@article{OPUS4-17275, title = {Searches for the \(Z\)γ decay mode of the Higgs boson and for new high-mass resonances in \({pp}\) collisions at \(\sqrt{s}\) = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector}, series = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, volume = {2017}, journal = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, number = {10}, organization = {The ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP10(2017)112}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-172751}, year = {2017}, abstract = {This article presents searches for the \({Zγ}\) decay of the Higgs boson and for narrow high-mass resonances decaying to \(Z\)γ, exploiting \(Z\) boson decays to pairs of electrons or muons. The data analysis uses 36.1 fb\(^{-1}\) of \({pp}\) collisions at \(\sqrt{s}=13\) recorded by the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The data are found to be consistent with the expected Standard Model background. The observed (expected — assuming Standard Model \({pp} → H → {Z}γ\) production and decay) upper limit on the production cross section times the branching ratio for \({pp} → H → {Z}γ\) is 6.6. (5.2) times the Standard Model prediction at the 95\% confidence level for a Higgs boson mass of 125.09 GeV. In addition, upper limits are set on the production cross section times the branching ratio as a function of the mass of a narrow resonance between 250 GeV and 2.4 TeV, assuming spin-0 resonances produced via gluon-gluon fusion, and spin-2 resonances produced via gluon-gluon or quark-antiquark initial states. For high-mass spin-0 resonances, the observed (expected) limits vary between 88 fb (61 fb) and 2.8 fb (2.7 fb) for the mass range from 250 GeV to 2.4 TeV at the 95\% confidence level.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Bruene2014, author = {Br{\"u}ne, Christoph}, title = {HgTe based topological insulators}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-105127}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Recently a new state of matter was discovered in which the bulk insulating state in a material is accompanied by conducting surface or edge states. This new state of matter can be distinguished from a conventional insulator phase by the topological properties of its band structure which led to the name "topological insulators". Experimentally, topological insulator states are mostly found in systems characterized by a band inversion compared to conventional systems. In most topological insulator systems, this is caused by a combination of energetically close bands and spin orbit coupling. Such properties are found in systems with heavy elements like Hg and Bi. And indeed, the first experimental discovery of a topological insulator succeeded in HgTe quantum wells and later also in BiSb bulk systems. Topological insulators are of large interest due to their unique properties: In 2-dimensional topological insulators one dimensional edge states form without the need of an external magnetic field (in contrast to the quantum Hall effect). These edge states feature a linear band dispersion, a so called Dirac dispersion. The quantum spin Hall states are helical edge states, which means they consist of counterpropagating oppositely spin polarized edge channels. They are therefore of great potential for spintronic applications as well as building blocks for new more exotic states like Majorana Fermions. 3-dimensional topological insulators feature 2-dimensional surface states with only one Dirac band (also called Dirac cone) on each surface and an interesting spin texture where spin and momentum are locked perpendicular to each other in the surface plane. This unique surface band structure is predicted to be able to host several exotic states like e.g. Majorana Fermions (in combination with superconductors) and magnetic monopole like excitations. This PhD thesis will summarize the discovery of topological insulators and highlights the developments on their experimental observations. The work focuses on HgTe which is up to now the only topological insulator material where the expected properties are unambiguously demonstrated in transport experiments. In HgTe, the topological insulator properties arise from the inversion of the Gamma_6 and Gamma_8 bands. The band inversion in HgTe is due to a combination of a high spin orbit splitting in Te and large energy corrections (due to the mass-velocity term) to the energy levels in Hg. Bulk HgTe, however, is a semimetal, which means for the conversion into a topological insulator a band gap has to be opened. In two dimensions (HgTe quantum well structures) this is