. In addition to analyzing existing spatial planning instruments and the open spaces resulting from 2 of them-the Bavarian Alpenplan in Germany and the Tyrolean Ruhegebiete in Austria-we identify open spaces in Switzerland using a geographic information system. More generally, we discuss how spatial planning deals with open spaces. Results show that both the Alpenplan and the Ruhegebiete have contributed significantly to the protection of open spaces in the Bavarian and Tyrolean Alps since the 1970s. Indeed, both approaches prevented several development projects. In the Swiss Alps, open spaces cover 41.9\% of the Alpine Convention area. A share of 40.3\% vegetation-free open spaces shows that they are concentrated in high alpine areas. Of the open spaces identified, 64.6\% are covered by protected areas. Hence, about one third of the open spaces still existing in the Swiss Alps need preservation, not only for ecological connectivity reasons but also to preserve them for generations to come. We conclude that different sectoral approaches for the conservation of open spaces for people and natural heritage in the Alps and other high mountain ranges should be better coordinated. In addition, much more intensive crossborder cooperation in spatial development and planning is needed to preserve open spaces throughout the Alpine arc.}, language = {en} } @article{AsamGessnerAlmengorGonzalezetal.2022, author = {Asam, Sarah and Gessner, Ursula and Almengor Gonz{\´a}lez, Roger and Wenzl, Martina and Kriese, Jennifer and Kuenzer, Claudia}, title = {Mapping crop types of Germany by combining temporal statistical metrics of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 time series with LPIS data}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {14}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {13}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs14132981}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-278969}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Nationwide and consistent information on agricultural land use forms an important basis for sustainable land management maintaining food security, (agro)biodiversity, and soil fertility, especially as German agriculture has shown high vulnerability to climate change. Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellite data of the Copernicus program offer time series with temporal, spatial, radiometric, and spectral characteristics that have great potential for mapping and monitoring agricultural crops. This paper presents an approach which synergistically uses these multispectral and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) time series for the classification of 17 crop classes at 10 m spatial resolution for Germany in the year 2018. Input data for the Random Forest (RF) classification are monthly statistics of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 time series. This approach reduces the amount of input data and pre-processing steps while retaining phenological information, which is crucial for crop type discrimination. For training and validation, Land Parcel Identification System (LPIS) data were available covering 15 of the 16 German Federal States. An overall map accuracy of 75.5\% was achieved, with class-specific F1-scores above 80\% for winter wheat, maize, sugar beet, and rapeseed. By combining optical and SAR data, overall accuracies could be increased by 6\% and 9\%, respectively, compared to single sensor approaches. While no increase in overall accuracy could be achieved by stratifying the classification in natural landscape regions, the class-wise accuracies for all but the cereal classes could be improved, on average, by 7\%. In comparison to census data, the crop areas could be approximated well with, on average, only 1\% of deviation in class-specific acreages. Using this streamlined approach, similar accuracies for the most widespread crop types as well as for smaller permanent crop classes were reached as in other Germany-wide crop type studies, indicating its potential for repeated nationwide crop type mapping.}, language = {en} } @article{AppelHardaker2022, author = {Appel, Alexandra and Hardaker, Sina}, title = {Einzelhandel als Katalysator f{\"u}r nachhaltige urbane Radlogistik? - W{\"u}Livery, ein Fallbeispiel aus W{\"u}rzburg}, series = {Standort}, volume = {46}, journal = {Standort}, number = {1}, issn = {1432-220X}, doi = {10.1007/s00548-021-00758-y}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-268437}, pages = {9-15}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Die Covid-19-Pandemie gilt in vielen gesellschaftlichen Teilbereichen als Beschleuniger f{\"u}r Transformationsprozesse. Auch im Bereich der Organisation urbaner Logistik und Einzelhandelslandschaften etablieren sich neue Akteur*innen und Funktionen. Logistiker*innen integrieren lokale Onlinemarktpl{\"a}tze in ihre Profile und der station{\"a}re Einzelhandel generiert Wettbewerbsf{\"a}higkeit gegen{\"u}ber großen Onlineh{\"a}ndler*innen {\"u}ber die Nutzung lokaler Radlogistiknetzwerke, mittels derer Lieferungen noch am Tag der Bestellung (Same-Day-Delivery) verteilt werden k{\"o}nnen. Damit leisten die involvierten Akteur*innen potenziell auch einen Beitrag zur Nachhaltigkeitstransformation im Bereich urbaner Logistiksysteme. Im Fokus steht das Fallbeispiel W{\"u}Livery, ein Kooperationsprojekt des Stadtmarketingvereins, der Wirtschaftsf{\"o}rderung, Radlogistiker*innen sowie Einzelh{\"a}ndler*innen in W{\"u}rzburg, welches w{\"a}hrend des zweiten coronabedingten Lockdowns im November 2020 umgesetzt wurde. Die entstehenden Dynamiken und Organisationsformen werden auf Basis von 11 Expert*inneninterviews dargestellt und analysiert. Es kann gezeigt werden, dass st{\"a}dtische Akteur*innen grundlegende Mediator*innen f{\"u}r Transformationsprozesse darstellen und Einzelh{\"a}ndler*innen und lokale Onlinemarktpl{\"a}tze als Katalysator*innen fungieren k{\"o}nnen. Das ist auch vor dem Hintergrund planerischer und politischer Kommunikationsprozesse zur Legitimation neuer Verkehrsinfrastrukturen nutzbar, da die einzelnen Akteur*innengruppen in Austausch kommen und ein gesteigertes Bewusstsein f{\"u}r die jeweiligen Bedarfe entsteht.}, language = {de} } @article{WehnerHuchlerFritz2022, author = {Wehner, Helena and Huchler, Katharina and Fritz, Johannes}, title = {Quantification of foraging areas for the Northern Bald Ibis (Geronticus eremita) in the northern Alpine foothills: a random forest model fitted with optical and actively sensed earth observation data}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {14}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {4}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs14041015}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-262245}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The Northern Bald Ibis (Geronticus eremita, NBI) is an endangered migratory species, which went extinct in Europe in the 17th century. Currently, a translocation project in the frame of the European LIFE program is carried out, to reintroduce a migratory population with breeding colonies in the northern and southern Alpine foothills and a common wintering area in southern Tuscany. The population meanwhile consists of about 200 individuals, with about 90\% of them carrying a GPS device on their back. We used biologging data from 2021 to model the habitat suitability for the species in the northern Alpine foothills. To set up a species distribution model, indices describing environmental conditions were calculated from satellite images of Landsat-8, and in addition to the well-proven use of optical remote sensing data, we also included Sentinel-1 actively sensed observation data, as well as climate and urbanization data. A random forest model was fitted on NBI GPS positions, which we used to identify regions with high predicted foraging suitability within the northern Alpine foothills. The model resulted in 84.5\% overall accuracy. Elevation and slope had the highest predictive power, followed by grass cover and VV intensity of Sentinel-1 radar data. The map resulting from the model predicts the highest foraging suitability for valley floors, especially of Inn, Rhine, and Salzach-Valley as well as flatlands, like the Swiss Plateau and the agricultural areas surrounding Lake Constance. Areas with a high suitability index largely overlap with known historic breeding sites. This is particularly noteworthy because the model only refers to foraging habitats without considering the availability of suitable breeding cliffs. Detailed analyses identify the transition zone from extensive grassland management to intensive arable farming as the northern range limit. The modeling outcome allows for defining suitable areas for further translocation and management measures in the frame of the European NBI reintroduction program. Although required in the international IUCN translocation guidelines, the use of models in the context of translocation projects is still not common and in the case of the Northern Bald Ibis not considered in the present Single Species Action Plan of the African-Eurasian Migratory Water bird Agreement. Our species distribution model represents a contemporary snapshot, but sustainability is essential for conservation planning, especially in times of climate change. In this regard, a further model could be optimized by investigating sustainable land use, temporal dynamics, and climate change scenarios.}, language = {en} } @book{OPUS4-18196, title = {Einzelhandel und Stadtverkehr - Neue Entwicklungstendenzen durch Digitalisierung und Stadtgestaltung}, editor = {Neiberger, Cordula and Pez, Peter}, edition = {1. Auflage}, publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, address = {W{\"u}rzburg}, isbn = {978-3-95826-112-9}, doi = {10.25972/WUP-978-3-95826-113-6}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-181963}, publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, pages = {162}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Handel und Verkehr sind eng miteinander verzahnt, und Standortsysteme im (Einzel-)handel k{\"o}nnen die Konfiguration von (st{\"a}dtischen) Verkehrssystemen weitreichend beeinflussen - gleiches gilt aber auch in umgekehrter Richtung. Aktuelle Wandlungsprozesse zeichnen sich insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund zunehmender Digitalisierung ab. So differenzieren sich Distributionsformen mit neuen IT-basierten Zustellsystemen aus. Onlineshopping steht dabei im Wettbewerb mit dem station{\"a}ren Einzelhandel und initiiert zunehmende Transportstr{\"o}me (auch f{\"u}r Warenr{\"u}ckl{\"a}ufe). Wie wirkt sich diese Entwicklung im Einzelhandel auf Einkaufsverhalten und Mobilit{\"a}tder Kunden aus? Was bedeutet dies wiederum f{\"u}r den Handel? Und inwieweit stimmt der dadurch ausgel{\"o}ste Wandel mit den Leitbildern von Handel, Stadtplanung und Nachhaltigkeit {\"u}berein oder verlangt neue Anpassungen? Diesen und weiteren Fragen geht der vorliegende Sammelband „Einzelhandel und Stadtverkehr. Neue Entwicklungstendenzen durch Digitalisierung und Stadtgestaltung" der Schriftenreihe Geographische Handelsforschung nach. Die sieben Beitr{\"a}ge des Bandes standen im Zentrum der Vortr{\"a}ge und Diskussionen anl{\"a}sslich der gemeinsamen Jahrestagung der VGDH-Arbeitskreise „Verkehr" und „Geographische Handelsforschung" vom 7. bis 9. Juni 2018 an der Leuphana Universit{\"a}t L{\"u}neburg. Aus wissenschaftlicher und dabei praktischer Perspektive diskutierten die Autoren aktuelle Trends und Entwicklungsperspektiven des nicht immer einfachen Managements von Mobilit{\"a}t und Konsum.}, subject = {Einzelhandel}, language = {de} } @incollection{Uttke2011, author = {Uttke, Angela}, title = {Discounter-St{\"a}dtebau - Die bauliche Gestaltung von Marktpl{\"a}tzen und Schaupl{\"a}tzen des Alltags}, series = {Discounterwelten}, booktitle = {Discounterwelten}, publisher = {L.I.S.-Verlag}, address = {Passau}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-182651}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, pages = {51-73}, year = {2011}, abstract = {No abstract available.