@phdthesis{Koehler2011,
  author    = {K{\"o}hler, Juliane},
  title     = {Dynamik der angeregten Zust{\"a}nde Bor-haltiger pi-Systeme und Donor-substituierter Truxenone},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-65942},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Im ersten Teil wurde die Dynamik des ersten angeregten Zustandes von drei Truxenonen untersucht. Nach Anregung im sichtbaren Bereich findet ein Elektrontransfer zwischen den Triarylamin-Donor und dem Truxenon-Akzeptor statt. Um die Abh{\"a}ngigkeit der Rate f{\"u}r den R{\"u}cktransfer von der elektronischen Kopplung zu untersuchen, wurde diese zum einen {\"u}ber den Abstand zwischen Donor und Akzeptor und zum anderen {\"u}ber die Position der Verkn{\"u}pfung eingestellt. In einer ersten Studie wurde Truxenon 1, bei dem der direkt {\"u}ber das Stickstoff-Atom an den Akzeptor gekuppelt ist, mit dem System 2 verglichen, bei den die Einheiten {\"u}ber einen Phenyl-Spacer verbunden sind. Der R{\"u}cktransfer sollte dabei f{\"u}r das System 1 schneller sein, da ein kurzer Abstand mit einer starken elektronischen Kopplung einhergeht und damit auch mit einem schnellen Elektronentransfer. Allerdings wird die große Rate f{\"u}r das System mit dem gr{\"o}ßeren Abstand beobachtet (2). Dieses Ergebnis kann mit der Geometrie der Molek{\"u}le und der gr{\"o}ßeren sterischen Hinderung in 1 erkl{\"a}rt werden, aus der eine geringere elektronische Kopplung resultiert. In einem weiteren Experiment wurde die St{\"a}rke der elektronischen Kopplung in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von der Position der Verkn{\"u}pfung in Bezug auf den Phenyl-Spacer untersucht. Zu diesem Zweck wurden die Systeme 2 und 3 miteinander verglichen. W{\"a}hrend in 2 die Einheiten in para-Position verkn{\"u}pft sind, sind Donor und Akzeptor in 3 in meta-Position an den Phenyl-Spacer gekuppelt. Letzteres System zeichnet sich dabei durch eine geringere Resonanzstabilisierung aus. Dies hat eine geringere elektronische Kopplung zur Folge, was sich auch in den UV/Vis-Spektren zeigt. Die langwelligste Absorption ist hier bei h{\"o}heren Energien zu beobachten. Zudem deuten die transienten Spektren an, dass in erster Linie nicht der ladungsgetrennte Zustand abgeregt wird sondern vielmehr die Truxenon-Einheit selbst. Im zweiten Teil wurden die Resonanz-Raman-Spektren vier verschiedener Borole aufgenommen. Dabei wurden zwei signifikanten Moden beobachtet, die beim pi -pi∗ -{\"U}bergang in ihrer Intensit{\"a}t verst{\"a}rkt werden. Eine Bande bei 1598 cm-1 wird der symmetrischen Ringatmung zugeordnet, die aus einer Expansion des Borol-Rings resultiert. Eine zweite Schwingung bei 1298 cm-1 resultiert aus einer B-R Streckschwingung. F{\"u}r System 5 wird diese Schwingung mit einer hohen Intensit{\"a}t beobachtet, w{\"a}hrend die Bande bei den Systemen 6-8, die mit einem Aryl-Rest substituiert sind, mit sehr geringer Intensit{\"a}t auftritt und deshalb lediglich mit einem hochaufl{\"o}sendem Setup detektiert werden kann. Aufgrund der schwachen Resonanzverst{\"a}rkung kann von einer schwachen Wechselwirkung zwischen dem Bor und dem Aryl-Rest ausgegangen werden. In Borol 5, in dem eine Ferrocen-Einheit an das Bor gebunden ist, ist die Situation eine andere: nach Anregung des pi-pi*-{\"U}bergangs wird die Population im BC_4-Ring verschoben. Dadurch kann vom Eisen keine Elektronendichte mehr in das p_z-Orbital des Bors verschoben werden, die Fe-B-Wechselwirkung wird geschw{\"a}cht und der Fe-B-Abstand wird vergr{\"o}ßert. Zusammenfassend konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Eigenschaften des Substituenten großen Einfluss auf die elektronische Struktur eines dreifach-substituierten Bor-Atoms hat, das in einer p_z-pi-Konjugation beteiligt ist.},
  subject      = {Borole},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Falge2012,
  author    = {Falge, Mirjam},
  title     = {Dynamik gekoppelter Elektronen-Kern-Systeme in Laserfeldern},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72889},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Die vorliegende Arbeit besch{\"a}ftigt sich mit der theoretischen Untersuchung zweier Themenkomplexe: der Erzeugung Hoher Harmonischer in Molek{\"u}len und dem Einfluss von gekoppelter Elektronen-Kern-Dynamik auf Ultrakurzpuls-Ionisationsprozesse und Quantenkontrolle. W{\"a}hrend bei der Untersuchung der Hohen Harmonischen die Auswirkungen der Kernbewegung auf die Spektren im Mittelpunkt des Interesses stehen, wird bei der Analyse der gekoppelter Elektronen-Kern-Dynamik das Hauptaugenmerk auf die nicht-adiabatischen Effekte gerichtet, die auftreten, wenn Kern- und Elektronenbewegung sich nicht, wie es im Rahmen der Born-Oppenheimer-N{\"a}herung in der Quantenchemie h{\"a}ufig angenommen wird, voneinander trennen lassen.},
  subject      = {Nichtadiabatischer Prozess},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Schneider2009,
  author    = {Schneider, Michael},
  title     = {Elektronische Spektroskopie und Photodissoziationsverhalten von heterocyclischen Biomolek{\"u}len},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-42190},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Das Photodissoziationsverhalten der Pyrimidinbasen Thymin, Uracil und 5-Methylcytosin wurde mittels Photofragment-Dopplerspektroskopie und Photofragment-Imaging untersucht. Die Photodissoziation erfolgt in allen F{\"a}llen in einem statistischen Prozess nach Mehrphotonenabsorption. Von Purin wurde ebenfalls die Photodissoziation untersucht sowie das elektronische Spektrum des niedrigsten n-pi*-Zustands mittels Photofragment-Anregungsspektroskopie und [1+1']-REMPI-Spektroskopie gemessen. Purin zeigt bei den untersuchten Wellenl{\"a}ngen dasselbe Verhalten wie die Pyrimidinbasen. Das Elektronische Spektrum von Purin zeigt {\"u}ber einen Bereich von {\"u}ber 2000 cm^-1 vom Bandenursprung gut strukturierte Banden, von denen die meisten oberhalb 850 cm^-1 als Kombinationsbanden identifiziert wurden.},
  subject      = {Photodissoziation},
  language  = {de}
}
@unpublished{WohlgemuthMitric2020,
  author    = {Wohlgemuth, Matthias and Mitric, Roland},
  title     = {Excitation energy transport in DNA modelled by multi-chromophoric field-induced surface hopping},
  series = {Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics},
  journal   = {Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics},
  edition   = {submitted version},
  doi       = {10.1039/D0CP02255A},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-209467},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Absorption of ultraviolet light is known as a major source of carcinogenic mutations of DNA. The underlying processes of excitation energy dissipation are yet not fully understood. In this work we provide a new and generally applicable route for studying the excitation energy transport in multi-chromophoric complexes at an atomistic level. The surface-hopping approach in the frame of the extended Frenkel exciton model combined with QM/MM techniques allowed us to simulate the photodynamics of the alternating (dAdT)10 : (dAdT)10 double-stranded DNA. In accordance with recent experiments, we find that the excited state decay is multiexponential, involving a long and a short component which are due to two distinct mechanisms: formation of long-lived delocalized excitonic and charge transfer states vs. ultrafast decaying localized states resembling those of the bare nucleobases. Our simulations explain all stages of the ultrafast photodynamics including initial photoexcitation, dynamical evolution out of the Franck-Condon region, excimer formation and nonradiative relaxation to the ground state.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Liu2011,
  author    = {Liu, Wenlan},
  title     = {Exciton Coupling in Valence and Core Excited Aggregates of pi-Conjugated Molecules},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-56169},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden theoretische Modelle zur Beschreibung von Valenz- und Rumpf-angeregten elektronischen Zust{\"a}nden diskutiert. Im Fall der Valenz-Anregungen wurden time-dependend Hartree-Fock (TD-HF) und timedependent Dichtefunktionaltheorie (TD-DFT)Methoden mit verschiedenen Funktionalen f{\"u}r ein Perylenbisimid (PBI) System validiert. Eine einfache Analyse der Charakt{\"a}re der angeregten Zust{\"a}nde wurde vorgeschlagen, die auf den berechneten {\"U}bergangsdipolmomenten basiert. Dieser Ansatz ist allerdings auf Zust{\"a}nde beschr{\"a}nkt, die ein signifikantes {\"U}bergangsdipolmoment aufweisen. Deshalb wurde eine allgemeinere und fundiertere Methode entwickelt, die auf einer Analyse der berechneten CISWellenfunktion basiert. Dar{\"u}berhinaus wurde ein literaturbekannter Model-Hamiltonoperator Ansatz von einem lokalisierten Molek{\"u}lorbitalbild (MO) abgeleitet, das aus der generelleren Analyse-Methode resultiert. Auf diesem Weg ist ein Zugang zu diabatischen angeregten Zust{\"a}nden und korrespondierenden Kopplungsparametern auf der Basis von ab initio Rechnungen gegeben. F{\"u}r rumpfangeregte elektronische Zust{\"a}nde wurden drei Methoden f{\"u}r C 1s-angeregte und ionisierte Zust{\"a}nde verschiedener kleiner Molek{\"u}le validiert. Dar{\"u}berhinaus wurde die Basissatzabh{\"a}ngigkeit dieser Zust{\"a}nde untersucht. Anhand der Resultate wurde die frozen core N{\"a}herung ausgew{\"a}hlt um rumpfangeregte Zust{\"a}nde von Naphthalintetracarbons{\"a}uredianhydrid (NTCDA) zu berechnen. Um experimentelle Ergebnisse zu erkl{\"a}ren, wurde ein Algorithmus entwicklet, der die Exzitonenkopplungsparameter im Fall von nicht-orthogonalen MOs berechnet.},
  subject      = {Exziton},
  language  = {en}
}
@unpublished{DietzschJayachandranMuelleretal.2023,
  author    = {Dietzsch, Julia and Jayachandran, Ajay and Mueller, Stefan and H{\"o}bartner, Claudia and Brixner, Tobias},
  title     = {Excitonic coupling of RNA-templated merocyanine dimer studied by higher-order transient absorption spectroscopy},
  series = {Chemical Communications},
  journal   = {Chemical Communications},
  edition   = {submitted version},
  doi       = {10.1039/D3CC02024J},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-327772},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {We report the synthesis and spectroscopic analysis of RNA containing the barbituric acid merocyanine rBAM2 as a nucleobase surrogate. Incorporation into RNA strands by solid-phase synthesis leads to fluorescence enhancement compared to the free chromophore. In addition, linear absorption studies show the formation of an excitonically coupled H-type dimer in the hybridized duplex. Ultrafast third- and fifth-order transient absorption spectroscopy of this non-fluorescent dimer suggests immediate (sub-200 fs) exciton transfer and annihilation due to the proximity of the rBAM2 units.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Walter2015,
  author    = {Walter, Christof},
  title     = {Excitonic States and Optoelectronic Properties of Organic Semiconductors - A Quantum-Chemical Study Focusing on Merocyanines and Perylene-Based Dyes Including the Influence of the Environment},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-123494},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {The scope of computational chemistry can be broadened by developing new methods and more efficient algorithms. However, the evaluation of the applicability of the methods for the different fields of chemistry is equally important. In this thesis systems with an unusual and complex electronic structure, such as excitonic states in organic semiconductors, a boron-containing bipolaron and the excited states of pyracene were studied and the applicability of the toolkit of computational chemistry was investigated. Concerning the organic semiconductors the focus was laid on organic solar cells, which are one of the most promising technologies with regard to satisfying the world's need for cheap and environmentally sustainable energy. This is due to the low production and material costs and the possibility of using flexible and transparent devices. However, their efficiency does still not live up to the expectations. Especially the exciton diffusion lengths seem to be significantly too short. In order to arrive at improved modules, a fundamental understanding of the elementary processes occurring in the cell on the molecular and supramolecular level is needed. Computational chemistry can provide insight by separating the different effects and providing models for predictions and prescreenings. In this thesis, the focus was laid on the description of excitonic states in merocyanines and perylene-based dyes taking the influence of the environment into account. At first, the photochemical isomerization between two configurations of 6-nitro BIPS observed experimentally was studied by first benchmarking several functionals against SCS-ADC(2) in the gas phase and subsequently calculating the excited-state potential energy surface. The geometries obtained from a relaxed scan in the ground state as well as from a scan in the excited state were used. The environment was included using different polarizable continuum models. It was shown that the choice of the model and especially the question of the state specificity of the approach is of vital importance. Using the results of the calculations, a two-dimensional potential energy surface could be constructed that could be used to explain the experimental findings. Furthermore, the importance of the excited-state isomerization as a potential deactivation channel in the exciton transport was pointed out. Then the assessment of the suitability of different merocyanines for optoelectronic applications with quantum-chemical methods was discussed. At first, the effect of the environment on the geometry, especially on the bond length alternation pattern, was investigated. It was shown that the environment changes the character of the ground-state wave function of several merocyanines qualitatively, which means that the results of gas-phase calculations are meaningless - at least when a comparison with solution or device data is desired. It was demonstrated that using a polarizable continuum model with an effective epsilon, a qualitative agreement between the calculated geometry and the geometry in the crystal structure can be obtained. Therefore, by comparing the bond length alternation in solution and in the crystal, a rough estimate of the effect of the crystal environment can be made. It was further shown that the connection between the HOMO energy and the open-circuit voltage is not as simple as it is often implied in the literature. It was discussed that it is not clear whether the HOMO of a single molecule or a \$\pi\$-stack containing several monomers should be used and if the environmental charges of the bulk phase or the interface should be included. Investigating the dependence of the HOMO energy on the stack size yielded no definitive trend. Furthermore, it was discussed that the effect due the optimization of the modules (solvent, bulk heterojunction) during the production masks any potential correlation between the HOMO energy and measured open-circuit values. Therefore, a trend can only be expected for unoptimized bilayer cells. It was concluded that ultimately, the importance of the HOMO energy should not be overestimated. The correlation between the exciton reorganization energy and the so-called cyanine limit, which is predicted by a simple two-state model, was also discussed. By referring to the results of VB calculations, it was discussed that the correlation indeed exists and is non-negligible, although the effect is not as strong as one might have expected. In this context, a potential application of a VB/MM approach was covered briefly. The importance of the molecular reorganization energy and the device morphology was also discussed. It was concluded that the optimization of merocyanines for organic optoelectronic devices is inherently a multiparameter problem and one cannot expect to find one particular parameter, which solely controls the efficiency. The perylene-based dyes were studied with a focus on the description of a potential trapping mechanism involving an intermolecular motion in a dimer. The aim was to find methods which can be applied to larger model systems than a dimer and take the effect of the environment into account. As a test coordinate the longitudinal shift of two monomers against each other was used. At first, it was demonstrated how the character of an excited state in a dimer can be defined and how it can be extracted from a standard quantum-chemical calculation. Then several functionals were benchmarked and their applicability or failure was rationalized using the character analysis. Two recipes could be proposed, which were applied to a constraint optimization (only intermolecular degrees of freedom) in the excited states of the PBI dimer and to the description of the potential energy surfaces of ground and excited states along a longitudinal displacement in the perylene tetramer, respectively. It was further demonstrated that the semi-empirical OMx methods fail to give an accurate description of the excited-state potential energy surfaces as well as the ground-state surface along the test coordinate. This failure could be attributed to an underestimation of overlap-dependent terms. Consequently, it could be shown that the methods are applicable to large intermolecular distances, where the overlap is negligible. The results of DFT calculations with differently composed basis sets suggested that adding an additional single p-function for each atom should significantly improve the performance. QM/MM methods are ideally suited to take the effect of the environment on a a dimer model system into account. However, it was shown that standard force fields also give an incorrect description of the interaction between the monomers along the intermolecular coordinate. This failure was attributed to the isotropic atom-atom interaction in the repulsion term of the Lennard-Jones potential. This was corroborated using two simple proof-of-principle anisotropy models. Therefore, a novel force field called OPLS-AA_O was presented that is based on OPLS-AA, but uses an anisotropic model for the repulsion. The model involves the overlap integral between the molecular densities, which are modeled as a sum of atom-centered p-type Gaussian functions. It was shown that using this force field an excellent agreement with the DFT results can be obtained when the correct parameters are used. These parameters, however, are not very generalizable, which was attributed to the simplicity of the model in its current state (using the same exponential parameter for all atoms). As a short excursion, the applicability of an MO-based overlap model was discussed. It was demonstrated that the repulsion term based on the density overlap can be used to correct the failure of the OMx methods for the ground states. This is in accord with the assumption that an underestimation of the overlap terms is responsible for the failure. It was shown that OPLS-AA_O also gives an excellent description of the longitudinal shift in a PBI tetramer. Using the tetramer as a test system and applying the recipe obtained in the TDDFT benchmark for the QM-part and OPLS-AA_O for the MM-part in conjunction with an electrostatic embedding scheme, a QM/MM description of the excited states of the PBI dimer including the effect of the environment could be obtained. In the last chapter the theoretical description of the Bis(borolyl)thiophene dianion and the excited states of pyracene were discussed. The electronic structure of the Bis(borolyl)thiophene dianion - a negative bipolaron - was elucidated using DFT and CASPT2 methods. Furthermore, an estimation of the extent of triplet admixture to the ground state due to spin-orbit coupling was given. In the second project the S1 and S2 states of pyracene were computed using SCS-CC2 and SCS-ADC(2) and an estimation for the balance between aromaticity and ring strain was given. This also involved computing the vibrational frequencies in the excited states. In both studies the results of the computations were able to rationalize and complete experimental results.},
  subject      = {Exziton},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Buback2011,
  author    = {Buback, Johannes},
