@phdthesis{Glenz2019,
  author    = {Glenz, Ren{\´e}},
  title     = {Die Rolle von Sphingobasen in der pflanzlichen Zelltodreaktion},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-18790},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-187903},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Sphingobasen bilden das Grundger{\"u}st und die Ausgangsbausteine f{\"u}r die Biosynthese von Sphingolipiden. W{\"a}hrend komplexere Sphingolipide einen wichtigen Bestandteil von eukaryotischen Membranen bilden, sind Sphingobasen, die auch als long-chain bases (LCBs) bezeichnet werden, als Signalmolek{\"u}le bei zellul{\"a}ren Prozessen in Eukaryoten bekannt. Im tierischen System wurden antagonistische Effekte von nicht-phosphorylierten Sphingobasen (LCBs) und ihren phosphorylierten Gegenst{\"u}cken (LCB-Ps) bei vielen Zellfunktionen, insbesondere der Apoptose, nachgewiesen und die zugrundeliegenden Signalwege umfassend aufgekl{\"a}rt. Im Gegensatz dazu sind in Pflanzen weniger Belege f{\"u}r einen antagonistischen Effekt und m{\"o}gliche Signaltransduktionsmechanismen bekannt. F{\"u}r eine regulatorische Funktion von Sphingobasen beim programmierten Zelltod (PCD) in Pflanzen existieren mehrere Hinweise: (I) Mutationen in Genen, die den Sphingobasen-Metabolismus betreffen, f{\"u}hren zum Teil zu spontanem PCD und ver{\"a}nderten Zelltodreaktionen. (II) Die Gehalte von LCBs sind bei verschiedenen Zelltod-ausl{\"o}senden Bedingungen erh{\"o}ht. (III) Nekrotrophe Pathogene produzieren Toxine, wie Fumonisin B1 (FB1), die mit dem Sphingolipid-Metabolismus der Wirtspflanze interferieren, was wiederum die Ursache f{\"u}r den dadurch ausgel{\"o}sten PCD darstellt. (IV) Die Behandlung von Pflanzen mit LCBs, nicht aber mit LCB-Ps, f{\"u}hrt zu Zelltod. In dieser Arbeit wurde die Rolle von Sphingobasen in der pflanzlichen Zelltodreaktion untersucht, wobei der Fokus auf der {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung der Hypothese eines antagonistischen, Zelltod-hemmenden Effekts von LCB-Ps lag. Anhand von Leitf{\"a}higkeit-basierten Messungen bei Blattscheiben von Arabidopsis thaliana wurde der durch Behandlung mit LCBs und separater oder gleichzeitiger Zugabe von LCB-Ps auftretende Zelltod bestimmt. Mit dieser Art der Quantifizierung wurde der an anderer Stelle publizierte inhibierende Effekt von LCB-Ps auf den LCB-induzierten Zelltod nachgewiesen. Durch parallele Messung der Spiegel der applizierten Sphingobasen im Gewebe mittels HPLC-MS/MS konnte dieser Antagonismus allerdings auf eine reduzierte Aufnahme der LCB bei Anwesenheit der LCB-P zur{\"u}ckgef{\"u}hrt werden, was auch durch eine zeitlich getrennte Behandlung mit den Sphingobasen best{\"a}tigt wurde. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus wurde der Einfluss einer exogenen Zugabe von LCBs und LCB-Ps auf den durch Pseudomonas syringae induzierten Zelltod von A. thaliana untersucht. F{\"u}r LCB-Ps wurde dabei kein Zelltod-hemmender Effekt beobachtet, ebenso wenig wie ein Einfluss von LCB-Ps auf den PCD, der durch rekombinante Expression und Erkennung eines Avirulenzproteins in Arabidopsis ausgel{\"o}st wurde. F{\"u}r LCBs wurde dagegen eine direkte antibakterielle Wirkung im Zuge der Experimente mit P. syringae gezeigt, die den in einer anderen Publikation beschriebenen inhibierenden Effekt von LCBs auf den Pathogen-induzierten Zelltod in Pflanzen relativiert. In weiteren Ans{\"a}tzen wurden Arabidopsis-Mutanten von Enzymen des Sphingobasen-Metabolismus (LCB-Kinase, LCB-P-Phosphatase, LCB-P-Lyase) hinsichtlich ver{\"a}nderter in-situ-Spiegel von LCBs/LCB-Ps funktionell charakterisiert. Der Ph{\"a}notyp der Mutanten gegen{\"u}ber Fumonisin B1 wurde zum einen anhand eines Wachstumstests mit Keimlingen und zum anderen anhand des Zelltods von Blattscheiben bestimmt und die dabei akkumulierenden Sphingobasen quantifiziert. Die Sensitivit{\"a}t der verschiedenen Linien gegen{\"u}ber FB1 korrelierte eng mit den Spiegeln der LCBs, w{\"a}hrend hohe Gehalte von LCB-Ps alleine nicht in der Lage waren den Zelltod zu verringern. In einzelnen Mutanten konnte sogar eine Korrelation von stark erh{\"o}hten LCB-P-Spiegeln mit einer besonderen Sensitivit{\"a}t gegen{\"u}ber FB1 festgestellt werden. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit stellen die Hypothese eines antagonistischen Effekts von phosphorylierten Sphingobasen beim pflanzlichen Zelltod in Frage. Stattdessen konnte in detaillierten Analysen der Sphingobasen-Spiegel die positive Korrelation der Gehalte von LCBs mit dem Zelltod gezeigt werden. Die hier durchgef{\"u}hrten Experimente liefern damit nicht nur weitere Belege f{\"u}r die Zelltod-f{\"o}rdernde Wirkung von nicht-phosphorylierten Sphingobasen, sondern tragen zum Verst{\"a}ndnis der Sphingobasen-Hom{\"o}ostase und des Sphingobasen-induzierten PCD in Pflanzen bei.},
