@unpublished{WohlgemuthMitric2020,
  author    = {Wohlgemuth, Matthias and Mitric, Roland},
  title     = {Excitation energy transport in DNA modelled by multi-chromophoric field-induced surface hopping},
  series = {Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics},
  journal   = {Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics},
  edition   = {submitted version},
  doi       = {10.1039/D0CP02255A},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-209467},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Absorption of ultraviolet light is known as a major source of carcinogenic mutations of DNA. The underlying processes of excitation energy dissipation are yet not fully understood. In this work we provide a new and generally applicable route for studying the excitation energy transport in multi-chromophoric complexes at an atomistic level. The surface-hopping approach in the frame of the extended Frenkel exciton model combined with QM/MM techniques allowed us to simulate the photodynamics of the alternating (dAdT)10 : (dAdT)10 double-stranded DNA. In accordance with recent experiments, we find that the excited state decay is multiexponential, involving a long and a short component which are due to two distinct mechanisms: formation of long-lived delocalized excitonic and charge transfer states vs. ultrafast decaying localized states resembling those of the bare nucleobases. Our simulations explain all stages of the ultrafast photodynamics including initial photoexcitation, dynamical evolution out of the Franck-Condon region, excimer formation and nonradiative relaxation to the ground state.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kramer2017,
  author    = {Kramer, Christian},
  title     = {Investigation of Nanostructure-Induced Localized Light Phenomena Using Ultrafast Laser Spectroscopy},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-150681},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {In recent years, the interaction of light with subwavelength structures, i.e., structures that are smaller than the optical wavelength, became more and more interesting to scientific research, since it provides the opportunity to manipulate light-induced dynamics below the optical diffraction limit. Specifically designed nanomaterials can be utilized to tailor the temporal evolution of electromagnetic fields at the nanoscale. For the investigation of strongly localized processes, it is essential to resolve both their spatial and their temporal behavior. The aim of this thesis was to study and/or control the temporal evolution of three nanostructure-induced localized light phenomena by using ultrafast laser spectroscopy with high spatial resolution. In Chapter 4, the absorption of near-infrared light in thin-film a-Si:H solar cells was investigated. Using nanotextured instead of smooth interfaces for such devices leads to an increase of absorption from < 20\% to more than 50\% in the near-infrared regime. Time-resolved experiments with femtosecond laser pulses were performed to clarify the reason for this enhancement. The coherent backscattered radiation from nanotextured solar cell devices was measured as a function of the sample position and evaluated via spectral interferometry. Spatially varying resonance peaks in the recorded spectra indicated the formation of localized photonic modes within the nanotextured absorber layers. In order to identify the modes separately from each other, coherent two-dimensional (2D) nanoscopy was utilized, providing a high spatial resolution < 40 nm. In a nanoscopy measurement on a modified device with an exposed nanotextured a-Si:H absorber layer, hot-spot electron emission was observed and confirmed the presence of localized modes. Fitting the local 2D nanospectra at the hot-spot positions enabled the determination of the resonance frequencies and coherence lifetimes of the modes. The obtained lifetime values varied between 50 fs and 130 fs. Using a thermionic emission model allowed the calculation of the locally absorbed energy density and, with this, an estimation of the localization length of the photonic modes (≈1 μm). The localization could be classified by means of the estimated localization length and additional data evaluation of the backscattered spectra as strong localization ─ the so-called Anderson localization. Based on the experimental results, it was concluded that the enhanced absorption of near-infrared light in thin-film silicon solar cells with nanotextured interfaces is caused by the formation of strongly localized photonic modes within the disordered absorber layers. The incoming near-infrared light is trapped in these long-living modes until absorption occurs. In Chapter 5, a novel hybridized plasmonic device was introduced and investigated in both theory and experiment. It consists of two widely separated whispering gallery mode (WGM) nanoantennas located in an elliptical plasmonic cavity. The goal was to realize a periodic long-range energy transfer between the nanoantennas. In finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations, the device was first optimized with respect to strong coupling