  title     = {Femtochemistry of Pericyclic Reactions and Advances towards Chiral Control},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-66484},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Pericyclic reactions possess changed reactivities in the excited state compared to the ground state which complement each other, as can be shown by simple frontier molecular orbital analysis. Hence, most molecules that undergo pericyclic reactions feature two different photochemical pathways. In this thesis an investigation of the first nanoseconds after excitation of Diazo Meldrum's acid (DMA) is presented. The time-resolved absorption change in the mid-infrared spectral region revealed indeed two reaction pathways after excitation of DMA with at least one of them being a pericyclic reaction (a sigmatropic rearrangement). These two pathways most probably start from different electronic states and make the spectroscopy of DMA especially interesting. Femtochemistry also allows the spectroscopy of very short-lived intermediates, which is discussed in context of the sequential mechanism of the Wolff rearrangement of DMA. An interesting application of pericyclic reactions are also molecular photoswitches, i.e. molecules that can be switched by light between two stable states. This work presents a photoswitch on the basis of a 6-pi-electrocyclic reaction, whose reaction dynamics after excitation are unravelled with transient-absorption spectroscopy for both switching directions. The 6-pi-electrocyclic reaction is especially attractive, because of the huge electronic changes and subsequent absorption changes upon switching between the ring-open and ring-closed form. Fulgides, diarlyethenes, maleimides as well as spiropyrans belong to this class of switches. Despite the popularity of spiropyrans, the femtochemistry of the ring-open form ("merocyanine") is still unknown to a great extent. The experiments in this thesis on this system combined with special modeling algorithms allowed to determine the quantum efficiencies of all reaction pathways of the system, including the ring-closure pathway. With the knowledge of the reaction dynamics, a multipulse control experiment showed that bidirectional full-cycle switching between the two stable states on an ultrafast time scale is possible. Such a controlled ultrafast switching is a process which is inaccessible with conventional light sources and may allow faster switching electronics in the future. Theoretical calculations suggest an enantioselective photochemistry, i.e. to influence the chirality of the emerging molecule with the chirality of the light, a field called "chiral control". The challenges that need to be overcome to prove a successful chiral control are extremely hard, since enantiosensitive signals, such as circular dichroism, are inherently very small. Hence, chiral control calls for a very sensitive detection as well as an experiment that cancels all effects that may influence the enantiosensitive signal. The first challenge, the sensitive detection, is solved with a polarimeter, which is optimized to be combined with femtosecond spectroscopy. This polarimeter will be an attractive tool for future chiral-control experiments due to its extreme sensitivity. The second challenge, the design of an artefact-free experiment, gives rise to a variety of new questions. The polarization state of the light is the decisive property in such an experiment, because on the one hand the polarization carries the chiral information of the excitation and on the other hand the change of the polarization or the intensity change dependent on the polarization is used as the enantiosensitive probing signal. A new theoretical model presented in this thesis allows to calculate the anisotropic distribution of any given pump-probe experiment in which any pulse can have any polarization state. This allows the design of arbitrary experiments for example polarization shaped pump-probe experiments. Furthermore a setup is presented and simulated that allows the shot-to-shot switching between mirror-images of light polarization states. It can be used either for control experiments in which the sample is excited with mirror-images of the pump polarization or for spectroscopy purposes, such as transient circular dichroism or transient optical rotatory dispersion. The spectroscopic results of this thesis may serve as a basis for these experiments. The parallel and sequential photochemical pathways of DMA and the feasibility of the bidirectional switching of 6,8-dinitro BIPS in a pump-repump experiment on the one hand offer a playground to test the relation of the anisotropy with the polarization of the pump, repump and probe pulse. On the other hand control experiments with varying pump and repump polarization may be able to take influence on the dynamics after excitation. Especially interesting is the combination of the 6,8-dinitro BIPS with the polarization-mirroring setup, because the closed form (spiropyran) is chiral. Perhaps in the future it will be possible to prove a cumulative circular-dichroism effect or even a chiral control with this system.},
  subject      = {Femtosekundenspektroskopie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MalyBrixner2021,
  author    = {Mal{\´y}, Pavel and Brixner, Tobias},
  title     = {Fluorescence-Detected Pump-Probe Spectroscopy},
  series = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},
  volume    = {60},
  journal   = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},
  number    = {34},
  doi       = {10.1002/anie.202102901},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-244811},
  pages     = {18867 -- 18875},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {We introduce a new approach to transient spectroscopy, fluorescence-detected pump-probe (F-PP) spectroscopy, that overcomes several limitations of traditional PP. F-PP suppresses excited-state absorption, provides background-free detection, removes artifacts resulting from pump-pulse scattering, from non-resonant solvent response, or from coherent pulse overlap, and allows unique extraction of excited-state dynamics under certain conditions. Despite incoherent detection, time resolution of F-PP is given by the duration of the laser pulses, independent of the fluorescence lifetime. We describe the working principle of F-PP and provide its theoretical description. Then we illustrate specific features of F-PP by direct comparison with PP, theoretically and experimentally. For this purpose, we investigate, with both techniques, a molecular squaraine heterodimer, core-shell CdSe/ZnS quantum dots, and fluorescent protein mCherry. F-PP is broadly applicable to chemical systems in various environments and in different spectral regimes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Siebert2002,
  author    = {Siebert, Torsten Uwe},
  title     = {Four-Wave Mixing Techniques Applied to the Investigation of Non-Adiabatic Dynamics in Polyatomic Molecules},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-2456},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {In the experiments presented in this work, third-order, time-resolved spectroscopy was applied to the disentanglement of nuclear and electronic degrees of freedom in polyatomic molecules. The motivation for approaching this problem was given by the decisive role that the coupling of nuclear and electronic dynamics plays in the mechanism of photochemical reactions and photobiological processes. In order to approach this complex problem, different strategies within the framework of time-resolved, four-wave mixing spectroscopy were developed that allowed for the dynamic as well as the energetic aspects of vibronic coupling in non-radiative transitions of polyatomic molecules to be addressed. This was achieved by utilizing the influence of optical as well as Raman resonances on four-wave mixing processes. These resonance effects on third-order, optical processes allow for a high selectivity to be attained with respect to the interrogation of specific aspects of molecular dynamics. The development of different strategies within the framework of time-resolved, four-wave mixing spectroscopy for addressing the problem of vibronic coupling began with the experiments on gaseous iodine. This simple, well investigated molecular system was chosen in order to unambiguously characterize the effect of Raman resonances on four-wave mixing processes. A time-resolved degenerative four-wave mixing (DFWM) experiment was carried out on gaseous iodine that allowed for the dynamics of coherent Stokes Raman scattering (CSRS) as well as a coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) to be observed parallel to the dynamics of a DFWM process at different spectral positions of the FWM signal. Here, the state-selectivity of these different FWM processes manifests itself in the vibrational wave packet dynamics on different electronic potentials of iodine. It could be shown that Raman resonances determine the selectivity with which these FWM processes prepare and interrogate nuclear dynamics in different electronic states. With the insight gained into the relevance of Raman resonant processes in FWM spectroscopy, an experimental scheme was devised that utilizes this effect to selectively interrogate the dynamics of a specific vibrational mode within a polyatomic molecule during a radiationless electronic transition. Here, a CARS process was employed to selectively probe specific vibrational modes of a molecular system by variably tuning the energy difference between the lasers involved in the CARS process to be in Raman resonance with the vibrational energy spacing of a particular vibrational mode. Using this aspect of a tunable resonance enhancement within a CARS scheme, this optical process was incorporated in a time-resolved pump-probe experiment as a mode-selective probe mechanism. This type of experimental configuration, that employs four pulsed laser fields, was classified as a pump-CARS scheme. Here, a laser pulse independent of the CARS process initiates the molecular dynamics that are interrogated selectively with respect to the vibrational mode of the system through the simultaneous interaction of the three pulsed fields involved in the CARS process. Time-resolution on a femtosecond timescale is achieved by introducing a time delay between the independent pump laser and the laser pulses of the CARS process. The experimental configuration of a pump-CARS scheme was applied to the study of the nuclear dynamics involved in the radiationless electronic transition between the first excited singlet state (S1) and the electronic ground state (S0) of all-trans-b-carotene. The mode-selective CARS probe allowed for the characteristic timescale with which specific vibrational modes are repopulated in the S0 state to be determined. From the varying repopulation times of specific vibrational modes, a mechanism with which the full set of vibrational states of the S0 potential are repopulated subsequent to the internal conversion process could be postulated. Most importantly, the form of nuclear motion that primarily funnels the population between the two electronic states could be identified as the C=C symmetric symmetric stretch mode in the polyene backbone of b-carotene. With this, the reaction coordinate of this radiationless electronic transition could be identified. The experiment shows, that the CARS probe is capable of determining the nuclear motion coupled to a radiationless electronic transition in complex polyatomic systems. The S1/S0 internal conversion process in b-carotene was further investigated with time-resolved transient gratings. Here, the energetic aspects of a non-adiabatic transition was addressed by determining the influence of the vibrational energy on the rate of this internal conversion. In order to compare the rate of internal conversion taking place out of vibrational ground state modes versus this transition initiating out of vibrationally hot modes, the strategy of shifting the probe mechanism in the transient grating scheme to spectral positions within and out of the red flank of the S1 absorption profile was pursued. The interrogation of different vibrational states was verified by determining the degree of vibrational cooling, taking place parallel to the internal conversion process. With this strategy, it could be shown that vibrationally hot states contribute to the internal conversion with a higher rate than vibrational ground state modes. In summary, different third-order, optical processes in the framework of time-resolved FWM were applied to the study of non-adiabatic dynamics in polyatomic molecules. By utilizing the effect of optical as well as Raman resonances on different FWM processes, it could be shown that third-order, time-resolved spectroscopy is a powerful tool for gaining insight into complex molecular dynamics such as vibronic coupling. The experiments presented in this work showed that the CARS process, as a mode-selective probe in time-resolved experiments, is capable of disentangling nuclear and electronic dynamics.},
  subject      = {Provitamin A},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Tebbe2008,
  author    = {Tebbe, David},
  title     = {Funktionalisierung von Titan(dioxid)oberfl{\"a}chen mit kovalent gebundenem und in Depots eingebrachtem Wirkstoff f{\"u}r den Blutkontakt},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-26579},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Funktionalisierung von Titanoberfl{\"a}chen mit dem Glycosaminoglycan Heparin, um bei Kontakt des Werkstoffs mit Blut die Gerinnungskaskade nicht auszul{\"o}sen und das Material f{\"u}r Stents (Gef{\"a}ßst{\"u}tzen) im arteriellen System einsetzbar zu machen. F{\"u}r die Modifizierungen wurden als Modell der oxidierten Titanoberfl{\"a}che sowohl oxidierte cp-Titanpl{\"a}ttchen als auch TiO2-Pulver verwendet. Heparin kam zum Einsatz, da es sowohl die H{\"a}mostase (Blutgerinnung) als auch die Proliferation ({\"U}berwucherung) mit glatten Muskelzellen unterdr{\"u}ckt und somit eine Restenose (Wiederverengung) des in die verengte Arterie eingebrachten Stents verhindert. Die kovalente Immobilisierung des Wirkstoffs erfolgte {\"u}ber bifunktionale Spacer (Haftvermittlermolek{\"u}le). Spacer waren 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)-propylamin (APMS), N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilan (Diamino-APMS) und N1-[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)-propyl]diethylen¬triamin (Triamino-APMS). Der qualitative und quantitative Nachweis der Funktionalisierung von TiO2 mit Haftvermittler bzw. Heparin erfolgte durch schwingungsspektroskopische Methoden, komplexometrische Farbreaktionen sowie der Bestimmung des Zetapotentials im Elektrolytkontakt. Durch die Anbindung von APMS, Di- und Triamino-APMS stieg das Zetapotential von ca. -26 mV auf positive Werte zwischen +41 und +45 mV. Ein Absinken des Zetapotentials belegte die erfolgreiche Anbindung von Heparin (Werte zwischen -39 und -37 mV) an die verschiedenen Haftvermittler, ebenso wie das Vorhandensein der symmetrischen SO3-Valenzschwingung bei 1040 cm-1. Der quantitative Nachweis der immobilisierten Aminogruppen {\"u}ber die Ninhydrinreaktion ergab f{\"u}r die TiO2-Pulver Werte zwischen 17-20 NH2/nm2, wobei die dichteste Funktionalisierung mit APMS und die niedrigste mit Triamino-APMS erzielt werden konnte. Alle Werte lagen im Bereich von Multilayern, da ein Monolayer aus ca. 2 3 NH2/nm2 besteht. Die immobilisierte Menge an Heparin war bei Verwendung von APMS am gr{\"o}ßten (53.3±3.6 ng/cm2) und bei Triamino-APMS am geringsten (32.1±5.7 ng/cm2). Die biologische Wirksamkeit des gebundenen Heparins wurde {\"u}ber das chromogene Substrat ChromozymTH® bestimmt und verblieb bei Anbindung an den Spacer mit der gr{\"o}ßten Molek{\"u}ll{\"a}nge (Triamino-APMS) mit ca. 70\% am wirksamsten. Neben der kovalenten Anbindung des Wirkstoffs an Spacer zielte diese Arbeit auf die Entwicklung von organisch modifizierten, por{\"o}sen SiO2-Wirkstoffdepots (P-MA-PS; Poly-methacryl¬oxy¬propylpolysilsesquioxane) f{\"u}r Heparin ab, die sowohl als Volumenwerkstoffe als auch zur Modifikation von Titan(dioxid)oberfl{\"a}chen anwendbar w{\"a}ren. Die Matrices wurden ausgehend von MAS (Methacryl¬oxypropyl¬trimethoxysilan) {\"u}ber den Sol-Gel Prozeß anorganisch und anschließend {\"u}ber photochemische Polymerisation zus{\"a}tzlich organisch vernetzt. Die Quantifizierung des Polymerisationsgrads erfolgte {\"u}ber die Signalintensit{\"a}t der methacrylischen C=C-Doppelbindung bei 1635 cm-1 durch Integration einer Gauß-Funktion. {\"U}ber den Polymerisationsgrad der organischen Matrix zwischen 0-71\% konnte die Freisetzungskinetik von Heparin je nach therapeutischer Anforderung eingestellt werden. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß hohe Wirkstoff-Beladungen und niedrige Polymerisationsgrade mit einer schnelleren Freisetzung des Heparins korrelierten, die aufgrund der Endlichkeit des Wirkstoffs im Depot einer Kinetik 1. Ordnung unterlag. Die kumulativ freigesetzten Wirkstoffmengen verhielten sich hierbei proportional zur Wurzel aus der Freisetzungszeit, was dem Higuchi-Modell zur Wirkstofffreisetzung aus por{\"o}sen Matrices mit einem rein Diffusions-kontrollierten Mechanismus entsprach. Die durch Hydrolyse bedingte Degradation der anorganischen Matrix, die UV-VIS-spektroskopisch bei \&\#955; = 220 nm gemessen wurde, folgte einer Kinetik pseudo-0. Ordnung. Da das freigesetzte Heparin seine biologische Wirksamkeit beibehielt, sind P-MA-PS Matrices interessant f{\"u}r klinische Anwendungen, wie z.B. f{\"u}r die Beschichtung von Gef{\"a}ßst{\"u}tzen, die im Blutkontakt stehen.},
  subject      = {Heparin},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Sauer2021,
  author    = {Sauer, Susanne},
  title     = {Implementation and Application of QM/MM Hybrid Methods},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-24321},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-243213},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Within this work, an additive and a subtractive QM/MM interface were implemented into CAST. The interactions between QM and MM system are described via electrostatic embedding. Link atoms are used to saturate dangling bonds originating from the separation of QM and MM system. Available energy evaluation methods to be combined include force fields (OPLSAA and AMBER), semi-empirical programs (Mopac and DFTB+), and quantum-chemical methods (from Gaussian, Orca, and Psi4). Both the additive and the subtractive interface can deal with periodic boundary conditions. The subtractive scheme was extended to enable QM/QM, three-layer, and multi-center calculations. Another feature only available within the subtractive interface is the microiteration procedure for local optimizations. The novel QM/MM methods were applied to the investigation of the reaction path for the complex formation between rhodesain and K11777. Benchmark calculations show a very good agreement with results from Gaussian-ONIOM. When comparing the relative energies obtained with different options to a computation where the whole system was treated with the "QM method" DFTB3, the electrostatic embedding scheme with option "delM3" gives the best results. "delM3" means that atoms with up to three bonds distance to the QM region are ignored when creating the external charges. This is done in order to avoid a double counting of Coulomb interactions between QM and MM system. The embedding scheme for the inner system in a three-layer calculation, however, does not have a significant influence on the energies. The same is true for the choice of the coupling scheme: Whether the additive or the subtractive QM/MM interface is applied does not alter the results significantly. The choice of the QM region, though, proved to be an important factor. As can be seen from the comparison of two QM systems of different size, bigger is not always better here. Instead, one has to make sure not to separate important (polar) interactions by the QM/MM border. After this benchmark study with singlepoint calculations, the various possibilities of CAST were used to approximate the solution of a remaining problem: The predicted reaction energy for the formation of the rhodesain-K11777 complex differs significantly depending on the starting point of the reaction path. The reason for this is assumed to be an inadequate adjustment of the environment during the scans, which leads to a better stabilization of the starting structure in comparison to the final structure. The first approach to improve this adjustment was performing the relaxed scan with a bigger QM region instead of the minimal QM system used before. While the paths starting from the covalent complex do not change significantly, those starting from the non-covalent complex become more exothermic, leading to a higher similarity of the two paths. Nevertheless, the difference of the reaction energy is still around 15 kcal/mol, which is far from a perfect agreement. For this reason, Umbrella Samplings were run. Here, the adjustment of the environment is not done by local optimizations like in the scans, but by MD simulations. This has the advantage that the system can cross barriers and reach different local minima. The relative free energies obtained by Umbrella Samplings with suitable QM regions are nearly identical, independently of the starting point of the calculation. Thus, \(\Delta A\) evaluated by these computations can be assumed to reproduce the real energy change best. An MD simulation that was started from the transition state in order to mimic a "real-time" reaction indicates a very fast adjustment of the environment during the formation of the complex. This confirms that Umbrella Sampling is probably better suitable to describe the reaction path than a scan, where the environment can never move strong enough to leave the current local minimum.},