achieved via quantum confinement, which opens a band gap between the quantum well subbands. In three dimensions, strain is used to lift the degeneracy of the semimetallic Gamma_8 bands opening up a band gap. The thesis is structured as follows: - The first chapter of this thesis will give a brief overview on discoveries in the field of topological insulators. It focuses on works relevant to experimental results presented in the following chapters. This includes a short outline of the early predictions and a summary of important results concerning 2-dimensional topological insulators while the final section discusses observations concerning 3-dimensional topological insulators. - The discovery of the quantum spin Hall effect in HgTe marked the first experimental observation of a topological insulator. Chapter 2 will focus on HgTe quantum wells and the quantum spin Hall effect. Above a critical thickness, HgTe quantum wells are predicted to host the quantum spin Hall state, the signature of a 2-dimensional topological insulator. HgTe quantum wells exhibiting low carrier concentrations and at the same time high carrier mobilities are required to be able to measure the quantum spin Hall effect. The growth of such high quality HgTe quantum wells was one of the major goals for this work. Continuous optimization of the substrate preparation and growth conditions resulted in controlled carrier densities down to a few 10^10 cm^-2. At the same time, carrier mobilities exceeding 1 x 10^6 cm^2/Vs have been achieved, which provides mean free paths of several micrometers in the material. Thus the first experimental evidence for the existence of the quantum spin Hall edge states succeeded in transport experiments on microstructures: When the Fermi energy was located in the bulk band gap a residual quantized resistance of 2e^2/h was found. Further experiments focused on investigating the nature of transport in this regime. By non-local measurements the edge state character could be established. The measured non-local resistances corresponded well with predictions from the Landauer-B{\"u}ttiker theory applied to transport in helical edge channels. In a final set of experiments the spin polarization of the edge channels was investigated. Here, we could make use of the advantage that HgTe quantum well structures exhibit a large Rashba spin orbit splitting. In systems with a large Rashba spin orbit splitting a spin accumulation is expected to occur at the edge of the sample perpendicular to a current flow. This so-called spin Hall effect was then used as a spin injector and detector. Using split gate devices it was possible to bring spin Hall and quantum spin Hall state into direct contact, which enabled an all electrical detection of the spin polarization of the quantum spin Hall edge channels. - HgTe as a 3-dimensional topological insulator will be presented in chapter 3. Straining the HgTe layer enables the observation of topological insulator behavior. It was found that strain can be easily implemented during growth by using CdTe substrates. CdTe has a slightly larger lattice constant than HgTe and therefore leads to tensile strain in the HgTe layer as long as the growth is pseudomorphic. Magnetotransport studies showed the emergence of quantum Hall transport with characteristic signatures of a Dirac type bandstructure. Thus, this result marks the first observation of the quantum Hall effect in the surface states of a 3-dimensional topological insulator. Transport experiments on samples fitted with a top gate enabled the identification of contributions from individual surfaces. Furthermore, the surface state quantum Hall effect was found to be surprisingly stable, perturbations due to additional bulk transport could not be found, even at high carrier densities of the system. - Chapters 4 - 6 serve as in depth overviews of selected works: Chapter 4 presents a detailed overview on the all electrical detection of the spin Hall effect in HgTe quantum wells. The detection of the spin polarization of the quantum spin Hall effect is shown in chapter 5 and chapter 6 gives a detailed overview on the quantum Hall effect originating from the topological surface state in strained bulk HgTe. The investigations discussed in this thesis pioneered the experimental work on the transport properties of topological insulator systems. The understanding of the fundamental properties of topological insulators enables new experiments in which e.g. the inclusion of magnetic dopants or the interplay between topological insulator and superconductors can be investigated in detail.