between the localized antenna modes and the spatially-extended cavity mode. The geometrical parameters of the antennas and the cavity were adjusted separately so that the m="0" antenna mode and the cavity mode were resonant at λ="800 nm" . A high spatial overlap of the modes was achieved by positioning the two antennas in the focal spots of the cavity, leading to a distance between the antenna centers of more than twice the resonant wavelength of the modes. The spectral response of the optimized device revealed an energy splitting of the antenna and the cavity mode into three separated hybridized eigenmodes within an energy range of about 90 meV due to strong coupling. It could be well reproduced by a simple model of three coupled Lorentzian oscillators. In the time domain, an oscillatory energy transfer between both antennas with a period of 86 fs and an energy transfer efficiency of about 7\% was observed for single-pulse excitation. For the experiments, devices with cavities and antennas of varying size were fabricated by means of focused-ion-beam (FIB) milling. Time-resolved correlation measurements were performed with high spatial and temporal resolution by using sequences of two femtosecond laser pulses for excitation and photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) for detection. Local correlation traces at antennas in resonant devices, i.e., devices with enhanced electron emission at both antenna positions, were investigated and reconstructed by means of the coupled-oscillator model. The corresponding spectral response revealed separated peaks, confirming the formation of hybridized eigenmodes due to strong coupling. In a subsequent simulation for single-pulse excitation, one back-and-forth energy transfer between both antennas with an energy transfer efficiency of about 10\% was observed. Based on the theoretical and experimental results, it was demonstrated that in the presented plasmonic device a periodic long-range energy transfer between the two nanoantennas is possible. Furthermore, the coupled-oscillator model enables one to study in depth how specific device properties impact the temporal electric-field dynamics within the device. This can be exploited to further optimize energy transfer efficiency of the device. Future applications are envisioned in ultrafast plasmonic nanocircuitry. Moreover, the presented device can be employed to realize efficient SPP-mediated strong coupling between widely separated quantum emitters. In Chapter 6, it was investigated in theory how the local optical chirality enhancement in the near field of plasmonic nanostructures can be optimized by tuning the far-field polarization of the incident light. An analytic expression was derived that enables the calculation of the optimal far-field polarizations, i.e., the two far-field polarizations which lead to the highest positive and negative local optical chirality, for any given nanostructure geometry. The two optimal far-field polarizations depend on the local optical response of the respective nanostructure and thus are functions of both the frequency ω and the position r. Their ellipticities differ only in their sign, i.e., in their direction of rotation in the time domain, and the angle between their orientations, i.e., the angle between the principal axes of their ellipses, is ±π/"2" . The handedness of optimal local optical chirality can be switched by switching between the optimal far-field polarizations. In numerical simulations, it was exemplarily shown for two specific nanostructure assemblies that the optimal local optical chirality can significantly exceed the optical chirality values of circularly polarized light in free space ─ the highest possible values in free space. The corresponding optimal far-field polarizations were different from linear and circular and varied with frequency. Using femtosecond polarization pulse shaping provides the opportunity to coherently control local optical chirality over a continuous frequency range. Furthermore, symmetry properties of nanostructures can be exploited to determine which far-field polarization is optimal. The theoretical findings can have impact on future experimental studies about local optical chirality enhancement. Tuning the far-field polarization of the incident light offers a promising tool to enhance chirally specific interactions of local electromagnetic fields with molecular and other quantum systems in the vicinity of plasmonic nanostructures. The presented approach can be utilized for applications in chiral sensing of adsorbed molecules, time-resolved chirality-sensitive spectroscopy, and chiral quantum control. In conclusion, each of the localized light phenomena that were investigated in this thesis ─ the enhanced local absorption of near-infrared light due to the formation of localized photonic modes, the periodic long-range energy transfer between two nanoantennas within an elliptical plasmonic cavity, and the optimization of local optical chirality enhancement by tuning the far-field polarization of the incident light ─ can open up new perspectives for a variety of future applications. .},