  subject      = {Quantenmechanik},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Bellinger2016,
  author    = {Bellinger, Daniel},
  title     = {Implementation of new reaction pathway determining methods and study of solvent effects on the excited state nature of perylene based dyes},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-144435},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Two thematic complexes were addressed within this work. One part is related to improvements and new implementations into the CAST program package. Thereby the main focus laid on the delivery of a tool which can be used to characterize complex reactions and their mechanisms. But also within the new force field (FF) method (SAPT-FF) within the CAST program, several improvements were made. The second topic is related to the description of dye molecules and their spectral properties. The main focus within these studies was set on the influence of the environment on these properties. In the first topic improvements of the local acting NEB (nudged elastic band) methods were included and the number of available methods was extended. The initial pathway generation was improved by implementing the IDPP (image dependent pair potential) method and a new method was implemented for describing temperature dependent pathways. Additionally, improvements have been made to the optimization routines (global NEB). As a second part the Pathopt (PO) method was considerably improved. In the beginning of the work the original PO idea was used. In this approach one starts with a global optimization on one n-1 dimensional hyperplane which divides the reaction into two sub-areas for obtaining guesses of TSs (transition states). These found TS guesses were used to optimize to the "true" TS. Starting from the optimized ones a relaxation to the next connected minima is done. This idea has been automatically implemented and extended to several number of hyperplanes. In this manner a group of pathsegments is obtained which needs to be connected, but within this work it was realized that such a procedure might be not very efficient. Therefore, a new strategy was implemented which is founded on the same constrained global optimization scheme (MCM) for which the user defines the number of hyperplanes generated. The number of such generated hyperplanes should be large enough 134 to describe the space between the concerning reactants in a sufficient way. The found minima are directly used to built up the reaction pathway. For this purpose a RMSD (root mean square deviation) criterion is used to walk along ways of minimal change from one to another hyperplane. To prove the implementations various test calculations were carried out and extensions included to prove the capabilities of the new strategy. Related to these tests a new strategy for applying the move steps in MCM (Monte Carlo with minimization) was realized which is also related to the question of the coordinates representation. We were able to show that the hopping steps in MCM can be improved by applying Cartesian steps in combination of random dihedral moves with respect to the constraint. In this way it was possible to show that a large variety of systems can be treated. An additional chapter shows the improvements of the SAPT-FF implementation and related test cases. It was possible to treat benzene dimer and cluster systems of different sizes consistently also in accordance with high level ab initio based approaches. Furthermore, we showed that the SAPT-FF with the right parameters outperforms the standard AMOEBA implementation which is the basis of the SAPT-FF implementation. In the last three chapters deal with the description of perlyene-based dyes. In the first smaller chapter ground state chemistry description of macro cycles of PBI (perylene bisimide) derivatives were investigated. Therefore, AFM (atomic force microscopy) based pictures were explained within our study. The methods to explain aggregation behavior in dependency of the ring size were MD simulations and configuration studies. The last two chapters deal with opto-electronic or photo-physical properties of PBI and PTCDA (perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride). In detail, we investigated the role of the environment and the aggregate or crystal surrounding by applying different models. In that way implicit and explicit solvation models, the size of aggregates and vibration motions were used. In the case of PBI the recent work is found on preliminary studies related to my bachelor thesis and extends it. It was shown that the direct influence of a polarizable surrounding, as well as explicit inclusion of solvent molecules on the overall description of the excitations and nature of the excited states is weaker as one might expect. However the inclusion of intra-molecular degrees of freedom showed a stronger influence on the state characteristics and can induce a change of the order of states within the dimer picture. For the PTCDA molecule the main focus was set on the description of the absorption spectrum of crystalline thin films. Related to this older works exist which already gave a description and assignment of the absorption band, but are based on different approaches compared to the one used in this work. We used the supermolecule ansatz, whereas the environment and different aggregate sizes were investigated. Within the dimer based approach we were able to show that using continuum solvation (IEFPCM/COSMO) based description for the environment the relative order of states remains unchanged. Similar to the PBI calculations the influence of the vibrational motions /distortions is larger. The simulation of the crystal environment by using QM/MM (quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics) approaches delivered that an asymmetric charge distribution might induce a localization of the excitation and a stronger mixing of states. For obtaining further insights we go beyond the dimer picture and aggregates of different sizes were used, whereas the simulations up to the octadecamer mono- and even dual-layer stack were carried out. Within these calculations it was shown that the H-coupling is dominating over a weaker J-coupling between different stacks. Additionally the calculations based on DFT (density functional theory) and semi-empirics showed that the lowest state in terms of energy are mostly of Frenkel type, whereas the higher lying states are CT ones which mix with embedded Frenkel type states. The first band of the absorption spectrum was explained by inclusion of vibrational motions within the stacks which induce an intensity gain of the first excited state. This intensity was not explainable by using the undistorted stacks. Also relaxations at the crystal surface might play a role, but are experimentally not explainable.},
  subject      = {Globale Optimierung},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schuerger2024,
  author    = {Sch{\"u}rger, Peter},
  title     = {Information-Theoretical Studies on Time-Dependent Quantum Systems},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-35221},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-352215},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {In this thesis, we apply the information-theoretic approach in the context of quantum dynamics and wave packet motion: Information-theoretic measures are calculated from position and momentum densities, which are obtained from time-dependent quantum wave functions. The aim of this thesis is to benchmark, analyze and interpret these quantities and relate their features to the wave packet dynamics. Firstly, this is done for the harmonic oscillator (HO) with and without static disorder. In the unperturbed HO, the analytical study of coherent and squeezed states reveals time-dependent entropy expressions related to the localization of the wave function. In the disordered HO, entropies from classical and quantum dynamics are compared for short and long times. In the quantum case, imprints of wave packet revivals are found in the entropy. Then, the energy dependence of the entropy for very long times is discussed. Secondly, this is donefor correlated electron-nuclear motion. Here, entropies derived from the total, electronic and nuclear density, respectively, are calculated in position and momentum space for weak and strong adiabatic electronic coupling. The correlation between electron and nucleus is investigated using different correlation measures, where some of these functions are sensitive to the nodal structure of the wave function. An analytic ansatz to interpret the information-theoretical quantities is applied as well.},
  subject      = {St{\"o}rungstheorie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kramer2017,
  author    = {Kramer, Christian},
  title     = {Investigation of Nanostructure-Induced Localized Light Phenomena Using Ultrafast Laser Spectroscopy},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-150681},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {In recent years, the interaction of light with subwavelength structures, i.e., structures that are smaller than the optical wavelength, became more and more interesting to scientific research, since it provides the opportunity to manipulate light-induced dynamics below the optical diffraction limit. Specifically designed nanomaterials can be utilized to tailor the temporal evolution of electromagnetic fields at the nanoscale. For the investigation of strongly localized processes, it is essential to resolve both their spatial and their temporal behavior. The aim of this thesis was to study and/or control the temporal evolution of three nanostructure-induced localized light phenomena by using ultrafast laser spectroscopy with high spatial resolution. In Chapter 4, the absorption of near-infrared light in thin-film a-Si:H solar cells was investigated. Using nanotextured instead of smooth interfaces for such devices leads to an increase of absorption from < 20\% to more than 50\% in the near-infrared regime. Time-resolved experiments with femtosecond laser pulses were performed to clarify the reason for this enhancement. The coherent backscattered radiation from nanotextured solar cell devices was measured as a function of the sample position and evaluated via spectral interferometry. Spatially varying resonance peaks in the recorded spectra indicated the formation of localized photonic modes within the nanotextured absorber layers. In order to identify the modes separately from each other, coherent two-dimensional (2D) nanoscopy was utilized, providing a high spatial resolution < 40 nm. In a nanoscopy measurement on a modified device with an exposed nanotextured a-Si:H absorber layer, hot-spot electron emission was observed and confirmed the presence of localized modes. Fitting the local 2D nanospectra at the hot-spot positions enabled the determination of the resonance frequencies and coherence lifetimes of the modes. The obtained lifetime values varied between 50 fs and 130 fs. Using a thermionic emission model allowed the calculation of the locally absorbed energy density and, with this, an estimation of the localization length of the photonic modes (≈1 μm). The localization could be classified by means of the estimated localization length and additional data evaluation of the backscattered spectra as strong localization ─ the so-called Anderson localization. Based on the experimental results, it was concluded that the enhanced absorption of near-infrared light in thin-film silicon solar cells with nanotextured interfaces is caused by the formation of strongly localized photonic modes within the disordered absorber layers. The incoming near-infrared light is trapped in these long-living modes until absorption occurs. In Chapter 5, a novel hybridized plasmonic device was introduced and investigated in both theory and experiment. It consists of two widely separated whispering gallery mode (WGM) nanoantennas located in an elliptical plasmonic cavity. The goal was to realize a periodic long-range energy transfer between the nanoantennas. In finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations, the device was first optimized with respect to strong coupling between the localized antenna modes and the spatially-extended cavity mode. The geometrical parameters of the antennas and the cavity were adjusted separately so that the m="0" antenna mode and the cavity mode were resonant at λ="800 nm" . A high spatial overlap of the modes was achieved by positioning the two antennas in the focal spots of the cavity, leading to a distance between the antenna centers of more than twice the resonant wavelength of the modes. The spectral response of the optimized device revealed an energy splitting of the antenna and the cavity mode into three separated hybridized eigenmodes within an energy range of about 90 meV due to strong coupling. It could be well reproduced by a simple model of three coupled Lorentzian oscillators. In the time domain, an oscillatory energy transfer between both antennas with a period of 86 fs and an energy transfer efficiency of about 7\% was observed for single-pulse excitation. For the experiments, devices with cavities and antennas of varying size were fabricated by means of focused-ion-beam (FIB) milling. Time-resolved correlation measurements were performed with high spatial and temporal resolution by using sequences of two femtosecond laser pulses for excitation and photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) for detection. Local correlation traces at antennas in resonant devices, i.e., devices with enhanced electron emission at both antenna positions, were investigated and reconstructed by means of the coupled-oscillator model. The corresponding spectral response revealed separated peaks, confirming the formation of hybridized eigenmodes due to strong coupling. In a subsequent simulation for single-pulse excitation, one back-and-forth energy transfer between both antennas with an energy transfer efficiency of about 10\% was observed. Based on the theoretical and experimental results, it was demonstrated that in the presented plasmonic device a periodic long-range energy transfer between the two nanoantennas is possible. Furthermore, the coupled-oscillator model enables one to study in depth how specific device properties impact the temporal electric-field dynamics within the device. This can be exploited to further optimize energy transfer efficiency of the device. Future applications are envisioned in ultrafast plasmonic nanocircuitry. Moreover, the presented device can be employed to realize efficient SPP-mediated strong coupling between widely separated quantum emitters. In Chapter 6, it was investigated in theory how the local optical chirality enhancement in the near field of plasmonic nanostructures can be optimized by tuning the far-field polarization of the incident light. An analytic expression was derived that enables the calculation of the optimal far-field polarizations, i.e., the two far-field polarizations which lead to the highest positive and negative local optical chirality, for any given nanostructure geometry. The two optimal far-field polarizations depend on the local optical response of the respective nanostructure and thus are functions of both the frequency ω and the position r. Their ellipticities differ only in their sign, i.e., in their direction of rotation in the time domain, and the angle between their orientations, i.e., the angle between the principal axes of their ellipses, is ±π/"2" . The handedness of optimal local optical chirality can be switched by switching between the optimal far-field polarizations. In numerical simulations, it was exemplarily shown for two specific nanostructure assemblies that the optimal local optical chirality can significantly exceed the optical chirality values of circularly polarized light in free space ─ the highest possible values in free space. The corresponding optimal far-field polarizations were different from linear and circular and varied with frequency. Using femtosecond polarization pulse shaping provides the opportunity to coherently control local optical chirality over a continuous frequency range. Furthermore, symmetry properties of nanostructures can be exploited to determine which far-field polarization is optimal. The theoretical findings can have impact on future experimental studies about local optical chirality enhancement. Tuning the far-field polarization of the incident light offers a promising tool to enhance chirally specific interactions of local electromagnetic fields with molecular and other quantum systems in the vicinity of plasmonic nanostructures. The presented approach can be utilized for applications in chiral sensing of adsorbed molecules, time-resolved chirality-sensitive spectroscopy, and chiral quantum control. In conclusion, each of the localized light phenomena that were investigated in this thesis ─ the enhanced local absorption of near-infrared light due to the formation of localized photonic modes, the periodic long-range energy transfer between two nanoantennas within an elliptical plasmonic cavity, and the optimization of local optical chirality enhancement by tuning the far-field polarization of the incident light ─ can open up new perspectives for a variety of future applications. .},
  subject      = {Ultrakurzzeitspektroskopie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MuellerMetaMeidneretal.2023,
  author    = {M{\"u}ller, Patrick and Meta, Mergim and Meidner, Jan Laurenz and Schwickert, Marvin and Meyr, Jessica and Schwickert, Kevin and Kersten, Christian and Zimmer, Collin and Hammerschmidt, Stefan Josef and Frey, Ariane and Lahu, Albin and de la Hoz-Rodr{\´i}guez, Sergio and Agost-Beltr{\´a}n, Laura and Rodr{\´i}guez, Santiago and Diemer, Kira and Neumann, Wilhelm and Gonz{\`a}lez, Florenci V. and Engels, Bernd and Schirmeister, Tanja},
  title     = {Investigation of the compatibility between warheads and peptidomimetic sequences of protease inhibitors — a comprehensive reactivity and selectivity study},
  series = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences},
  volume    = {24},
  journal   = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences},
  number    = {8},
  issn      = {1422-0067},
  doi       = {10.3390/ijms24087226},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-313596},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Covalent peptidomimetic protease inhibitors have gained a lot of attention in drug development in recent years. They are designed to covalently bind the catalytically active amino acids through electrophilic groups called warheads. Covalent inhibition has an advantage in terms of pharmacodynamic properties but can also bear toxicity risks due to non-selective off-target protein binding. Therefore, the right combination of a reactive warhead with a well-suited peptidomimetic sequence is of great importance. Herein, the selectivities of well-known warheads combined with peptidomimetic sequences suited for five different proteases were investigated, highlighting the impact of both structure parts (warhead and peptidomimetic sequence) for affinity and selectivity. Molecular docking gave insights into the predicted binding modes of the inhibitors inside the binding pockets of the different enzymes. Moreover, the warheads were investigated by NMR and LC-MS reactivity assays against serine/threonine and cysteine nucleophile models, as well as by quantum mechanics simulations.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Steinbauer2012,
  author    = {Steinbauer, Michael Christoph},