}, subject = {Topologischer Isolator}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Richter2014, author = {Richter, Stephan}, title = {Detaillierte Simulationen von Blazar-Emissionen : ein numerischer Zugang zu Radiobeobachtungen und Kurzzeitvariabilit{\"a}t}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-103209}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Die vorliegende Arbeit besch{\"a}ftigt sich mit den Prozessen, die in einer Unterklasse der Aktiven Galaxienkerne, den Blazaren, das Emissionsspektrum dieser Objekte erzeugen. Dies beinhaltet insbesondere den Beschleunigungsprozess, der eine nichtthermische Teilchenverteilung erzeugt, sowie diverse Strahlungsprozesse. Das Spektrum dieser Quellen reicht dabei vom Radiobereich bis zu Energien im TeV-Bereich. Die Form des zeitlich gemittelten Spektrums kann durch Modelle bereits sehr gut beschrieben werden. Insbesondere die erste der beiden dominierenden Komponenten des Spektrums kann mit hoher Sicherheit mit Synchrotronemission einer Elektronenenergieverteilung in Form eines Potenzgesetzes identifiziert werden. F{\"u}r den Ursprung der zweiten Komponente existieren jedoch verschiedene Erkl{\"a}rungsversuche. Dies sind im wesentlichen die inverse Compton-Streuung der internen oder externer Strahlung (leptonische Modelle) sowie die Emission und photohadronische Wechselwirkung einer hochenergetischen Verteilung von Protonen in der Quelle. Eine r{\"a}umliche Aufl{\"o}sung des Ursprungs der detektierten Strahlung ist mit den zur Verf{\"u}gung stehenden Teleskopen nicht m{\"o}glich. Einschr{\"a}nkungen f{\"u}r die Ausdehnung dieser Emissionszone ergeben sich lediglich aus der Variation des Emissionsspektrums. Eine Bestimmung der Morphologie ist jedoch im selbstabsorbierten Radiobereich des Spektrums durch die Ausnutzung von interferometrischen Beobachtungen m{\"o}glich. Die resultierenden L{\"a}ngen, auf denen die im inneren der Quelle selbstabsorbierte Strahlung die Quelle schließlich verl{\"a}sst, sind jedoch etwa zwei Gr{\"o}ßenordnungen oberhalb der aus den Variabilit{\"a}tszeitskalen gefolgerten Limits. Das im Rahmen dieser Arbeit entwickelte Modell soll dabei helfen, verschiedene Beobachtungen mit Hilfe eines quantitativen Modells zu beschreiben. Hier steht insbesondere die Korrelation zwischen den Verl{\"a}ufen der Hochenergie- und Radioemission im Vordergrund. Eine Aussage {\"u}ber die Existenz einer solchen Verbindung konnte aus den bisherigen Beobachtungen nicht getroffen werden. Eine quantitative Modellierung k{\"o}nnte bei der Interpretation der bisher uneindeutigen Datenlage helfen. Eine weitere, durch Modelle bisher nicht beschreibbare, Beobachtungsevidenz sind extrem kurzzeitige Variationen des Flusszustands. Die Lichtlaufzeit durch das f{\"u}r die Modellierung ben{\"o}tigte Raumgebiet ist zumeist gr{\"o}ßer als die beobachtete Zeitskala. Zudem deuten die Beobachtungen darauf hin, dass manche dieser Flussausbr{\"u}che nicht zwischen den verschiedenen B{\"a}ndern korreliert sind, wie es zumindest die leptonischen Modelle erwarten lassen w{\"u}rden. Das hier beschriebene Modell verbindet eine r{\"a}umliche Aufl{\"o}sung des Emissionsgebiets mit dem dominanten Beschleunigungsmechanismus. Hierdurch konnte zun{\"a}chst gezeigt werden, dass die Beschreibung von Variabilit{\"a}t auch auf Skalen unterhalb der Lichtlaufzeit durch das modellierte Raumgebiet m{\"o}glich ist. Zudem wurde ein Szenario quantifiziert, dass im leptonischen Fall unkorrelierte Ausbr{\"u}che vorhersagt. \thispagestyle{empty} Durch eine Erweiterung des Emissionsgebiets gegen{\"u}ber anderen Blazar-Modellen um zwei Gr{\"o}ßenordnung konnte zudem eine Verkn{\"u}pfung zwischen dem Hochenergie- und dem Radiobereich erfolgen. Die gefundene Morphologie des Einschlussgebiets der nichtthermischen Teilchenpopulation beinhaltet eine physikalisch sinnvolle Randbedingung f{\"u}r das Emissionsgebiet der Hochenergiestrahlung, die zudem den f{\"u}r die betrachtete Quelle korrekten Spektralindex im Radiobereich erzeugt. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus wurden in das Modell sowohl leptonische als auch hadronische Prozesse integriert, die eine flexible und unvoreingenommene Modellierung potentieller Hybridquellen erlauben. Mit dem entwickelten Modell ist es m{\"o}glich, aus detailliert vermessenen Lichtkurven im Hochenergiebereich die zu erwartende Radioemission vorherzusagen. Die in diese Vorhersage eingehenden Parameter lassen sich aus der Modellierung des Gleichgewichtsspektrums bestimmen.