  subject      = {Ultrakurzzeitspektroskopie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Hader2017,
  author    = {Hader, Kilian},
  title     = {Lokalisierungsdynamik unter Ber{\"u}cksichtigung von Molek{\"u}l-Feld-Wechselwirkung, Kern-Elektron-Kopplung und Exziton-Exziton-Annihilierung},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-146735},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit verschiedenen Aspekten der Dynamik von Kernen, Elektronen und gekoppelten Kern-Elektron-Systemen, wobei je nach System unterschiedliche Herangehensweisen gew{\"a}hlt wurden. Zentrale Punkte sind bei allen drei Kapiteln einerseits die Lokalisierung von Teilchen und Energie und andererseits eine hohe Sensitivit{\"a}t in Bezug auf die Wahl der Anfangsbedingungen. Im ersten Teil wurden von der Carrier-Envelope-Phase (CEP) abh{\"a}ngende, laser-induzierte Lokalisierungen betrachtet. Das zentrale Element ist dabei das entwickelte Doppelpulsschema, mit welchem eine CEP-Abh{\"a}ngigkeit in beobachtbaren Gr{\"o}ßen erzeugt wird. Als Beispielsysteme wurden die Fragmentation im D₂⁺-Modellsystem und eine Isomerisierung im Doppelminimumpotential (DMP) untersucht. Als Observable wird die Asymmetrie betrachtet Im DMP kann die Asymmetrie mit dem Entantiomeren/Isomeren{\"u}berschuss gleich gesetzt werden kann und im D₂⁺-Modellsystem mit der Lokalisierung des Elektrons auf einem der beiden dissoziierenden Kerne. Eine Phasenabh{\"a}ngigkeit der Asymmetrien besteht nur f{\"u}r die CEP des zweiten Pulses φ₂, f{\"u}r welchen keine Begrenzungen f{\"u}r die Anzahl an Laserzyklen auftreten. Im DMP wurde die CEP-Abh{\"a}ngigkeit der Asymmetrien auch bei unterschiedlichen Startkonfigurationen untersucht. F{\"u}r alle untersuchten Startkonfigurationen konnte ein Laserparametersatz gefunden werden, der f{\"u}r zumindest eine der beiden Asymmetrien eine CEP-Abh{\"a}ngigkeit liefert. Aufgrund der aufgehobenen energetischen Entartung der Paare gerader und ungerader Symmetrie ist die resultierende Lokalisierung zeitabh{\"a}ngig. Zur Messung der vorhergesagten Dynamiken ist z.B. die Aufnahme eines Photoelektronen-Spektrums denkbar. In n{\"a}chsten Kapitel wurden unterschiedliche Dynamiken innerhalb eines 4d Kern-Elektron-Modells in der N{\"a}he einer konischen Durchschneidung (CI) zweier Potentiale betrachtet. Hierbei ist hervorzuheben, dass eine solche gleichzeitige Untersuchung von Kern- und Elektron-Dynamik in Systemen mit CIs in der Literatur, nach Wissen des Autors, bisher nicht ver{\"o}ffentlicht ist. Das 4d-Potential wurde mit Hilfe des sogenannten Potfit-Algorithmus gefittet. Dieser Fit wurde anschließend verwendet, um die Dynamik des gekoppelten Systems mit Hilfe der "Multi-Configuration Time-Dependent Hartree"(MCTDH)-Methode zu berechnen. Aus der Analyse der gekoppelten Kern-Elektron-Wellenfunktion ergaben sich zwei grundlegend unterschiedliche Klassen von Dynamiken: • Diabatisch: Kern- und Elektrondynamik sind nahezu entkoppelt. Der Kern bewegt sich und das Elektron bleibt statisch. • Adiabatisch: Kern- und Elektrondynamik sind stark gekoppelt. Die Kerndynamik findet auf Kreisbahnen statt. Mit der Rotation der Kerndichte um den Winkel φ geht eine Rotation der Elektron-Dichte einher. Die diabatische Bewegung entspricht der Dynamik durch die konische Durchschneidung und die adiabatische Bewegung der Dynamik auf der unteren Potentialfl{\"a}che. Welche der beiden Dynamiken stattfindet, wird durch die Wahl der Anfangsbedingung bestimmt. Der wesentliche Unterschied zwischen den beiden Startzust{\"a}nden ist dabei die Lage des Knotens im elektronischen Anteil der Wellenfunktion. In den diabatischen Bewegungen bleibt z.B. der pₓ -artige Charakter der elektronischen Wellenfunktion konstant, wohingegen sich bei der adiabatischen Dynamik der Charakter mit der Kernbewegung {\"a}ndert. Die Zeitersparnis durch die Verwendung des MCTDH-Ansatzes im Vergleich zur Split-Operator-Methode liegt etwa bei einem Faktor 5. Das letzte Kapitel widmet sich der mikroskopischen Beschreibung von Exziton-Exziton- Annihilierung (EEA). Dabei werden numerische L{\"o}sungen der aus einem mikro- skopischen Modell hergeleiteten Ratengleichungen mit Messungen ( transienter Absorption) verglichen. Es wurden zwei Systeme untersucht: ein Squarain-basiertes Heteropolymer (SQA-SQB)ₙ und ein [2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenvinylen]-Polymer, auch bekannt als MEH-PPV. In beiden F{\"a}llen gelang die systematische Parameterbestimmung mit Hilfe einer Aufteilung in lokalisierte Subsysteme. Diese Subsysteme werden einzeln gewichtet und anschließend aufsummiert, wobei die Gewichte optimiert werden k{\"o}nnen. Aus den so erhaltenen Parametern ergibt sich f{\"u}r beide Systeme ein {\"a}hnliches Bild: • Durch ultraschnelle Lokalisierung der Anregung im fs-Bereich auf kleinere Aggregateinheiten bilden sich voneinander getrennte Subsysteme. • Die in den Subsystemen lokalisierten Exzitonen k{\"o}nnen sich nur innerhalb dieser Bereiche frei bewegen. Es ist ausreichend, direkt benachbarte Mono-, Bi-, Tri- und Tetra-Exzitonen in bis zu zwei Dimensionen zu ber{\"u}cksichtigen. • Auf einer fs-Zeitskala annihilieren direkt benachbarte Exzitonen. • Im MEH-PPV ergibt sich der Signalzerfall im fs-Bereich als Mittelwert aus einer schnellen (zwischen Ketten) und einer langsamen (innerhalb von Ketten) Annihilierung. • Im ps- bis ns-Bereich wird sowohl durch Diffusion vermittelte Annihilierung, also auch der Zerfall der ersten angeregten Zust{\"a}nde bedeutsam.},