  title     = {Ionen- und Elektronenimaging reaktiver Molek{\"u}le: Ethyl, Propargylen und Fulvenallenyl},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75649},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Bei Verbrennungsprozessen im Otto-Motor, beim Raffinationsprozess in Erd{\"o}lraffinerien, im interstellaren Raum oder in der Chemie der Erdatmosph{\"a}re spielen Molek{\"u}le, wie sie in dieser Arbeit untersucht wurden, eine wichtige Rolle. Allerdings stellt es eine große Herausforderung dar, solch reaktive Substanzen zu erzeugen und zu handhaben. Um das Ethyl-Radikal, ein wichtiges Intermediat z.B. in der Erzeugung von Ethylen, zu untersuchen, wurde eine bestehende Apparatur modifiziert. Diese erm{\"o}glicht es, die Geschwindigkeitsverteilung der Fragmente (Ionen oder Elektronen) zweidimensional aufzuzeichnen, die nach der Anregung mittels Laserlicht durch Photodissoziation entstehen. Diese velocity-map imaging Apparatur wurde in einem ersten Schritt mittels der Photodissoziation von Pyrrol bei 240 nm kalibriert. Cycloheptatrien konnte erfolgreich auf seine Photodissoziation untersucht werden, was als Test des VMI-Experiment genutzt wurde. Die gewonnenen Ergebnisse stimmten mit Resultaten {\"u}berein, welche durch Doppler-Fragmentspektroskopie in dieser und fr{\"u}heren Arbeiten gewonnen wurden. Zwischen 11 und 13 \% der {\"U}berschussenergie gehen dabei in die Translation des H-Atoms. • Das Ethyl-Radikal zeigte, als das erste mit unserer VMI-Apparatur untersuchte Radikal, eine interessante Photodissoziation: Wird es bei 250 nm angeregt, ergeben sich zwei Dissoziationskan{\"a}le, wobei ein bekannter Kanal nach schneller interner Konversion in den Grundzustand Fragmente mit geringer Translationsenergie erzeugt. Der zweite Kanal zeigt anisotropes Verhalten und erzeugt Wasserstoffatome mit hoher Translationsenergie, die mehr als die H{\"a}lfte der {\"U}berschussenergie abf{\"u}hren. Die Erkl{\"a}rung dieses Prozesses erweist sich schwierig in Anbetracht von durchgef{\"u}hrten Isotopenmarkierungsexperimenten sowie der beobachteten Ratenkonstanten f{\"u}r die Photodissoziation. Eine Interaktion von Valenz- und Rydbergzust{\"a}nden im Ethyl-Radikal k{\"o}nnte eine Erkl{\"a}rung darstellen. In Zukunft kann beim VMI-Experiment in W{\"u}rzburg versucht werden, die Aufl{\"o}sung weiter zu verbessern. Dabei erg{\"a}ben sich im Idealfall zwei scharfe Ringe der H-Atome durch die Spin-Bahn-Aufspaltung von Brom, welche eine sehr genaue Kalibrierung erm{\"o}glichen. Neben den Ergebnissen auf dem Gebiet der Photodissoziation, die mit der VMI-Apparatur erzielt wurden, konnten mittels Synchrotronstrahlung und Aufzeichnen der Photoelektronen mittels VMI und der TPEPICO-Technik die folgenden Ergebnisse erhalten werden: • Von Propargylen, einem von drei C3H2 Isomeren, konnte die adiabatische Ionisierungsenergie (IEad) mit 8.99 eV bestimmt werden. Der Vorl{\"a}ufer Diazopropin, eine sehr instabile Substanz, wurde dazu synthetisiert und mit Synchrotronlicht untersucht. Allerdings war es nicht m{\"o}glich, die Schwingungen im Kation oder die dissoziative Photoionisation (DPI) des Carbens zu untersuchen, da Diazopropin seinerseits bereits bei Energien von 9 eV durch DPI zerf{\"a}llt. Allerdings konnte ein Peak im TPES des zyklischen Isomers aus einer fr{\"u}heren Messung eindeutig dem Propargylen zugeordnet werden. Ein Ausweg die DPI zu umgehen stellt die Verwendung eines anderen Vorl{\"a}ufers dar. Beispielsweise wurde dazu Propargylchlorid getestet, welches aber nicht das Propargylen erzeugt, sondern das zyklische Isomer Cyclopropenyliden. Daneben k{\"o}nnen durch ein Doppel-Imaging Experiment, bei dem die Ionen genauso wie die Elektronen mit einem bildgebenden Detektor aufgezeichnet werden, Ionen mit kinetischer Energie aus DPI von Ionen aus der Ionisation ohne kinetischer Energie unterschieden werden. • Von den substituierten Methyl-Radikalen Brommethyl sowie Cyanomethyl konnte die IEad (8.62 bzw. 10.28 eV) und vom Brommethyl die DPI (AE0K = 13.95 eV) bestimmt werden. Daraus konnte der Einfluss der Substituenten auf die IEad im Vergleich zum Methyl-Radikal (IE = 9.84 eV) gezeigt werden. Das zeigt, dass der Brom-Substituent das Kation, der Cyano-Rest dagegen das Radikal stabilisiert. Ebenso konnten aus den Ergebnissen beim Brommethyl thermodynamische Daten wie die Standardbildungsenthalpie des Radikals (ΔH0f= 174.5 kJ/mol) oder Bindungsenergien gewonnen werden. Letztere betragen 334 kJ/mol f{\"u}r die C-Br Bindung im Brommethyl-Radikal sowie 505 kJ/mol im Kation. • Das Fulvenallen (C7H6) wurde aus Phthalid durch Pyrolyse erzeugt und dessen IEad mit 8.22 eV bestimmt. Schwingungen konnten im Kation aufgel{\"o}st und zugeordnet werden. Außerdem konnte erstmals die IEad des Fulvenallenyl-Radikals (C7H5) mit 8.19 eV festgelegt werden. Im Vergleich zu fr{\"u}heren Messungen zeigte sich, dass aus Toluol in der Pyrolyse ebenfalls die beiden C7H5/C7H6 Isomere entstehen. Um verschiedene C7H5/C7H6 Isomere in einem Verbrennungsprozess zu unterscheiden, w{\"a}re es vorteilhaft, experimentell bestimmte Ionisierungsenergien von anderen Isomeren zu kennen.},
  subject      = {Radikal <Chemie>},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{PreitschopfSturmStroganovaetal.2023,
  author    = {Preitschopf, Tobias and Sturm, Floriane and Stroganova, Iuliia and Lemmens, Alexander K. and Rijs, Anouk M. and Fischer, Ingo},
  title     = {IR/UV Double Resonance Study of the 2-Phenylallyl Radical and its Pyrolysis Products},
  series = {Chemistry - A European Journal},
  volume    = {29},
  journal   = {Chemistry - A European Journal},
  number    = {13},
  doi       = {10.1002/chem.202202943},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312338},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Isolated 2-phenylallyl radicals (2-PA), generated by pyrolysis from a nitrite precursor, have been investigated by IR/UV ion dip spectroscopy using free electron laser radiation. 2-PA is a resonance-stabilized radical that is considered to be involved in the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in combustion, but also in interstellar space. The radical is identified based on its gas-phase IR spectrum. Furthermore, a number of bimolecular reaction products are identified, showing that the self-reaction as well as reactions with unimolecular decomposition products of 2-PA form several PAH efficiently. Possible mechanisms are discussed and the chemistry of 2-PA is compared with the one of the related 2-methylallyl and phenylpropargyl radicals.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RoyTroesterFantuzzietal.2021,
  author    = {Roy, Dipak Kumar and Tr{\"o}ster, Tobias and Fantuzzi, Felipe and Dewhurst, Rian D. and Lenczyk, Carsten and Radacki, Krzysztof and Pranckevicius, Conor and Engels, Bernd and Braunschweig, Holger},
  title     = {Isolation and Reactivity of an Antiaromatic s-Block Metal Compound},
  series = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},
  volume    = {60},
  journal   = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},
  number    = {7},
  doi       = {10.1002/anie.202014557},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-224447},
  pages     = {3812 -- 3819},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {The concepts of aromaticity and antiaromaticity have a long history, and countless demonstrations of these phenomena have been made with molecules based on elements from the p, d, and f blocks of the periodic table. In contrast, the limited oxidation-state flexibility of the s-block metals has long stood in the way of their participation in sophisticated π-bonding arrangements, and truly antiaromatic systems containing s-block metals are altogether absent or remain poorly defined. Using spectroscopic, structural, and computational techniques, we present herein the synthesis and authentication of a heterocyclic compound containing the alkaline earth metal beryllium that exhibits significant antiaromaticity, and detail its chemical reduction and Lewis-base-coordination chemistry.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Brunecker2015,
  author    = {Brunecker, Frank},
  title     = {Kohlenstoffnanorohr-Komplexe - Adsorption und Desorption von (Bio-)Polymeren},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-113485},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Zur Charakterisierung der Wechselwirkungen zwischen organischen Dispergiermitteln und nanoskaligen Oberfl{\"a}chen stellen Komplexe aus Kohlenstoffnanor{\"o}hren und (Bio-)Polymeren aufgrund der großen Oberfl{\"a}che der Nanor{\"o}hren und der kommerziellen Verf{\"u}gbarkeit fluoreszenzmarkierter DNA-Oligomere unterschiedlicher L{\"a}nge sowie intrinsisch fluoreszierender Polymere ein vielversprechendes Modellsystem dar. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Dissertation wurden verschiedene Methoden evaluiert, um die Stabilit{\"a}t derartiger Komplexe zu untersuchen und dadurch R{\"u}ckschl{\"u}sse auf das Adsorptionsverhalten der (Bio-)Polymere zu ziehen. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, dass das publizierte helikale Adsorptionsmodell der DNA auf Kohlenstoffnanor{\"o}hren die Resultate der durchgef{\"u}hrten Experimente nur unzureichend beschreiben kann und stattdessen andere Adsorptionskonformationen in Erw{\"a}gung gezogen werden m{\"u}ssen.},
  subject      = {Kohlenstoff-Nanor{\"o}hre},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Graefe2005,
  author    = {Gr{\"a}fe, Stefanie},
  title     = {Laser-control of molecular dynamics},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-13388},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {In this work a new algorithm to determine quantum control fields from the instantaneous response of systems has been developed. The derived fields allow to establish a direct connection between the applied perturbation and the molecular dynamics. The principle is most easily illustrated in regarding a classical forced oscillator. A particle moving inside the respective potential is accelerated if an external field is applied acting in the same direction as its momentum (heating). In contrary, a deceleration is achieved by a field acting in the opposite direction as the momentum (cooling). Furthermore, when the particle reaches a classical turning point and then changes its direction, the sign of the field has to be changed to further drive the system in the desired way. The frequency of the field therefore is in resonance with the oscillator. This intuitively clear picture of a driven classical oscillator can be used for directing (or controlling) quantum mechanical wave packet motion. The efficiency of the instantaneous dynamics algorithm was demonstrated in treating various model problems, the population transfer in double well potentials, excitation and dissociation of selective modes, and the population transfer between electronic states. Although it was not tried to optimize the fields to gain higher yields, the control was found to be very efficient. Driving population transfer in a double well potential could be shown to take place with nearly 100\% efficiency. It was shown that selective dissociation within the electronic ground state of HOD can be performed by either maximizing a selected coordinate's differential momentum change or the energy absorption. Concerning the population transfer into excited electronic states, a direct comparison with common control algorithms as optimal control theory and genetic algorithms was accomplished using a one-dimensional representation of methyl iodide. The fields derived from the various control theories were effective in transferring population into the chosen target state but the underlying physical background of the derived optimal fields was not obvious to explain. The instantaneous dynamics algorithm allowed to establish a direct relation between the derived fields and the underlying molecular dynamics. Bound-to-bound transitions could be handled more effectively. This was demonstrated on the sodium dimer in a representation of 3 electronic states being initially in its vibronic ground state. The objective was to transfer population into a predefined excited state. Choosing the first or the second state as a target, the control fields exhibited quite different features. The pulse-structure is related to the excited state wave packet, moving in, and out of the Franck-Condon region. Changing the control objective, the derived control field performed pure electronic transitions on a fast time-scale via a two-step transition. Futhermore, orientational effects have been investigated. The overall-efficiency of the population transfer for differently oriented molecules was about 70 \% or more if applying a control field derived for a 45° orientation. Spectroscopic methods to gain information about the outcome of the control process have been investigated. It was shown that pump/probe femtosecond ionization spectroscopy is suited to monitor time-dependent molecular probability distributions. In particular, time-dependent photoelectron spectra are able to monitor the population in the various electronic states. In the last chapter a different possibility of controlling molecules was regarded by investigating molecular iodine with a setup similar to the STIRAP ("Stimulated Raman Adiabatic passage") scenario. The possibility to extend this technique to a fs-time scale was examined in theory as well as in experiments, the latter being performed by Dr. Torsten Siebert in the Kiefer group, University of W{\"u}rzburg. It was shown that off-resonant excitation with implementation of the pulses with a higher intensity of the Stokes pulse as compared to the pump pulse - describing a so-called f-STIRAP like configuration - was shown to effectively transfer population into excited ground-state vibrational levels. This was theoretically underlined by comparing the numerically exact coupling case with the adiabatic picture. The process was described to run in the vicinity of adibaticity. A new model explaining the process by the system's vector rotating around the dressed state vector will be adopted in future calculations. Altogether, a new promising algorithm to control dynamical processes based on the instantaneous response has been developed. Because the derived control fields have been shown to be very efficient in selectively influencing molecules, it is to be expected that farther reaching applications can be realized in future investigations.},
  subject      = {Laserstrahlung},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Tarcea2004,
  author    = {Tarcea, Nicolae},
  title     = {Light as a universal tool : Microcapsule sizing by elastic light scattering and mineral investigation by in situ Raman spectroscopy},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-9383},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The present work consist of two major parts. The first part, extending over chapters 1, 2, 3 and 4, addresses the design and construction of a device capable of determining the shell thickness and the core size for monolayer spherical particles in a flow. The second part containing chapters 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10, concentrate on the use of Raman spectroscopy as a space application, namely for use as a tool for in situ planetary investigations. This part directly addresses the MIRAS project, a study run under the auspices of Federal Ministry of Education and Research, BMBF and German Aerospace Center, DLR under national registration number 50OW0103. MIRAS stands for "Mineral Investigation by in situ Raman Spectroscopy". Microcapsule Sizing by Elastic Light Scattering The industrial development of processes based on microcapsules depends on the possibility to provide clear and complete information about the properties of these microcapsules. However, the tools for an easy and efficient determination of the microcapsule properties are lacking, several methods being often required to describe adequately the microcapsule behavior. Methods for evaluating the individual size and size distribution of both the core and the shell are required together with methods for measuring the mechanical strength, stability in appli-cation media, permeability of the shell, etc. Elastic light scattering measurements provide a possible way of determining properties such as core size, shell size and refractive index. The design and con-struction of a device capable of measuring the above mentioned parameters for a core-shell particle is the subject of the first part of this thesis. The basic principle of measurement for the device proposed here consists of an-alyzing one particle at a time by recording the elastic light scattering pattern at angles between approx. 60 and 120 grad. By comparing the experimentally recorded phase functions with the previously calculated phase functions stored in a database, the geometry of the scattering object can be identified. In our case the geometry is characterized by two parameters: the shell thickness and the core radius. In chapter 2 a short overview on the methods used for sizing microparticles is given. Different sizing methods are compared, and the advantages and disadvan-tages for the general problem of sizing are shortly discussed. It is observed that all sizing methods that are based on elastic light scattering theories are ensemble methods. Chapter 3 focusses on the theories used for calculating the theoretical scattering patterns with emphasize on the Mie theory. The generalization of Mie theory for layered particles is shortly presented and the far field intensity approximations are discussed. The last chapter (4) of this first part describes the experimental approach for building an automatic microcapsule sizer. The approach started by O. Sbanski [76] with the development of a software packet for calculating and storing theoret-ical phase functions for core-shell particles was continued with the designing and construction of a measuring device. The hardware construction and the software with all implemented corrections imposed by the individual setup components are described in detail. For the laser, the monochromaticity, the intensity profile of the beam as well as the planarity of the equi-phase fronts are taken into consid-eration. The flow cell with three different designs is described, and the influences of the employed design on the light scattering patterns are discussed together with the optical system used for recording the experimental phase functions. The detection system formed by two identical linear CCD arrays is presented together with the software approach used for data acquisition. Ways of improving the quality and the speed of the analyzing process are discussed. The final section presents measurements run on samples made of homogeneous spheres and also on samples containing industrial microcapsules. Mineral Investigation by in situ Raman Spectroscopy The envisaged future planetary missions require space-born instruments, which are highly miniaturized with respect to volume and mass and which have low needs of power. A micro Raman spectrometer as a stand alone device on a planetary surface (e.g. Mars) offers a wide spectrum of possibilities. It can assess the chemical analysis via determination of the mineral composition, detect organic molecules in the soil, identify the principal mineral phases, etc. The technical developments in the last years have introduced a new generation of small Raman systems suitable for robotic mineral characterization on planetary surfaces [20, 95]. Two different types of spectrometer were considered for the MIRAS study. As supporting laboratory experiments for the MIRAS study, the measure-ments on standard minerals and on SNC Mars meteorites are discussed in chapter 6. The following SNC meteorites have been investigated: Sayh al Uhaymir 060, Dar al Gani 735, Dar al Gani 476, Northwest Africa 856, Los Angeles, Northwest Africa 1068 and Zagami. Pyrite as a hitherto undescribed phase in the picritic (olivin-phyric) shergottite NWA 1068 as well as reduced carbon (e.g. graphite) and anatase in the shergottite Say al Uhaymir 060 are new findings for this class of meteorites. A detailed description of the proposed designs for MIRAS, with the compo-nents used for building the test version on a breadboard is covered in chapter 7. The scientific as well as the mission requirements imposed on the instrument are discussed. The basic design is presented and the main components that are brought together to build the device being the laser unit, the Raman head, the Rayleigh filtering box, and the spectral sensor (spectrometer with a matching de-tector) are described. The two proposed designs, one based on an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) and the other based on a dispersive hadamard transform spectrometer are compared to each other. The actual breadboard setup with the detailed description of the components follows in Section 7.3. Further de-velopment of a Raman spectrometer for planetary investigations is proposed in combination with a microscope as part of the Extended-MIRAS project. The software developed for controlling the breadboard version of MIRAS is described in chapter 8 together with a short description of the structure of a relational database used for in house spectra management. The measuring pro-cedures and the data processing steps are presented. Spectra acquired with the MIRAS breadboard version based on the AOTF are shown in chapter 9. The final chapter addresses a rather different possibility of using Raman spectroscopy for planetary investigations. The chapter summarizes the content of four tech-nical notes that were established within the study contracted by the European Space Agency with firma Kayser-Threde in Munich concerning the possibility of applying Raman spectroscopy in the field of remote imaging.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schluecker2001,
  author    = {Schl{\"u}cker, Sebastian},
  title     = {Lineare und nichtlineare Raman-Spektroskopie an biologisch relevanten Modellystemen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-1181438},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2001},
