@article{UllmannBuedelBaumhaueretal.2016, author = {Ullmann, Tobias and B{\"u}del, Christian and Baumhauer, Roland and Padashi, Majid}, title = {Sentinel-1 SAR Data Revealing Fluvial Morphodynamics in Damghan (Iran): Amplitude and Coherence Change Detection}, series = {International Journal of Earth Science and Geophysics}, volume = {2}, journal = {International Journal of Earth Science and Geophysics}, number = {1}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-147863}, pages = {007}, year = {2016}, abstract = {The Sentinel-1 Satellite (S-1) of ESA's Copernicus Mission delivers freely available C-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data that are suited for interferometric applications (InSAR). The high geometric resolution of less than fifteen meter and the large coverage offered by the Interferometric Wide Swath mode (IW) point to new perspectives on the comprehension and understanding of surface changes, the quantification and monitoring of dynamic processes, especially in arid regions. The contribution shows the application of S-1 intensities and InSAR coherences in time series analysis for the delineation of changes related to fluvial morphodynamics in Damghan, Iran. The investigations were carried out for the period from April to October 2015 and exhibit the potential of the S-1 data for the identification of surface disturbances, mass movements and fluvial channel activity in the surroundings of the Damghan Playa. The Amplitude Change Detection highlighted extensive material movement and accumulation - up to sizes of more than 4,000 m in width - in the east of the Playa via changes in intensity. Further, the Coherence Change Detection technique was capable to indicate small-scale channel activity of the drainage system that was neither recognizable in the S-1 intensity nor the multispectral Landsat-8 data. The run off caused a decorrelation of the SAR signals and a drop in coherence. Seen from a morphodynamic point of view, the results indicated a highly dynamic system and complex tempo-spatial patterns were observed that will be subject of future analysis. Additionally, the study revealed the necessity to collect independent reference data on fluvial activity in order to train and adjust the change detector.}, language = {en} } @article{UllmannSchmittJagdhuber2016, author = {Ullmann, Tobias and Schmitt, Andreas and Jagdhuber, Thomas}, title = {Two Component Decomposition of Dual Polarimetric HH/VV SAR Data: Case Study for the Tundra Environment of the Mackenzie Delta Region, Canada}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {8}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {12}, doi = {10.3390/rs8121027}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-147879}, pages = {1027}, year = {2016}, abstract = {This study investigates a two component decomposition technique for HH/VV-polarized PolSAR (Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar) data. The approach is a straight forward adaption of the Yamaguchi decomposition and decomposes the data into two scattering contributions: surface and double bounce under the assumption of a negligible vegetation scattering component in Tundra environments. The dependencies between the features of this two and the classical three component Yamaguchi decomposition were investigated for Radarsat-2 (quad) and TerraSAR-X (HH/VV) data for the Mackenzie Delta Region, Canada. In situ data on land cover were used to derive the scattering characteristics and to analyze the correlation among the PolSAR features. The double bounce and surface scattering features of the two and three component scattering model (derived from pseudo-HH/VV- and quad-polarized data) showed similar scattering characteristics and positively correlated-R2 values of 0.60 (double bounce) and 0.88 (surface scattering) were observed. The presence of volume scattering led to differences between the features and these were minimized for land cover classes of low vegetation height that showed little volume scattering contribution. In terms of separability, the quad-polarized Radarsat-2 data offered the best separation of the examined tundra land cover types and will be best suited for the classification. This is anticipated as it represents the largest feature space of all tested ones. However; the classes "wetland" and "bare ground" showed clear positions in the feature spaces of the C- and X-Band HH/VV-polarized data and an accurate classification of these land cover types is promising. Among the possible dual-polarization modes of Radarsat-2 the HH/VV was found to be the favorable mode for the characterization of the aforementioned tundra land cover classes due to the coherent acquisition and the preserved co-pol. phase. Contrary, HH/HV-polarized and VV/VH-polarized data were found to be best suited for the characterization of mixed and shrub dominated tundra.