}, subject = {Einzelhandel}, language = {de} } @techreport{MeyerJobLaneretal.2022, author = {Meyer, Constantin and Job, Hubert and Laner, Peter and Omizzolo, Andrea and Kollmann, Nadia and Clare, Jasmin and Vesely, Philipp and Riedler, Walter and Plassmann, Guido and Coronado, Oriana and Praper Gulič, Sergeja and Gulič, Andrej and Koblar, Simon and Teofili, Corrado and Rohringer, Verena and Schoßleitner, Richard and Ainz, Gerhard}, title = {OpenSpaceAlps Planning Handbook: Perspectives for consistent safeguarding of open spaces in the Alpine region}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-27040}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-270401}, pages = {110}, year = {2022}, abstract = {In the Alpine region, the continuous consumption of open spaces for settlement areas and technical infrastructure and the associated soil sealing can be observed. This leads primarily to the loss of agricultural land. Depending on the extent of development, there is also increased landscape fragmentation, which is associated with the isolation of natural habitats and the restriction of ecological connectivity, as well as other negative consequences. The OpenSpaceAlps project has addressed this issue and, based on cooperative procedures in several pilot regions, has developed approaches and solution strategies for the sustainable safeguarding of open spaces. This handbook supports the activities and decision-making of various stakeholders, first and foremost planners in public planning authorities. Based on an analysis of the challenges and framework conditions in the Alpine region, the handbook presents and compares central "principles" of open space planning. Furthermore, integrated planning strategies for different spatial categories are discussed.}, subject = {Raumordnung}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Krech2018, author = {Krech, Martin}, title = {Pedosediment{\"a}re Archive in pr{\"a}historischen Fundpl{\"a}tzen in Franken}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-163682}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Pedosediment{\"a}re Archive liefern einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Rekonstruktion der Landschaftsgeschichte. Die anthropogene Besiedlung und Nutzung der Landoberfl{\"a}che seit dem Beginn des Holoz{\"a}ns verursacht Boden-, Vegetations- und Reliefver{\"a}nderungen, welche sich durch die Verbreitung von B{\"o}den mit ihren Erosionsstadien und Kolluvien zeigen. Das Ausmaß und die Art der Bodenerosion und die damit verbundene Bildung der Kolluvien werden neben den nat{\"u}rlichen Faktoren wesentlich durch die Landnutzung bestimmt. B{\"o}den und Kolluvien enthalten wichtige Informationen {\"u}ber die urspr{\"u}ngliche Landschaft, ehemalige Landnutzungsphasen und Umweltver{\"a}nderungen. Die spezifischen Merkmale in Kombination mit den arch{\"a}ologischen Befunden erm{\"o}glichen R{\"u}ckschl{\"u}sse auf vergangene Natur- und Kulturr{\"a}ume. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, ein besseres Verst{\"a}ndnis {\"u}ber die Siedlungs- und Landschaftsentwicklung der untersuchten Gebiete in Franken zu erlangen. Hierf{\"u}r ist es angebracht, mehrere r{\"a}umlich verteilte Standorte zu untersuchen. Um den menschlichen Einfluss auf die pr{\"a}historische Landschaft besser verstehen zu k{\"o}nnen, kam ein interdisziplin{\"a}rer Ansatz mit arch{\"a}ologischen und physisch-geographischen Methoden zur Anwendung. Die Umgebungen der einzelnen Untersuchungsstandorte wurden nach geomorphologischen Kriterien charakterisiert und ausgew{\"a}hlten Befunde nach bodenkundlichen Fragestellungen aufgenommen. Die Bestimmung der bodenphysikalischen und -chemischen Eigenschaften von B{\"o}den und Sedimenten erfolgte anhand repr{\"a}sentativer Probenmengen. Bei ausgew{\"a}hlten Profilen kamen zus{\"a}tzlich die Analysen zur Bestimmung der Gesamt- und Tonmineralogie sowie die Methode der 14C-Datierung f{\"u}r Bodensedimente, Tierknochen und Holzkohlen hinzu. Die physisch-geographischen Ergebnisse konnten anschließend mit den arch{\"a}ologischen Informationen erg{\"a}nzt. Die drei ausgew{\"a}hlten Untersuchungsgebiete befinden sich im Fr{\"a}nkischen Schichtstufenland. Der Bullenheimer Berg wurde aufgrund seiner bedeutenden Besiedlungsgeschichte ausgew{\"a}hlt. Die ausgew{\"a}hlten Profile liegen in verschiedenen Nutzungsarealen auf dem Plateau. Die Standorte Marktbergel und Ergersheim liegen im Gebiet des Fr{\"a}nkischen Gipskarstes. Diese Untersuchungen sind ein Teil des DFG-gef{\"o}rderten Projektes „Pr{\"a}historische Mensch-Umwelt-Beziehungen im Gipskarst der Windsheimer Bucht, Nordbayern. Dolinen als Archive f{\"u}r Siedlungs- und Landschaftsentwicklung." Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der anthropogene Einfluss zu einer deutlichen Ver{\"a}nderung in der Landschaft f{\"u}hrte. F{\"u}r die Untersuchungsr{\"a}ume zeichnet sich eine lange Nutzungsgeschichte seit dem Beginn des Holoz{\"a}ns ab. Durch die Auswertung der Gel{\"a}ndebefunde und der labortechnisch erzeugten Kennwerte konnten die untersuchten Profile in mehrere Phasen gegliedert werden. Es zeigten sich Stabilit{\"a}tsphasen in denen Bodenbildung stattfinden konnte, aber auch geomorphodynamisch aktive Phasen der Erosion und Akkumulation von Bodensedimenten.}, subject = {Pedostratigraphie}, language = {de} } @article{RokhafrouzLatifiAbkaretal.2021, author = {Rokhafrouz, Mohammad and Latifi, Hooman and Abkar, Ali A. and Wojciechowski, Tomasz and Czechlowski, Mirosław and Naieni, Ali Sadeghi and Maghsoudi, Yasser and Niedbała, Gniewko}, title = {Simplified and hybrid remote sensing-based delineation of management zones for nitrogen variable rate application in wheat}, series = {Agriculture}, volume = {11}, journal = {Agriculture}, number = {11}, issn = {2077-0472}, doi = {10.3390/agriculture11111104}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-250033}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Enhancing digital and precision agriculture is currently inevitable to overcome the economic and environmental challenges of the agriculture in the 21st century. The purpose of this study was to generate and compare management zones (MZ) based on the Sentinel-2 satellite data for variable rate application of mineral nitrogen in wheat production, calculated using different remote sensing (RS)-based models under varied soil, yield and crop data availability. Three models were applied, including (1) a modified "RS- and threshold-based clustering", (2) a "hybrid-based, unsupervised clustering", in which data from different sources were combined for MZ delineation, and (3) a "RS-based, unsupervised clustering". Various data processing methods including machine learning were used in the model development. Statistical tests such as the Paired Sample T-test, Kruskal-Wallis H-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were applied to evaluate the final delineated MZ maps. Additionally, a procedure for improving models based on information about phenological phases and the occurrence of agricultural drought was implemented. The results showed that information on agronomy and climate enables improving and optimizing MZ delineation. The integration of prior knowledge on new climate conditions (drought) in image selection was tested for effective use of the models. Lack of this information led to the infeasibility of obtaining optimal results. Models that solely rely on remote sensing information are comparatively less expensive than hybrid models. Additionally, remote sensing-based models enable delineating MZ for fertilizer recommendations that are temporally closer to fertilization times.}, language = {en} } @article{RoeschSonnenscheinBucheltetal.2022, author = {R{\"o}sch, Moritz and Sonnenschein, Ruth and Buchelt, Sebastian and Ullmann, Tobias}, title = {Comparing PlanetScope and Sentinel-2 imagery for mapping mountain pines in the Sarntal Alps, Italy}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {14}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {13}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs14133190}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-281945}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The mountain pine (Pinus mugo ssp. Mugo Turra) is an important component of the alpine treeline ecotone and fulfills numerous ecosystem functions. To understand and quantify the impacts of increasing logging activities and climatic changes in the European Alps, accurate information on the occurrence and distribution of mountain pine stands is needed. While Earth observation provides up-to-date information on land cover, space-borne mapping of mountain pines is challenging as different coniferous species are spectrally similar, and small-structured patches may remain undetected due to the sensor's spatial resolution. This study uses multi-temporal optical imagery from PlanetScope (3 m) and Sentinel-2 (10 m) and combines them with additional features (e.g., textural statistics (homogeneity, contrast, entropy, spatial mean and spatial variance) from gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM), topographic features (elevation, slope and aspect) and canopy height information) to overcome the present challenges in mapping mountain pine stands. Specifically, we assessed the influence of spatial resolution and feature space composition including the GLCM window size for textural features. The study site is covering the Sarntal Alps, Italy, a region known for large stands of mountain pine. Our results show that mountain pines can be accurately mapped (PlanetScope (90.96\%) and Sentinel-2 (90.65\%)) by combining all features. In general, Sentinel-2 can achieve comparable results to PlanetScope independent of the feature set composition, despite the lower spatial resolution. In particular, the inclusion of textural features improved the accuracy by +8\% (PlanetScope) and +3\% (Sentinel-2), whereas accuracy improvements of topographic features and canopy height were low. The derived map of mountain pines in the Sarntal Alps supports local forest management to monitor and assess recent and ongoing anthropogenic and climatic changes at the treeline. Furthermore, our study highlights the importance of freely available Sentinel-2 data and image-derived textural features to accurately map mountain pines in Alpine environments.}, language = {en} } @article{BanksMillardBehnamianetal.2017, author = {Banks, Sarah and Millard, Koreen and Behnamian, Amir and White, Lori and Ullmann, Tobias and Charbonneau, Francois and Chen, Zhaohua and Wang, Huili and Pasher, Jon and Duffe, Jason}, title = {Contributions of actual and simulated satellite SAR data for substrate type differentiation and shoreline mapping in the Canadian Arctic}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {9}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {12}, doi = {10.3390/rs9121206}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-172630}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Detailed information on the land cover types present and the horizontal position of the land-water interface is needed for sensitive coastal ecosystems throughout the Arctic, both to establish baselines against which the impacts of climate change can be assessed and to inform response operations in the event of environmental emergencies such as oil spills. Previous work has demonstrated potential for accurate classification via fusion of optical and SAR data, though what contribution either makes to model accuracy is not well established, nor is it clear what shorelines can be classified using optical or SAR data alone. In this research, we evaluate the relative value of quad pol RADARSAT-2 and Landsat 5 data for shoreline mapping by individually excluding both datasets from Random Forest models used to classify images acquired over Nunavut, Canada. In anticipation of the RADARSAT Constellation Mission (RCM), we also simulate and evaluate dual and compact polarimetric imagery for shoreline mapping. Results show that SAR data is needed for accurate discrimination of substrates as user's and producer's accuracies were 5-24\% higher for models constructed with quad pol RADARSAT-2 and DEM data than models constructed with Landsat 5 and DEM data. Models based on simulated RCM and DEM data achieved significantly lower overall accuracies (71-77\%) than models based on quad pol RADARSAT-2 and DEM data (80\%), with Wetland and Tundra being most adversely affected. When classified together with Landsat 5 and DEM data, however, model accuracy was less affected by the SAR data type, with multiple polarizations and modes achieving independent overall accuracies within a range acceptable for operational mapping, at 89-91\%. RCM is expected to contribute positively to ongoing efforts to monitor change and improve emergency preparedness throughout the Arctic.