  abstract  = {Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurden insgesamt drei verschiedene Fragestellungen an biologisch relevanten Modellsystemen mit Hilfe von diversen linearen und nichtlinearen Raman-spektroskopischen Techniken bearbeitet. Neben der Untersuchung von Wasserstoffbr{\"u}cken-gebundenen Komplexen und ihrer Dynamik auf der fs-Zeitskala (Kapitel 4) bildeten Untersuchungen zur Struktur von Porphyrinen (Kapitel 5) und beta-Carotin (Kapitel 6) als Vertreter wichtiger Klassen von Biomolek{\"u}len den Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit. Die spektroskopischen Ergebnisse wurden durchweg {\"u}ber Strukturen und Schwingungsspektren, welche mit Hilfe der Dichtefunktionaltheorie (DFT) berechnet wurden, unterst{\"u}tzt. Die dritte bearbeitete Thematik zum Nachweis anthropogener und {\"o}kologisch relevanter Aerosole war bioanalytisch motiviert und wurde anhand von Pestizid-Modellsubstanzen bearbeitet (Kapitel 7).},
  subject      = {Biomolek{\"u}l},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Hader2017,
  author    = {Hader, Kilian},
  title     = {Lokalisierungsdynamik unter Ber{\"u}cksichtigung von Molek{\"u}l-Feld-Wechselwirkung, Kern-Elektron-Kopplung und Exziton-Exziton-Annihilierung},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-146735},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit verschiedenen Aspekten der Dynamik von Kernen, Elektronen und gekoppelten Kern-Elektron-Systemen, wobei je nach System unterschiedliche Herangehensweisen gew{\"a}hlt wurden. Zentrale Punkte sind bei allen drei Kapiteln einerseits die Lokalisierung von Teilchen und Energie und andererseits eine hohe Sensitivit{\"a}t in Bezug auf die Wahl der Anfangsbedingungen. Im ersten Teil wurden von der Carrier-Envelope-Phase (CEP) abh{\"a}ngende, laser-induzierte Lokalisierungen betrachtet. Das zentrale Element ist dabei das entwickelte Doppelpulsschema, mit welchem eine CEP-Abh{\"a}ngigkeit in beobachtbaren Gr{\"o}ßen erzeugt wird. Als Beispielsysteme wurden die Fragmentation im D₂⁺-Modellsystem und eine Isomerisierung im Doppelminimumpotential (DMP) untersucht. Als Observable wird die Asymmetrie betrachtet Im DMP kann die Asymmetrie mit dem Entantiomeren/Isomeren{\"u}berschuss gleich gesetzt werden kann und im D₂⁺-Modellsystem mit der Lokalisierung des Elektrons auf einem der beiden dissoziierenden Kerne. Eine Phasenabh{\"a}ngigkeit der Asymmetrien besteht nur f{\"u}r die CEP des zweiten Pulses φ₂, f{\"u}r welchen keine Begrenzungen f{\"u}r die Anzahl an Laserzyklen auftreten. Im DMP wurde die CEP-Abh{\"a}ngigkeit der Asymmetrien auch bei unterschiedlichen Startkonfigurationen untersucht. F{\"u}r alle untersuchten Startkonfigurationen konnte ein Laserparametersatz gefunden werden, der f{\"u}r zumindest eine der beiden Asymmetrien eine CEP-Abh{\"a}ngigkeit liefert. Aufgrund der aufgehobenen energetischen Entartung der Paare gerader und ungerader Symmetrie ist die resultierende Lokalisierung zeitabh{\"a}ngig. Zur Messung der vorhergesagten Dynamiken ist z.B. die Aufnahme eines Photoelektronen-Spektrums denkbar. In n{\"a}chsten Kapitel wurden unterschiedliche Dynamiken innerhalb eines 4d Kern-Elektron-Modells in der N{\"a}he einer konischen Durchschneidung (CI) zweier Potentiale betrachtet. Hierbei ist hervorzuheben, dass eine solche gleichzeitige Untersuchung von Kern- und Elektron-Dynamik in Systemen mit CIs in der Literatur, nach Wissen des Autors, bisher nicht ver{\"o}ffentlicht ist. Das 4d-Potential wurde mit Hilfe des sogenannten Potfit-Algorithmus gefittet. Dieser Fit wurde anschließend verwendet, um die Dynamik des gekoppelten Systems mit Hilfe der "Multi-Configuration Time-Dependent Hartree"(MCTDH)-Methode zu berechnen. Aus der Analyse der gekoppelten Kern-Elektron-Wellenfunktion ergaben sich zwei grundlegend unterschiedliche Klassen von Dynamiken: • Diabatisch: Kern- und Elektrondynamik sind nahezu entkoppelt. Der Kern bewegt sich und das Elektron bleibt statisch. • Adiabatisch: Kern- und Elektrondynamik sind stark gekoppelt. Die Kerndynamik findet auf Kreisbahnen statt. Mit der Rotation der Kerndichte um den Winkel φ geht eine Rotation der Elektron-Dichte einher. Die diabatische Bewegung entspricht der Dynamik durch die konische Durchschneidung und die adiabatische Bewegung der Dynamik auf der unteren Potentialfl{\"a}che. Welche der beiden Dynamiken stattfindet, wird durch die Wahl der Anfangsbedingung bestimmt. Der wesentliche Unterschied zwischen den beiden Startzust{\"a}nden ist dabei die Lage des Knotens im elektronischen Anteil der Wellenfunktion. In den diabatischen Bewegungen bleibt z.B. der pₓ -artige Charakter der elektronischen Wellenfunktion konstant, wohingegen sich bei der adiabatischen Dynamik der Charakter mit der Kernbewegung {\"a}ndert. Die Zeitersparnis durch die Verwendung des MCTDH-Ansatzes im Vergleich zur Split-Operator-Methode liegt etwa bei einem Faktor 5. Das letzte Kapitel widmet sich der mikroskopischen Beschreibung von Exziton-Exziton- Annihilierung (EEA). Dabei werden numerische L{\"o}sungen der aus einem mikro- skopischen Modell hergeleiteten Ratengleichungen mit Messungen ( transienter Absorption) verglichen. Es wurden zwei Systeme untersucht: ein Squarain-basiertes Heteropolymer (SQA-SQB)ₙ und ein [2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenvinylen]-Polymer, auch bekannt als MEH-PPV. In beiden F{\"a}llen gelang die systematische Parameterbestimmung mit Hilfe einer Aufteilung in lokalisierte Subsysteme. Diese Subsysteme werden einzeln gewichtet und anschließend aufsummiert, wobei die Gewichte optimiert werden k{\"o}nnen. Aus den so erhaltenen Parametern ergibt sich f{\"u}r beide Systeme ein {\"a}hnliches Bild: • Durch ultraschnelle Lokalisierung der Anregung im fs-Bereich auf kleinere Aggregateinheiten bilden sich voneinander getrennte Subsysteme. • Die in den Subsystemen lokalisierten Exzitonen k{\"o}nnen sich nur innerhalb dieser Bereiche frei bewegen. Es ist ausreichend, direkt benachbarte Mono-, Bi-, Tri- und Tetra-Exzitonen in bis zu zwei Dimensionen zu ber{\"u}cksichtigen. • Auf einer fs-Zeitskala annihilieren direkt benachbarte Exzitonen. • Im MEH-PPV ergibt sich der Signalzerfall im fs-Bereich als Mittelwert aus einer schnellen (zwischen Ketten) und einer langsamen (innerhalb von Ketten) Annihilierung. • Im ps- bis ns-Bereich wird sowohl durch Diffusion vermittelte Annihilierung, also auch der Zerfall der ersten angeregten Zust{\"a}nde bedeutsam.},
  subject      = {Quantenmechanik},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Paasche2013,
  author    = {Paasche, Alexander},
  title     = {Mechanistic Insights into SARS Coronavirus Main Protease by Computational Chemistry Methods},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-79029},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {The SARS virus is the etiological agent of the severe acute respiratory syndrome, a deadly disease that caused more than 700 causalities in 2003. One of its viral proteins, the SARS coronavirus main protease, is considered as a potential drug target and represents an important model system for other coronaviruses. Despite extensive knowledge about this enzyme, it still lacks an effective anti-viral drug. Furthermore, it possesses some unusual features related to its active-site region. This work gives atomistic insights into the SARS coronavirus main protease and tries to reveal mechanistic aspects that control catalysis and inhibition. Thereby, it applies state-of-the-art computational methods to develop models for this enzyme that are capable to reproduce and interpreting the experimental observations. The theoretical investigations are elaborated over four main fields that assess the accuracy of the used methods, and employ them to understand the function of the active-site region, the inhibition mechanism, and the ligand binding. The testing of different quantum chemical methods reveals that their performance depends partly on the employed model. This can be a gas phase description, a continuum solvent model, or a hybrid QM/MM approach. The latter represents the preferred method for the atomistic modeling of biochemical reactions. A benchmarking uncovers some serious problems for semi-empirical methods when applied in proton transfer reactions. To understand substrate cleavage and inhibition of SARS coronavirus main protease, proton transfer reactions between the Cys/His catalytic dyad are calculated. Results show that the switching between neutral and zwitterionic state plays a central role for both mechanisms. It is demonstrated that this electrostatic trigger is remarkably influenced by substrate binding. Whereas the occupation of the active-site by the substrate leads to a fostered zwitterion formation, the inhibitor binding does not mimic this effect for the employed example. The underlying reason is related to the coverage of the active-site by the ligand, which gives new implications for rational improvements of inhibitors. More detailed insights into reversible and irreversible inhibition are derived from in silico screenings for the class of Michael acceptors that follow a conjugated addition reaction. From the comparison of several substitution patterns it becomes obvious that different inhibitor warheads follow different mechanisms. Nevertheless, the initial formation of a zwitterionic catalytic dyad is found as a common precondition for all inhibition reactions. Finally, non-covalent inhibitor binding is investigated for the case of SARS coranavirus main protease in complex with the inhibitor TS174. A novel workflow is developed that includes an interplay between theory and experiment in terms of molecular dynamic simulation, tabu search, and X-ray structure refinement. The results show that inhibitor binding is possible for multiple poses and stereoisomers of TS174.},
  subject      = {SARS},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Heilos2019,
  author    = {Heilos, Anna},
  title     = {Mechanistic Insights into the Inhibition of Cathepsin B and Rhodesain with Low-Molecular Inhibitors},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-17822},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-178228},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Cysteine proteases play a crucial role in medical chemistry concerning various fields reaching from more common ailments like cancer and hepatitis to less noted tropical diseases, namely the so-called African Sleeping Sickness (Human Arfican Trypanosomiasis). Detailed knowledge about the catalytic function of these systems is highly desirable for drug research in the respective areas. In this work, the inhibition mechanisms of the two cysteine proteases cathepsin B and rhodesain with respectively one low-molecular inhibitor class were investigated in detail, using computational methods. In order to sufficiently describe macromolecular systems, molecular mechanics based methods (MM) and quantum mechanical based method (QM), as well as hybrid methods (QM/MM) combining those two approaches, were applied. For Cathespin B, carbamate-based molecules were investigated as potential inhibitors for the cysteine protease. The results indicate, that water-bridged proton-transfer reactions play a crucial role for the inhibition. The energetically most favoured pathway (according to the calculations) includes an elimination reaction following an E1cB mechanism with a subsequent carbamylation of the active site amino acid cysteine. Nitroalkene derivatives were investigated as inhibitors for rhodesain. The investigation of structurally similar inhibitors showed, that even small steric differences can crucially influence the inhibition potential of the components. Furthermore, the impact of a fluorination of the nitroalkene inhibitors on the inhibition mechanism was investigated. According to experimental data measured from the working group of professor Schirmeister in Mainz, fluorinated nitroalkenes show - in contrast to the unfluorinated compounds - a time dependent inhibition efficiency. The calculations of the systems indicate, that the fluorination impacts the non-covalent interactions of the inhibitors with the enzymatic environment of the enzyme which results in a different inhibition behaviour.},
  subject      = {Cysteinproteasen},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{SeligParthey2012,
  author    = {Selig-Parthey, Ulrike},
  title     = {Methods of Nonlinear Femtosecond Spectroscopy in the Visible and Ultraviolet Regime and their Application to Coupled Multichromophore Systems},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-74356},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Time-resolved spectroscopic studies of energy transfer between molecules in solution form a basis for both, our understanding of fundamental natural processes like photosynthesis as well as directed synthetic approaches to optimize organic opto-electronic devices. Here, coherent two-dimensional (2D) spectroscopy opens up new possibilities, as it reveals the correlation between absorption and emission frequency and hence the full cause-and-effect chain. In this thesis two optical setups were developed and implemented, permitting the recording of electronic 2D spectra in the visible and in the hitherto unexplored ultraviolet spectral range. Both designs rely on the exclusive manipulation of beam pairs, which reduces the signal modulation to the difference between the transition frequency of the system and the laser frequency. Thus - as has been shown experimentally and theoretically - the timing precision as well as mechanical stability requirements are greatly reduced, from fractions of the oscillation period of the exciting light wave to fractions of the pulse duration. Two-dimensional spectroscopy and femtosecond transient absorption (TA) as well as different theoretical approaches and simulation models were then applied to coupled multichromophore systems of increasing complexity. Perylene bisimide-perylene monoimide dyads were investigated in cooperation with Prof. Dr. Frank W{\"u}rthner and Prof. Dr. Bernd Engels at the University of W{\"u}rzburg. In these simplest systems studied, global analysis of six different TA experiments unequivocally revealed an ultrafast interchromophoric energy transfer in the 100 fs range. Comparison between the obtained transfer rates and the predictions of F{\"o}rster theory suggest a breakdown of this point-transition-dipole-based picture at the donor-acceptor distances realized in our compounds. Furthermore, a model including conformational changes and an interchromophoric charge transfer has been derived to consistently describe the observed pico- to nanosecond dynamics and fluorescence quantum yields. A second collaboration with Prof. Dr. Gregory Scholes (University of Toronto, Canada) and Prof. Dr. Paul Burn (University of Queensland, Australia) addressed the photophysics of a series of uorene-carbazole dendrimers. Here, a combination of 2D-UV spectroscopy and femtosecond ansiotropy decay experiments revealed the initial delocalization of the excited state wave function that saturates with the second generation. In room temperature solution, disorder-induced localization takes place on the time scales comparable to our instrument response, i.e. 100 fs, followed by energy transfer via incoherent hopping processes. Lastly, in tubular zinc chlorin aggregates, semi-synthetic analogues of natural lightharvesting antennae that had again been synthesized in the group of Prof. Dr. Frank W{\"u}rthner, the interchromophoric coupling is so strong that coherently coupled domains prevail even at room temperature. From an analysis of intensity-dependent TA measurements the dimensions of these domains, the exciton delocalization length, could be determined to span 5-20 monomers. In addition, 2D spectra uncovered efficient energy transfer between neighboring domains, i.e. ultrafast exciton diffusion.},
  subject      = {Femtosekundenspektroskopie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Strehle2003,
  author    = {Strehle, Marion A.},
  title     = {Mikroskopische und spektroskopische Charakterisierung biologisch relevanter Oberfl{\"a}chen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-5775},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2003},
  abstract  = {In dieser Arbeit werden biologisch relevante Oberfl{\"a}chen untersucht, die in der Medizin bzw. in der Biologie eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Die Proteinadsorption auf Implantat-Oberfl{\"a}chen wurde charakterisiert, um wichtige Informationen {\"u}ber den Adsorptionsprozess zu erhalten. Das Fernziel hierbei ist, durch ein umfassendes Wissen {\"u}ber diesen f{\"u}r die Implantation wichtigen Schritt Biomaterialien mit m{\"o}glichst hoher Gewebevertr{\"a}glichkeit zu entwickeln. Die Verteilung von Propolis auf der Wachs-Oberfl{\"a}che von Bienenwaben wurde untersucht, um mehr {\"u}ber dessen Nutzen, der noch nicht vollst{\"a}ndig aufgekl{\"a}rt ist, zu erfahren und um auf m{\"o}gliche Auswirkungen einer ver{\"a}nderten Wabenstruktur auf die Kommunikation der Honigbienen R{\"u}ckschl{\"u}sse ziehen zu k{\"o}nnen. Das Ziel des ersten Teils dieser Arbeit war, das Adsorptionsverhalten der Proteine Fibrinogen, Albumin und Fibronektin auf Titandioxid, einem in der Medizin h{\"a}ufig als Implantat eingesetzten Material, zu studieren. Die Adsorption von Proteinen auf der Oberfl{\"a}che von Implantaten ist ein wichtiger Schritt f{\"u}r die Gewebevertr{\"a}glichkeit bzw. Biokompatibilit{\"a}t dieser Materialien. Es wurden sowohl die r{\"a}umliche Verteilung der Proteine auf den Implantat-Oberfl{\"a}chen als auch die durch die Adsorption hervorgerufenen strukturellen Ver{\"a}nderungen der Proteine untersucht. Als Methoden wurden hierf{\"u}r die Laser-Raster-Mikroskopie (LSM), die Kraftfeldmikroskopie (AFM) sowie die Raman-Spektroskopie eingesetzt. Durch ein umfassendes Wissen {\"u}ber den Adsorptionsprozess der Proteine auf Implantat-Materialien k{\"o}nnen die Oberfl{\"a}chen der Implantate dahingehend ver{\"a}ndert werden, dass es zu einer besseren Proteinadsorption und dadurch zu einer noch geringeren Rate an Abstoßungsreaktionen kommt. Die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Ergebnisse k{\"o}nnen einen Teil zum Verst{\"a}ndnis des Adsorptionsprozesses beitragen. Das Ziel des zweiten Teils dieser Arbeit war es, die chemische Zusammensetzung von Propolis (dem Kittharz der Bienen) und Wabenwachs von Apis mellifera carnica Pollm. sowie die r{\"a}umliche Verteilung von Propolis auf den Waben-Oberfl{\"a}chen zu untersuchen. Hierzu wurden die Raman-Spektroskopie und Raman-Mapping eingesetzt. Es wurden zun{\"a}chst Raman-Spektren von Propolis-Proben sowie Raman-Spektren von charakteristischen Standardsubstanzen des Propolis aufgenommen. Das Propolis-Spektrum sowie das Wachs-Spektrum wurden durch eine Auswahl an Standardsubstanzen simuliert. Um herauszufinden, welche Harze von den Bienen gesammelt und als Propolis im Stock verwendet werden, wurden von einigen Harzen, die als Propolis-Quellen in Betracht kommen, Raman-Spektren aufgenommen. Es wurde auch analysiert, ob die Kettenl{\"a}ngen der Alkane, aus denen die Wachse bestehen, einen Einfluss auf die Raman-Spektren hat. Mittels Raman-Mapping wurde schließlich die r{\"a}umliche Verteilung von Propolis auf der Waben-Oberfl{\"a}che untersucht. Die hier charakterisierten biologisch relevanten Oberfl{\"a}chen spielen eine wichtige Rolle in der Medizin und in der Biologie. Die Analyse mit mikroskopischen und spektroskopischen Methoden verschafft einen Einblick in die Prozesse, die sich an diesen Oberfl{\"a}chen abspielen. Die Proteinadsorption auf Implantat-Oberfl{\"a}chen sind f{\"u}r die Implantationsmedizin von Bedeutung. Es werden st{\"a}ndig neue Materialien entwickelt, die eine m{\"o}glichst gute Biokompatibilit{\"a}t aufweisen sollen. Erkenntnisse {\"u}ber die Prozesse, die hierf{\"u}r eine Rolle spielen, helfen bei der Entwicklung neuer Materialien. Die Verteilung von Propolis auf den Wachs-Oberfl{\"a}chen hat einen Einfluss auf die Materialbeschaffenheit der Waben. Dies k{\"o}nnte die Vibrationsweiterleitung beim Schw{\"a}nzeltanz der Honigbienen, der f{\"u}r deren Kommunikation von Bedeutung ist, beeinflussen. Die Verteilung des Propolis auf den Waben konnte f{\"u}r kleine Ausschnitte gezeigt werden. Inwiefern eine Propolisschicht auf den Stegen der Waben die Vibrationsweiterleitung tats{\"a}chlich beeinflusst, muss durch weiterf{\"u}hrende Experimente herausgefunden werden.},
  subject      = {Implantat},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{KleinBarthelsJoheetal.2020,
  author    = {Klein, Philipp and Barthels, Fabian and Johe, Patrick and Wagner, Annika and Tenzer, Stefan and Distler, Ute and Le, Thien Anh and Schmid, Paul and Engel, Volker and Engels, Bernd and Hellmich, Ute A. and Opatz, Till and Schirmeister, Tanja},
  title     = {Naphthoquinones as covalent reversible inhibitors of cysteine proteases — studies on inhibition mechanism and kinetics},
  series = {Molecules},
  volume    = {25},
  journal   = {Molecules},
  number    = {9},
  issn      = {1420-3049},