}, language = {en} } @article{PaethPaxianSeinetal.2017, author = {Paeth, Heiko and Paxian, Andreas and Sein, Dimitry V. and Jacob, Daniela and Panitz, Hans-J{\"u}rgen and Warscher, Michael and Fink, Andreas H. and Kunstmann, Harald and Breil, Marcus and Engel, Thomas and Krause, Andreas and Toedter, Julian and Ahrens, Bodo}, title = {Decadal and multi-year predictability of the West African monsoon and the role of dynamical downscaling}, series = {Meteorologische Zeitschrift}, volume = {26}, journal = {Meteorologische Zeitschrift}, number = {4}, doi = {10.1127/metz/2017/0811}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-172018}, pages = {363-377}, year = {2017}, abstract = {West African summer monsoon precipitation is characterized by distinct decadal variability. Due to its welldocumented link to oceanic boundary conditions in various ocean basins it represents a paradigm for decadal predictability. In this study, we reappraise this hypothesis for several sub-regions of sub-Saharan West Africa using the new German contribution to the coupled model intercomparison project phase 5 (CMIP5) near-term prediction system. In addition, we assume that dynamical downscaling of the global decadal predictions leads to an enhanced predictive skill because enhanced resolution improves the atmospheric response to oceanic forcing and landsurface feedbacks. Based on three regional climate models, a heterogeneous picture is drawn: none of the regional climate models outperforms the global decadal predictions or all other regional climate models in every region nor decade. However, for every test case at least one regional climate model was identified which outperforms the global predictions. The highest predictive skill is found in the western and central Sahel Zone with correlation coefficients and mean-square skill scores exceeding 0.9 and 0.8, respectively.}, language = {en} } @book{Puetz1998, author = {P{\"u}tz, Robert}, title = {Einzelhandel im Transformationsprozeß - Das Spannungsfeld von lokaler Regulierung und Internationalisierung am Beispiel Polen}, publisher = {L.I.S. Verlag, Passau}, isbn = {978-3-932820-10-6}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-161972}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, pages = {278}, year = {1998}, abstract = {Der Einzelhandel in Ostmitteleuropa entwickelt sich seit dem Zusammenbruch des Sozialismus außerordentlich dynamisch. Er ist zugleich durch extreme Gegens{\"a}tze gekennzeichnet: Das Spektrum der Betriebsformen reicht vom ambulanten Handel „aus der Hand", der f{\"u}r viele Menschen existentielle Bedeutung einnimmt, bis zu Luxusgesch{\"a}ften und SB-Warenh{\"a}usern westeurop{\"a}ischer Ketten. Die Einzelhandelsstruktur wird so zum Spiegelbild der zunehmenden gesellschaftlichen Polarisierung in den Transformationsstaaten. Der Strukturwandel im Einzelhandel vollzieht sich dabei zwischen unternehmerischer Anpassung sowie administrativer Regulierung auf der lokalen Ebene und wachsender Internationalisierung. Dieses Spannungsfeld kann als maßgeblicher Erkl{\"a}rungsrahmen f{\"u}r die Transformation in Ostmitteleuropa gelten.}, subject = {Polen}, language = {de} } @article{LandmannSchrammColditzetal.2010, author = {Landmann, Tobias and Schramm, Matthias and Colditz, Rene R. and Dietz, Andreas and Dech, Stefan}, title = {Wide Area Wetland Mapping in Semi-Arid Africa Using 250-Meter MODIS Metrics and Topographic Variables}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68628}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Wetlands in West Africa are among the most vulnerable ecosystems to climate change. West African wetlands are often freshwater transfer mechanisms from wetter climate regions to dryer areas, providing an array of ecosystem services and functions. Often wetland-specific data in Africa is only available on a per country basis or as point data. Since wetlands are challenging to map, their accuracies are not well considered in global land cover products. In this paper we describe a methodology to map wetlands using well-corrected 250-meter MODIS time-series data for the year 2002 and over a 360,000 km2 large study area in western Burkina Faso and southern Mali (West Africa). A MODIS-based spectral index table is used to map basic wetland morphology classes. The index uses the wet season near infrared (NIR) metrics as a surrogate for flooding, as a function of the dry season chlorophyll activity metrics (as NDVI). Topographic features such as sinks and streamline areas were used to mask areas where wetlands can potentially occur, and minimize spectral confusion. 