}, language = {en} } @article{ReichmuthHenningPinneletal.2018, author = {Reichmuth, Anne and Henning, Lea and Pinnel, Nicole and Bachmann, Martin and Rogge, Derek}, title = {Early detection of vitality changes of multi-temporal Norway spruce laboratory needle measurements—the ring-barking experiment}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {10}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {1}, doi = {10.3390/rs10010057}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-159253}, pages = {57}, year = {2018}, abstract = {The focus of this analysis is on the early detection of forest health changes, specifically that of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.). In this analysis, we planned to examine the time (degree of early detection), spectral wavelengths and appropriate method for detecting vitality changes. To accomplish this, a ring-barking experiment with seven subsequent laboratory needle measurements was carried out in 2013 and 2014 in an area in southeastern Germany near Alt{\"o}tting. The experiment was also accompanied by visual crown condition assessment. In total, 140 spruce trees in groups of five were ring-barked with the same number of control trees in groups of five that were selected as reference trees in order to compare their development. The laboratory measurements were analysed regarding the separability of ring-barked and control samples using spectral reflectance, vegetation indices and derivative analysis. Subsequently, a random forest classifier for determining important spectral wavelength regions was applied. Results from the methods are consistent and showed a high importance of the visible (VIS) spectral region, very low importance of the near-infrared (NIR) and minor importance of the shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectral region. Using spectral reflectance data as well as indices, the earliest separation time was found to be 292 days after ring-barking. The derivative analysis showed that a significant separation was observed 152 days after ring-barking for six spectral features spread through VIS and SWIR. A significant separation was detected using a random forest classifier 292 days after ring-barking with 58\% separability. The visual crown condition assessment was analysed regarding obvious changes of vitality and the first indication was observed 302 days after ring-barking as bark beetle infestation and yellowing of foliage in the ring-barked trees only. This experiment shows that an early detection, compared with visual crown assessment, is possible using the proposed methods for this specific data set. This study will contribute to ongoing research for early detection of vitality changes that will support foresters and decision makers.}, language = {en} } @article{KnauerGessnerFensholtetal.2016, author = {Knauer, Kim and Gessner, Ursula and Fensholt, Rasmus and Kuenzer, Claudia}, title = {An ESTARFM Fusion Framework for the Generation of Large-Scale Time Series in Cloud-Prone and Heterogeneous Landscapes}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {8}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {5}, doi = {10.3390/rs8050425}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-180712}, pages = {425}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Monitoring the spatio-temporal development of vegetation is a challenging task in heterogeneous and cloud-prone landscapes. No single satellite sensor has thus far been able to provide consistent time series of high temporal and spatial resolution for such areas. In order to overcome this problem, data fusion algorithms such as the Enhanced Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model (ESTARFM) have been established and frequently used in recent years to generate high-resolution time series. In order to make it applicable to larger scales and to increase the input data availability especially in cloud-prone areas, an ESTARFM framework was developed in this study introducing several enhancements. An automatic filling of cloud gaps was included in the framework to make best use of available, even partly cloud-covered Landsat images. Furthermore, the ESTARFM algorithm was enhanced to automatically account for regional differences in the heterogeneity of the study area. The generation of time series was automated and the processing speed was accelerated significantly by parallelization. To test the performance of the developed ESTARFM framework, MODIS and Landsat-8 data were fused for generating an 8-day NDVI time series for a study area of approximately 98,000 km\(^{2}\) in West Africa. The results show that the ESTARFM framework can accurately produce high temporal resolution time series (average MAE (mean absolute error) of 0.02 for the dry season and 0.05 for the vegetative season) while keeping the spatial detail in such a heterogeneous, cloud-prone region. The developments introduced within the ESTARFM framework establish the basis for large-scale research on various geoscientific questions related to land degradation, changes in land surface phenology or agriculture}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Dolezal2018, author = {Dolezal, Sascha}, title = {Traditionelle Einkaufspassagen in Japans Einzelhandelslandschaft: R{\"a}umliche Strukturen, Prozesse und Konsequenzen.}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-156842}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Eine lange Tradition im japanischen Einzelhandel besitzen die oftmals schmalen und {\"u}berdachten Einkaufspassagen (Shoutengai). Charakteristisch ist die Aneinanderreihung von kleinfl{\"a}chigen, unabh{\"a}ngigen und oftmals familiengef{\"u}hrten Fachgesch{\"a}ften. Diese sind sowohl im Einzelhandel, Dienstleistungsgewerbe als auch in der Gastronomie angesiedelt und dienen nicht nur als zentrales Versorgungszentrum in Fußn{\"a}he, sondern sind auch Kommunikationsmittelpunkt einer Nachbarschaft oder eines Stadtbezirks. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist die Darstellung der momentanen Situation traditioneller Einkaufspassagen in Japan und welchen Herausforderungen diese aktuell und zuk{\"u}nftig gegen{\"u}berstehen. Mangelnde Kundennachfrage, erh{\"o}hte Konkurrenzsituation, steigende Steuerabgaben oder fehlende Nachfolger stehen beispielhaft f{\"u}r die Probleme, mit denen sich viele Inhaber konfrontiert sehen. Durch die empirische Untersuchung sollen Determinanten des Erfolgs bzw. Misserfolgs erarbeitet werden. Hierbei wurden von Juni 2015 bis Juli 2016 in Kyoto und Osaka 21 Einkaufspassagen mit insgesamt 3.469 Gesch{\"a}ftsfl{\"a}chen kartiert, von denen wiederum acht Einkaufspassagen n{\"a}her untersucht wurden. Dabei haben 513 Betriebe an einer standardisierten Befragung teilgenommen und es wurden mehrere Leitfadeninterviews mit Shoutengai-Vereinen sowie Stadtverwaltungen und Wirtschaftsf{\"o}rderern gef{\"u}hrt. Als theoretische Grundlagen der vorliegenden Arbeit dient insbesondere die Akteurs- und Handlungstheorie und wie die Aktivit{\"a}ten der Gesch{\"a}ftsbetreiber die Passagen positiv bzw. negativ beeinflussen. Flankierenden Charakter besitzen zudem die Institutionentheorie, anhand derer der Einfluss politischer Entscheidungen er{\"o}rtert wird sowie zyklische Theorieans{\"a}tze, um eine Einordnung der traditionellen Einkaufspassagen in Japans Einzelhandelslandschaft durchzuf{\"u}hren. Seit {\"u}ber drei Jahrzehnten sinkt landesweit die Zahl der Einzelh{\"a}ndler, die Gr{\"u}nde f{\"u}r den Niedergang sind vielf{\"a}ltig. Insbesondere Einzelgesch{\"a}fte mit einer niedrigen einstelligen Zahl an Mitarbeitern waren und sind auch weiterhin im R{\"u}ckgang inbegriffen. {\"U}ber ein Drittel der befragten Gesch{\"a}ftsinhaber planen in den n{\"a}chsten f{\"u}nf Jahren die Gesch{\"a}ftsf{\"u}hrung aufzugeben, zwei Drittel von ihnen haben keinen Nachfolger f{\"u}r ihr Gesch{\"a}ft. Zunehmende Schließungen tragen zu Trading-Down Prozessen der gesamten Passage bei. Hohe Leerstandsquoten von bis zu {\"u}ber 50 \%, verbunden mit ungepflegten Geb{\"a}udefassaden, einem schlechten Beleuchtungskonzept und begrenzter Produktauswahl f{\"u}hren zu einer unattraktiven Einkaufsatmosph{\"a}re, resultierend in einem Kundenmangel. Die Diversifizierung der Betriebsformen ab den 1960er Jahren und Deregulierungsprozesse der Binnenhandelspolitik bef{\"o}rderten die Konkurrenzsituation der Einkaufspassagen und bildeten die Grundlage dieser Abw{\"a}rtsentwicklung. Einige Immobiliengesellschaften nutzen dies f{\"u}r ihre Zwecke und erwerben einige Ladenzeilen, um diese großfl{\"a}chigen zu Wohnh{\"a}usern umzubauen. Die Einkaufspassagen erfahren dadurch einen Funktionswandel und verlieren zunehmend ihren urspr{\"u}nglichen Charakter. Die Ergebnisse tragen dazu bei, die aktuelle Einzelhandelslandschaft Japans zu erfassen und stadtplanerischen Instrumenten bei der k{\"u}nftigen Planung zu unterst{\"u}tzen.}, subject = {Einzelhandel}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Trappe2022, author = {Trappe, Julian}, title = {The influence of medieval building activity on relief development within the Spessart uplands, Germany. A sedimentological, geophysical and GIS-based approach at different castle and mining sites}, edition = {1. Auflage}, publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, address = {W{\"u}rzburg}, isbn = {978-3-95826-184-6}, issn = {0510-9833}, doi = {10.25972/WUP-978-3-95826-185-3}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-261499}, school = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, pages = {XXI, 250}, year = {2022}, abstract = {In the Spessart, a low mountain range in central Germany, a feud during the Middle Ages led to the construction of numerous castles in this region. This study analyzes the mutual influence of (paleo-)relief development and medieval building activity using a geomorphological and geoarchaeological multimethod approach to expand the knowledge of human-environmental interactions during this time. For this purpose, GIS-based terrain analysis and geophysical measurements were conducted and combined with sedimentological information to create 1D-3D models of the subsurface and to assess knowledge of the landscape and relief evolution at various medieval castle and mining sites. The interpretation of all these data led to the answering of numerous site-specific questions on various geomorphological, geoarchaeological, geologic, and archaeological topics that have been explored in this work and have greatly increased our knowledge of each study site. In addition to these key contributions to the archaeological and geomorphological interpretation of individual study sites, a quantification of the anthropogenic influence on the relief development was conducted, a generalized model of the influence was derived, and new methodological and interpretative approaches were developed. Overall, this study links geomorphological/geological and (geo-)archaeological investigations at five medieval sites and delivers important information on human-environmental interactions within the Spessart and beyond.}, subject = {Geoarch{\"a}ologie}, language = {en} } @article{KleemannZamoraVillacisChiluisaetal.2022, author = {Kleemann, Janina and Zamora, Camilo and Villacis-Chiluisa, Alexandra Belen and Cuenca, Pablo and Koo, Hongmi and Noh, Jin Kyoung and F{\"u}rst, Christine and Thiel, Michael}, title = {Deforestation in continental Ecuador with a focus on protected areas}, series = {Land}, volume = {11}, journal = {Land}, number = {2}, issn = {2073-445X}, doi = {10.3390/land11020268}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-262078}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Forest conservation is of particular concern in tropical regions where a large refuge of biodiversity is still existing. These areas are threatened by deforestation, forest degradation and fragmentation. Especially, pressures of anthropogenic activities adjacent to these areas significantly influence conservation effectiveness. Ecuador was chosen as study area since it is a globally relevant center of forest ecosystems and biodiversity. We identified hotspots of deforestation on the national level of continental Ecuador between 1990 and 2018, analyzed the most significant drivers of deforestation on national and biome level (the Coast, the Andes, The Amazon) as well as inside protected areas in Ecuador by using multiple regression analysis. We separated the national system of protected areas (SNAP) into higher and lower protection levels. Besides SNAP, we also considered Biosphere Reserves (BRs) and Ramsar sites. In addition, we investigated the rates and spatial patterns of deforestation in protected areas and buffer zones (5 km and 10 km outwards the protected area boundaries) using landscape metrics. Between 1990 and 2018, approximately 4\% of the accumulated deforestation occurred within the boundaries of SNAP, and up to 25.5\% in buffer zones. The highest rates of deforestation have been found in the 5 km buffer zone around the protected areas with the highest protection level. Protected areas and their buffer zones with higher protection status were identified as the most deforested areas among SNAP. BRs had the highest deforestation rates among all protected areas but most of these areas just became BRs after the year 2000. The most important driver of deforestation is agriculture. Other relevant drivers differ between the biomes. The results suggest that the SNAP is generally effective to prevent deforestation within their protection boundaries. However, deforestation around protected areas can undermine conservation strategies to sustain biodiversity. Actions to address such dynamics and patterns of deforestation and forest fragmentation, and developing conservation strategies of their landscape context are urgently needed especially in the buffer zones of areas with the highest protection status.