  doi       = {10.3390/molecules25092064},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-203791},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {The facile synthesis and detailed investigation of a class of highly potent protease inhibitors based on 1,4-naphthoquinones with a dipeptidic recognition motif (HN-l-Phe-l-Leu-OR) in the 2-position and an electron-withdrawing group (EWG) in the 3-position is presented. One of the compound representatives, namely the acid with EWG = CN and with R = H proved to be a highly potent rhodesain inhibitor with nanomolar affinity. The respective benzyl ester (R = Bn) was found to be hydrolyzed by the target enzyme itself yielding the free acid. Detailed kinetic and mass spectrometry studies revealed a reversible covalent binding mode. Theoretical calculations with different density functionals (DFT) as well as wavefunction-based approaches were performed to elucidate the mode of action.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KleinJoheWagneretal.2020,
  author    = {Klein, Philipp and Johe, Patrick and Wagner, Annika and Jung, Sascha and K{\"u}hlborn, Jonas and Barthels, Fabian and Tenzer, Stefan and Distler, Ute and Waigel, Waldemar and Engels, Bernd and Hellmich, Ute A. and Opatz, Till and Schirmeister, Tanja},
  title     = {New cysteine protease inhibitors: electrophilic (het)arenes and unexpected prodrug identification for the Trypanosoma protease rhodesain},
  series = {Molecules},
  volume    = {25},
  journal   = {Molecules},
  number    = {6},
  issn      = {1420-3049},
  doi       = {10.3390/molecules25061451},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-203380},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Electrophilic (het)arenes can undergo reactions with nucleophiles yielding π- or Meisenheimer (σ-) complexes or the products of the S\(_N\)Ar addition/elimination reactions. Such building blocks have only rarely been employed for the design of enzyme inhibitors. Herein, we demonstrate the combination of a peptidic recognition sequence with such electrophilic (het)arenes to generate highly active inhibitors of disease-relevant proteases. We further elucidate an unexpected mode of action for the trypanosomal protease rhodesain using NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, enzyme kinetics and various types of simulations. After hydrolysis of an ester function in the recognition sequence of a weakly active prodrug inhibitor, the liberated carboxylic acid represents a highly potent inhibitor of rhodesain (K\(_i\) = 4.0 nM). The simulations indicate that, after the cleavage of the ester, the carboxylic acid leaves the active site and re-binds to the enzyme in an orientation that allows the formation of a very stable π-complex between the catalytic dyad (Cys-25/His-162) of rhodesain and the electrophilic aromatic moiety. The reversible inhibition mode results because the S\(_N\)Ar reaction, which is found in an alkaline solvent containing a low molecular weight thiol, is hindered within the enzyme due to the presence of the positively charged imidazolium ring of His-162. Comparisons between measured and calculated NMR shifts support this interpretation},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Grebner2012,
  author    = {Grebner, Christoph},
  title     = {New Tabu-Search Algorithms for the Exploration of Energy Landscapes of Molecular Systems},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75591},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {The visualization of energy functions is based on the possibility of separating different degrees of freedom. The most important one is the Born-Oppenheimer-approximation, which separates nucleus and electron movements. This allows the illustration of the potential energy as a function of the nuclei coordinates. Minima of the surface correspond to stable points like isomers or conformers. They are important for predicting the stability or thermodynamical of a system. Stationary points of first order correspond to transition points. They describe phase transitions, chemical reaction, or conformational changes. Furthermore, the partition function connects the potential hypersurface to the free energy of the system. The aim of the present work is the development and application of new approaches for the efficient exploration of multidimensional hypersurfaces. Initially, the Conformational Analysis and Search Tool (CAST) program was developed to create a basis for the new methods and algorithms. The development of CAST in object oriented C++ included, among other things, the implementation of a force field, different interfaces to external programs, analysis tools, and optimization libraries. Descriptions of an energy landscape require knowledge about the most stable minima. The Gradient Only Tabu Search (GOTS) has been shown to be very efficient in the optimization of mathematical test functions. Therefore, GOTS was taken as a starting point. Tabu-Search is based on the steepest descent - modest ascent strategy. The steepest descent is used for finding local minima, while the modest ascent is taken for leaving a minimum quickly. Furthermore, Tabu-Search is combined with an adaptive memory design to avoid cycling or returning. The highly accurate exploration of the phase space by Tabu-Search is often too expensive for complex optimization problems. Therefore, an algorithm for diversification of the search is required. After exploration of the proximity of the search space, the algorithm would guide the search to new and hopefully promising parts of the phase space. First application of GOTS to conformational search revealed weaknesses in the diversification search and the modest ascent part. On the one hand, the original methodology for diversification is insufficiently diverse. The algorithm is considerably improved by combining the more local GOTS with the wider searching Basin Hopping (BH) approach. The second weak point is a too inaccurate and inefficient modest ascent strategy. Analysis of common transition state search algorithms lead to the adaption of the Dimer-method to the Tabu-Search approach. The Dimer-method only requires the first derivatives for locating the closest transition state. For conformational search, dihedral angles are usually the most flexible degrees of freedom. Therefore, only those are used in the Dimer-method for leaving a local minimum. Furthermore, the exact localization of the reaction pathway and the transition state is not necessary as the local minimum position should only be departed as fast as possible. This allows for larger step sizes during the Dimer-search. In the following optimization step, all coordinates are relaxed to remove possible strains in the system. The new Tabu-Search method with Dimer-search delivers more and improved minima. Furthermore, the approach is faster for larger systems. For a system with approximately 1200 atoms, an acceleration of 40 was measured. The new approach was compared to Molecular Dynamics with optimization (MD), Simulated Annealing (SA), and BH with the help of conformational search problems of bio-organic systems. In all cases, a better performance was found. A comparison to the Monte Carlo Multiple Minima/Low Mode Sampling (MCMM/LM) method proved the outstanding performance of the new Tabu-Search approach. The solvation of the chignolin protein further revealed the possibility of uncovering discrepancies between the employed theoretical model and the experimental starting structure. Ligand optimization for improvement of x-ray structures was one further new application field. Besides the global optimization, the search for transition states and reaction pathways is also of paramount importance. These points describe different transitions of stable states. Therefore, a new approach for the exploration of such cases was developed. The new approach is based on a global minimization of a hyperplane being perpendicular to the reaction coordinate. Minima of this reduced phase space belong to traces of transition states between reactant and product states on the unchanged hypersurface. Optimization to the closest transition state using the Dimer-method delivers paths lying between the initial and the final state. An iterative approach finally yields complex reaction pathways with many intermediate local minima. The PathOpt algorithm was tested by means of rearrangements of argon clusters showing very promising results.},
  subject      = {Globale Optimierung},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Fecher2002,
  author    = {Fecher, Frank Erich},
  title     = {Nichtlineare Dynamik von chemischen Sauerstoff-Oszillatoren},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-185},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {Die vorliegende Arbeit hat zum Ziel, das Antwortverhalten nichtlinearer Reaktionen auf zielgerichtete St{\"o}rungen zu untersuchen. Dabei besch{\"a}ftigt sie sich mit zwei nichtlinearen chemischen Sauerstoff-Oszillatoren. Bei den beiden nichtlinearen chemischen Reaktionen handelt es sich um den Polyacrylamid-Methylenblau-Sauerstoff- (PA-MBO) Oszillator und um die Kupfer(II)ionen katalysierte Oxidation von Ascorbins{\"a}ure durch Luftsauerstoff. Im ersten Fall wird durch selektive Belichtung des Reaktionsmediums die gebildete Geloberfl{\"a}che durch ein computergenerirtes Muster kodiert. Die Systemantwort wird mit Hilfe einer CCD-Kamera aufgenommen und danach einer Analyse unterzogen. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse werden anschließend durch eine Computersimulation verifiziert. Die zweite untersuchte M{\"o}glichkeit, das PA-MBO-System einer St{\"o}rung zu unterwerfen, ist das Anlegen eines externen elektrischen Feldes. In einer speziell daf{\"u}r entworfenen Anordnung bildet sich ein quasi-eindimensionales Turing-Muster. In dieser quasi-eindimensionalen Anordnung kann die Reaktion leicht elektrischen Str{\"o}men von bis zu 200 mA/cm2 ausgesetzt werden. Die experimentellen Daten werden anschließend der Karhunen-Loeve Zerlegung unterworfen, um die komplexe Dynamik der Systemantwort zu studieren. Die Oxidation von Ascorbins{\"a}ure durch Luftsauerstoff in Gegenwart von Kupfer(II)ionen, wird im CSTR durchgef{\"u}hrt. Dabei l{\"a}ßt sich das Ph{\"a}nomen der stochastischen Resonanz beobachten, wenn man die Flußrate sinusf{\"o}rmig moduliert und dieser Frequenz zus{\"a}tzlich weißes Rauschen {\"u}berlagert.},
  subject      = {Sauerstoff},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Kaiser2022,
  author    = {Kaiser, Dustin},
  title     = {Non-standard computational approaches applied to molecular systems},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-27664},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-276641},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {In this thesis, several contributions to the understanding and modeling of chemical phenomena using computational approaches are presented. These investigations are characterized by the usage of non-standard computational modeling techniques, which is necessitated by the complex nature of the electronic structure or atomic fluctuations of the target molecules. Multiple biradical-type molecules and their spectroscopic properties were modeled. In the course of the investigation, it is found that especially the impact of correct molecular geometries on the computationally predicted absorption properties may be critical. In order to find the correct minimum geometries, Multi-Reference methods may have to be invoked. The impact of geometry relaxation on the excitonic properties of Perylene Bisimide dimers were investigated. Oftentimes, these geometry factors are neglected in Organic Semiconductor modeling as an approximation. This present investigation suggests that this approximation is not always valid, as certain regimes are identified where geometrical parameters have critical impact on the localization and energetic properties of excitons. The mechanism of the Triazolinedione (TAD) tyrosine bioconjugation reaction is investigated using quantum-chemical methods. By comparison of different conceivable mechanisms and their energetic ordering, the TAD tyrosine bioconjugation is found to proceed by means of a base-mediated electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. The kth nearest neighbor entropy estimation protocol is investigated. This estimator promises accurate entropy estimates even for flexible molecules with multiple structural minima. Our granular investigation of formal and practical properties of the estimator suggests that the uneven variance of a molecule's vibrational modes is the cause of the observed slow convergence of the estimator. A rescaling procedure to reestablish fast convergence is suggested and benchmarks are performed.},
  subject      = {Quantenchemie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Pfister2011,
  author    = {Pfister, Johannes},
  title     = {On the correlation between the electronic structure and transport properties of [2.2]paracyclophanes and other aromatic systems},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-65362},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Die vorliegende Arbeit pr{\"a}sentiert theoretische Untersuchungen zu Energie- und Ladungs-Transporteigenschaften in organischen Kristallen. Kapitel 4 behandelt Exzitonentransport in Anthracen bei dem der Fall einer schwachen Kopplung zwischen den π-Systemen vorliegt. Die elektronische Kopplung wird mit dem „monomer transition density" (MTD) Ansatz berechnet. Aus den Kopplungen und Reorganisationsenergien werden mit der Marcus-Theorie H{\"u}pfraten berechnet. Mit Kenntnis der Kristallstrukturen werden daraus in die experimentell zug{\"a}nglichen Exzitonendiffusionsl{\"a}ngen berechnet, deren isotroper Anteil im Rahmen der Streuung der experimentell zug{\"a}nglichen Daten reproduziert werden. Auch die Anisotropie der Exzitonendiffusionsl{\"a}ngen wird qualitativ und quantitativ im Rahmen der zu erwartenden Messgenauigkeit richtig wiedergegeben. Weiterhin enth{\"a}lt Kapitel 4 Untersuchungen zum Elektronen- und Lochtransport in den zwei verschiedenen Modifikationen (α und β) von Perylen. Reorganisationsenergien sowie Diffusionskonstanten wurden f{\"u}r beide beide Kristallstrukturen und Typen des Ladungstransports berechnet. Den besten Transport stellt dabei Lochtransport in β-Perylen dar, jedoch ist dieser stark isotrop. Die bevorzugte Transportrichtung is entlang der b-Achse der Einheitszelle mit elektronischen Kopplungen von gr{\"o}ßer als 100 meV. Allerdings gibt es hier keinerlei Lochtransport in Richtung der c-Achse. Die Diffusionskonstante in Richtung der b-Achse ist um zwei Gr{\"o}ßenordnungen gr{\"o}ßer als die in c-Richtung (62.7•10-6 m2/s vs. 0.4•10-6 m2/s). Der Ladungstransport wird sowohl f{\"u}r L{\"o}cher, als auch f{\"u}r Elektronen in beiden Perylenmodifikationen immer stark anisotrop berechnet. Um diese Resultate zu verifizieren wurden experimentelle Elektronenmobilit{\"a}ten in α-Perylen mit den Simulationen verglichen. Es stellte sich eine sehr gute {\"U}bereinstimmung heraus mit Fehlern von nur maximal 27\%. Wie oben gezeigt, ist es m{\"o}glich Transporteigenschaften in zwischen schwach wechselwirkenden Systemen zu berechnen und zu messen. Allerdings ist es hier schwierig, die G{\"u}te der zu Grunde liegenden Kopplungsparameter genau anzugeben. Aus diesem Gunde wurde eine Zusammenarbeit {\"u}ber stark wechselwirkede Systeme zwischen uns sowie den Arbeitskreis von Prof. Ingo Fischer begonnen. Dort wurden [2.2]Paracyclophane und dessen Derivate untersucht um zu zeigen, wie Substitution mit Hydroxylgruppen deren Absorptionseigenschaften beeinflusst. Eine Kombination der SCS-MP2 und SCS-CC2-Methoden liefert hierbei insgesamt die besten Ergebnisse um die geometrischen und elektronischen Strukturen f{\"u}r Grund- und angeregte Zust{\"a}nde dieser Modellsysteme sowie deren Stammmolek{\"u}len Benzol und Phenol zu beschreiben. Strukturell weist nur [2.2]Paracyclophan im Grundzustand ein Doppelminimumspotenzial bzgl. Verschiebung und Verdrillung der Benzol/Phenol-einheiten untereinander auf. Alle anderen Systeme sind aufgrund ihrer Substitution weniger flexibel. Fast alle untersuchten [2.2]Paracyclophane zeigen nur geringe Struktur{\"a}nderungen bei der Anregung in den S1 Zustand: Der Abstand zwischen den Ringen wird k{\"u}rzer, aber qualitativ behalten sie ihre Verdrillung und Verschiebung bei, wenn auch das Ausmaß dieser Verzerrungen reduziert wird. Die Ausnahme hierbei ist p-DHPC, welches von einer verschoben Struktur im Grundzustand in eine verdrillte Struktur im angeregten Zustand {\"u}bergeht. Dies hat zur Konsequenz, dass die Intensit{\"a}t des 0-0-{\"U}bergangs aufgrund der Franck-Condon Faktoren f{\"u}r p-DHPC experimentell nicht mehr beobachtet werden kann und von Verunreinigungen durch o-DHPC {\"u}berdeckt wird. Die Strukturen der Paracyclophane und deren {\"A}nderung durch elektronische {\"U}berg{\"a}nge werden in dieser Arbeit durch elektrostatische Potenziale sowie den antibindenen (bindenden) HOMO (LUMO) Orbitalen erkl{\"a}rt. Adiabatische Anregungsenergien wurden mit Nullpunktsschwingungsenergien korrigiert und liefern Genauigkeiten deren Fehler weniger als 0,1 eV betr{\"a}gt. Hierbei ist zu beachten, dass eine Korrektur auf B3LYP Niveau die Ergebnisse verschlechtert und man die Berechnung der Schwingungsfrequenzen auf SCS-CC2 durchf{\"u}hren muss um diese Genauigkeit zu erhalten. Aufgrund dieser Rechnungen wurde eine Interpretation der experimentellen [1+1]REMPI Spektren m{\"o}glich. Bandenprogressionen f{\"u}r die Schwingungen der Verschiebung, der Verdrillung und einer Atmung im [2.2]Paracyclophanskelett wurden identifiziert und zeigen gute {\"U}bereinstimmung zum Experiment. Diese Arbeiten zeigen, dass das Substitutionsschema von [2.2]Paracyclophanen eine erhebliche Auswirkung auf die spektroskopischen Eigenschaften haben kann. Da diese Eigenschaften direkt mit den Transporteigenschaften dieser Materialien verbunden ist, kann das hier gewonnene Verst{\"a}ndnis der spektroskopischen Eigenschaften genutzt werden, um Materialien mit maßgeschneiderten Transporteigenschaften zu designen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die SCS-CC2-Methode sehr gut geeignet ist, die zu Grunde liegende Wechselwirkung zwischen den π-Systemen vorherzusagen.},
  subject      = {Ladungstransport},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AeschlimannBauerBayeretal.2012,
  author    = {Aeschlimann, Martin and Bauer, Michael and Bayer, Daniela and Brixner, Tobias and Cunovic, Stefan and Fischer, Alexander and Melchior, Pascal and Pfeiffer, Walter and Rohmer, Martin and Schneider, Christian and Str{\"u}ber, Christian and Tuchscherer, Philip and Voronine, Dimitri V.},
  title     = {Optimal open-loop near-field control of plasmonic nanostructures},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75256},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Optimal open-loop control, i.e. the application of an analytically derived control rule, is demonstrated for nanooptical excitations using polarization-shaped laser pulses. Optimal spatial near-field localization in gold nanoprisms and excitation switching is realized by applying a shift to the relative phase of the two polarization components. The achieved near-field switching confirms theoretical predictions, proves the applicability of predefined control rules in nanooptical light-matter interaction and reveals local mode interference to be an important control mechanism.},
  subject      = {Chemie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schuessler2006,
  author    = {Sch{\"u}ßler, Thomas},