  subject      = {Sphingolipide},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Lyutova2019,
  author    = {Lyutova, Radostina},
  title     = {Functional dissection of recurrent feedback signaling within the mushroom body network of the Drosophila larva},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-18728},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-187281},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Behavioral adaptation to environmental changes is crucial for animals' survival. The prediction of the outcome of one owns action, like finding reward or avoiding punishment, requires recollection of past experiences and comparison with current situation, and adjustment of behavioral responses. The process of memory acquisition is called learning, and the Drosophila larva came up to be an excellent model organism for studying the neural mechanisms of memory formation. In Drosophila, associative memories are formed, stored and expressed in the mushroom bodies. In the last years, great progress has been made in uncovering the anatomical architecture of these brain structures, however there is still a lack of knowledge about the functional connectivity. Dopamine plays essential roles in learning processes, as dopaminergic neurons mediate information about the presence of rewarding and punishing stimuli to the mushroom bodies. In the following work, the function of a newly identified anatomical connection from the mushroom bodies to rewarding dopaminergic neurons was dissected. A recurrent feedback signaling within the neuronal network was analyzed by simultaneous genetic manipulation of the mushroom body Kenyon cells and dopaminergic neurons from the primary protocerebral anterior (pPAM) cluster, and learning assays were performed in order to unravel the impact of the Kenyon cells-to-pPAM neurons feedback loop on larval memory formation. In a substitution learning assay, simultaneous odor exposure paired with optogenetic activation of Kenyon cells in fruit fly larvae in absence of a rewarding stimulus resulted in formation of an appetitive memory, whereas no learning behavior was observed when pPAM neurons were ablated in addition to the KC activation. I argue that the activation of Kenyon cells may induce an internal signal that mimics reward exposure by feedback activation of the rewarding dopaminergic neurons. My data further suggests that the Kenyon cells-to-pPAM communication relies on peptidergic signaling via short neuropeptide F and underlies memory stabilization.},
  subject      = {Lernen},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Mekala2019,
  author    = {Mekala, SubbaRao},
  title     = {Generation of cardiomyocytes from vessel wall-resident stem cells},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-146046},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Myocardial infarction (MI) is a major cause of health problems and is among the leading deadly ending diseases. Accordingly, regenerating functional myocardial tissue and/or cardiac repair by stem cells is one of the most desired aims worldwide. Indeed, the human heart serves as an ideal target for regenerative intervention, because the capacity of the adult myocardium to restore itself after injury or infarct is limited. Thus, identifying new sources of tissue resident adult stem or progenitor cells with cardiovascular potential would help to establish more sophisticated therapies in order to either prevent cardiac failure or to achieve a functional repair. Ongoing research worldwide in this field is focusing on a) induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, b) embryonic stem (ES) cells and c) adult stem cells (e. g. mesenchymal stem cells) as well as cardiac fibroblasts or myofibroblasts. However, thus far, these efforts did not result in therapeutic strategies that were transferable into the clinical management of MI and heart failure. Hence, identifying endogenous and more cardiac-related sources of stem cells capable of differentiating into mature cardiomyocytes would open promising new therapeutic opportunities. The working hypothesis of this thesis is that the vascular wall serves as a niche for cardiogenic stem cells. In recent years, various groups have identified different types of progenitors or mesenchymal stem cell-like cells in the adventitia and sub-endothelial zone of the adult vessel wall, the so called vessel wall-resident stem cells (VW-SCs). Considering the fact that heart muscle tissue contains blood vessels in very high density, the physiological relevance of VW-SCs for the myocardium can as yet only be assumed. The aim of the present work is to study whether a subset of VW-SCs might have the capacity to differentiate into cardiomyocyte-like cells. This