}, language = {en} } @article{SognoTraidlHoffmannKuenzer2020, author = {Sogno, Patrick and Traidl-Hoffmann, Claudia and Kuenzer, Claudia}, title = {Earth Observation data supporting non-communicable disease research: a review}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {12}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {16}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs12162541}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-211113}, year = {2020}, abstract = {A disease is non-communicable when it is not transferred from one person to another. Typical examples include all types of cancer, diabetes, stroke, or allergies, as well as mental diseases. Non-communicable diseases have at least two things in common — environmental impact and chronicity. These diseases are often associated with reduced quality of life, a higher rate of premature deaths, and negative impacts on a countries' economy due to healthcare costs and missing work force. Additionally, they affect the individual's immune system, which increases susceptibility toward communicable diseases, such as the flu or other viral and bacterial infections. Thus, mitigating the effects of non-communicable diseases is one of the most pressing issues of modern medicine, healthcare, and governments in general. Apart from the predisposition toward such diseases (the genome), their occurrence is associated with environmental parameters that people are exposed to (the exposome). Exposure to stressors such as bad air or water quality, noise, extreme heat, or an overall unnatural surrounding all impact the susceptibility to non-communicable diseases. In the identification of such environmental parameters, geoinformation products derived from Earth Observation data acquired by satellites play an increasingly important role. In this paper, we present a review on the joint use of Earth Observation data and public health data for research on non-communicable diseases. We analyzed 146 articles from peer-reviewed journals (Impact Factor ≥ 2) from all over the world that included Earth Observation data and public health data for their assessments. Our results show that this field of synergistic geohealth analyses is still relatively young, with most studies published within the last five years and within national boundaries. While the contribution of Earth Observation, and especially remote sensing-derived geoinformation products on land surface dynamics is on the rise, there is still a huge potential for transdisciplinary integration into studies. We see the necessity for future research and advocate for the increased incorporation of thematically profound remote sensing products with high spatial and temporal resolution into the mapping of exposomes and thus the vulnerability and resilience assessment of a population regarding non-communicable diseases.}, language = {en} } @article{SaddiqueUsmanBernhofer2019, author = {Saddique, Naeem and Usman, Muhammad and Bernhofer, Christian}, title = {Simulating the impact of climate change on the hydrological regimes of a sparsely gauged mountainous basin, northern Pakistan}, series = {Water}, volume = {11}, journal = {Water}, number = {10}, issn = {2073-4441}, doi = {10.3390/w11102141}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-193175}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Projected climate changes for the 21st century may cause great uncertainties on the hydrology of a river basin. This study explored the impacts of climate change on the water balance and hydrological regime of the Jhelum River Basin using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Two downscaling methods (SDSM, Statistical Downscaling Model and LARS-WG, Long Ashton Research Station Weather Generator), three Global Circulation Models (GCMs), and two representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) for three future periods (2030s, 2050s, and 2090s) were used to assess the climate change impacts on flow regimes. The results exhibited that both downscaling methods suggested an increase in annual streamflow over the river basin. There is generally an increasing trend of winter and autumn discharge, whereas it is complicated for summer and spring to conclude if the trend is increasing or decreasing depending on the downscaling methods. Therefore, the uncertainty associated with the downscaling of climate simulation needs to consider, for the best estimate, the impact of climate change, with its uncertainty, on a particular basin. The study also resulted that water yield and evapotranspiration in the eastern part of the basin (sub-basins at high elevation) would be most affected by climate change. The outcomes of this study would be useful for providing guidance in water management and planning for the river basin under climate change.}, language = {en} } @article{ThonfeldGessnerHolzwarthetal.2022, author = {Thonfeld, Frank and Gessner, Ursula and Holzwarth, Stefanie and Kriese, Jennifer and da Ponte, Emmanuel and Huth, Juliane and Kuenzer, Claudia}, title = {A first assessment of canopy cover loss in Germany's forests after the 2018-2020 drought years}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {14}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {3}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs14030562}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-255306}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Central Europe was hit by several unusually strong periods of drought and heat between 2018 and 2020. These droughts affected forest ecosystems. Cascading effects with bark beetle infestations in spruce stands were fatal to vast forest areas in Germany. We present the first assessment of canopy cover loss in Germany for the period of January 2018-April 2021. Our approach makes use of dense Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 time-series data. We computed the disturbance index (DI) from the tasseled cap components brightness, greenness, and wetness. Using quantiles, we generated monthly DI composites and calculated anomalies in a reference period (2017). From the resulting map, we calculated the canopy cover loss statistics for administrative entities. Our results show a canopy cover loss of 501,000 ha for Germany, with large regional differences. The losses were largest in central Germany and reached up to two-thirds of coniferous forest loss in some districts. Our map has high spatial (10 m) and temporal (monthly) resolution and can be updated at any time.}, language = {en} } @article{DirscherlDietzKneiseletal.2021, author = {Dirscherl, Mariel and Dietz, Andreas J. and Kneisel, Christof and Kuenzer, Claudia}, title = {A novel method for automated supraglacial lake mapping in Antarctica using Sentinel-1 SAR imagery and deep learning}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {13}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {2}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs13020197}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-222998}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Supraglacial meltwater accumulation on ice sheets can be a main driver for accelerated ice discharge, mass loss, and global sea-level-rise. With further increasing surface air temperatures, meltwater-induced hydrofracturing, basal sliding, or surface thinning will cumulate and most likely trigger unprecedented ice mass loss on the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. While the Greenland surface hydrological network as well as its impacts on ice dynamics and mass balance has been studied in much detail, Antarctic supraglacial lakes remain understudied with a circum-Antarctic record of their spatio-temporal development entirely lacking. This study provides the first automated supraglacial lake extent mapping method using Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery over Antarctica and complements the developed optical Sentinel-2 supraglacial lake detection algorithm presented in our companion paper. In detail, we propose the use of a modified U-Net for semantic segmentation of supraglacial lakes in single-polarized Sentinel-1 imagery. The convolutional neural network (CNN) is implemented with residual connections for optimized performance as well as an Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling (ASPP) module for multiscale feature extraction. The algorithm is trained on 21,200 Sentinel-1 image patches and evaluated in ten spatially or temporally independent test acquisitions. In addition, George VI Ice Shelf is analyzed for intra-annual lake dynamics throughout austral summer 2019/2020 and a decision-level fused Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 maximum lake extent mapping product is presented for January 2020 revealing a more complete supraglacial lake coverage (~770 km\(^2\)) than the individual single-sensor products. Classification results confirm the reliability of the proposed workflow with an average Kappa coefficient of 0.925 and a F\(_1\)-score of 93.0\% for the supraglacial water class across all test regions. Furthermore, the algorithm is applied in an additional test region covering supraglacial lakes on the Greenland ice sheet which further highlights the potential for spatio-temporal transferability. Future work involves the integration of more training data as well as intra-annual analyses of supraglacial lake occurrence across the whole continent and with focus on supraglacial lake development throughout a summer melt season and into Antarctic winter.}, language = {en} } @article{OttingerBachoferHuthetal.2021, author = {Ottinger, Marco and Bachofer, Felix and Huth, Juliane and Kuenzer, Claudia}, title = {Mapping aquaculture ponds for the coastal zone of Asia with Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 time series}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {14}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {1}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs14010153}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-252207}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Asia dominates the world's aquaculture sector, generating almost 90 percent of its total annual global production. Fish, shrimp, and mollusks are mainly farmed in land-based pond aquaculture systems and serve as a primary protein source for millions of people. The total production and area occupied for pond aquaculture has expanded rapidly in coastal regions in Asia since the early 1990s. The growth of aquaculture was mainly boosted by an increasing demand for fish and seafood from a growing world population. The aquaculture sector generates income and employment, contributes to food security, and has become a billion-dollar industry with high socio-economic value, but has also led to severe environmental degradation. In this regard, geospatial information on aquaculture can support the management of this growing food sector for the sustainable development of coastal ecosystems, resources, and human health. With free and open access to the rapidly growing volume of data from the Copernicus Sentinel missions as well as machine learning algorithms and cloud computing services, we extracted coastal aquaculture at a continental scale. We present a multi-sensor approach that utilizes Earth observation time series data for the mapping of pond aquaculture within the entire Asian coastal zone, defined as the onshore area up to 200 km from the coastline. In this research, we developed an object-based framework to detect and extract aquaculture at a single-pond level based on temporal features derived from high-spatial-resolution SAR and optical satellite data acquired from the Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellites. In a second step, we performed spatial and statistical data analyses of the Earth-observation-derived aquaculture dataset to investigate spatial distribution and identify production hotspots at various administrative units at regional, national, and sub-national scale.