30-m Landsat trajectories from the same year, over two reference sites, were used for accuracy assessment, which considered the area-proportion of each class mapped in Landsat for every MODIS cell. We were able to map a total of five wetland categories. Aerial extend of all mapped wetlands (class "Wetland") is 9,350 km2, corresponding to 4.3\% of the total study area size. The classes "No wetland"/"Wetland" could be separated with very high certainty; the overall agreement (KHAT) was 84.2\% (0.67) and 97.9\% (0.59) for the two reference sites, respectively. The methodology described herein can be employed to render wide area base line information on wetland distributions in semi-arid West Africa, as a data-scarce region. The results can provide (spatially) interoperable information feeds for inter-zonal as well as local scale water assessments.}, subject = {Geologie}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Duerig2011, author = {D{\"u}rig, Tobias}, title = {Fracture dynamics in silicate glasses}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-73492}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Understanding the mechanisms of fragmentation within silicate melts is of great interest not only for material science, but also for volcanology, particularly regarding molten fuel coolant-interactions (MFCIs). Therefore edge-on hammer impact experiments (HIEs) have been carried out in order to analyze the fracture dynamics in well defined targets by applying a Cranz-Schardin highspeed camera technique. This thesis presents the corresponding results and provides a thorough insight into the dynamics of fragmentation, particularly focussing on the processes of energy dissipation. In HIEs two main classes of cracks can be identified, characterized by completely different fracture mechanisms: Shock wave induced "damage cracks" and "normal cracks", which are exclusively caused by shear-stresses. This dual fracture situation is taken into account by introducing a new concept, according to which the crack class-specific fracture energies are linearly correlated with the corresponding fracture areas. The respective proportionality constants - denoted "fracture surface energy densities" (FSEDs) - have been quantified for all studied targets under various constraints. By analyzing the corresponding high speed image sequences and introducing useful dynamic parameters it has been possible to specify and describe in detail the evolution of fractures and, moreover, to quantify the energy dissipation rates during the fragmentation. Additionally, comprehensive multivariate statistical analyses have been carried out which have revealed general dependencies of all relevant fracture parameters as well as characteristics of the resulting particles. As a result, an important principle of fracture dynamics has been found, referred to as the "local anisotropy effect": According to this principle, the fracture dynamics in a material is significantly affected by the location of directed stresses. High local stress gradients cause a more stable crack propagation and consequently a reduction of the energy dissipation rates. As a final step, this thesis focusses on the volcanological conclusions which can be drawn on the basis of the presented HIE results. Therefore fragments stemming from HIEs have been compared with natural and experimental volcanic ash particles of basaltic Grimsv{\"o}tn and rhyolitic Tepexitl melts. The results of these comparative particle analyses substantiate HIEs to be a very suitable method for reproducing the MFCI loading conditions in silicate melts and prove the FSED concept to be a model which is well transferable to volcanic fragmentation processes.