assumption was challenged using adult mouse aorta-derived cells cultivated in different media and treated with selected factors. The presented results reveal the generation of spontaneously beating cardiomyocyte-like cells using specific media conditions without any genetic manipulation. The cells reproducibly started beating at culture days 8-10. Further analyses revealed that in contrast to several publications reporting the Sca-1+ cells as cardiac progenitors the Sca-1- fraction of aortic wall-derived VW-SCs reproducibly delivered beating cells in culture. Similar to mature cardiomyocytes the beating cells developed sarcomeric structures indicated by the typical cross striated staining pattern upon immunofluorescence analysis detecting α-sarcomeric actinin (α-SRA) and electron microscopic analysis. These analyses also showed the formation of sarcoplasmic reticulum which serves as calcium store. Correspondingly, the aortic wall-derived beating cardiomyocyte-like cells (Ao-bCMs) exhibited calcium oscillations. This differentiation seems to be dependent on an inflammatory microenvironment since depletion of VW-SC-derived macrophages by treatment with clodronate liposomes in vitro stopped the generation of Ao bCMs. These locally generated F4/80+ macrophages exhibit high levels of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor). To a great majority, VW-SCs were found to be positive for VEGFR-2 and blocking this receptor also stopped the generation VW-SC-derived beating cells in vitro. Furthermore, the treatment of aortic wall-derived cells with the ß-receptor agonist isoproterenol or the antagonist propranolol resulted in a significant increase or decrease of beating frequency. Finally, fluorescently labeled aortic wall-derived cells were implanted into the developing chick embryo heart field where they became positive for α-SRA two days after implantation. The current data strongly suggest that VW-SCs resident in the vascular adventitia deliver both progenitors for an inflammatory microenvironment and beating cells. The present study identifies that the Sca-1- rather than Sca-1+ fraction of mouse aortic wall-derived cells harbors VW-SCs differentiating into cardiomyocyte-like cells and reveals an essential role of VW-SCs-derived inflammatory macrophages and VEGF-signaling in this process. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the cardiogenic capacity of aortic VW-SCs in vivo using a chimeric chick embryonic model.},
  subject      = {Herzmuskelzelle},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kress2019,
  author    = {Kreß, Sebastian},
  title     = {Development and proof of concept of a biological vascularized cell-based drug delivery system},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-17865},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-178650},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {A major therapeutic challenge is the increasing incidence of chronic disorders. The persistent impairment or loss of tissue function requires constitutive on-demand drug availability optimally achieved by a drug delivery system ideally directly connected to the blood circulation of the patient. However, despite the efforts and achievements in cell-based therapies and the generation of complex and customized cell-specific microenvironments, the generation of functional tissue is still unaccomplished. This study demonstrates the capability to generate a vascularized platform technology to potentially overcome the supply restraints for graft development and clinical application with immediate anastomosis to the blood circulation. The ability to decellularize segments of the rat intestine while preserving the ECM for subsequent reendothelialization was proven. The reestablishment of a functional arteriovenous perfusion circuit enabled the supply of co-cultured cells capable to replace the function of damaged tissue or to serve as a drug delivery system. During in vitro studies, the applicability of the developed miniaturized biological vascularized scaffold (mBioVaSc-TERM®) was demonstrated. While indicating promising results in short term in vivo studies, long term implantations revealed current limitations for the translation into clinical application. The gained insights will impact further improvements of quality and performance of this promising platform technology for future regenerative therapies.},
  subject      = {Vaskularisation},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Ruecker2019,
  author    = {R{\"u}cker, Christoph},