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Rodrian2009, author = {Rodrian, Philipp T.}, title = {Das Erbe der deutschen Kolonialzeit in Namibia im Fokus des "Tourist Gaze" deutscher Touristen}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-231424}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, pages = {210}, year = {2009}, abstract = {Die Studie besch{\"a}ftigt sich mit der Wahrnehmung des deutschen Kolonialerbes in Namibia aus Sicht deutscher Touristen. Namibia ist das Land in Afrika welches die st{\"a}rkste Durchdringung mit Elementen der deutschen Kolonialzeit aufweist. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus zeichnet sich dieses Land durch eine sehr hohe touristische Bedeutung des deutschen Quellmarktes aus. Weiterhin ist die gemeinsame koloniale Vergangenheit weder bilateral noch innerhalb Namibias aufgearbeitet, was der Thematik eine gesellschaftspolitische Komponente verleiht. Die Analyse der touristischen Wahrnehmung basiert auf 103 qualitativen Interviews mit deutschen Touristen in Namibia. Neben der Perspektive der Reisenden werden Akteure untersucht, welche den ‚Blick' der Touristen lenken und beeinflussen. Dabei kommen eine Inhaltsanalyse von deutschsprachiger Reiseliteratur sowie teilnehmende Beobachtungen bei Stadtf{\"u}hrungen mit lokalen Reiseleitern in der Stadt zum Einsatz. Die Resultate zeigen, dass die Touristen das Erbe der deutschen Kolonialzeit als sehr heterogenes Ph{\"a}nomen interpretieren. Durch das Aufsummieren der vielf{\"a}ltigen Erfahrungen mit gelebtem und gebautem Kolonialerbe wird die Wahrnehmung geographisch wirksam, da die Eindr{\"u}cke auf R{\"a}ume und Menschen {\"u}bertragen werden und nicht auf punktuellen Elementen verharren. Aufgrund von Unterdr{\"u}ckung und Verbrechen in der Kolonialzeit sehen die befragten Touristen das deutsche Erbe in Namibia als ein ‚schwieriges' an, das kaum nostalgische Gef{\"u}hle ausl{\"o}st, sondern eher zu einer kritischen Auseinandersetzung mit der Geschichte anregt. Der Grad dieser Dissonanz ist stark davon abh{\"a}ngig, in wie weit die koloniale Thematik nach Ansicht der Touristen in aktuellem Bezug steht oder aber als nicht mehr relevante Vergangenheit interpretiert wird. Neben der ‚Dissonanz' k{\"o}nnen die Touristen anhand der beiden weiteren Indikatoren ‚Interesse' - im Sinne einer Auseinandersetzung und Informiertheit - sowie ‚Attraktion' - als touristische Bedeutung - typologisiert werden. Die entscheidende Determinante f{\"u}r die Charakterisierung der Befragten stellt das Maß der empfundenen Dissonanz dar. Weiterhin l{\"a}sst sich eine Differenzierung in Touristen mit einer vorbereiteten und organisierten und solche mit einer unvorbereiteten und spontanen Konfrontation mit dem deutschen Erbe vornehmen. Insgesamt k{\"o}nnen f{\"u}nf Typen - ‚klassische Heritage-Touristen', ‚spontane Heritage-Touristen, ‚Kritiker', ‚historische motivierte Touristen' und ‚Sightseeing-Touristen' - identifiziert werden, wobei den drei erstgenannten eine Wahrnehmung als ‚schwieriges', dissonantes Erbe immanent ist.}, subject = {Namibia}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Poppitz2022, author = {Poppitz, Hanka}, title = {Untersuchungen zur Alteration von R{\"u}ckstandshalden der Kaliindustrie im Werratal}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-25380}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-253802}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Im Zuge der Aufbereitung von Kalirohsalzen fallen weltweit feste R{\"u}ckst{\"a}nde an, die auf Großhalden entsorgt werden. Die Aufhaldung und die von den R{\"u}ckstandshalden ausgehenden Umweltauswirkungen unterliegen in Deutschland der Kontrolle durch die zust{\"a}ndigen Bergbeh{\"o}rden. Um die Emissionen besser quantifizieren zu k{\"o}nnen und die Eignung technischer Minderungsmaßnahmen zu beurteilen, erfolgte im Rahmen der Genehmigungsverfahren zur Erweiterung der R{\"u}ckstandshalden an den Standorten Hattorf und Wintershall die Erkundung des Haldenk{\"o}rpers durch Bohrungen mit Fokus auf die darin ablaufenden Str{\"o}mungsprozesse. Eine Modellvorstellung zur Zonierung der Halde im Hinblick auf Str{\"o}mungsprozesse war zun{\"a}chst anhand von Haldenbohrungen am Standort Hattorf entwickelt worden. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war, mittels der Bohrergebnisse einer weiteren Haldenbohrung am Standort Wintershall die {\"U}bertragbarkeit der zuvor in Hattorf gefundenen Gegebenheiten zu {\"u}berpr{\"u}fen und den Kenntnisstand zu Str{\"o}mungs- und Alterationsprozessen innerhalb der Halde zu verbessern. Im Zuge der Haldenbohrungen erfolgten bohrbegleitende Untersuchungen (Abflussmessungen, Kamerabefahrungen, geophysikalische und geohydraulische Untersuchungen), und an dem Bohrkernmaterial und den Haldenl{\"o}sungen wurde ein umfangreiches Laboruntersuchungsprogramm ausgef{\"u}hrt, das chemische und mineralogische Analysen sowie Untersuchungen der physikalischen und hydraulischen Eigenschaften des R{\"u}ckstands umfasste. Zus{\"a}tzlich wurden erg{\"a}nzende Gef{\"u}geuntersuchungen (D{\"u}nnschliffuntersuchungen am Rasterelektronen-Mikroskop und exemplarische CT-Untersuchungen) an Probenmaterial der Halde Hattorf durchgef{\"u}hrt, um mittels visueller Untersuchungen insbesondere die Rolle {\"u}bersch{\"u}tteter ehemaliger Haldenoberfl{\"a}chen f{\"u}r das Str{\"o}mungsgeschehen im Haldenk{\"o}rper zu erkunden. Unter Ber{\"u}cksichtigung aller Ergebnisse wurden die Str{\"o}mungs- und Alterationsprozesse im R{\"u}ckstand beschrieben. Die maßgebliche Erkenntnis im Hinblick auf das Str{\"o}mungsgeschehen im Haldenk{\"o}rper ist, dass in dessen Porenraum keine S{\"a}ttigung besteht und dieser in allen Bereichen mit einem Gemisch aus L{\"o}sung und Luft gef{\"u}llt ist, so dass die Gesetzm{\"a}ßigkeiten der Zweiphasenstr{\"o}mung maßgeblich sind. Die bislang zur Bewertung von Str{\"o}mungsprozessen {\"u}blichen Durchl{\"a}ssigkeitsbeiwerte sind damit ungeeignet, da sie f{\"u}r ges{\"a}ttigte Bereiche gelten. {\"U}bereinstimmend wurde mit einer Reihe von Ergebnissen belegt, dass die Str{\"o}mungsprozesse im Haldenk{\"o}rper an bevorzugte Wegsamkeiten gebunden sind, bei denen es sich ausweislich der Gef{\"u}geuntersuchungen um ein System miteinander verbundenen Sekund{\"a}rporen handelt. Der R{\"u}ckstand ist zu charakterisieren als ein Nebeneinander aus diesen Wegsamkeiten und unbeeinflussten, aggregierten Bereichen. Des Weiteren wurde gezeigt, dass der Niederschlagseinfluss zur Teufe hin abnimmt, und es wurden Kriterien zum Nachweis von Niederschlagsunbeeinflussten Bereichen formuliert. Die Arbeit hat damit auch gezeigt, dass die Modellvorstellung, welche die Halde in eine f{\"u}r die Str{\"o}mungsprozesse maßgebliche Haldenmantelzone, eine gering durchl{\"a}ssige Kernzone und eine dazwischen befindliche {\"U}bergangszone mit gradueller {\"A}nderung der Eigenschaften unterteilt, grunds{\"a}tzlich auch auf den Standort Wintershall {\"u}bertragbar ist. Das Modell des Haldenk{\"o}rpers wurde weiter detailliert und zus{\"a}tzliche Kriterien zur Verortung der einzelnen Zonen im Haldenk{\"o}rper abgeleitet. Insbesondere wurde im Haldenmantelbereich eine charakteristische Randzone ausgehalten, welche im Ergebnis einer intensiven Durchstr{\"o}mung mit un- bzw. teilges{\"a}ttigten L{\"o}sungen selektiv an Wertstoff-Restgehalten abgereichert ist. Sie 2 wird von den unterlagernden reaktiven Zonen durch die L{\"o}sungsfronten f{\"u}r Kalium und Magnesium abgegrenzt. Aufbauend auf der erweiterten Modellvorstellung wurde die Zonierung f{\"u}r die Haldenbohrung am Standort Wintershall abgeleitet. Besonderes Augenmerk galt im Rahmen aller Untersuchungen der Wirkung von {\"u}bersch{\"u}tteten ehemaligen Haldenoberfl{\"a}chen, die als Sch{\"u}ttfl{\"a}chen bezeichnet werden. Es zeigte sich anhand der Untersuchungen, dass die Relevanz von Sch{\"u}ttfl{\"a}chen f{\"u}r das Str{\"o}mungsgeschehen abh{\"a}ngig von der Sch{\"u}tthistorie ist, und dass diese, selbst wenn sie aktiv am Str{\"o}mungsgeschehen teilnehmen, die Gegebenheiten im Haldenk{\"o}rper nur lokal {\"u}berpr{\"a}gen. Das Ziel der Aufstellung eines Modells zu Str{\"o}mungsprozessen im Haldenk{\"o}rper besteht in der Beurteilung der von diesen Halden ausgehenden Umweltauswirkungen. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus dienen die Erkenntnisse der Einsch{\"a}tzung der Wirksamkeit der bereits ergriffenen bzw. noch zu ergreifenden Schutz- und Emissionsminderungsmaßnahmen sowie der Planung zuk{\"u}nftiger Maßnahmen zur Wiedernutzbarmachung der Tagesoberfl{\"a}che und zur Erstellung von Prognosen. In diesem Sinne wurden aus den Ergebnissen der Arbeit abschließend Empfehlungen f{\"u}r technische Konzepte und den Haldenbetrieb abgeleitet.}, subject = {Kaliindustrie}, language = {de} } @article{PhilippWegmannKuebertFlock2021, author = {Philipp, Marius and Wegmann, Martin and K{\"u}bert-Flock, Carina}, title = {Quantifying the Response of German Forests to Drought Events via Satellite Imagery}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {13}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {9}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs13091845}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-239575}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Forest systems provide crucial ecosystem functions to our environment, such as balancing carbon stocks and influencing the local, regional and global climate. A trend towards an increasing frequency of climate change induced extreme weather events, including drought, is hereby a major challenge for forest management. Within this context, the application of remote sensing data provides a powerful means for fast, operational and inexpensive investigations over large spatial scales and time. This study was dedicated to explore the potential of satellite data in combination with harmonic analyses for quantifying the vegetation response to drought events in German forests. The harmonic modelling method was compared with a z-score standardization approach and correlated against both, meteorological and topographical data. Optical satellite imagery from Landsat and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) was used in combination with three commonly applied vegetation indices. Highest correlation scores based on the harmonic modelling technique were computed for the 6th harmonic degree. MODIS imagery in combination with the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) generated hereby best results for measuring spectral response to drought conditions. Strongest correlation between remote sensing data and meteorological measures were observed for soil moisture and the self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index (scPDSI). Furthermore, forests regions over sandy soils with pine as the dominant tree type were identified to be particularly vulnerable to drought. In addition, topographical analyses suggested mitigated drought affects along hill slopes. While the proposed approaches provide valuable information about vegetation dynamics as a response to meteorological weather conditions, standardized in-situ measurements over larger spatial scales and related to drought quantification are required for further in-depth quality assessment of the used methods and data.