  title     = {Photodissoziation und dissoziative Photoionisation von Kohlenwasserstoff-Radikalen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-18563},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {In dieser Arbeit wurde das Dissoziationsverhalten kleiner organischer Kohlenwasserstoffradikale untersucht. Zum einen wurde die dissoziative Photoionisation des Allyl-, Propargyl- und Ethylradikals durch die Verbindung einer herk{\"o}mmlichen, gepulsten Pyrolysequelle mit Synchrotronstrahlung untersucht. Zum anderen wurden von verschiedenen Propyl- und Butyl-Radikalisomeren die Raten des Wasserstoffverlustes bei Anregung mit 239 nm gemessen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Kombination einer gepulsten Radikalquelle mit Synchrotronstrahlung technisch umsetzbar ist. Der Vorteil dieser Methode liegt darin, dass es m{\"o}glich ist, die Radikale {\"u}ber einen kontinuierlichen Energiebereich von mehreren eV innerhalb kurzer Zeit zu betrachten, was mit einem normalen Labor-Aufbau mit Farbstofflasern nicht m{\"o}glich ist. So konnten anhand von Photoelektronenspektren und Photoionisationseffizienzkurven die Ionisierungsenergie des Allyl-, des Propargyl- und des Ethyl-Radikals in guter {\"U}bereinstimmung zu {\"a}lteren Literaturdaten best{\"a}tigt werden. Anhand von Messungen zur dissoziativen Photoionisation konnte gezeigt werden, dass das Allyl und das Ethyl wie angenommen ein Wasserstoff-Molek{\"u}l abspalten. Beim Allyl gibt es hierbei zwei m{\"o}gliche Dissoziationsprodukte: das Cyclopropyl- und das Propargyl-Kation. Einfache RRKM-Rechnungen deuten darauf hin, dass bei geringen {\"U}berschussenergien das Cyclopropenyl-, bei gr{\"o}ßeren hingegen bevorzugt das Propargyl-Kation gebildet wird. Das Ethyl-System besitzt einen nicht-klassischen, {\"u}berbr{\"u}ckten ionischen Zustand. Die dissoziative Photoionisation f{\"u}hrt zum Vinyl-Kation und setzt bei deutlich h{\"o}heren Energien ein, als von der Theorie vorhergesagt. Alle Erkl{\"a}rungsversuche sind unbefriedigend, daher sollten hier weitere experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchungen angeschlossen werden. Die dissoziative Photoionisation des Propargyl-Radikals besitzt, theoretischen Berechnungen zufolge, zwei konkurrierende Zerfallskan{\"a}le. Wie die Experimente jedoch zeigten, erfolgt nur die Abspaltung von H unter Bildung des Cyclopropenyliden-Kations im vorhergesagten Energiebereich. Der Konkurrenzprozess, Bildung von Propinyliden und H\$_2\$, setzt erst bei deutlich h{\"o}heren Photonenenergien ein. Daneben konnte erstmals der Dreik{\"o}rperzerfall des Propargylbromids und des Ethyliodids zum Propinyliden- respektive Vinyl-Kation beobachtet und die Auftrittsenergien bestimmt werden. Diese stimmen gut mit den thermochemischen Vorhersagen {\"u}berein. In Zukunft ist geplant, mit ZEKE-Spektroskopie die Ionisierungsenergien der untersuchten Radikale exakt zu bestimmen. Insbesondere beim Ethyl-Radikal mit seinem nicht-klassischen Verhalten muss noch viel gekl{\"a}rt werden. Des Weiteren ist geplant, weitere Experimente am Synchrotron durchzuf{\"u}hren. Denkbar w{\"a}re hier, Ionen in definierten, schwingungsangeregten Zust{\"a}nden zu erzeugen und an ihnen Ionen-Molek{\"u}l-Reaktionen durchzuf{\"u}hren. Ausgehend von den jeweiligen Azoalkanen wurden die Wasserstoff-Disso"-zia"-tions"-raten der \n-Propyl-, \n-Butyl- und \sec-Butyl-Radikale bei einer Anregungswellenl{\"a}nge von 239 nm gemessen. {\"A}hnlich wie dies bereits bei fr{\"u}heren Messungen am \tert-Butyl- und Ethyl-Radikal der Fall war, waren diese Raten um 2--3 Gr{\"o}ßenordnungen schneller als von einfachen RRKM-Rechnungen vorhergesagt. \%Eine m{\"o}gliche Erkl{\"a}rung w{\"a}re ein konkurrierender \%Deaktivierungskanal, z.B.\ der C--C-Bindungsbruch im Radikal. Da \%jedoch der Wasserstoffverlust von einem der Spaltprodukte nicht in \%einem Einphotonenprozess zu bewerkstelligen ist, muss dieser Kanal \%ausgeschlossen werden. Ein anderer, noch sehr spekulativer \%Erkl{\"a}rungsversuch geht von einem langlebigen 3p-Zustand, der ein \%Minimum in der Geometrie mit einer verl{\"a}ngerten C--C-Bindung \%darstellt, aus. Koppelt dieser Zustand mit dem darunterliegenden \%3s-Zustand, kann es zur Deaktivierung kommen, jedoch nur, wenn die \%{\"U}berschussenergie ausreichend groß ist. Dies w{\"u}rde das Verhalten der \%Dissoziationsrate bei den Propyl- und Butyl-Radikalisomeren sowie dem \%Ethylradikal erkl{\"a}ren. Es wurde eine sehr spekulative Erkl{\"a}rung vorgestellt, die dieses Verhalten erkl{\"a}ren k{\"o}nnte. Die vorliegenden Daten k{\"o}nnen diese Theorie aber weder best{\"a}tigen noch widerlegen. Es sieht jedoch so aus, als ob diese Diskrepanz zwischen Theorie und Experiment ein allgemeines Ph{\"a}nomen in Alkylradikalen darstellt. Um diese Theorie weiter zu erh{\"a}rten, kann man einerseits noch weitere Alkylradikale untersuchen, ob sie {\"a}hnliche Differenzen zwischen Experiment und Theorie zeigen. Andererseits sollten auch bei den Propyl- und Butylradikalen Experimente mit unterschiedlichen Anregungswellenl{\"a}ngen durchgef{\"u}hrt werden um zu kl{\"a}ren, ob sie sich analog zum \tert-Butyl- und Ethylradikal verhalten.},
  subject      = {Photodissoziation},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{GerlachMonningerSchleieretal.2021,
  author    = {Gerlach, Marius and Monninger, Sophie and Schleier, Domenik and Hemberger, Patrick and Goettel, James T. and Braunschweig, Holger and Fischer, Ingo},
  title     = {Photoelectron Photoion Coincidence Spectroscopy of NCl\(_{3}\) and NCl\(_{2}\)},
  series = {ChemPhysChem},
  volume    = {22},
  journal   = {ChemPhysChem},
  number    = {21},
  doi       = {10.1002/cphc.202100537},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-257322},
  pages     = {2164-2167},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {We investigate NCl\(_{3}\) and the NCl\(_{2}\) radical by photoelectron-photoion coincidence spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation. The mass selected threshold photoelectron spectrum (ms-TPES) of NCl\(_{3}\) is broad and unstructured due to the large geometry change. An ionization energy of 9.7±0.1 eV is estimated from the spectrum and supported by computations. NCl2 is generated by photolysis at 213 nm from NCl\(_{3}\) and its ms-TPES shows an extended vibrational progression with a 90 meV spacing that is assigned to the symmetric N-Cl stretching mode in the cation. An adiabatic ionization energy of 9.94 ± 0.02 eV is determined.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Hemberger2011,
  author    = {Hemberger, Patrick},
  title     = {Photoionisationsstudien an Radikalen und Carbenen mit VUV-Synchrotronstrahlung},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-56980},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Die vorliegende Dissertation untersucht reaktive Intermediaten, speziell Radikale und Carbene und deren Verhalten bei Photoionisation mit VUV-Synchrotronstrahlung. Diese instabilen Verbindungen wurden durch Pyrolyse von teils selbstsynthetisierter Vorl{\"a}ufern in einem kontinuierlichen Molekularstrahl erzeugt und mittels der TPEPICO-Spektroskopie untersucht. Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit werden im Anschluss hervorgehoben. Drei Radikale der Zusammensetzung C9H7, Indenyl, 1- und 3-Phenylpropargyl wurden aus ihren bromierten Vorl{\"a}ufern synthetisiert und ihre Ionisierungsenergien bestimmt. Die Frage ob es m{\"o}glich ist alle drei Radikale hinsichtlich ihrer IE zu unterscheiden und dadurch eine Identifikation in einer Flamme m{\"o}glich wird, konnte beantwortet werden. Indenyl und 3-Phenylpropargyl besitzen Ionisierungsenergien von 7.53 und 7.20 eV, was eine Erkennung in Flammen prinzipiell m{\"o}glich macht. F{\"u}r 1-Phenylpropargyl wurde eine IEad von 7.4 eV gemessen, was eine selektive Identifikation erschwert. Die Messwerte wurden durch quantenchemischen Rechnungen {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft und sind mit diesen in guter {\"U}bereinstimmung. Die Photoionisation von Cyclopropenyliden (IEad = 9.17 ± 0.015 eV) wurde untersucht,wobei eine niederenergetische Bande dem Propargylen (IEad = 9.02 ± 0.02 eV), dem HCCCH Isomer der Zusammensetzung C3H2, zugeordnet werden konnte. Die Schwingungsstruktur des Spektrums konnte erfolgreich simuliert und dadurch die Geometrie des Kations ermittelt werden. Als Nebenprodukt im Molekularstrahl wurde Chlorcyclopropenyliden (IEad = 9.17 ± 0.02 eV) durch seine Schwingungsprogression identifiziert. Die Analyse der dissoziativen Photoionisation gestaltet sich als schwierig, da sowohl c-C3H2 als auch c-C3HCl im relevanten Energiebereich fragmentieren k{\"o}nnen und die Anwesenheit von HCl die Auswertung ebenfalls erschwert. Ein L{\"o}sungsvorschlag f{\"u}r dieses Problem wurde ebenfalls aufgezeigt. Der Einfluss von Substitutionen auf die IE wurde am Beispiel des Propargylradikals und seiner zwei bromierten Analoga erforscht. Dabei wurde eine Rotverschiebung (IEad(C3H3) = 8.71 ± 0.02 eV / IEad(BrCCCH2) = 8.16 ± 0.02 eV / IEad(BrHCCCH) = 8.34 ± 0.02 eV) gemessen. Diese ist auf den elektronenspendenden Charakter des Broms begr{\"u}ndet. Beide Brompropargylradikale lassen sich anhand ihrer IE unterscheiden. Die Schwelle zur dissoziativen Photoionisation von C3H2Br zu C3H2 wurde mit 10.1 eV ermittelt, wobei verschiedene Kan{\"a}le f{\"u}r diese Reaktion in Frage kommen. Schwingungsaktivit{\"a}t konnte im TPE-Spektrum des Propargylradikals ebenfalls verzeichnet und die v3 +-Mode mit 1950 cm-1 ermittelt werden. Als letztes Projekt stand die Photoionisation des t-Butyl im Fokus, da teils widerspr{\"u}chliche Messwerte f{\"u}r die IEad in der Literatur publiziert sind. Es konnte ein Wert von 6.75 eV ± 0.03 eV gemessen werden. Die Schwierigkeit bei diesem Experiment ist die Geometrie{\"a}nderung w{\"a}hrend der Ionisierung, da das Radikal pyramidal und das Kation eine planare Struktur im C-Ger{\"u}st besitzt. Die Grenzen der angewendeten Methoden wurden an diesem Beispiel deutlich gemacht. Zur vollst{\"a}ndigen Charakterisierung wurden auch die Vorl{\"a}ufer genau analysiert, da diese durch dissoziative Photoionisation (DPI) Fragmentionen bilden, welche die gleiche Masse besitzen wie die zu untersuchenden Radikale und Carbene. Aus diesen Ergebnissen konnten Bindungsenergien berechnet werden. Von allen untersuchten reaktiven Intermediaten konnten die Ionisierungsenergien mit einer Genauigkeit von ± 20 meV ermittelt werden. Es wurde gezeigt, dass sogar Isomere mit gleicher Molek{\"u}lmasse unterscheidbar sind. Diese Daten lassen sich verwenden um reaktive Zwischenprodukte in Flammen zu identifizieren. Die Identifizierung erm{\"o}glicht es dann geeignete Modelle f{\"u}r Verbrennungsprozesse zu konstruieren oder vorhandene zu verbessern. Diese k{\"o}nnten wiederum helfen die Ruß- und PAK-Bildung besser zu verstehen. Die Ziele dieser Dissertation konnten somit erreicht werden. Massenspektren, welche in Flammen durch VUV-Synchrotronstrahlung aufgenommen wurden, beherbergen eine große F{\"u}lle an gr{\"o}ßeren reaktiven Intermediaten wie beispielsweise das Fluorenyl oder das Biphenylmethylradikal. Deren Ionisation ist bislang nur sehr vage erforscht und w{\"a}re deshalb ein interessantes Projekt um diese Arbeit fortzuf{\"u}hren.},
  subject      = {Photoionisation},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Bradeanu2005,
  author    = {Bradeanu, Ioana Lavinia},
  title     = {Photoionization and excitation of free variable size van der Waals clusters in the inner shell regime},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-16372},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {The studies presented in this thesis deal with resonant and non-resonant excitation of free variable size clusters using synchrotron radiation in the soft X-ray regime. The post collision interaction (PCI) effect is investigated in free variable size krypton and argon clusters near the Kr 3d and Ar 2p ionization energies. The core ionization energies of surface and bulk sites in variable size clusters can be clearly distinguished. This is mostly due to the polarization screening. It is found that the asymmetry, which is a consequence of PCI, is characteristically smaller for clusters than for isolated atoms. Moreover, there is less asymmetry for bulk sites than for surface sites in variable size rare gas clusters. We assign the results in terms of mechanisms that are based on quantum mechanical models of post collision interaction. Complementary experiments on the photoionization of free van der Waals clusters are performed by using zero kinetic energy (ZEKE) photoelectron spectroscopy in the Ar 2p-, Kr 3d-, Ne 1s-, and N2-regimes. The experimental approach is also suitable to detect cluster size dependent changes in electronic structure. This also allows us to study post collision interaction in variable size clusters. The parameters of the PCI profiles deduced for ZEKE experiments indicate that there are no significant changes in core ionization dynamics compared to near-threshold experiments. Results from model calculations in Kr 3d ionization energy indicate that different geometric sites can be clearly distinguished from each other by their substantial shift in Kr 3d ionization energy, though the dimer shows almost the same Kr 3d ionization energy as the free atom. A comparison with the experimental results indicates that there is resemblance with the model calculations, even though close-lying ionization energies are blended and require deconvolutions of the experimental spectra. It is evident from the present work that one can observe distinct shifts in core ionization energies in van der Waals clusters that are formed in wide size distributions of a jet expansion. The emission of ultraviolet fluorescence radiation from variable size argon clusters is investigated with high spectral resolution in the Ar 2p-excitation regime. The fluorescence excitation spectra reveal strong fluorescence intensity in the Ar 2p-continuum, but no evidence for the occurrence of discrete low-lying core-exciton states in the near-edge regime. This finding is different from the absorption and photoionization cross sections of argon clusters and the solid. The dispersed fluorescence shows a broad molecular band centered near 280 nm. The present results are consistent with the formation of singly charged, excited moieties within the clusters, which are assigned as sources of the radiative relaxation in the 280 nm regime. A fast energy transfer process (interatomic Coulombic decay, ICD) is assigned to be primarily the origin of these singly charged, excited cations besides intra-cluster electron impact ionization by Auger electrons. Our findings give possibly the first experimental evidence for ICD in the core level regime. Free, variable size nitrogen clusters are investigated in the N 1s excitation regime in comparison with the free molecule and solid nitrogen. The conversion of Rydberg states into core excitons, surface and bulk, was studied. The experimental results are simulated by ab initio calculations using (N2)13 as a reasonable prototype cluster structure that allows us to simulate both surface and bulk properties in comparison with the isolated molecule. The present results clearly show that there are specific properties, such as molecular orientation, in molecular van der Waals clusters, which do not exist in atomic van der Waals clusters. It is shown that inner and outer surface sites give rise to distinct energy shifts of the low lying surface core excitons.},
  subject      = {Photoionisation},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Holzmeier2015,
  author    = {Holzmeier, Fabian},
  title     = {Photoionization of Nitrogen-Containing Reactive Molecules with Synchrotron Radiation},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-127763},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {The photoionization of several nitrogen-containing reactive intermediates relevant in combustion processes was investigated in the gas phase employing VUV synchrotron radiation. The intermediates were either freshly prepared and stored under cryogenic temperatures during the experiment or generated in situ by vacuum flash pyrolysis of suitable precursor molecules. The iPEPICO (imaging photoelectron photoion coincidence) setups of the VUV beamlines at the Swiss Light Source and Synchrotron SOLEIL were then used to record mass-selected threshold photoelectron (TPE) spectra. TPE spectra reveal the ionization energy and vibrational structure in the cationic states can often be resolved, which enables to distinguish different isomers. Accurate ionization energies for the radicals carbonyl amidogen, pyrrolyl, and 3-picolyl, and for the closed shell molecules isocyanic acid and cyanovinylacetylene were obtained. The analysis of the dissociative photoionization of the pyrolysis precursors enables in some cases to retrieve thermochemical data. Beyond, the absolute photoionization cross section of the cyclic carbene cyclopropenylidene was determined, NEXAFS and normal Auger spectra of isocyanic acid were recorded and analyzed at the O1s, N1s, and C1s edges, and the dissociative photoionization and pyrolysis of 1,4-di-tert-butyl-1,4-azaborinine was studied.},
  subject      = {Dissoziative Photoionisation},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schoeppler2012,
  author    = {Sch{\"o}ppler, Friedrich Eugen},
  title     = {Photolumineszenzmikroskopie und-spektroskopie halbleitender Kohlenstoffnanor{\"o}hren},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-73329},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurden optische Eigenschaften von halbleitenden, einwandigen Kohlenstoffnanor{\"o}hren (SWNTs) der (6,5)-Chiralit{\"a}t untersucht. Dies gelang durch Ensemblemessungen aber vor allem durch den Aufbau eines Mikroskops zur Messung an einzelnen SWNTs. Dieses Einzel- SWNT-Mikroskop erm{\"o}glichte nebst „normaler" Bildgebung durch Sammlung und Abbildung der nahinfraroten Photolumineszenz (PL) der (6,5)-SWNTs auch die spektral- und zeitaufgel{\"o}ste Untersuchung der PL. Durch Verwendung von Dichtegradientenultrazentrifugation (DGU) zur chiralen Aufreinigung des SWNT-Rohmaterials konnten alle Messungen unter Minimierung des st{\"o}renden Einflusses von Aggregaten oder SWNTs anderer Chiralit{\"a}t durchgef{\"u}hrt werden. Untersucht und bestimmt wurde der Absorptionsquerschnitt und die Exzitonengr{\"o}ße, die PL-Eigenschaften aggregierter SWNTs und der Einfluß der Permittivit{\"a}t auf die PL einzelner SWNTs.},
  subject      = {Mikroskopie},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Herterich2014,
  author    = {Herterich, J{\"o}rg},
  title     = {Pikosekunden-zeitaufgel{\"o}ste Photoionisation: 2-Methylallyl-Radikal und Pyracen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-105829},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Die vorliegende Dissertation untersucht f{\"u}nf unterschiedliche Molek{\"u}le hinsichtlich ihrer Geometrien im Grund- und angeregten Zustand sowie deren Dynamik nach elektronischer Anregung. Der Fokus liegt dabei unter anderem auf Pi-konjugierten Systemen, die {\"u}ber eine zus{\"a}tzliche aliphatische Einheit verbr{\"u}ckt (Paracyclophan- Derivate) oder erweitert (Pyracen) sind. Die Paracyclophan-Derivate sind ein ideales Modellsystem um Einsicht in Pi-Pi-Wechselwirkungen zu erlangen. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit beschreibt die Dynamik des resonanzstabilisierten 2-Methylallyl-Radikals. Die Forschung an solchen kleinen Kohlenwasserstoff-Radikalen ist wichtig, da auf deren Grundlage Modelle entwickelt werden k{\"o}nnen, die zum Beispiel helfen, den Verbrennungsprozess aufzukl{\"a}ren. Aufgrund ihrer Instabilit{\"a}t sind solche kleinen Kohlenwasserstoff-Radikale nicht einfach zu handhaben und das spektroskopische Vermessen stellt immer eine Herausforderung dar.},
  subject      = {Photoionisation},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Koster2006,
  author    = {Koster, Joachim},
  title     = {Polarisations-sensitive Resonanz-CARS- und Resonanz-Raman-Spektroskopie an metallfreien Porphyrinen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-20358},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {Es werden in dieser Arbeit Raman-spektroskopische Untersuchungen an metallfreien Porphyrinen in verd{\"u}nnter L{\"o}sung vorgestellt. Dabei werden Laseranregungswellenl{\"a}ngen eingesetzt, die mit elektronischen Resonanzen der Porphyrine zusammenfallen. Die Ausnutzung von Resonanz-Effekten hat zum einen den Vorteil, dass gewisse Raman-Banden, je nach der Symmetrie der zugrunde liegenden Molek{\"u}lschwingung, eine deutliche Intensit{\"a}tsverst{\"a}rkung erfahren k{\"o}nnen, was den Nachweis auch geringer Probenkonzentrationen erm{\"o}glicht. Zum anderen sind anhand der Banden-Parameter R{\"u}ckschl{\"u}sse auf die exakte Molek{\"u}lsymmetrie m{\"o}glich. Im Vergleich zu Metalloporphyrinen sind f{\"u}r metallfreie Porphyrine bisher nur wenige Daten aus resonanten Raman-Spektren bekannt. Ein Grund hierf{\"u}r ist, dass letztere ein h{\"o}heres Maß an Fluoreszenz zeigen, die die Raman-Signale {\"u}berlagert. W{\"a}hrend bei Laseranregungen im Bereich hochenergetischer elektronischer Absorptionen der Porphyrine (B-Banden-Region) die klassische spontane Raman-Spektroskopie noch angewendet werden kann, ist dies im Bereich niederenergetischer Absorptionen (Q-Banden-Region) meist nicht mehr m{\"o}glich. Um auch Anregungen in der Q-Banden-Region zu verwirklichen, wird daher in dieser Arbeit von der koh{\"a}renten anti-Stokesschen Raman-Streuung (coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering, CARS) Gebrauch gemacht. Die CARS-Spektroskopie erm{\"o}glicht es, das Fluoreszenzproblem zu umgehen, und bietet zudem noch weitere Vorteile, z. B. bez{\"u}glich der Unterscheidbarkeit spektral benachbarter Banden sowie bez{\"u}glich der Bestimmung symmetrierelevanter Parameter. Raman-Banden-Parameter aus Q-Banden-CARS-Spektren konnten hier f{\"u}r vier metallfreie Porphyrine, die sich im Substitutionsmuster an den beta-Kohlenstoffatomen des Tetrapyrrol-Makrozyklus unterscheiden, erhalten werden. Die CARS-Parameter, in Kombination mit Parametern aus spontanen B-Banden-Raman-Spektren sowie mit quantenchemisch berechneten Schwingungsvektoren, ließen den Schluss zu, dass Symmetrieunterschiede zwischen den Makrozyklen dieser Molek{\"u}le zwar gering, aber durchaus feststellbar sind. Desweiteren konnten durch die niederenergetische Anregung f{\"u}r die metallfreien Porphyrine spezifische Resonanzeffekte nachgewiesen werden, die z. T. von den f{\"u}r Metalloporphyrine bekannten Mustern abweichen.},
  subject      = {Porphyrine},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{SteinbacherBubackNuernbergeretal.2012,
  author    = {Steinbacher, Andreas and Buback, Johannes and N{\"u}rnberger, Patrick and Brixner, Tobias},
  title     = {Precise and rapid detection of optical activity for accumulative femtosecond spectroscopy},
  series = {Optics Express},