  title     = {Development of a prevascularized bone implant},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-17886},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-178869},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The skeletal system forms the mechanical structure of the body and consists of bone, which is hard connective tissue. The tasks the skeleton and bones take over are of mechanical, metabolic and synthetic nature. Lastly, bones enable the production of blood cells by housing the bone marrow. Bone has a scarless self-healing capacity to a certain degree. Injuries exceeding this capacity caused by trauma, surgical removal of infected or tumoral bone or as a result from treatment-related osteonecrosis, will not heal. Critical size bone defects that will not heal by themselves are still object of comprehensive clinical investigation. The conventional treatments often result in therapies including burdening methods as for example the harvesting of autologous bone material. The aim of this thesis was the creation of a prevascularized bone implant employing minimally invasive methods in order to minimize inconvenience for patients and surgical site morbidity. The basis for the implant was a decellularized, naturally derived vascular scaffold (BioVaSc-TERM®) providing functional vessel structures after reseeding with autologous endothelial cells. The bone compartment was built by the combination of the aforementioned scaffold with synthetic β-tricalcium phosphate. In vitro culture for tissue maturation was performed using bioreactor technology before the testing of the regenerative potential of the implant in large animal experiments in sheep. A tibia defect was treated without the anastomosis of the implant's innate vasculature to the host's circulatory system and in a second study, with anastomosis of the vessel system in a mandibular defect. While the non-anastomosed implant revealed a mostly osteoconductive effect, the implants that were anastomosed achieved formation of bony islands evenly distributed over the defect. In order to prepare preconditions for a rapid approval of an implant making use of this vascularization strategy, the manufacturing of the BioVaSc-TERM® as vascularizing scaffold was adjusted to GMP requirements.},
  subject      = {Tissue Engineering},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Njovu2019,
  author    = {Njovu, Henry Kenneth},
  title     = {Patterns and drivers of herbivore diversity and invertebrate herbivory along elevational and land use gradients at Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-17254},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-172544},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {This thesis elucidates patterns and drivers of invertebrate herbivory, herbivore diversity, and community-level biomass along elevational and land use gradients at Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Chapter I provides background information on the response and predictor variables, study system, and the study design. First, I give an overview of the elevational patterns of species diversity/richness and herbivory published in the literature. The overview illuminates existing debates on elevational patterns of species diversity/richness and herbivory. In connection to these patterns, I also introduce several hypotheses and mechanisms put forward to explain macroecological patterns of species richness. Furthermore, I explain the main variables used to test hypotheses. Finally, I describe the study system and the study design used. Chapter II explores the patterns of invertebrate herbivory and their underlying drivers along extensive elevational and land use gradients on the southern slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro. I recorded standing leaf herbivory from leaf chewers, leaf miners and gall-inducing insects on 55 study sites located in natural and anthropogenic habitats distributed from 866 to 3060 meters above sea level (m asl) on Mt. Kilimanjaro. Standing leaf herbivory was related to climatic variables [mean annual temperature - (MAT) and mean annual precipitation - (MAP)], net primary productivity (NPP) and plant functional traits (leaf traits) [specific leaf area (SLA), carbon to nitrogen ratio (CN), and nitrogen to phosphorous ratio (NP)]. Results revealed an unimodal pattern of total leaf herbivory along the elevation gradient in natural habitats. Findings also revealed differences in the levels and patterns of herbivory among feeding guilds and between anthropogenic and natural habitats. Changes in NP and CN ratios which were closely linked to NPP were the strongest predictors of leaf herbivory. Our study uncovers the role of leaf nutrient stoichiometry and its linkages to climate in explaining the variation in leaf herbivory along climatic gradients. Chapter III presents patterns and unravels direct and indirect effects of resource (food) abundance (NPP), resource (food) diversity [Functional Dispersion (FDis)], resource quality (SLA, NP, and CN rations), and climate variables (MAT and MAP) on species diversity of phytophagous beetles. Data were collected from 65 study sites located in natural and anthropogenic habitats distributed from 866 to 4550 m asl on the southern slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro. Sweep net and beating methods were used to collect a total of 3,186 phytophagous beetles representing 21 families and 304 morphospecies. Two groups, weevils (Curculionidae) and leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) were the largest and most diverse families represented with 898 and 1566 individuals, respectively. Results revealed complex (bimodal) and dissimilar patterns of Chao1-estimated species richness (hereafter referred to as species diversity) along elevation and land use gradients. Results from path analysis showed that temperature and climate-mediated changes in NPP had a significant positive direct and indirect effect on species diversity of phytophagous beetles, respectively. The results also revealed that the effect of NPP (via beetles abundance and diversity of food resources) on species diversity is stronger than that of temperature. Since we found that factors affecting species diversity were intimately linked to climate, I concluded that predicted climatic changes over the coming decades will likely alter the species diversity patterns which we observe today. Chapter IV presents patterns and unravels the direct and indirect effects of climate, NPP and anthropogenic disturbances on species richness and community-level biomass of wild large mammals which represent endothermic organisms and the most important group of vertebrate herbivores. Data were collected from 66 study sites located in natural and anthropogenic habitats distributed from 870 to 4550 m asl on the southern slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro. Mammals were collected using camera traps and used path analysis to disentangle the direct and indirect effects of climatic variables, NPP, land use, land area, levels of habitat protection and occurrence of domesticated mammals on the patterns of richness and community-level biomass of wild mammals, respectively. Results showed unimodal patterns for species richness and community-level biomass of wild mammals along elevation gradients and that the patterns differed depending on the type of feeding guild. Findings from path analysis showed that net primary productivity and levels of habitat protection had a strong direct effect on species richness and community-level biomass of wild mammals whereas temperature had an insignificant direct effect. Findings show the importance of climate-mediated food resources in determining patterns of species richness of large mammals. While temperature is among key predictors of species richness in several ectotherms, its direct influence in determining species richness of wild mammals was insignificant. Findings show the sensitivity of wild mammals to anthropogenic influences and underscore the importance of protected areas in conserving biodiversity. In conclusion, despite a multitude of data sets on species diversity and ecosystem functions along broad climatic gradients, there is little mechanistic understanding of the underlying causes. Findings obtained in the three studies illustrate their contribution to the scientific debates on the mechanisms underlying patterns of herbivory and diversity along elevation gradients. Results present strong evidence that plant functional traits play a key role in determining invertebrate herbivory and species diversity along elevation gradients and that, their strong interdependence with climate and anthropogenic activities will shape these patterns in future. Additionally, findings from path analysis demonstrated that herbivore diversity, community-level biomass, and herbivory are strongly influenced by climate (either directly or indirectly). Therefore, the predicted climatic changes are expected to dictate ecological patterns, biotic interactions, and energy and nutrient fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems in the coming decades with stronger impacts probably occurring in natural ecosystems. Furthermore, findings demonstrated the significance of land use effects in shaping ecological patterns. As anthropogenic pressure is advancing towards more pristine higher elevations, I advocate conservation measures which are responsive to and incorporate human dimensions to curb the situation. Although our findings emanate from observational studies which have to take several confounding factors into account, we have managed to demonstrate global change responses in real ecosystems and fully established organisms with a wide range of interactions which are unlikely to be captured in artificial experiments. Nonetheless, I recommend additional experimental studies addressing the effect of top-down control by natural enemies on herbivore diversity and invertebrate herbivory in order to deepen our understanding of the mechanisms driving macroecological patterns along elevation gradients.  },