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{NghengwaAche2019, author = {Nghengwa Ache, Patience}, title = {Waste Management As a Correlate of Environmental Sustainability in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Example of Imo State, Nigeria}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-19224}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-192240}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Summary Introduction. Rapid and uncontrolled industrialisation and urbanisation in most developing countries are resulting in land, air and water pollution at rates that the natural environment cannot fully renew. These contemporary environmental issues have attracted local, national and international attention. The problem of urban garbage management is associated with rapid population growth in developing countries. These are pertinent environmental crises of sustainability and sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa and other Third World countries. Despite efforts of the various tiers of government (the case of Nigeria with three tiers: Federal, State and Local governments) in managing solid waste in urban centres, it is still overflowing open dumpsites, litters streets and encroaches into water bodies. These affect the quality of urban living conditions and the natural environment. Sub-Saharan and other developing countries are experiencing an upsurge in the accumulation and the diversity of waste including E-waste, waste agricultural biomass and waste plastics. The need for effective, sustainable and efficient management of waste through the application of 3Rs principle (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle) is an essential element for promoting sustainable patterns of consumption and production. This study examined waste management in Imo State, Nigeria as an aspect correlated to the sustainability of its environment. Materials and methods. To analyse waste management as a correlate of environmental sustainability in Sub-Saharan Africa, Imo State, in eastern Nigeria was chosen as a study area. Issues about waste handling and its impact on the environment in Imo have been reported since its creation in 1976; passing through the State with the cleanest State capital in 1980 to a 'dunghill' in 2013 and a 'garbage capital' on October 1, 2016. Within this State, three study sites were selected - Owerri metropolis (the State capital) Orlu and Okigwe towns. At these sites, households, commercial areas, accommodation and recreational establishments and schools, as well as dumpsites were investigated to ascertain the composition, quantity, distribution, handling patterns of waste in relation to the sustainability of the State's environment. This was done conveniently but randomly through questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions and non-participant observation; these were all heralded by a detailed deskwork. Data were entered using Microsoft Office Excel and were explored and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences - SPSS. Data were made essentially of categorical variables and were analysed using descriptive statistics. The association between categorical variables was measured using Cramer's V the Chi-Square that makes the power and the reliability of the test. Cramer's V is a measure of association tests directly integrated with cross-tabulation. The Chi-Square test of equal proportions was used to compare proportions for significant differences at 0.05 levels. The statistical package - the Epi Info 6.04d was also used since a contingency table had to be created from several sub-outputs and determine the extent of association between the row and column categories. The scale variable 'quantity of waste generated' was described using measures of central tendency. It was screened for normality using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests for normality; in all context, the normality assumption was violated (P<0.05). Five null hypotheses were tested using Logistic Regression model. The explanatory power of individual conceptual component was calculated using the Cox \& Snell R2 and that of individual indicators was also appraised using the Likelihood Ratio test. In the context of this work, the significance of the variability explained by the model (baseline model) was appraised using the Omnibus Tests of Model Coefficients, the magnitude of this variability explained by the model using the Cox \& Snell R2 and the effects of individual predictors using the Likelihood Ratio test. Qualitatively, data from open-ended items, observations and interviews were analysed using the process of thematic analysis whereby concepts or ideas were grouped under umbrella terms or keywords. The results were presented using tables, charts, graphs, photos and maps. Findings and discussions. The total findings and analyses indicated that proper waste handling in Imo State, Nigeria has a positive impact on the environment. This was assessed by the community's awareness of waste management via sources like the radio and the TV, their education on waste management and schools' integration of environmental education in their program. Although most community members perceived the State's environment as compared to it about 10 years' back has worsened, where they were conscious of proper waste handling measures, the environment was described to be better. This influence of environmental awareness and education on environmental sustainability appraised using Logistic Regression Model, portrayed a significant variability (Omnibus Tests of Model Coefficients: χ2=42.742; P=0.014), inferring that environmental awareness and education significantly predict environmental sustainability. The findings also revealed that organic waste generation spearheaded amongst other waste types like paper, plastic, E-waste, metal, textile and glass. While waste pickers always sorted paper, plastics, aluminium and metal, some of them also sorted out textile and glass. Statistically (P<0.05), in situations where waste was least generated (i.e., 1-2kg per day), community members maintained that the environmental quality was better in comparison to 10 years' back. Waste items like broken glass and textile as well as the remains of E-waste after the extraction of copper and brass were not sorted for and these contributed more to environmental degradation. Similarly, the influence of wealth on environmental sustainability was appraised using Logistic Regression Model including development index related indicators like education, occupation, income and the ability to pay for waste disposal. Harmonising the outcome, farmers, who were mostly the least educated claimed to notice more environmental improvement. In addition, those who did not agree to pay for waste disposal who were mostly those with low income (less than 200,000 Naira, i.e. about 620 Euros monthly) perceived environmental improvement more than those with income above 200,000 Naira. This irony can be attributed to the fact that those with low educational backing lack the capacity to appreciate environmental sustainability pointers well as compared to those with a broader educational background with critical thinking. The employment and poverty reduction opportunities pertaining to waste management on environmental sustainability was appraised using qualitative thematic analysis. All community members involved in sorting, buying and selling of waste items had no second job. They attested that the money earned from their activities sustained their livelihood and families. Some expressed love for the job, especially as they were their own masters. Waste picking and trading in waste items are offering employment opportunities to many communities around the world. For instance, in the waste recycling, waste composting, waste-to-energy plants and die Stadtreiniger in W{\"u}rzburg city. The workers in these enterprises have jobs as a result of waste. Waste disposal influence on environmental sustainability was appraised using the Binary Logistic Regression Model and the variability explained by the model was significant. The validity was also supported by the Wald statistics (P<0.05), which indicates the effect of the predictors is significant. Environmental sustainability was greatly reliant on indicators like the frequency at which community members emptied their waste containers; how/where waste is disposed of, availability of disposal site or public bin near the house, etc. Imolites who asserted to have public waste bins or disposal sites near their houses maintained that the quality of the State's environment had worsened as such containers/disposal sites were always stinking as well as had animals and smoke around them. Imolites around disposal sites complained of traits like diarrhoea, catarrh, insect bites, malaria, smoke and polluted air. Conclusions. The liaison between poor waste management strategies and the sustainability of the Imo State environment was considered likely as statistically significant ineffectiveness, lack of awareness, poverty, insufficient and unrealistic waste management measures were found in this study area. In these situations, the environment was said to have not improved. Such inadequacies in the handling of generated waste did not only expose the citizenry to health dangers but also gave rise to streets and roads characterized by filth and many unattended disposal sites unleashing horrible odour to the environment and attracting wild animals. This situation is not only prevalent in Imo State, Nigeria but in many Sub-Saharan cities. Future Perspectives. To improve the environment in Sub-Saharan Africa, it is imperative to practice an inclusive and integrated sustainable waste management system. The waste quantity in this region is fast growing, especially food/organic waste. The region should aim at waste management laws and waste reduction strategies, which will help save and produce more food that it really needs. Waste management should be dissociated from epidemic outbreaks like cholera, typhoid, Lassa fever and malaria, whose vectors thrive in filthy environments. Water channels and water bodies should not be waste disposal channels or waste disposal sites.}, language = {en} } @article{WangBachoferKoehleretal.2022, author = {Wang, Zhiyuan and Bachofer, Felix and Koehler, Jonas and Huth, Juliane and Hoeser, Thorsten and Marconcini, Mattia and Esch, Thomas and Kuenzer, Claudia}, title = {Spatial modelling and prediction with the spatio-temporal matrix: a study on predicting future settlement growth}, series = {Land}, volume = {11}, journal = {Land}, number = {8}, issn = {2073-445X}, doi = {10.3390/land11081174}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-281856}, year = {2022}, abstract = {In the past decades, various Earth observation-based time series products have emerged, which have enabled studies and analysis of global change processes. Besides their contribution to understanding past processes, time series datasets hold enormous potential for predictive modeling and thereby meet the demands of decision makers on future scenarios. In order to further exploit these data, a novel pixel-based approach has been introduced, which is the spatio-temporal matrix (STM). The approach integrates the historical characteristics of a specific land cover at a high temporal frequency in order to interpret the spatial and temporal information for the neighborhood of a given target pixel. The provided information can be exploited with common predictive models and algorithms. In this study, this approach was utilized and evaluated for the prediction of future urban/built-settlement growth. Random forest and multi-layer perceptron were employed for the prediction. The tests have been carried out with training strategies based on a one-year and a ten-year time span for the urban agglomerations of Surat (India), Ho-Chi-Minh City (Vietnam), and Abidjan (Ivory Coast). The slope, land use, exclusion, urban, transportation, hillshade (SLEUTH) model was selected as a baseline indicator for the performance evaluation. The statistical results from the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) demonstrate a good ability of the STM to facilitate the prediction of future settlement growth and its transferability to different cities, with area under the curve (AUC) values greater than 0.85. Compared with SLEUTH, the STM-based model achieved higher AUC in all of the test cases, while being independent of the additional datasets for the restricted and the preferential development areas.