  subject      = {Quantenmechanik},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Brueckner2017,
  author    = {Br{\"u}ckner, Charlotte},
  title     = {The Electronic Structure and Optoelectronic Processes at the Interfaces in Organic Solar Cells Composed of Small Organic Molecules - A Computational Analysis of Molecular, Intermolecular, and Aggregate Aspects},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-141652},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Describing the light-to-energy conversion in OSCs requires a multiscale understanding of the involved optoelectronic processes, i.e., an understanding from the molecular, intermolecular, and aggregate perspective. This thesis presents such a multiscale description to provide insight into the processes in the vicinity of the organic::organic interface, which are crucial for the overall performance of OSCs. Light absorption, exciton diffusion, photoinduced charge transfer at the donor-acceptor interface, and charge separation are included. In order to establish structure-property relationships, a variety of different molecular p-type semiconductors are combined at the organic donor-acceptor heterojunction with fullerene C60, one of the most common acceptors in OSCs. Starting with a comprehensive analysis of the accuracy of diverse ab initio, DFT, and semiempiric methods for the properties of the individual molecules, the intermolecular, and aggregate/device stage are subsequently addressed. At all stages, both methodological concepts and physical aspects in OSCs are discussed to extend the microscopic understanding of the charge generation processes.},
  subject      = {Benchmark},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Heilos2019,
  author    = {Heilos, Anna},
  title     = {Mechanistic Insights into the Inhibition of Cathepsin B and Rhodesain with Low-Molecular Inhibitors},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-17822},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-178228},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Cysteine proteases play a crucial role in medical chemistry concerning various fields reaching from more common ailments like cancer and hepatitis to less noted tropical diseases, namely the so-called African Sleeping Sickness (Human Arfican Trypanosomiasis). Detailed knowledge about the catalytic function of these systems is highly desirable for drug research in the respective areas. In this work, the inhibition mechanisms of the two cysteine proteases cathepsin B and rhodesain with respectively one low-molecular inhibitor class were investigated in detail, using computational methods. In order to sufficiently describe macromolecular systems, molecular mechanics based methods (MM) and quantum mechanical based method (QM), as well as hybrid methods (QM/MM) combining those two approaches, were applied. For Cathespin B, carbamate-based molecules were investigated as potential inhibitors for the cysteine protease. The results indicate, that water-bridged proton-transfer reactions play a crucial role for the inhibition. The energetically most favoured pathway (according to the calculations) includes an elimination reaction following an E1cB mechanism with a subsequent carbamylation of the active site amino acid cysteine. Nitroalkene derivatives were investigated as inhibitors for rhodesain. The investigation of structurally similar inhibitors showed, that even small steric differences can crucially influence the inhibition potential of the components. Furthermore, the impact of a fluorination of the nitroalkene inhibitors on the inhibition mechanism was investigated. According to experimental data measured from the working group of professor Schirmeister in Mainz, fluorinated nitroalkenes show - in contrast to the unfluorinated compounds - a time dependent inhibition efficiency. The calculations of the systems indicate, that the fluorination impacts the non-covalent interactions of the inhibitors with the enzymatic environment of the enzyme which results in a different inhibition behaviour.},
  subject      = {Cysteinproteasen},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Constantinidis2019,
  author    = {Constantinidis, Philipp},
