@article{HahnLuxenhoferHeltenetal.2021,
  author    = {Hahn, Lukas and Luxenhofer, Robert and Helten, Holger and Forster, Stefan and Fritze, Lars and Polzin, Lando and Keßler, Larissa},
  title     = {ABA Type Amphiphiles with Poly(2-benzhydryl-2-oxazine) Moieties: Synthesis, Characterization and Inverse Thermogelation},
  series = {Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics},
  volume    = {222},
  journal   = {Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics},
  number    = {17},
  doi       = {10.1002/macp.202100114},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-265124},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Thermoresponsive polymers are frequently involved in the development of materials for various applications. Here, polymers containing poly(2- benzhydryl-2-oxazine) (pBhOzi) repeating units are described for the first time. The homopolymer pBhOzi and an ABA type amphiphile comprising two flanking hydrophilic A blocks of poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (pMeOx) and the hydrophobic aromatic pBhOzi central B block (pMeOx-b-pBhOzi-b-pMeOx) are synthesized and the latter is shown to exhibit inverse thermogelling properties at concentrations of 20 wt.\% in water. This behavior stands in contrast to a homologue ABA amphiphile consisting of a central poly(2-benzhydryl-2-oxazoline) block (pMeOx-b-pBhOx-b-pMeOx). No inverse thermogelling is observed with this polymer even at 25 wt.\%. For 25 wt.\% pMeOx-b-pBhOzi-b-pMeOx, a surprisingly high storage modulus of ≈22 kPa and high values for the yield and flow points of 480 Pa and 1.3 kPa are obtained. Exceeding the yield point, pronounced shear thinning is observed. Interestingly, only little difference between self-assemblies of pMeOx-b-pBhOzi-b-pMeOx and pMeOx-b-pBhOx-b-pMeOx is observed by dynamic light scattering while transmission electron microscopy images suggest that the micelles of pMeOx-b-pBhOzi-b-pMeOx interact through their hydrophilic coronas, which is probably decisive for the gel formation. Overall, this study introduces new building blocks for poly(2-oxazoline) and poly(2-oxazine)-based self-assemblies, but additional studies will be needed to unravel the exact mechanism.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HahnBeudertGutmannetal.2021,
  author    = {Hahn, Lukas and Beudert, Matthias and Gutmann, Marcus and Keßler, Larissa and Stahlhut, Philipp and Fischer, Lena and Karakaya, Emine and Lorson, Thomas and Thievessen, Ingo and Detsch, Rainer and L{\"u}hmann, Tessa and Luxenhofer, Robert},
  title     = {From Thermogelling Hydrogels toward Functional Bioinks: Controlled Modification and Cytocompatible Crosslinking},
  series = {Macromolecular Bioscience},
  volume    = {21},
  journal   = {Macromolecular Bioscience},
  number    = {10},
  doi       = {10.1002/mabi.202100122},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-257542},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Hydrogels are key components in bioink formulations to ensure printability and stability in biofabrication. In this study, a well-known Diels-Alder two-step post-polymerization modification approach is introduced into thermogelling diblock copolymers, comprising poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) and thermoresponsive poly(2-n-propyl-2-oxazine). The diblock copolymers are partially hydrolyzed and subsequently modified by acid/amine coupling with furan and maleimide moieties. While the thermogelling and shear-thinning properties allow excellent printability, trigger-less cell-friendly Diels-Alder click-chemistry yields long-term shape-fidelity. The introduced platform enables easy incorporation of cell-binding moieties (RGD-peptide) for cellular interaction. The hydrogel is functionalized with RGD-peptides using thiol-maleimide chemistry and cell proliferation as well as morphology of fibroblasts seeded on top of the hydrogels confirm the cell adhesion facilitated by the peptides. Finally, bioink formulations are tested for biocompatibility by incorporating fibroblasts homogenously inside the polymer solution pre-printing. After the printing and crosslinking process good cytocompatibility is confirmed. The established bioink system combines a two-step approach by physical precursor gelation followed by an additional chemical stabilization, offering a broad versatility for further biomechanical adaptation or bioresponsive peptide modification.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GranathLoebmannMandel2021,
  author    = {Granath, Tim and L{\"o}bmann, Peer and Mandel, Karl},
  title     = {Oxidative Precipitation as a Versatile Method to Obtain Ferromagnetic Fe\(_{3}\)O\(_{4}\) Nano- and Mesocrystals Adjustable in Morphology and Magnetic Properties},
  series = {Particle \& Particle Systems Characterization},
  volume    = {38},
  journal   = {Particle \& Particle Systems Characterization},
  number    = {3},