}, subject = {Bruchmechanik}, language = {en} } @article{ConradFritschZeidleretal.2010, author = {Conrad, Christopher and Fritsch, Sebastian and Zeidler, Julian and R{\"u}cker, Gerd and Dech, Stefan}, title = {Per-Field Irrigated Crop Classification in Arid Central Asia Using SPOT and ASTER Data}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68630}, year = {2010}, abstract = {The overarching goal of this research was to explore accurate methods of mapping irrigated crops, where digital cadastre information is unavailable: (a) Boundary separation by object-oriented image segmentation using very high spatial resolution (2.5-5 m) data was followed by (b) identification of crops and crop rotations by means of phenology, tasselled cap, and rule-based classification using high resolution (15-30 m) bi-temporal data. The extensive irrigated cotton production system of the Khorezm province in Uzbekistan, Central Asia, was selected as a study region. Image segmentation was carried out on pan-sharpened SPOT data. Varying combinations of segmentation parameters (shape, compactness, and color) were tested for optimized boundary separation. The resulting geometry was validated against polygons digitized from the data and cadastre maps, analysing similarity (size, shape) and congruence. The parameters shape and compactness were decisive for segmentation accuracy. Differences between crop phenologies were analyzed at field level using bi-temporal ASTER data. A rule set based on the tasselled cap indices greenness and brightness allowed for classifying crop rotations of cotton, winter-wheat and rice, resulting in an overall accuracy of 80 \%. The proposed field-based crop classification method can be an important tool for use in water demand estimations, crop yield simulations, or economic models in agricultural systems similar to Khorezm.}, subject = {Geologie}, language = {en} } @misc{Stein2011, type = {Master Thesis}, author = {Stein, Florian}, title = {Diffusion von Photovoltaik-Anlagen in Baden-W{\"u}rttemberg : R{\"a}umliche Unterschiede in der Nutzungsintensit{\"a}t von Photovoltaik-Dachanlagen - untersucht in der Region Heilbronn-Franken}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-64828}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Es existieren regionale Unterschiede in der Nutzung von Photovoltaik-Anlagen (PV) in Baden-W{\"u}rttemberg. Die Bedeutung von Raumstruktur und Globalstrahlung f{\"u}r diese Unterschiede wurde großr{\"a}umig untersucht. Es zeigte sich, dass die PV-Nutzung im l{\"a}ndlichen Raum Baden-W{\"u}rttembergs h{\"o}her ist als im urbanen Raum. Dieser Zusammenhang gewann in den letzten Jahren an Bedeutung. Die Bedeutung der Globalstrahlung f{\"u}r die PV-Nutzung sank auf ein sehr niedriges Niveau. Weitere Untersuchungen wurden im Nordosten Baden-W{\"u}rttembergs durchgef{\"u}hrt, wo die Raumstruktur l{\"a}ndlich und die PV-Nutzung {\"u}berdurchschnittlich hoch ist. Um die Ursachen der regionalen Unterschiede in der PV-Nutzung n{\"a}her zu untersuchen, wurden qualitative Experteninterviews, Korrelationsanalysen und schriftliche Haushaltsbefragungen durchgef{\"u}hrt. Durch Experteninterviews wurden die Hauptakteure f{\"u}r die Diffusion von PV in der Untersuchungsregion identifiziert. Neben PV-Unternehmen sind dies Landwirte, Gemeinder{\"a}te und B{\"u}rgermeister sowie Energieagenturen. Landwirte nehmen eine Schl{\"u}sselrolle ein, da es f{\"u}r sie relativ leicht ist PV-Anlagen zu realisieren. Gemeinder{\"a}te und ihre B{\"u}rgermeister k{\"o}nnen PV-Anlagen auf {\"o}ffentlichen Geb{\"a}uden realisieren. Energieagenturen bilden Diffusionsnetzwerke zwischen verschiedenen Akteuren. Eine Korrelationsanalyse deckte einige Faktoren auf, die mit den PV-Anlagen je Einwohner und Kommune in Heilbronn-Franken korrelieren. Diese Faktoren sind (i) Anteil der unter 18 J{\"a}hrigen, (ii) Anteil der Einfamilienh{\"a}user an den Wohngeb{\"a}uden, (iii) Anteil der sozialversicherungspflichtigen Besch{\"a}ftigten mit abgeschlossener Ausbildung, (iv) landwirtschaftliche Betriebe mit Viehhaltung je Einwohner, (v) Anteil der Mehrfamilien-h{\"a}user an den Wohngeb{\"a}uden und (vi) Anteil der sozialversicherungspflichtig Besch{\"a}ftigten mit Hochschulabschluss. Durch eine Haushaltsbefragung wurden signifikante Unterschiede zwischen PV-Eigent{\"u}mern und Nicht-Eigent{\"u}mern aufgedeckt (Alter, Familienverh{\"a}ltnisse, Energieverhalten, PV-Informationskan{\"a}le, Einstellung zu PV). Bei formaler Bildung und Einkommen gab es keine signifikanten Unterschiede. Außerdem wurden signifikante Unterschiede zwischen einer Gemeinde mit hoher und einer mit niedriger PV-Nutzung erkannt (Energieverhalten, Notwendigkeit {\"o}kologischen Handels, Einstellung zu PV, lokale PV-Akteure). Andere Aspekte wiesen keine signifikanten Unterschiede auf (PV-Informationskan{\"a}le, Hinderungsgr{\"u}nde f{\"u}r den Kauf). Außerdem zeigte sich, dass die Diffusion von PV einen wichtigen lokalen Charakter hat (PV-Informationskan{\"a}le, lokale M{\"a}rkte).