  title     = {Schwingungsspektroskopische Untersuchung reaktiver Molek{\"u}le und ihrer Hochtemperatur-Reaktionsprodukte},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-17917},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-179178},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Schwingungsspektroskopie ist eine vielseitige spektroskopische Methode, mit der Molek{\"u}lstrukturen und inter-/intramolekulare Wechselwirkungen untersucht werden k{\"o}nnen. Sie ist deshalb ein hervorragendes Mittel f{\"u}r die Identifikation von Molek{\"u}len. Die vorliegende Arbeit umfasst drei Projekte, in denen Schwingungsspektroskopie angewandt wurde, um reaktive Molek{\"u}le und ihre Hochtemperatur-Reaktionsprodukte zu untersuchen: 1. Die Aufkl{\"a}rung der Entstehungsmechanismen von polycyclischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen (PAKs) in Verbrennungsprozessen ist eines der Hauptanliegen der Verbrennungschemie. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde IR/UV-Ion-Dip-Spektroskopie in Verbindung mit DFT-Frequenzrechnungen und FTIR-Messungen angewandt, um Produkte von Radikal-Radikal-Reaktionen in einem Mikroreaktor bei hohen Temperaturen zu identifizieren. Als IR-Laserquelle f{\"u}r die IR/UV-Ion-Dip-Experimente diente der Freie-Elektronen-Laser FELIX (Free-Electron Laser for Infrared eXperiments) in Nijmegen (Niederlande). In einem Teilprojekt wurde der A 1A´ (S1) <- X 1A´ (S0) {\"U}bergang in 1-(Phenylethinyl)naphthalin (1-PEN), einem mutmaßlich verbrennungsrelevanten Molek{\"u}l, mit [1+1]-REMPI-Spektroskopie untersucht. 2. Die Identifikation von gasf{\"o}rmigen Reaktionsprodukten bei der thermischen Analyse (EGA: Emissionsgasanalyse) kann als komplement{\"a}re Methode zur DTA/TG zus{\"a}tzliche Informationen f{\"u}r die Aufkl{\"a}rung von Reaktionsmechanismen liefern. Der Aufbau eines elementaren EGA/FTIR-Experiments, basierend auf einer heizbaren IR-Gaszelle, erm{\"o}glichte in der vorliegenden Arbeit die Durchf{\"u}hrung dynamischer IR-Messungen, mit denen thermische Umsetzungen von {\"U}bergangsmetall-Precursorkomplexen zu Koordinationspolymeren untersucht wurden. 3. Die Synthese des ersten bei Raumtemperatur stabilen Diborins, einer Verbindung mit einer Bor-Bor-Dreifachbindung, stellte einen Meilenstein in der elementorganischen Chemie dar. Dies implizierte eine umfassende Untersuchung der Eigenschaften der BB-Bindung und hatte die Synthese einer Reihe {\"a}hnlicher Bor-Bor-Mehrfachbindungssysteme mit variierenden Bindungseigenschaften zur Folge. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde Raman-Spektroskopie in Verbindung mit DFT-Frequenzrechnungen angewandt, um f{\"u}r diese Bor-Bor-Systeme die strukturellen/elektronischen Eigenschaften der zentralen CBBC-Einheit zu untersuchen.},
  subject      = {Schwingungsspektroskopie},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Bellinger2016,
  author    = {Bellinger, Daniel},
  title     = {Implementation of new reaction pathway determining methods and study of solvent effects on the excited state nature of perylene based dyes},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-144435},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Two thematic complexes were addressed within this work. One part is related to improvements and new implementations into the CAST program package. Thereby the main focus laid on the delivery of a tool which can be used to characterize complex reactions and their mechanisms. But also within the new force field (FF) method (SAPT-FF) within the CAST program, several improvements were made. The second topic is related to the description of dye molecules and their spectral properties. The main focus within these studies was set on the influence of the environment on these properties. In the first topic improvements of the local acting NEB (nudged elastic band) methods were included and the number of available methods was extended. The initial pathway generation was improved by implementing the IDPP (image dependent pair potential) method and a new method was implemented for describing temperature dependent pathways. Additionally, improvements have been made to the optimization routines (global NEB). As a second part the Pathopt (PO) method was considerably improved. In the beginning of the work the original PO idea was used. In this approach one starts with a global optimization on one n-1 dimensional hyperplane which divides the reaction into two sub-areas for obtaining guesses of TSs (transition states). These found TS guesses were used to optimize to the "true" TS. Starting from the optimized ones a relaxation to the next connected minima is done. This idea has been automatically implemented and extended to several number of hyperplanes. In this manner a group of pathsegments is obtained which needs to be connected, but within this work it was realized that such a procedure might be not very efficient. Therefore, a new strategy was implemented which is founded on the same constrained global optimization scheme (MCM) for which the user defines the number of hyperplanes generated. The number of such generated hyperplanes should be large enough 134 to describe the space between the concerning reactants in a sufficient way. The found minima are directly used to built up the reaction pathway. For this purpose a RMSD (root mean square deviation) criterion is used to walk along ways of minimal change from one to another hyperplane. To prove the implementations various test calculations were carried out and extensions included to prove the capabilities of the new strategy. Related to these tests a new strategy for applying the move steps in MCM (Monte Carlo with minimization) was realized which is also related to the question of the coordinates representation. We were able to show that the hopping steps in MCM can be improved by