  subject      = {Species richness},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kiser2019,
  author    = {Kiser, Dominik Pascal},
  title     = {Gene x Environment Interactions in Cdh13-deficient Mice: CDH13 as a Factor for Adaptation to the Environment},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-17959},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-179591},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Neurodevelopmental disorders, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are disorders of mostly unknown etiopathogenesis, for which both genetic and environmental influences are expected to contribute to the phenotype observed in patients. Changes at all levels of brain function, from network connectivity between brain areas, over neuronal survival, synaptic connectivity and axonal growth, down to molecular changes and epigenetic modifications are suspected to play a key roles in these diseases, resulting in life-long behavioural changes. Genome-wide association as well as copy-number variation studies have linked cadherin-13 (CDH13) as a novel genetic risk factor to neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. CDH13 is highly expressed during embryonic brain development, as well as in the adult brain, where it is present in regions including the hippocampus, striatum and thalamus (among others) and is upregulated in response to chronic stress exposure. It is however unclear how CDH13 interacts with environmentally relevant cues, including stressful triggers, in the formation of long-lasting behavioural and molecular changes. It is currently unknown how the environment influences CDH13 and which long term changes in behaviour and gene expression are caused by their interaction. This work therefore investigates the interaction between CDH13 deficiency and neonatal maternal separation (MS) in mice with the aim to elucidate the function of CDH13 and its role in the response to early-life stress (ELS). For this purpose, mixed litters of wild-type (Cdh13+/+), heterozygous (Cdh13+/-) and homozygous knockout (Cdh13-/-) mice were maternally separated from postnatal day 1 (PN1) to postnatal day 14 (PN14) for 3 hours each day (180MS; PN1-PN14). In a first series of experiments, these mice were subjected to a battery of behavioural tests starting at 8 weeks of age in order to assess motor activity, memory functions as well as measures of anxiety. Subsequently, expression of RNA in various brain regions was measured using quantitativ real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). A second cohort of mice was exposed to the same MS procedure, but was not behaviourally tested, to assess molecular changes in hippocampus using RNA sequencing. Behavioural analysis revealed that MS had an overall anxiolytic-like effect, with mice after MS spending more time in the open arms of the elevated-plus-maze (EPM) and the light compartment in the light-dark box (LDB). As a notable exception, Cdh13-/- mice did not show an increase of time spent in the light compartment after MS compared to Cdh13+/+ and Cdh13+/- MS mice. During the Barnes-maze learning task, mice of most groups showed a similar ability in learning the location of the escape hole, both in terms of primary latency and primary errors. Cdh13-/- control (CTRL) mice however committed more primary errors than Cdh13-/- MS mice. In the contextual fear conditioning (cFC) test, Cdh13-/- mice showed more freezing responses during the extinction recall, indicating a reduced extinction of fear memory. In the step-down test, an impulsivity task, Cdh13-/- mice had a tendency to wait longer before stepping down from the platform, indicative of more hesitant behaviour. In the same animals, qRT-PCR of several brain areas revealed changes in the GABAergic and glutamatergic systems, while also highlighting changes in the gatekeeper enzyme Glykogensynthase-Kinase 3 (Gsk3a), both in relation to Cdh13 deficiency and MS. Results from the RNA sequencing study and subsequent gene-set enrichment analysis revealed changes in adhesion and developmental genes due to Cdh13 deficiency, while also highlighting a strong link between CDH13 and endoplasmatic reticulum function. In addition, some results suggest that MS increased pro-survival pathways, while a gene x environment analysis showed alterations in apoptotic pathways and migration, as well as immune factors and membrane metabolism. An analysis of the overlap between gene and environment, as well