  journal   = {Optics Express},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-85913},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {We present polarimetry, i.e. the detection of optical rotation of light polarization, in a configuration suitable for femtosecond spectroscopy. The polarimeter is based on common-path optical heterodyne interferometry and provides fast and highly sensitive detection of rotatory power. Femtosecond pump and polarimeter probe beams are integrated into a recently developed accumulative technique that further enhances sensitivity with respect to single-pulse methods. The high speed of the polarimeter affords optical rotation detection during the pump-pulse illumination period of a few seconds. We illustrate the concept on the photodissociation of the enantiomers of methyl p-tolyl sulfoxide. The sensitivity of rotatory detection, i.e. the minimum rotation angle that can be measured, is determined experimentally including all noise sources to be 0.10 milli-degrees for a measurement time of only one second and an interaction length of 250 μm. The suitability of the presented setup for femtosecond studies is demonstrated in a non-resonant two-photon photodissociation experiment.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DietschreitWagnerLeetal.2020,
  author    = {Dietschreit, Johannes C. B. and Wagner, Annika and Le, T. Anh and Klein, Philipp and Schindelin, Hermann and Opatz, Till and Engels, Bernd and Hellmich, Ute A. and Ochsenfeld, Christian},
  title     = {Predicting \(^{19}\)F NMR Chemical Shifts: A Combined Computational and Experimental Study of a Trypanosomal Oxidoreductase-Inhibitor Complex},
  series = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},
  volume    = {59},
  journal   = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},
  number    = {31},
  doi       = {10.1002/anie.202000539},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-214879},
  pages     = {12669 -- 12673},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {The absence of fluorine from most biomolecules renders it an excellent probe for NMR spectroscopy to monitor inhibitor-protein interactions. However, predicting the binding mode of a fluorinated ligand from a chemical shift (or vice versa) has been challenging due to the high electron density of the fluorine atom. Nonetheless, reliable \(^{19}\)F chemical-shift predictions to deduce ligand-binding modes hold great potential for in silico drug design. Herein, we present a systematic QM/MM study to predict the \(^{19}\)F NMR chemical shifts of a covalently bound fluorinated inhibitor to the essential oxidoreductase tryparedoxin (Tpx) from African trypanosomes, the causative agent of African sleeping sickness. We include many protein-inhibitor conformations as well as monomeric and dimeric inhibitor-protein complexes, thus rendering it the largest computational study on chemical shifts of \(^{19}\)F nuclei in a biological context to date. Our predicted shifts agree well with those obtained experimentally and pave the way for future work in this area.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Stehr2015,
  author    = {Stehr, Vera},
  title     = {Prediction of charge and energy transport in organic crystals with quantum chemical protocols employing the hopping model},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-114940},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {As organic semiconductors gain more importance for application, research into their properties has become necessary. This work investigated the exciton and charge transport properties of organic semiconducting crystals. Based on a hopping approach, protocols have been developed for the calculation of Charge mobilities and singlet exciton diffusion coefficients. The protocols do not require any input from experimental data except for the x-ray crystal structure, since all needed quantities can be taken from high-level quantum chemical calculations. Hence, they allow to predict the transport properties of yet unknown compounds for given packings, which is important for a rational design of new materials. Different thermally activated hopping models based on time-dependent perturbation theory were studied for the charge and exciton transport; i. e. the spectral overlap approach, the Marcus theory, and the Levich-Jortner theory. Their derivations were presented coherently in order to emphasize the different levels of approximations and their respective prerequisites. A short reference was made to the empirical Miller-Abrahams hopping rate. Rate equation approaches to calculate the stationary charge carrier mobilities and exciton diffusion coefficients have been developed, which are based on the master equation. The rate equation approach is faster and more efficient than the frequently used Monte Carlo method and, therefore, provides the possibility to study the anisotropy of the transport parameters and their three-dimensional representation in the crystal. The Marcus theory, originally derived for outer sphere electron transfer in solvents, had already been well established for charge transport in organic solids. It was shown that this theory fits even better for excitons than for charges compared with the experiment. The Levich-Jortner theory strongly overestimates the charge carrier mobilities and the results deviate even stronger from the experiment than those obtained with the Marcus theory. The latter contains larger approximations by treating all vibrational modes classically. The spectral overlap approach in combination with the developed rate equations leads to even quantitatively very good results for exciton diffusion lengths compared to experiment. This approach and the appendant rate equations have also been adapted to charge transport. The Einstein relation, which relates the diffusion coefficient with the mobility, is important for the rate equations, which have been developed here for transport in organic crystals. It has been argued that this relation does not hold in disordered organic materials. This was analyzed within the Framework of the Gaussian disorder model and the Miller-Abrahams hopping rate.},
  subject      = {Exziton},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schmid2022,
  author    = {Schmid, Paul},
  title     = {Quantenchemische Untersuchungen von Umgebungseinfl{\"u}ssen bei offen- und geschlossenschaligen Systemen},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-26510},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-265106},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {In dieser Dissertation werden die Umgebungseinfl{\"u}sse auf die strukturellen und elektronischen Eigenschaften von verschiedenen offen- und geschlossenschaligen Systemen mittels quantenchemischer Methoden berechnet. Ein Kernpunkt umfasst die Untersuchung von verdreht angeordneten, biradikalischen Diborylalkenen, welche eine unges{\"a}ttigte C2R2-Br{\"u}cke (R = Et, Me) besitzen und durch cyclische (Alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAACs) stabilisiert werden. Quantenchemische Berechnungen zeigen, dass haupts{\"a}chlich sterische Effekte f{\"u}r die Ausbildung einer verdrehten Molek{\"u}lanordnung verantwortlich sind, w{\"a}hrend bei geringen sterischen Wechselwirkungen (R = H) die Delokalisationseffekte {\"u}berwiegen, wodurch eine planare Struktur beg{\"u}nstigt wird. Die Bevorzugung einer offenschaligen Singulettkonfiguration anstelle eines Tripletts ist auf den großen Energieunterschied der beiden einfach besetzten Molek{\"u}lorbitale zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren. Durch die Berechnung der L{\"o}sungsmitteleffekte mithilfe von polarisierbaren Kontinuumsmodellen kann gefolgert werden, dass mit zunehmender statischer Dielektrizit{\"a}tskonstante eine planare und geschlossenschalige Struktur st{\"a}rker stabilisiert wird als eine verdrehte Anordnung. Ein weiteres Thema dieser Dissertation befasst sich mit der quantenchemischen Analyse eines makrozyklischen Perylenbisimid-Trimersystems, welches eingebettet in einer Polymethylmethacrylat-Matrix bei Temperaturen nahe dem absoluten Nullpunkt eine Lokalisierung der ersten drei angeregten Zust{\"a}nde zeigt. Quantenchemische Vakuumberechnungen ergeben, dass unabh{\"a}ngig von der gegenseitigen geometrischen Orientierung der drei Perylenbisimid-Chromophore der {\"U}bergang vom Grundzustand in den S1-Zustand verboten ist und dass die ersten drei angeregten Zust{\"a}nde delokalisiert vorliegen. Mithilfe von expliziten L{\"o}sungsmittelmodellen kann jedoch gezeigt werden, dass das Auftreten dieser Lokalisierungen auf eine inhomogene Polymethylmethacrylat-Umgebung zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren ist, die zu einem Symmetriebruch und somit zu einer Zunahme der Oszillatorst{\"a}rke f{\"u}r S1 und der Lokalisierungsgrade f{\"u}r S1, S2 und S3 f{\"u}hrt. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus wird der L{\"o}sungsmitteleinfluss auf die angeregten Zust{\"a}nde des Azulens mittels impliziter und expliziter L{\"o}sungsmittelmodelle berechnet. Bei einer Erh{\"o}hung der dynamischen Dielektrizit{\"a}tskonstante im impliziten Modell nehmen die Anregungsenergien der vertikalen Singulettzust{\"a}nde ab, wobei der Effekt mit steigender Oszillatorst{\"a}rke zunimmt. Die Auswirkung der statischen Dielektrizit{\"a}tskonstante auf die Anregungsenergien ist dagegen deutlich schw{\"a}cher ausgepr{\"a}gt. Im expliziten Modell bewirkt das L{\"o}sungsmittel ebenfalls eine Abnahme der Anregungsenergie des hellen Singulettzustands, wenn auch in geringerem Umfang als im impliziten Modell. Als letztes Thema wird der Inhibitionsmechanismus der Cysteinprotease Rhodesain durch zwei modifizierte 1,4-Naphthoquinone untersucht. W{\"a}hrend beide Naphthoquinone an der 2-Position eine Dipeptideinheit aufweisen, besitzen sie an der 3-Position entweder einen Nitril- oder Chloridsubstituenten. Zwar erfolgt bei beiden Derivaten die Inhibition {\"u}ber einen kovalent-reversiblen Mechanismus, jedoch verl{\"a}uft die Hemmung im Falle des Nitrilderivats erheblich effektiver. Die quantenchemischen Berechnungen eines vereinfachten Modells zeigen, dass die Cysteineinheit (HS-R) bevorzugt in einer exothermen und reversiblen Additionsreaktion an die elektronenarme C-C-Doppelbindung der Naphthoquinone anlagert. Dabei werden kleinere Reaktionsenergien f{\"u}r die Reaktion des Chlorderivats als f{\"u}r die Reaktion des Nitrilderivats erhalten. Durch die Ber{\"u}cksichtigung von Wasser in einem impliziten L{\"o}sungsmittelmodell kommt es bei fast allen Reaktionsprodukten zu einer Energiezunahme, die bei der Reaktion des Nitrilderivats st{\"a}rker ausf{\"a}llt als bei der Reaktion des Chlorderivats.},
  subject      = {Umgebungseinfluss},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Settels2012,
  author    = {Settels, Volker},
  title     = {Quantum chemical description of ultrafast exciton self-trapping in perylene based materials},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69861},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurden sehr lange Exzitonen-Diffusionsl{\"a}ngen (LD) unter idealen Bedingungen f{\"u}r Perylen-basierte Materialien simuliert. Dies ist ein Indiz daf{\"u}r, dass die sehr kurzen LD in realen Materialien aus einer extrinsischen sowie einer intrinsischen Immobilisierung resultieren. Letztere basiert auf einer Relaxation in sogenannten „Self-Trapping"-Zust{\"a}nde. Ein tieferes Verst{\"a}ndnis der dem Self-Trapping zugrunde liegenden atomistischen Prozesse ist notwendig, um zuk{\"u}nftig Materialien mit langen LD entwickeln zu k{\"o}nnen, bei denen eine intrinsische Exzitonen-Immobilisierung verhindert wird. F{\"u}r die Entwicklung eines solchen mechanistischen Verst{\"a}ndnisses ist das Vorliegen einer eindeutigen Korrelation zwischen der molekularen Anordnung und der LD unabdingbar. Diese weisen Einkristalle von Diindenoperylen (DIP) und α-Perylen-tetracarboxyl-anhydrid (α-PTCDA) auf. Bei ersteren wurde eine außergew{\"o}hnlich lange LD von 90 nm und bei letzteren nur 22 nm gemessen. Teil dieser Arbeit war es, Gr{\"u}nde f{\"u}r diesen Unterschied in der LD zu finden. Nur Self-Trapping kommt als Ursache in Frage. Aus diesem Grund eignen sich diese Materialien, um ein atomistisches Verst{\"a}ndnis des Self-Trappings exemplarisch an ihnen zu erarbeiten. Mutmaßlich k{\"o}nnten Differenzen in der elektronischen Struktur in DIP und α-PTCDA f{\"u}r das unterschiedliche Self-Trapping verantwortlich sein. Allerdings konnte gezeigt werden, dass es f{\"u}r viele Perylen-basierte Materialien keine signifikanten Unterschiede in der elektronischen Struktur gibt, wodurch diese f{\"u}r die Aufkl{\"a}rung von Immobilisierungsmechanismen zu vernachl{\"a}ssigen sind. Eine weitere m{\"o}gliche Begr{\"u}ndung w{\"a}re in Polarisationseffekten im Kristall zu suchen, welche die elektronische Struktur in Perylen-basierten Materialien unterschiedlich beeinflussen. Vor allem ihr Einfluss auf Ladungstrennungs-Zust{\"a}nde (CT), die oberhalb des optisch hellen Frenkel-Zustandes liegen, war fraglich, weil sie energetisch abgesenkt werden k{\"o}nnten. Ein signifikanter Einfluss von Polarisationseffekten konnte aber f{\"u}r alle Zust{\"a}nde mittels eines polarisierbaren Kontinuum-Modells ausgeschlossen werden. Die geringe LD im α-PTCDA ist folglich ein Indiz f{\"u}r ein Self-Trapping, das durch die Kristallstruktur aus π-Stapeln evoziert wird, welche in DIP fischgr{\"a}tenartig ist. Da Polarisationseffekte auszuschließen sind, {\"u}bt der Kristall lediglich durch sterische Restriktionen einen Einfluss auf das Dimer aus. Daher muss die Methode f{\"u}r die Beschreibung von Self-Trapping nur diese Effekte ber{\"u}cksichtigen, so dass sich f{\"u}r den Einsatz des mechanical embedding QM/MM-Ansatzes entschieden wurde. Nun konnten Potentialfl{\"a}chen berechnet werden, auf denen anschließend eine Wellenpaketdynamik durchgef{\"u}hrt wurde. Diese Methode erlaubt es erstmals, Mechanismen der Exzitonen-Immobilisierung in organischen Materialien auf einer atomistischen Ebene zu beschreiben. Als Erkl{\"a}rung f{\"u}r Self-Trapping in α-PTCDA dienten Potentialfl{\"a}chen, die eine intermolekulare Verschiebung des Dimers im Kristall abbilden. So wurde eine Exzitonen-Immobilisierung innerhalb von 500 fs gefunden, die aus einem irreversiblem Energieverlust und einer lokalen Verzerrung der Kristallstruktur resultiert und auf diese Weise den weiteren Transport des Exzitons verhindert. Im Fall von DIP kann diese Immobilisierung aufgrund hoher Energiebarrieren nicht stattfinden. Diese Barrieren resultieren aus der fischgr{\"a}tenartigen Kristallstruktur des DIP. Diese Diskrepanzen in der Dynamik erkl{\"a}ren die unterschiedlichen LD-Werte f{\"u}r DIP und α-PTCDA. In einem weiteren Fall wurde eine Exzitonen-Immobilisierung in helikalen π Aggregaten von Perylen-tetracarboxyl-bisimid (PBI) Molek{\"u}len festgestellt. Hier wird Self-Trapping durch einen Relaxationsmechanismus verursacht, in dem das Exziton durch geringe asymmetrische Schwingungen des Aggregats innerhalb von 200 fs von dem hellen Frenkel- in den dunklen Frenkel-Zustand transferiert wird, wobei dieser {\"U}bergang von einem CT-Zustand vermittelt wird. Der gesamte Vorgang ist nur bei helikalen Aggregaten m{\"o}glich, weil nur hier CT-Zust{\"a}nde sehr dicht bei dem hellen Frenkel-Zustand vorhanden sind. Im finalen Frenkel-Zustand tritt eine Torsionsbewegung um die π-Stapelachse ein, so dass ein Energieverlust und eine lokale {\"A}nderung der Aggregatstruktur erfolgt - also ein Self-Trapping des Exzitons. Dieser modellierte Mechanismus steht im Einklang zu allen vorliegenden experimentellen Daten. Diese Erkenntnisse lassen die Schlussfolgerung zu, dass in k{\"u}nftigen Materialen f{\"u}r organische Solarzellen eine irreversible und ultraschnelle Deformation des Aggregats nach der Photoanregung vermieden werden muss - will man lange LD erreichen. Nur so kann Self-Trapping von Exzitonen verhindert werden.},
  subject      = {Exziton},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Herok2024,
  author    = {Herok, Christoph},
  title     = {Quantum Chemical Exploration of Potential Energy Surfaces: Reaction Cycles and Luminescence Phenomena},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-35218},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-352185},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {This work aims at elucidating chemical processes involving homogeneous catalysis and photo-physical relaxation of excited molecules in the solid state. Furthermore, compounds with supposedly small singlet-triplet gaps and therefore biradicaloid character are investigated with respect to their electro-chemical behavior. The work on hydroboration catalysis via a reduced 9,10-diboraanthracene (DBA) was preformed in collaboration with the Wagner group in Frankfurt, more specifically Dr. Sven Prey, who performed all laboratory experiments. The investigation of delayed luminescence properties in arylboronic esters in their solid state was conducted in collaboration with the Marder group in W{\"u}rzburg. The author of this work took part in the synthesis of the investigated compounds while being supervised by Dr. Zhu Wu. The final project was a collaboration with the group of Anukul Jana from Hyderabad, India who provided the experimental data.},
  subject      = {Simulation},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kritzer2012,
  author    = {Kritzer, Robert},
  title     = {Quantum dynamics in dissipative environments},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-73456},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {In this thesis, the influence of an environment on molecules and, in particular, on the quantum control of such systems is investigated. Different approaches to describe system-bath dynamics are implemented and applied. The inclusion of a dissipation term in the system Hamiltonian leads to energy loss and relaxation to the ground state. As a first application, the isomerisation reaction in an aromatic complex is treated. It is shown that this simple model is able to reproduce results of time-resolved spectroscopic measurements. Next, the influence of noise is investigated. The incorporation of fluctuations reveals that energy is not conserved and coherences are destroyed. As an example, the quantum control of a population transfer in Na2 is examined. The efficiency of control processes is studied in dependence on the strength of the noise and different system-bath couplings. Starting with the unperturbed system, Local Control Theory is applied to construct a field which selectively transfers population into a single excited electronic state. The coupling to the bath is then switched on to monitor the dependence of the coupling strength on the transfer efficiency. The perturbation of the bath effects the Na2 molecule in such a way that potential energy curves and transition dipole moments are distorted. An important result is that already elastic collisions lead to a substantial loss of control efficiency. The most promising approach used in this thesis is the stochastic Schr{\"o}dinger equation. It is equivalent to the commonly employed descriptions of system-bath dynamics within the reduced density matrix formalism. It includes decoherences and dissipation caused by elastic and inelastic collisions. Our contribution is the incorporation of laser excitation into the kinetic Monte-Carlo scheme. Thus we are able to apply this stochastic approach to the quantum control of population transfer in the sodium dimer. Because within our description it is possible to separate pure dephasing, inelastic transitions, and coherent time-evolution, we can identify the relative influence of these processes on the control efficiency. This leads to a far more physical picture of the basic processes underlying the perturbations of an environment then what a reduced density matrix description can provide. In utilising the stochastic wave function approach instead of the density matrix formalism, the computations are quite efficient. The stochastic Schr{\"o}dinger equation is realised by N independent runs, where, in our case, an ensemble size of N = 1000 gives converged results. The efficiency of the laser control process is studied as a function of temperature and collision rates. A rise in temperature (or collision rate) reeffects a stronger fluctuation and thus results in a less efficient transfer by the control field. Though the Gaussian fluctuations used here do not strictly represent 'white'- noise, since a deterministic machine is not able to produce uncorrelated random numbers, an acceptable distribution is achieved by simple procedures. An improvement of the here applied algorithms would, for instance, include a more sophisticated sampling of the dephasing rates. Only one example of a control process is studied here and an application of the developed approach to other problems of quantum control is to be performed. This thesis established a systematic approach to understand quantum control in the presence of an environment.},
  subject      = {Quantenmechanisches System},
  language  = {en}
}