  doi       = {10.1002/ppsc.202000307},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-224419},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Oxidative precipitation is a facile synthesis method to obtain ferromagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles from ferrous salts—with unexplored potential. The concentration of base and oxidant alone strongly affects the particle's structure and thus their magnetic properties despite the same material, magnetite (Fe\(_{3}\)O\(_{4}\)), is obtained when precipitated with potassium hydroxide (KOH) from ferrous sulfate (FeSO\(_{4}\)) and treated with potassium nitrate (KNO\(_{3}\)) at appropriate temperature. Depending on the potassium hydroxide and potassium nitrate concentrations, it is possible to obtain a series of different types of either single crystals or mesocrystals. The time-dependent mesocrystal evolution can be revealed via electron microscopy and provides insights into the process of oriented attachment, yielding faceted particles, showing a facet-dependent reactivity. It is found that it is the nitrate and hydroxide concentration that influences the ligand exchange process and thus the crystallization pathways. The presence of sulfate ions contributes to the mesocrystal evolution as well, as sulfate apparently hinders further crystal fusion, as revealed via infrared spectroscopy. Finally, it is found that nitrite, as one possible and ecologically highly relevant reduction product occurring in nature in context with iron, only evolves if the reaction is quantitative.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Nahm2021,
  author    = {Nahm, Daniel},
  title     = {Poly(2-oxazine) Based Biomaterial Inks for the Additive Manufacturing of Microperiodic Hydrogel Scaffolds},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-24598},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-245987},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {The aim of this thesis was the preparation of a biomaterial ink for the fabrication of chemically crosslinked hydrogel scaffolds with low micron sized features using melt electrowriting (MEW). By developing a functional polymeric material based on 2-alkyl-2-oxazine (Ozi) and 2-alkyl-2-oxazoline (Ox) homo- and copolymers in combination with Diels-Alder (DA)-based dynamic covalent chemistry, it was possible to achieve this goal. This marks an important step for the additive manufacturing technique melt electrowriting (MEW), as soft and hydrophilic structures become available for the first time. The use of dynamic covalent chemistry is a very elegant and efficient method for consolidating covalent crosslinking with melt processing. It was shown that the high chemical versatility of the Ox and Ozi chemistry offers great potential to control the processing parameters. The established platform offers straight forward potential for modification with biological cues and fluorescent markers. This is essential for advanced biological applications. The physical properties of the material are readily controlled and the potential for 4D-printing was highlighted as well. The developed hydrogel architectures are excellent candidates for 3D cell culture applications. In particular, the low internal strength of some of the scaffolds in combination with the tendency of such constructs to collapse into thin strings could be interesting for the cultivation of muscle or nerve cells. In this context it was also possible to show that MEW printed hydrogel scaffolds can withstand the aspiration and ejection through a cannula. This allows the application as scaffolds for the minimally invasive delivery of implants or functional tissue equivalent structures to various locations in the human body.},
  subject      = {Polymere},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ZahoranovaLuxenhofer2021,
  author    = {Zahoranov{\´a}, Anna and Luxenhofer, Robert},
  title     = {Poly(2-oxazoline)- and Poly(2-oxazine)-Based Self-Assemblies, Polyplexes, and Drug Nanoformulations—An Update},
  series = {Advanced Healthcare Materials},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Advanced Healthcare Materials},
  number    = {6},
  doi       = {10.1002/adhm.202001382},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225833},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {For many decades, poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s, two closely related families of polymers, have led the life of a rather obscure research topic with only a few research groups world-wide working with them. This has changed in the last five to ten years, presumably triggered significantly by very promising clinical trials of the first poly(2-oxazoline)-based drug conjugate. The huge chemical and structural toolbox poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s has been extended very significantly in the last few years, but their potential still remains largely untapped. Here, specifically, the developments in macromolecular self-assemblies and non-covalent drug delivery systems such as polyplexes and drug nanoformulations based on poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s are reviewed. This highly dynamic field benefits particularly from the extensive synthetic toolbox poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s offer and also may have the largest potential for a further development. It is expected that the research dynamics will remain high in the next few years, particularly as more about the safety and therapeutic potential of poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s is learned.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HaiderAhmadYangetal.2021,