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Emmert2020, author = {Emmert, Adrian Alexander}, title = {The Internal Structure of Periglacial Landforms - Assessments of Subsurface Variations in Permafrost-related and Frost-related Phenomena by Multi-dimensional Geophysical Investigations}, edition = {1. Auflage}, publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, address = {W{\"u}rzburg}, isbn = {978-3-95826-138-9}, doi = {10.25972/WUP-978-3-95826-139-6}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-202437}, school = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, pages = {xix, 167}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The internal structure of periglacial landforms contains valuable information on past and present environmental conditions. To benefit from this archive, however, an enhanced understanding of subsurface variations is crucial. This enables to assess the influence of the internal structure on prevailing process regimes and to evaluate the sensitivity of different landform units to environmental changes. This thesis investigates structural variations in the subsurface of (i) rock glaciers,(ii) solifluction lobes, (iii) palsas/ lithalsas and (iv) patterned ground, which occur between the different landform types, but also between landform units of the same type. Investigated variables comprise (i) the spatial distribution of permafrost, (ii) ground ice content, (iii) the origin of ground ice, (iv) thickness of the active layer and (v) frost table topography. Multi-dimensional investigations by the geophysical methods Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) and Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) were performed in six study areas (a-f): four of them are located in high-alpine environments in Switzerland and two of them are located in the subarctic highlands of Iceland. Additionally, surface and subsurface temperature values were continuously recorded at selected study sites. At one study site, pF-values, representing the matric potential (or water potential), were recorded. From a methodological view, this thesis focuses on the application of quasi-3-D ERI, an approach in which many two-dimensional data sets are combined to create one three-dimensional data set. This permits e.g., a three-dimensional delimitation of subsurface structures and a spatial investigation of the distribution of ground ice. Besides the analysis of field data, this thesis incudes a comparison between inversion models produced with different software products, based on two synthetic data sets. The detection of resistivity structures and reflection patterns provides valuable insights into the internal structure of the investigated landform units: At the high-alpine study site at (a) Piz Nair, a highly variable ice content indicates a complex development of the investigated rock glacier assembly. The local formation of ground ice is attributed to an embedding of surface patches of snow or ice into the subsurface by rockfall. Results of geoelectric monitoring surveys on selected rock glaciers show the influence of seasonal alterations in the internal structure on subsurface meltwater flow. At the study site at (b) Piz {\"U}ertsch, results indicate the occurrences of isolated ground ice patches in a significantly larger rock glacier. Detected characteristics of the internal structure enable to reconstruct the development of the rock glacier, in which a temporary override of an adjacent glacier tongue on the rock glacier is considered crucial for the current distribution of ground ice. However, results of this thesis clearly show the absence of buried glacier ice in the subsurface of the rock glacier. Results from a rock glacier near the (c) Las Trais Fluors mountain ridge affirm the existence of a water-permeable frozen layer, which was assumed in previous studies. Furthermore, results show that the rock glacier contains large amounts of rockfall deposits. A joint interpretation of ERI and GPR results from the investigated scree slope at the mountain (d) Blauberg (Furka Pass) reveals characteristic structures in the subsurface, which enable a differentiation between solifluction lobes and pebbly rock glaciers. At the subarctic study site (e) Orravatnsr{\´u}stir, results show that the internal structure of palsas can be used to deduce their current development stage and to assess past and future developments. Presented results affirm a long history of palsa development at the study site, as assumed in previous studies, but indicate recently changing environmental conditions. The investigated occurrences of patterned ground in the proglacial area of the glacier (f) Hofsj{\"o}kull are currently not influenced by the detected occurrence of permafrost, according to the presented results. Therefore, a temporary formation of pattered ground is assumed, which is linked to the retreat of the glacier. This thesis shows discrepancies between the internal structure of some of the investigated landform units and the recent environmental conditions. This indicates a delayed adaption and a low sensitivity of the landform units to environmental changes. Findings indicate that the future development of permafrost will be strongly affected by variations in snowfall. Furthermore, the detection of isolated occurrences of ground ice at several study sites contradicts the widely assumed effectivity of balancing heat fluxes to create homogenous subsurface conditions in relatively fine-grained subsurface materials.}, subject = {Permafrost}, language = {en} } @article{RoeschPlank2022, author = {R{\"o}sch, Moritz and Plank, Simon}, title = {Detailed mapping of lava and ash deposits at Indonesian volcanoes by means of VHR PlanetScope change detection}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {14}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {5}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs14051168}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-262232}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Mapping of lava flows in unvegetated areas of active volcanoes using optical satellite data is challenging due to spectral similarities of volcanic deposits and the surrounding background. Using very high-resolution PlanetScope data, this study introduces a novel object-oriented classification approach for mapping lava flows in both vegetated and unvegetated areas during several eruptive phases of three Indonesian volcanoes (Karangetang 2018/2019, Agung 2017, Krakatau 2018/2019). For this, change detection analysis based on PlanetScope imagery for mapping loss of vegetation due to volcanic activity (e.g., lava flows) is combined with the analysis of changes in texture and brightness, with hydrological runoff modelling and with analysis of thermal anomalies derived from Sentinel-2 or Landsat-8. Qualitative comparison of the mapped lava flows showed good agreement with multispectral false color time series (Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8). Reports of the Global Volcanism Program support the findings, indicating the developed lava mapping approach produces valuable results for monitoring volcanic hazards. Despite the lack of bands in infrared wavelengths, PlanetScope proves beneficial for the assessment of risk and near-real-time monitoring of active volcanoes due to its high spatial (3 m) and temporal resolution (mapping of all subaerial volcanoes on a daily basis).}, language = {en} } @article{Hardaker2021, author = {Hardaker, Sina}, title = {Platform economy: (dis-) embeddedness processes in urban spaces}, series = {Urban Transformations}, volume = {3}, journal = {Urban Transformations}, issn = {2524-8162}, doi = {10.1186/s42854-021-00029-x}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-271329}, pages = {1-13}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Digital platforms, understood as multi-sided matchmakers, have amassed huge power, reimagining the role of consumers, producers, and even ownership. They increasingly dictate the way the economy and urban life is organized. Yet, despite their influential and far-reaching role in shaping our economic as well as sociocultural world, our understanding of their embeddedness, namely how their activities are embedded in systems of social and societal relationships and how they conceptualize their main functions and actions in relation to their wider setting, remains rudimentary. Consequently, the purpose of this frontier paper is threefold. Firstly, it reveals the need to discuss and evaluate (dis-)embedding processes in platform urbanism in order to understand the underlying dynamics of platform power and urban transformation. Secondly, it aims to reveal the main reasons in regard to the difficulties in pinpointing digital platforms embeddedness. Thirdly, it seeks to propose future research unravelling the (dis-)embeddedness of the platform economy. This paper argues for three main reasons namely unawareness, unaccountability and non-transparency of digital platforms that drive the lack of embeddedness and reaffirms platform power. This is mainly based on the configuration of new commodities, platforms' strategic avoidance of labour protections and other regulatory frameworks as well as platforms' secrecy in which they operate. This frontier paper argues that transferring the concept of embeddedness to the platform economy might serve as a valuable tool to understand and pinpoint essential dynamics and relationships at play, therefore proposing embeddedness as a basis for future research on the platform economy. It strongly argues that a more detailed understanding is urgently needed, in order to be able to understand, accompany and actively influence the development of the platform economy in regulatory terms.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Abel2023, author = {Abel, Daniel Karl-Joseph}, title = {Weiterentwicklung der Bodenhydrologie des regionalen Klimamodells REMO}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-31146}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-311468}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Die Bodenfeuchte stellt eine essenzielle Variable f{\"u}r den Energie-, Feuchte- und Stoffaustausch zwischen Landoberfl{\"a}che und Atmosph{\"a}re dar. Ihre Auswirkungen auf Temperatur und Niederschlag sind vielf{\"a}ltig und komplex. Die in Klimamodellen verwendeten Schemata zur Simulation der Bodenfeuchte, auch bodenhydrologische Schemata genannt, sind aufgrund des Ursprungs der Klimamodelle aus Wettermodellen jedoch h{\"a}ufig sehr stark vereinfacht dargestellt. Bei Klimamodellen, die Simulationen mit einer groben Aufl{\"o}sung von mehreren Zehner- oder Hunderterkilometern rechnen, k{\"o}nnen viele Prozesse vernachl{\"a}ssigt werden. Da die Aufl{\"o}sung der Klimamodelle jedoch stetig steigt und mittlerweile beim koordinierten Projekt regionaler Klimamodelle CORDEX-CORE standardm{\"a}ßig bei 0.22° Kantenl{\"a}nge liegt, m{\"u}ssen auch h{\"o}her aufgel{\"o}ste Daten und mehr Prozesse simuliert werden. Dies gilt erst recht mit Blick auf konvektionsaufl{\"o}sende Simulationen mit wenigen Kilometern Kantenl{\"a}nge. Mit steigenden Modellaufl{\"o}sungen steigt zugleich die Komplexit{\"a}t und Differenziertheit der Fragestellungen, die mit Hilfe von Klimamodellen beantwortet werden sollen. An diesem Punkt setzt auch das Projekt BigData@Geo an, in dessen Rahmen die vorliegende Arbeit entstand. Ziel dieses Projektes ist es, hochaufgel{\"o}ste Klimainformationen f{\"u}r den bayerischen Regierungsbezirk Unterfranken f{\"u}r Akteure aus der Land- und Forstwirtschaft sowie dem Weinbau zur Verf{\"u}gung zu stellen. Auf diesen angewandten und grundlegenden Anforderungen und Zielsetzungen basierend, bedarf auch das in dieser Arbeit verwendete regionale Klimamodell REMO (Version 2015) der weiteren Entwicklung. So ist das Hauptziel der Arbeit das bestehende einschichtige bodenhydrologische Schema durch ein mehrschichtiges zu ersetzen. Der Vorteil mehrerer simulierter Bodenschichten besteht darin, dass nun die vertikale Bewegung des Wassers in Form von Versickerung und kapillarem Aufstieg simuliert werden kann. Dies geschieht auf der Basis bodenhydrologischer Parameter, deren Wert in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit vom Boden und der Bodenfeuchte {\"u}ber die Wasserr{\"u}ckhaltekurve bestimmt wird. F{\"u}r diese Kurve existieren verschiedene Parametrisierungen, von denen die Ans{\"a}tze von Clapp-Hornberger und van Genuchten verwendet wurden. Außerdem kann die Bodenfeuchte nun bis zu einer Tiefe von circa 10 m beziehungsweise der Tiefe des anstehenden Gesteins simuliert werden. Damit besteht im Gegensatz zum vorherigen Schema, dessen Tiefe auf die Wurzeltiefe beschr{\"a}nkt ist, die M{\"o}glichkeit, dass Wasser auch unterhalb der Wurzeln zur Verf{\"u}gung stehen kann und somit die absolute im Boden verf{\"u}gbare Wassermenge zunimmt. Die Schichtung erlaubt dar{\"u}ber hinaus die Verdunstung