applying Cartesian steps in combination of random dihedral moves with respect to the constraint. In this way it was possible to show that a large variety of systems can be treated. An additional chapter shows the improvements of the SAPT-FF implementation and related test cases. It was possible to treat benzene dimer and cluster systems of different sizes consistently also in accordance with high level ab initio based approaches. Furthermore, we showed that the SAPT-FF with the right parameters outperforms the standard AMOEBA implementation which is the basis of the SAPT-FF implementation. In the last three chapters deal with the description of perlyene-based dyes. In the first smaller chapter ground state chemistry description of macro cycles of PBI (perylene bisimide) derivatives were investigated. Therefore, AFM (atomic force microscopy) based pictures were explained within our study. The methods to explain aggregation behavior in dependency of the ring size were MD simulations and configuration studies. The last two chapters deal with opto-electronic or photo-physical properties of PBI and PTCDA (perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride). In detail, we investigated the role of the environment and the aggregate or crystal surrounding by applying different models. In that way implicit and explicit solvation models, the size of aggregates and vibration motions were used. In the case of PBI the recent work is found on preliminary studies related to my bachelor thesis and extends it. It was shown that the direct influence of a polarizable surrounding, as well as explicit inclusion of solvent molecules on the overall description of the excitations and nature of the excited states is weaker as one might expect. However the inclusion of intra-molecular degrees of freedom showed a stronger influence on the state characteristics and can induce a change of the order of states within the dimer picture. For the PTCDA molecule the main focus was set on the description of the absorption spectrum of crystalline thin films. Related to this older works exist which already gave a description and assignment of the absorption band, but are based on different approaches compared to the one used in this work. We used the supermolecule ansatz, whereas the environment and different aggregate sizes were investigated. Within the dimer based approach we were able to show that using continuum solvation (IEFPCM/COSMO) based description for the environment the relative order of states remains unchanged. Similar to the PBI calculations the influence of the vibrational motions /distortions is larger. The simulation of the crystal environment by using QM/MM (quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics) approaches delivered that an asymmetric charge distribution might induce a localization of the excitation and a stronger mixing of states. For obtaining further insights we go beyond the dimer picture and aggregates of different sizes were used, whereas the simulations up to the octadecamer mono- and even dual-layer stack were carried out. Within these calculations it was shown that the H-coupling is dominating over a weaker J-coupling between different stacks. Additionally the calculations based on DFT (density functional theory) and semi-empirics showed that the lowest state in terms of energy are mostly of Frenkel type, whereas the higher lying states are CT ones which mix with embedded Frenkel type states. The first band of the absorption spectrum was explained by inclusion of vibrational motions within the stacks which induce an intensity gain of the first excited state. This intensity was not explainable by using the undistorted stacks. Also relaxations at the crystal surface might play a role, but are experimentally not explainable.},
  subject      = {Globale Optimierung},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kroeker2012,
  author    = {Kr{\"o}ker, Kristin},
  title     = {DNA-Kohlenstoffnanorohr-Konjugate - Biokompatibilit{\"a}t, ex vivo-Verhalten, Funktionalisierung},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-74552},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Einzelstrang-DNA-dispergierte und individualisierte (6,5)-chirale Kohlenstoffnanor{\"o}hren bilden als Konjugatsystem den Ausgangspunkt dieser Dissertation. Im Vordergrund stehen dabei Untersuchungen zur Biokompatibilit{\"a}t dieser ssDNA-SWNT-Konjugate sowie deren Verhalten nach Zellpenetration und eine Funktionalisierbarkeit zum Wirkstofftransportsystem. Das erste Projekt widmet sich in Kapitel 4 dem Studium der Konjugatstabilit{\"a}t unter physiologischen Bedingungen und einer Vertr{\"a}glichkeit gegen{\"u}ber zellul{\"a}ren Systemen. Experimente zur Biokompatibilit{\"a}t werden erstmals an Nanorohrkonjugaten durchgef{\"u}hrt, welche nach Ultrazentrifugation im Dichtegradienten sorgf{\"a}ltig individualisiert vorliegen. Die umgebungssensitiven photophysikalischen Charakteristika vereinzelter (6,5)-SWNTs k{\"o}nnen zu einer Beurteilung der Konjugatintegrit{\"a}t in physiologischem Milieu genutzt werden. Die Stabilit{\"a}t von ssDNA-SWNT-Strukturen wird in Anwesenheit des Restriktionsenzyms DNase