  author    = {Haider, Malik Salman and Ahmad, Taufiq and Yang, Mengshi and Hu, Chen and Hahn, Lukas and Stahlhut, Philipp and Groll, J{\"u}rgen and Luxenhofer, Robert},
  title     = {Tuning the thermogelation and rheology of poly(2-oxazoline)/poly(2-oxazine)s based thermosensitive hydrogels for 3D bioprinting},
  series = {Gels},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Gels},
  number    = {3},
  issn      = {2310-2861},
  doi       = {10.3390/gels7030078},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-241781},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {As one kind of "smart" material, thermogelling polymers find applications in biofabrication, drug delivery and regenerative medicine. In this work, we report a thermosensitive poly(2-oxazoline)/poly(2-oxazine) based diblock copolymer comprising thermosensitive/moderately hydrophobic poly(2-N-propyl-2-oxazine) (pPrOzi) and thermosensitive/moderately hydrophilic poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (pEtOx). Hydrogels were only formed when block length exceeded certain length (≈100 repeat units). The tube inversion and rheological tests showed that the material has then a reversible sol-gel transition above 25 wt.\% concentration. Rheological tests further revealed a gel strength around 3 kPa, high shear thinning property and rapid shear recovery after stress, which are highly desirable properties for extrusion based three-dimensional (3D) (bio) printing. Attributed to the rheology profile, well resolved printability and high stackability (with added laponite) was also possible. (Cryo) scanning electron microscopy exhibited a highly porous, interconnected, 3D network. The sol-state at lower temperatures (in ice bath) facilitated the homogeneous distribution of (fluorescently labelled) human adipose derived stem cells (hADSCs) in the hydrogel matrix. Post-printing live/dead assays revealed that the hADSCs encapsulated within the hydrogel remained viable (≈97\%). This thermoreversible and (bio) printable hydrogel demonstrated promising properties for use in tissue engineering applications.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schug2021,
  author    = {Schug, Benedikt},
  title     = {Untersuchungen zur Ursache und Beeinflussung des Kriechverhaltens von Gips},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-24650},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-246503},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {In dieser Arbeit konnte ein weiterer und m{\"o}glicherweise entscheidender Schritt zur Aufkl{\"a}rung des Kriechmechanismus von Gips gemacht und darauf aufbauend Kriterien, Wege und Strategien aufgezeigt werden, um neue Antikriechmittelsubstanzen zu identifizieren oder vorhandene Kriechmittel gezielt zu verbessern. Die G{\"u}ltigkeit und Praxistauglichkeit der Kriterien wurde exemplarisch nachgewiesen. Die Basis der Untersuchungen wurde gelegt mit der Errichtung standardisierter Messaufbauten und Verfahren sowie Parameterauswahl f{\"u}r eine beschleunigte und reproduzierbare Darstellung des Kriechph{\"a}nomens, wobei zun{\"a}chst im Abgleich sichergestellt wurde, dass das beschleunigte Ph{\"a}nomen mit dem langsam {\"u}ber einen Zeitraum von Jahren erzeugten Ph{\"a}nomen deckungsgleich ist. Darauf aufbauend wurden innovative Untersuchungsmethoden entwickelt, um das Kriechverhalten zu charakterisieren und qualitativ sowie quantitativ zu analysieren. Hierzu wurde zun{\"a}chst ein Aufbau und eine Messroutine entwickelt und eingef{\"u}hrt, um morphologische Ver{\"a}nderungen w{\"a}hrend des Kriechvorgangs im Rasterelektronenmikroskop nachzuverfolgen. Im Weiteren wurden Versuchsaufbauten f{\"u}r statische 3-Punkt-Biegeversuche in verschiedenen L{\"o}sungen realisiert und diese ergebnisabh{\"a}ngig optimiert. Hierdurch konnte der Einfluss der L{\"o}slichkeit von Gips in den entsprechenden Medien auf das Kriechverhalten untersuchen werden. Mittels Laserscanning-Mikroskop wurden wiederum diese Ergebnisse untermauert. Als vorherrschender Kriechmechanismus von Gips wurde damit das Abgleiten einzelner Gipskristalle bedingt durch einen L{\"o}sungs-Abscheide-Mechanismus an Orten hoher mechanischer Belastung identifiziert und best{\"a}tigt.},
  subject      = {Rauchgasgips},
  language  = {de}
}