}, subject = {Diffusion }, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Woltering2011, author = {Woltering, Manuel}, title = {Tourismus und Regionalentwicklung in deutschen Nationalparken: Regionalwirtschaftliche Wirkungsanalyse des Tourismus als Schwerpunkt eines sozio{\"o}konomischen Monitoringsystems}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-71898}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Von den drei aktuell in Deutschland zu unterscheidenden Großschutzgebietskategorien Nationalpark, Naturpark und Biosph{\"a}renreservat stellt der Nationalpark gewiss die h{\"o}chsten Anspr{\"u}che an den Naturschutz. Im Idealfall sollen bis zu drei Viertel der betreffenden Fl{\"a}chen g{\"a}nzlich aus der Nutzung genommen werden. Dieser Nutzungsverzicht hat im Vorfeld einer Gebietsausweisung aufgrund der damit verbundenen {\"o}konomischen Einbußen oftmals Bedenken der lokalen Bev{\"o}lkerung gegen{\"u}ber diesem Fl{\"a}chenschutzinstrument zur Folge. Nationalparke k{\"o}nnen jedoch als Attraktionspunkte im Tourismus durchaus zu einer eigenst{\"a}ndigen Entwicklung l{\"a}ndlich-peripherer Regionen beitragen. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht deshalb die Strukturen des Tourismus und dessen {\"o}konomischen Stellenwert in den deutschen Nationalparkregionen. Auf Grundlage einer Typisierung der bestehenden vierzehn Gebiete wurden zun{\"a}chst f{\"u}nf Untersuchungsregionen ausgew{\"a}hlt (Bayerischer Wald, Eifel, Hainich, Kellerwald-Edersee sowie Nieders{\"a}chsisches Wattenmeer), f{\"u}r die mittels des nachfrageseitigen Vorgehens einer Wertsch{\"o}pfungsanalyse die regionalwirtschaftlichen Effekte des Tourismus bestimmt wurden. Darauf aufbauend ist schließlich eine Hochrechnung f{\"u}r den gesamtdeutschen Nationalparktourismus durchgef{\"u}hrt worden. Insgesamt halten sich j{\"a}hrlich demnach etwas mehr als 50 Mio. Besucher in den deutschen Nationalparken auf, die einen touristischen Bruttoumsatz von 2,1 Mrd. € generieren. Daraus resultieren Einkommen in H{\"o}he von ungef{\"a}hr 1,1 Mrd. €, woraus sich ein Einkommens{\"a}quivalent von etwas mehr als 69.000 Personen ableitet. F{\"u}r die vor allem aus regionalpolitischer Sicht relevante Besuchergruppe mit hoher Nationalparkaffinit{\"a}t (= National-parktouristen im engeren Sinn) reduzieren sich diese Werte auf rund 11 Mio. Besucher und 431 Mio. € Bruttoumsatz, was ca. 212 Mio. € Einkommen und ein Einkommens{\"a}quivalent von rund 14.000 Personen bewirkt. Diese Resultate auf Ebene der einzelnen Untersuchungsgebiete stellen dabei lediglich den gegenw{\"a}rtigen Status-quo dar, k{\"o}nnen aber als Grundlage f{\"u}r ein dauerhaftes Monitoring dienen. Dazu ist allerdings von Managementseite der Wille f{\"u}r eine kontinuierliche Bewertung nicht nur der {\"o}kologischen, sondern auch der sozio{\"o}konomischen Entwicklung erforderlich. Der aktuelle Forschungsstand zeigt in dieser Hinsicht noch ein enormes Potenzial. Um eine m{\"o}glichst kosteng{\"u}nstige Variante des eingesetzten Verfahrens zur Erfassung der Besucherstrukturen und des Ausgabeverhaltens der Touristen zu konzipieren, werden Vorschl{\"a}ge f{\"u}r eine m{\"o}gliche Reduzierung des empirischen Aufwands ausgearbeitet. Denn angesichts der bestehenden Budgets deutscher Nationalparkverwaltungen muss es Ziel sein, das bisher wissenschaftlich ausgerichtete Instrumentarium der empirischen Erhebungen zu einem praxisnahen und leicht anwendbaren Vorgehen weiter zu entwickeln und damit f{\"u}r einen Monitoringeinsatz f{\"u}r die Verantwortlichen vor Ort zu optimieren. Nur dadurch k{\"o}nn-ten auf objektiver Basis die Entwicklungen im Nationalparktourismus und folglich der Stellenwert der Schutzgebiete als Stimuli der regionalen Entwicklung mittel- bis langfristig beurteilt werden.}, subject = {Nationalpark}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Gerend2012, author = {Gerend, Jennifer}, title = {U.S. and German Approaches to Regulating Retail Development: Urban Planning Tools and Local Policies}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-70257}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2012}, abstract = {This dissertation examines retail development regulation in the U.S. and in Germany, comparing the various urban planning tools and policies in use by municipal governments. These similarities and differences are explored through research into three case study cities in each country, with special attention paid to how these governments regulate large-scale or "big box" retail.}, subject = {Einzelhandel}, language = {en} }