aus unbewachsenem Boden lediglich auf Basis des in der obersten Schicht verf{\"u}gbaren Wassers. Ein weiterer Prozess, der dank der Schichtung und der weiter unten erl{\"a}uterten Datens{\"a}tze neu parametrisiert werden kann, ist die Infiltration. F{\"u}r die Verwendung des Schemas sind Informationen {\"u}ber bodenhydrologische Parameter, die Wurzeltiefe und die Tiefe bis zum anstehenden Gestein erforderlich. Entsprechende Datens{\"a}tze m{\"u}ssen hierf{\"u}r aufbereitet und in das Modell eingebaut werden. Bez{\"u}glich der Wurzeltiefe wurden drei sich bez{\"u}glich der Tiefe, der Definition und der verf{\"u}gbaren Aufl{\"o}sung stark voneinander unterscheidende Datens{\"a}tze verglichen. Letztendlich wird die Wurzeltiefe aus dem mit einer anderen REMO-Version gekoppelten Vegetationsmodul iMOVE verwendet, da zuk{\"u}nftig eine Kopplung dieses Moduls mit dem mehrschichtigen Boden geplant ist und die Wurzeltiefen damit konsistent sind. Zudem ist die zugrundeliegende Aufl{\"o}sung der Daten hoch und es werden maximale Wurzeltiefen ber{\"u}cksichtigt, die besonders wichtig f{\"u}r die Simulation von Landoberfl{\"a}che-Atmosph{\"a}re-Interaktionen sind. Diese Vorteile brachten die anderen Datens{\"a}tze nicht mit. In der finalen Modellversion werden f{\"u}r die Tiefe bis zum anstehenden Gestein und die Korngr{\"o}ßenverteilungen die Daten von SoilGrids verwendet. Ein Vergleich mit anderen Bodendatens{\"a}tzen fand in einer parallel laufenden Dissertation statt (Ziegler 2022). Bei SoilGrids ist hervorzuheben, dass die Korngr{\"o}ßenverteilungen in einer hohen r{\"a}umlichen Aufl{\"o}sung (1 km^2 oder h{\"o}her) und mit mehreren vertikalen Schichten vorliegen. Gegen{\"u}ber dem urspr{\"u}nglich in REMO verwendeten Datensatz mit einer Kantenl{\"a}nge von 0.5° und ohne vertikale Differenzierung ist dies eine starke Verbesserung der Eingangsdaten. Dazu kommt, dass die Korngr{\"o}ßenverteilungen die Verwendung kontinuierlicher Pedotransferfunktionen statt f{\"u}nf diskreter Texturklassen, denen f{\"u}r die bodenhydrologischen Parameter fixe Tabellenwerte zugewiesen werden, erm{\"o}glichen. Dies f{\"u}hrt zu einer deutlich besseren Differenzierung des heterogenen Bodens. Im Rahmen der Arbeit wurden insgesamt 19 Simulationen f{\"u}r Europa und ein erweitertes Deutschlandgebiet mit Aufl{\"o}sungen von 0.44° beziehungsweise 0.11° f{\"u}r den Zeitraum 2000 bis 2018 gerechnet. Dabei zeigte sich, dass die Einf{\"u}hrung des mehrschichtigen Bodenschemas gegen{\"u}ber dem einschichtigen Schema zu einer Verringerung der Bodenfeuchte in der Wurzeltiefe f{\"u}hrt. Nichtsdestotrotz nimmt die absolute Wassermenge des Bodens durch die Ber{\"u}cksichtigung des Bodens unterhalb der Wurzelzone zu. Bezogen auf die einzelnen Schichten wird die Bodenfeuchte damit zwar untersch{\"a}tzt, im Laufe der Modellentwicklung kann jedoch eine Verbesserung im Vergleich zu ERA5 erzielt werden. Das neue Schema f{\"u}hrt zu einer Verringerung der Evapotranspiration, die {\"u}ber alle Schritte der Modellentwicklung und besonders w{\"a}hrend der Sommermonate auftritt. Im Vergleich zu Validationsdaten von ERA5 und GLEAM zeigt sich, dass dies eine Verbesserung dieser Gr{\"o}ße bedeutet, die sowohl in der Fl{\"a}che als auch beim Fehler und in der Verteilung auftritt. Gleiches l{\"a}sst sich f{\"u}r den Oberfl{\"a}chenabfluss sagen. Hierf{\"u}r implementierte Schemata (Philip, Green-Ampt), die anders als das standardm{\"a}ßig verwendete Improved-Arno-Schema bodenhydrologische Parameter ber{\"u}cksichtigen, konnten eine weitere Verbesserung im Flachland zeigen. In Gebirgsregionen nahm der Fehler durch die nicht enthaltene Ber{\"u}cksichtigung der Hangneigung jedoch zu, sodass in der finalen Modellversion auf das Improved-Arno-Schema zur{\"u}ckgegriffen wurde. Die Temperatur steigt durch die urspr{\"u}ngliche Version des mehrschichtigen Schemas zun{\"a}chst an, was zu einer {\"U}ber- statt der vorherigen Untersch{\"a}tzung gegen{\"u}ber E-OBS f{\"u}hrt. Die Modellentwicklung resultiert zwar in einer Reduzierung der Temperatur, jedoch f{\"a}llt diese zu stark aus, sodass der Temperaturfehler letztendlich gr{\"o}ßer als in der einschichtigen Modellversion ist. Da die Evapotranspiration jedoch maßgeblich verbessert wurde, kann dieser Fehler eventuell auf ein {\"u}berm{\"a}ßiges Tuning der Temperatur zur{\"u}ckgef{\"u}hrt werden. Die Betrachtung von Hitzeereignissen am Beispiel der Sommer 2003 und 2018 hat gezeigt, dass die Modellentwicklung dazu beitr{\"a}gt, diese Ereignisse besser als das einschichtige Schema zu simulieren. Zwar trifft dies nicht auf das r{\"a}umliche Verhalten der mittleren Temperatur zu, jedoch auf deren zeitlichen Verlauf. Hinzu kommt die bessere Simulation der t{\"a}glichen Extrem- und besonders der Minimaltemperatur, was zu einer Erh{\"o}hung der t{\"a}glichen Temperaturspanne f{\"u}hrt. Diese wird von Klimamodellen in der Regel zu stark untersch{\"a}tzt. Durch die Ber{\"u}cksichtigung der vertikalen Wasserfl{\"u}sse hat sich jedoch auch gezeigt, dass noch enormes Entwicklungspotenzial mit Blick auf (boden)hydrologische Prozesse besteht. Dies gilt in besonderem Maße f{\"u}r zuk{\"u}nftige Simulationen mit konvektionserlaubender Aufl{\"o}sung. So sollten subskalige Informationen des Bodens und der Orographie ber{\"u}cksichtigt werden. Dies dient einerseits der Repr{\"a}sentation vorliegender Heterogenit{\"a}ten und kann andererseits, wie am Beispiel der Infiltrationsschemata dargelegt, zur Verbesserung bestehender Prozesse beitragen. Da die simulierte Drainage durch das mehrschichtige Bodenschema im gleichen Maße zu- wie der Oberfl{\"a}chenabfluss abnimmt und das Wasser dem Modell in der Folge nicht weiter zur Verf{\"u}gung steht, sollte zuk{\"u}nftig auch Grundwasser im Modell ber{\"u}cksichtigt werden. Eine Vielzahl von Studien konnte einen Mehrwert durch die Implementierung dieser Variable und damit verbundener Prozesse feststellen. Mittelfristig ist jedoch insgesamt die Kopplung an ein hydrologisches Modell zu empfehlen, um die bei hochaufl{\"o}senden Simulationen relevanten Prozesse angemessen repr{\"a}sentieren zu k{\"o}nnen. Hierf{\"u}r bieten sich beispielsweise ParFlow oder mHM an. Insgesamt ist festzuhalten, dass das mehrschichtige Bodenschema einen Mehrwert liefert, da schwer zu simulierende und in der Postprozessierung zu korrigierende Variablen wie die Evapotranspiration und der Oberfl{\"a}chenabfluss deutlich besser modelliert werden k{\"o}nnen als mit dem einschichtigen Schema. Dies gilt auch f{\"u}r die Extremtemperaturen. Beides ist klar auf die Schichtung des Bodens und damit einhergehender Prozesse zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren. Bez{\"u}glich der Daten zeigt sich, dass die Wurzeltiefe, die Ber{\"u}cksichtigung von SoilGrids und die vertikale Bodeninformation f{\"u}r die weitere Optimierung verantwortlich sind. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus ist der h{\"o}here Informationsgehalt, der anhand der geschichteten Bodenfeuchte zur Verf{\"u}gung steht, ebenfalls als Mehrwert einzustufen.}, subject = {Klima}, language = {de} } @book{Wagner2022, author = {Wagner, Horst-G{\"u}nter}, title = {Golf von Neapel : Landschaftswandel durch Verst{\"a}dterung}, publisher = {wbg Academic}, address = {Darmstadt}, isbn = {978-3-534-40635-7}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-25052}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-250525}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, pages = {172}, year = {2022}, abstract = {In vielen mediterranen K{\"u}stenniederungen entstand seit 1950 infolge von Gebirgsentv{\"o}lkerung, Infrastrukturausbau, neuer Gewerbe sowie illegaler Baut{\"a}tigkeit ein fast l{\"u}ckenloses Verst{\"a}dterungsband. Am Golf von Neapel konnte dieser Landschaftswandel {\"u}ber eine lange Zeit beobachtet und durch zahlreiche Vergleichsfotos, Kartierungen, Luft- und Satellitenbilder und Interviews dokumentiert werden. Horst-G{\"u}nter Wagner zeigt in diesem Band die Ver{\"a}nderungen der K{\"u}stenebene und erl{\"a}utert ihre Ursachen.}, subject = {Golf von Neapel}, language = {de} } @article{RoesslerWittIkonenetal.2021, author = {R{\"o}ßler, Sebastian and Witt, Marius S. and Ikonen, Jaakko and Brown, Ian A. and Dietz, Andreas J.}, title = {Remote sensing of snow cover variability and its influence on the runoff of S{\´a}pmi's rivers}, series = {Geosciences}, volume = {11}, journal = {Geosciences}, number = {3}, issn = {2076-3263}, doi = {10.3390/geosciences11030130}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-234261}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The boreal winter 2019/2020 was very irregular in Europe. While there was very little snow in Central Europe, the opposite was the case in northern Fenno-Scandia, particularly in the Arctic. The snow cover was more persistent here and its rapid melting led to flooding in many places. Since the last severe spring floods occurred in the region in 2018, this raises the question of whether more frequent occurrences can be expected in the future. To assess the variability of snowmelt related flooding we used snow cover maps (derived from the DLR's Global SnowPack MODIS snow product) and freely available data on runoff, precipitation, and air temperature in eight unregulated river catchment areas. A trend analysis (Mann-Kendall test) was carried out to assess the development of the parameters, and the interdependencies of the parameters were examined with a correlation analysis. Finally, a simple snowmelt runoff model was tested for its applicability to this region. We noticed an extraordinary variability in the duration of snow cover. If this extends well into spring, rapid air temperature increases leads to enhanced thawing. According to the last flood years 2005, 2010, 2018, and 2020, we were able to differentiate between four synoptic flood types based on their special hydrometeorological and snow situation and simulate them with the snowmelt runoff model (SRM).}, language = {en} } @article{RauchTaubenboeckKnoppetal.2021, author = {Rauch, S. and Taubenb{\"o}ck, H. and Knopp, C. and Rauh, J.}, title = {Risk and space: modelling the accessibility of stroke centers using day- \& nighttime population distribution and different transportation scenarios}, series = {International Journal of Health Geographics}, volume = {20}, journal = {International Journal of Health Geographics}, doi = {10.1186/s12942-021-00284-y}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-261228}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Purpose Rapid accessibility of (intensive) medical care can make the difference between life and death. Initial care in case of strokes is highly dependent on the location of the patient and the traffic situation for supply vehicles. In this methodologically oriented paper we want to determine the inequivalence of the risks in this respect. Methods Using GIS we calculate the driving time between Stroke Units in the district of M{\"u}nster, Germany for the population distribution at day- \& nighttime. Eight different speed scenarios are considered. In order to gain the highest possible spatial resolution, we disaggregate reported population counts from administrative units with respect to a variety of factors onto building level. Results The overall accessibility of urban areas is better than in less urban districts using the base scenario. In that scenario 6.5\% of the population at daytime and 6.8\% at nighttime cannot be reached within a 30-min limit for the first care. Assuming a worse traffic situation, which is realistic at daytime, 18.1\% of the population fail the proposed limit. Conclusions In general, we reveal inequivalence of the risks in case of a stroke depending on locations and times of the day. The ability to drive at high average speeds is a crucial factor in emergency care. Further important factors are the different population distribution at day and night and the locations of health care facilities. With the increasing centralization of hospital locations, rural residents in particular will face a worse accessibility situation.}, language = {en} } @article{DobińskiKneisel2021, author = {Dobiński, Wojciech and Kneisel, Christof}, title = {Permafrost and glaciers: perspectives for the Earth and planetary sciences — another step forward}, series = {Geosciences}, volume = {11}, journal = {Geosciences}, number = {2}, issn = {2076-3263}, doi = {10.3390/geosciences11020068}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-228766}, year = {2021}, abstract = {No abstract available}, language = {en} }