I und dem in Zelln{\"a}hrmedien enthaltenen protein- und nukleasereichem Serum FBS auf die Probe gestellt. In beiden F{\"a}llen kann eine ausreichende ssDNA-SWNT-Integrit{\"a}t attestiert werden, die eine Verwendung unter Zellkultivierungsbedingungen erlaubt. Unter Ber{\"u}cksichtigung verschiedener in Zellen vorliegender pH-Umgebungen werden die Konjugate ebenfalls dieser Variation ausgesetzt. Bei Vorliegen stark saurer und basischer pH-Werte kann die Integrit{\"a}t von ssDNA-SWNT-Konjugaten nicht gew{\"a}hrleistet werden, was sich durch Aggregation bemerkbar macht. Innerhalb des breiten pH-Bereichs zwischen den Werten 3 und 11 hingegen kann eine gute Stabilit{\"a}t best{\"a}tigt werden. F{\"u}r zellul{\"a}re Anwendungen bedeutet dieser Befund keine Einschr{\"a}nkung, da in Kulturen lediglich neutrale bis schwach saure pH-Werte oberhalb von 4.5 zu finden sind. Nachdem die Biostabilit{\"a}t der ssDNA-SWNT-Konjugate gew{\"a}hrleistet ist, kann in Zytotoxizit{\"a}tsstudien eine ex vivo-Vertr{\"a}glichkeit des Nanomaterials getestet werden. Erste Untersuchungen mit der Mausmakrophagenlinie J774.1 weisen wie auch ausf{\"u}hrliche Studien gegen{\"u}ber menschlichen Epithelzellen HeLa auf eine uneingeschr{\"a}nkte Kompatibilit{\"a}t in den eingesetzten Konzentrationen hin. HeLa-Zellen, die mit DGU-gereinigten Nanorohrproben behandelt werden, zeigen eine geringf{\"u}gig h{\"o}here Vitalit{\"a}t als nach Inkubation mit einer Rohdispersion undefinierter SWNT-B{\"u}ndel. Im Gesamtbild ergibt sich somit eine zufriedenstellende Biokompatibilit{\"a}t individualisierter ssDNA-SWNT-Konjugate, womit das in dieser Arbeit zentrale Kohlenstoffnanorohrsystem den Anforderungen f{\"u}r dessen biomedizinische Verwendbarkeit gerecht wird. Der Schwerpunkt weiterer Untersuchungen liegt im zweiten Projekt aus Kapitel 5 auf dem Verhalten von ssDNA-SWNT-Konjugaten nach deren Aufnahme in HeLa-Zellen. Auch hier kann die starke Sensitivit{\"a}t der optischen Eigenschaften individualisierter (6,5)-Kohlenstoffnanor{\"o}hren gegen{\"u}ber Umgebungseinfl{\"u}ssen genutzt werden, um Ver{\"a}nderungen im Emissionsverhalten von SWNTs nach deren zellul{\"a}rer Aufnahme gegen{\"u}ber dem Ausgangszustand zu beobachten. Nach ausf{\"u}hrlicher Weißlicht-, Fluoreszenz- und SWNT-Photolumineszenzmikroskopie, aus deren Resultaten eine erfolgreiche Internalisierung von ssDNA-SWNTs in HeLa-Zellen eindeutig hervorgeht, stehen PL-spektroskopische Untersuchungen der Kohlenstoffnanor{\"o}hren im Vordergrund. Durch einen Vergleich des Emissionsverhaltens der ssDNA-SWNT-Konjugate in und außerhalb von Zellen k{\"o}nnen spektrale Verschiebungen, Linienverbreiterungen und verk{\"u}rzte Fluoreszenzlebensdauern nach zellul{\"a}rer Aufnahme festgestellt werden. Sowohl eine Aggregation von SWNTs als auch eine Beeinflussung durch die pH-Umgebung reichen nicht f{\"u}r eine vollst{\"a}ndige Erkl{\"a}rung des Befunds aus. Vielmehr kann die in endosomalen Kompartimenten durch das Gr{\"o}ßenverh{\"a}ltnis von Endosomen zu SWNTs entstehende r{\"a}umliche N{\"a}he einer großen Nanorohrmenge untereinander als Ursache f{\"u}r eine Ver{\"a}nderung der dielektrischen Umgebung und folglich des Emissionsverhaltens betrachtet werden. Durch Verwendung der Kohlenstoffnanor{\"o}hren als Marker und Sensor k{\"o}nnen ssDNA-SWNT-Konjugate in Zellen somit nicht nur lokalisiert, sondern dar{\"u}ber hinaus hinsichtlich einer m{\"o}glichen Aggregation untersucht werden. Aus den in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Daten kann zwar eine vollst{\"a}ndige Aggregation der SWNTs durch deren Aufnahme in Zellen ausgeschlossen werden, sie muss jedoch in geringf{\"u}gigem Ausmaß neben einer Beeinflussung durch die pH-Umgebung und die große r{\"a}umliche N{\"a}he durchaus in Betracht gezogen werden. Individualisierte ssDNA-SWNT-Konjugate k{\"o}nnen damit erstmals zeitaufgel{\"o}st PL-mikrospektroskopisch in HeLa-Zellen charakterisiert werden. F{\"u}r das letzte Projekt werden in Kapitel 6 neuartige Funktionalisierungsm{\"o}glichkeiten von ssDNA-SWNT-Konjugaten zu zellul{\"a}ren Transportsystemen unter Erhalt der photophysikalischen Eigenschaften erforscht. Dazu soll das Dispergiermittel DNA als Kupplungsstelle f{\"u}r eine kovalente Anbindung eines Agenz genutzt werden. Anstelle eines Wirkstoffes werden die Untersuchungen mit einem Fluorophor als Modellverbindung durchgef{\"u}hrt, welcher den Vorteil einer einfachen Detektierbarkeit liefert. Prinzipiell besteht die M{\"o}glichkeit, das Oligomer mit dem Fluorophor vorzufunktionalisieren und anschließend auf die Oberfl{\"a}che der SWNTs zu bringen. Als effektiver erweist sich die Methode der direkten Kupplung des Farbstoffs an bereits DNA-dispergierte SWNTs. Der Erfolg in der Pr{\"a}paration von FluorophorssDNA- SWNT-Konjugaten wird {\"u}ber die Emission des Fluorophors mit entsprechenden Referenzexperimenten gemessen. Der Versuch einer Quantifizierung liefert jedoch sehr hohe Werte, die lediglich als eine obere Grenze f{\"u}r die gefundene Anzahl gebundener Fluorophore pro Nanor{\"o}hre angesehen werden k{\"o}nnen. Im Verlauf des Projekts kann eine Funktionalisierbarkeit der Nanor{\"o}hren {\"u}ber das Dispergieradditiv DNA als neue Strategie aufgezeigt werden. Im Gegensatz zu bekannten Wirkstofftransportsystemen bietet dieser Funktionalisierungsansatz den Vorteil, dass die optischen Eigenschaften der individualisierten ssDNA-SWNT-Konjugate erhalten bleiben, welche wieder um einen gleichzeitigen Einsatz der Nanor{\"o}hren als Transporter und Marker bzw. Sensor erlauben. Die vorliegende Dissertation liefert neben dieser bisher unbekannten Funktionalisierungsstrategie neue Erkenntnisse {\"u}ber die Biokompatibilit{\"a}t speziell von individualisierten ssDNA-SWNT-Konjugaten und deren Verhalten in HeLa-Zellen. Mit diesem Wissen kann der gezielte Wirkstofftransport durch Kohlenstoffnanor{\"o}hren als biokompatibles und zellg{\"a}ngiges Tr{\"a}gersystem anvisiert werden.},