as their interaction, highlighted an effect on cell adhesion factors, underscoring their importance for adaptation to the environment. Overall, the stress model resulted in increased stress resilience in Cdh13+/+ and Cdh13+/- mice, a change absent in Cdh13-/- mice, suggesting a role of CDH13 during programming and adaptation to early-life experiences, that can results in long-lasting consequences on brain functions and associated behaviours. These changes were also visible in the RNA sequencing, where key pathways for cell-cell adhesion, neuronal survival and cell-stress adaptation were altered. In conclusion, these findings further highlight the role of CDH13 during brain development, while also shedding light on its function in the adaptation and response during (early life) environmental challenges.},
  subject      = {Cadherine},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Letschert2019,
  author    = {Letschert, Sebastian},
  title     = {Quantitative Analysis of Membrane Components using Super-Resolution Microscopy},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-16213},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-162139},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The plasma membrane is one of the most thoroughly studied and at the same time most complex, diverse, and least understood cellular structures. Its function is determined by the molecular composition as well as the spatial arrangement of its components. Even after decades of extensive membrane research and the proposal of dozens of models and theories, the structural organization of plasma membranes remains largely unknown. Modern imaging tools such as super-resolution fluorescence microscopy are one of the most efficient techniques in life sciences and are widely used to study the spatial arrangement and quantitative behavior of biomolecules in fixed and living cells. In this work, direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM) was used to investigate the structural distribution of mem-brane components with virtually molecular resolution. Key issues are different preparation and staining strategies for membrane imaging as well as localization-based quantitative analyses of membrane molecules. An essential precondition for the spatial and quantitative analysis of membrane components is the prevention of photoswitching artifacts in reconstructed localization microscopy images. Therefore, the impact of irradiation intensity, label density and photoswitching behavior on the distribution of plasma membrane and mitochondrial membrane proteins in dSTORM images was investigated. It is demonstrated that the combination of densely labeled plasma membranes and inappropriate photoswitching rates induces artificial membrane clusters. Moreover, inhomogeneous localization distributions induced by projections of three-dimensional membrane structures such as microvilli and vesicles are prone to generate artifacts in images of biological membranes. Alternative imaging techniques and ways to prevent artifacts in single-molecule localization microscopy are presented and extensively discussed. Another central topic addresses the spatial organization of glycosylated components covering the cell membrane. It is shown that a bioorthogonal chemical reporter system consisting of modified monosaccharide precursors and organic fluorophores can be used for specific labeling of membrane-associated glycoproteins and -lipids. The distribution of glycans was visualized by dSTORM showing a homogeneous molecule distribution on different mammalian cell lines without the presence of clusters. An absolute number of around five million glycans per cell was estimated and the results show that the combination of metabolic labeling, click chemistry, and single-molecule localization microscopy can be efficiently used to study cell surface glycoconjugates. In a third project, dSTORM was performed to investigate low-expressing receptors on cancer cells which can act as targets in personalized immunotherapy. Primary multiple myeloma cells derived from the bone marrow of several patients were analyzed for CD19 expression as potential target for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells. Depending on the patient, 60-1,600 CD19 molecules per cell were quantified and functional in vitro tests demonstrate that the threshold for CD19 CAR T recognition is below 100 CD19 molecules per target cell. Results are compared with flow cytometry data, and the important roles of efficient labeling and appropriate control experiments are discussed.},
  subject      = {Fluoreszenzmikroskopie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schwedhelm2019,
  author    = {Schwedhelm, Ivo Peter},