  subject      = {Biokompatibilit{\"a}t},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{SeligParthey2012,
  author    = {Selig-Parthey, Ulrike},
  title     = {Methods of Nonlinear Femtosecond Spectroscopy in the Visible and Ultraviolet Regime and their Application to Coupled Multichromophore Systems},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-74356},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Time-resolved spectroscopic studies of energy transfer between molecules in solution form a basis for both, our understanding of fundamental natural processes like photosynthesis as well as directed synthetic approaches to optimize organic opto-electronic devices. Here, coherent two-dimensional (2D) spectroscopy opens up new possibilities, as it reveals the correlation between absorption and emission frequency and hence the full cause-and-effect chain. In this thesis two optical setups were developed and implemented, permitting the recording of electronic 2D spectra in the visible and in the hitherto unexplored ultraviolet spectral range. Both designs rely on the exclusive manipulation of beam pairs, which reduces the signal modulation to the difference between the transition frequency of the system and the laser frequency. Thus - as has been shown experimentally and theoretically - the timing precision as well as mechanical stability requirements are greatly reduced, from fractions of the oscillation period of the exciting light wave to fractions of the pulse duration. Two-dimensional spectroscopy and femtosecond transient absorption (TA) as well as different theoretical approaches and simulation models were then applied to coupled multichromophore systems of increasing complexity. Perylene bisimide-perylene monoimide dyads were investigated in cooperation with Prof. Dr. Frank W{\"u}rthner and Prof. Dr. Bernd Engels at the University of W{\"u}rzburg. In these simplest systems studied, global analysis of six different TA experiments unequivocally revealed an ultrafast interchromophoric energy transfer in the 100 fs range. Comparison between the obtained transfer rates and the predictions of F{\"o}rster theory suggest a breakdown of this point-transition-dipole-based picture at the donor-acceptor distances realized in our compounds. Furthermore, a model including conformational changes and an interchromophoric charge transfer has been derived to consistently describe the observed pico- to nanosecond dynamics and fluorescence quantum yields. A second collaboration with Prof. Dr. Gregory Scholes (University of Toronto, Canada) and Prof. Dr. Paul Burn (University of Queensland, Australia) addressed the photophysics of a series of uorene-carbazole dendrimers. Here, a combination of 2D-UV spectroscopy and femtosecond ansiotropy decay experiments revealed the initial delocalization of the excited state wave function that saturates with the second generation. In room temperature solution, disorder-induced localization takes place on the time scales comparable to our instrument response, i.e. 100 fs, followed by energy transfer via incoherent hopping processes. Lastly, in tubular zinc chlorin aggregates, semi-synthetic analogues of natural lightharvesting antennae that had again been synthesized in the group of Prof. Dr. Frank W{\"u}rthner, the interchromophoric coupling is so strong that coherently coupled domains prevail even at room temperature. From an analysis of intensity-dependent TA measurements the dimensions of these domains, the exciton delocalization length, could be determined to span 5-20 monomers. In addition, 2D spectra uncovered efficient energy transfer between neighboring domains, i.e. ultrafast exciton diffusion.},
  subject      = {Femtosekundenspektroskopie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Quast2012,
  author    = {Quast, Tatjana},
  title     = {Spectroscopic investigation of charge-transfer processes and polarisation pulse shaping in the visible spectral range},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-74265},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {The first part deals with the spectroscopic investigation of ultrafast light-induced charge-transfer processes in different molecular compounds. In the second part, the question of the generation and characterisation of broadband visible polarisation-shaped laser pulses is treated.},
  subject      = {Polarisiertes Licht},
  language  = {en}
}