  title     = {A non-invasive microscopy platform for the online monitoring of hiPSC aggregation in suspension cultures in small-scale stirred tank bioreactors},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-19298},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-192989},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The culture of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) at large-scale becomes feasible with the aid of scalable suspension setups in continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTRs). Suspension cul- tures of hiPSCs are characterized by the self-aggregation of single cells into macroscopic cell aggre- gates that increase in size over time. The development of these free-floating aggregates is dependent on the culture vessel and thus represents a novel process parameter that is of particular interest for hiPSC suspension culture scaling. Further, aggregates surpassing a critical size are prone to spon- taneous differentiation or cell viability loss. In this regard, and, for the first time, a hiPSC-specific suspension culture unit was developed that utilizes in situ microscope imaging to monitor and to characterize hiPSC aggregation in one specific CSTR setup to a statistically significant degree while omitting the need for error-prone and time-intensive sampling. For this purpose, a small-scale CSTR system was designed and fabricated by fused deposition modeling (FDM) using an in-house 3D- printer. To provide a suitable cell culture environment for the CSTR system and in situ microscope, a custom-built incubator was constructed to accommodate all culture vessels and process control devices. Prior to manufacture, the CSTR design was characterized in silico for standard engineering parameters such as the specific power input, mixing time, and shear stress using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The established computational model was successfully validated by comparing CFD-derived mixing time data to manual measurements. Proof for system functionality was provided in the context of long-term expansion (4 passages) of hiPSCs. Thereby, hiPSC aggregate size development was successfully tracked by in situ imaging of CSTR suspensions and subsequent automated image processing. Further, the suitability of the developed hiPSC culture unit was proven by demonstrating the preservation of CSTR-cultured hiPSC pluripotency on RNA level by qRT-PCR and PluriTest, and on protein level by flow cytometry.},
  subject      = {Induzierte pluripotente Stammzelle},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{WeinstockgebPattschull2019,
  author    = {Weinstock [geb. Pattschull], Grit},
  title     = {Crosstalk between the MMB complex and YAP in transcriptional regulation of cell cycle genes},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-17086},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-170866},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The Myb-MuvB (MMB) multiprotein complex is a master regulator of cell cycle-dependent gene expression. Target genes of MMB are expressed at elevated levels in several different cancer types and are included in the chromosomal instability (CIN) signature of lung, brain, and breast tumors. This doctoral thesis showed that the complete loss of the MMB core subunit LIN9 leads to strong proliferation defects and nuclear abnormalities in primary lung adenocarcinoma cells. Transcriptome profiling and genome-wide DNA-binding analyses of MMB in lung adenocarcinoma cells revealed that MMB drives the expression of genes linked to cell cycle progression, mitosis, and chromosome segregation by direct binding to promoters of these genes. Unexpectedly, a previously unknown overlap between MMB-dependent genes and several signatures of YAP-regulated genes was identified. YAP is a transcriptional co-activator acting downstream of the Hippo signaling pathway, which is deregulated in many tumor types. Here, MMB and YAP were found to physically interact and co-regulate a set of mitotic and cytokinetic target genes, which are important in cancer. Furthermore, the activation of mitotic genes and the induction of entry into mitosis by YAP were strongly dependent on MMB. By ChIP-seq and 4C-seq, the genome-wide binding of MMB upon YAP overexpression was analyzed and long-range chromatin interaction sites of selected MMB target gene promoters were identified. Strikingly, YAP strongly promoted chromatin-association of B-MYB through binding to distal enhancer elements that interact with MMB-regulated promoters through chromatin looping. Together, the findings of this thesis provide a so far unknown molecular mechanism by which YAP and MMB cooperate to regulate mitotic gene expression and suggest a link between two cancer-relevant signaling pathways.},
  subject      = {Krebs <Medizin>},
  language  = {en}
}