}, subject = {Blazar}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Tavakoli2014, author = {Tavakoli, Kia}, title = {Herstellung und Charakterisierung spintronischer und caloritronischer (Ga,Mn)As-Nanostrukturen}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-103241}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Die elektronischen Bauteile, die aus unserer technischen Welt kaum wegzuddenken sind, werden immer kleiner. Aktuelle ICs bestehen zum Beispiel aus Milliarden von Transistoren, von denen jeder einzelne kleiner als 100nm (dem 100-stel des typischen Durchmessers eines Menschenhaars) ist. Dass die Entwicklung auch zuk{\"u}nftig weiter dem Trend des Mooreschen Gesetzes folgen wird, gilt hierbei als unbestritten. Die interessanteste Fragestellung der Halbleiter- und Nanostrukturforschung in diesem Zusammenhang ist: Kann man die weitere Entwicklung der Informations- und Kommunikationstechnik dadurch erreichen, dass man die Miniaturisierung der Transistoren in Mikroprozessoren und Speicherbauelementen weiter vorantreibt oder ist man auf g{\"a}nzlich neue Wege angewiesen? Bei der weitergehenden Miniaturisierung ist die gr{\"o}ßte H{\"u}rde darin zu suchen, ob man in der Lage sein wird die Verbrauchsleistung dieser Bauelemente weiter zu reduzieren, um die {\"U}berhitzung der Bauteile in den Griff zu bekommen und nicht zuletzt auch, um Energie zu sparen. Die heutige Elektronik hat ihre Grundlagen in den 60er Jahren. Diese Art der Elektronik ist jedoch hinsichtlich der Effizienzsteigerungen und vor allem der W{\"a}rmeentwicklung an ihre Grenzen gestoßen. Hauptursache f{\"u}r diese problematische W{\"a}rmeentwicklung sind die elektrischen Verbindungen, die die Informationen zwischen der halbleiterbasierten Datenverarbeitung und den metallischen Speicherelementen hin und hertransportieren. Obwohl diese elektrischen Verbindungen zum aktuellen Zeitpunkt aus der Computerarchitektur nicht weg zu denken sind, ist es eines der Hauptziele diese Verbindungen nicht mehr verwenden zu m{\"u}ssen. Dies kann jedoch nur erreicht werden, wenn es gelingt, die Speicherelemente und Datenverarbeitung in einem einzigen Element (Halbleiter) zu vereinen. Bisher wurde die Ladung eines Elektrons f{\"u}r die Verarbeitung von elektrischen Informationen bzw. Zust{\"a}nden benutzt. Was w{\"a}re jedoch, wenn man diese bisherige Basis v{\"o}llig {\"a}ndert? Der Spin der Elektronen ist ein viel effektiverer Informationstr{\"a}ger als die Ladung der Elektronen selbst, nicht zuletzt deshalb, weil die Ver{\"a}nderung des Spins eines Elektrons im Vergleich zu dessen Bewegung einen weitaus geringeren Energiebetrag ben{\"o}tigt [1]. Die Technik, die zus{\"a}tzlich zur Informationsverarbeitung durch makroskopische Elektronenstr{\"o}me den viel effektiveren Spin-Quantenzustand der Elektronen oder L{\"o}cher als Freiheitsgrad nutzt, ist die sogenannte Spintronik1. Die Spinfreiheitsgrade er{\"o}ffnen, wegen der l{\"a}ngeren Phasenkoh{\"a}renzl{\"a}nge, im Vergleich zu den orbitalen Freiheitsgraden, v{\"o}llig neue Wege f{\"u}r zuk{\"u}nftige Entwicklungen wie z.B. den Quantencomputer. Damit w{\"a}re die Entwicklung niederenergetischer Bauelemente m{\"o}glich, die fast keine W{\"a}rmeentwicklung aufweisen. Wegen dieser vielen Vorteile hat sich die Spintronik in Rekordzeit von einer interessanten wissenschaftlichen Beobachtung in Rekordzeit zu einer marktbewegenden Anwendung weiterentwickelt (Nobelpreis 2007). Seinen Anfang nahm diese Entwicklung 1988 mit der Entdeckung des GMR-Effekts. Nach nur 9 Jahren wurden 1997 erste Festplatten-Lesek{\"o}pfe eingesetzt, die sich diesen Effekt zu Nutze machten. Lesek{\"o}pfe, die den Riesenmagnetwiderstand nutzen, waren nunmehr um ein Vielfaches empfindlicher als es die konventionelle Technik zugelassen h{\"a}tte. Die Speicherdichte und damit die Kapazit{\"a}ten der Festplatten konnte somit erheblich gesteigert und Festplatten mit zuvor nie gekannter Speicherkapazit{\"a}t preiswert produziert werden. Seit dieser Zeit r{\"u}ckt der Elektronenspin immer weiter in den Brennpunkt von Forschung und Entwicklung. Da sich der elektrische Widerstand von Halbleitern in einem weiten Bereich manipulieren l{\"a}sst (was f{\"u}r ferromagnetische Metalle nicht der Fall ist), werden logische Bauelemente aus halbleitenden Materialien hergestellt. Im Gegensatz dazu sind ferromagnetische Metalle sehr gute Kandidaten f{\"u}r die Speicherung von Informationen. Dies liegt vor allem daran, dass zuf{\"a}llige Magnetfelder viel schw{\"a}cher sind, als zuf{\"a}llige elektrische Felder, was ferromagnetische Systeme wesentlich unanf{\"a}lliger macht. Daher sind die magnetischen Speicher nicht fl{\"u}chtig und zudem m{\"u}ssen deren Informationsgehalte nicht wie bei DRAM immer wieder aufgefrischt werden. Um die jeweiligen Vorteile der Materialklassen - die magnetisch energiesparende sowie dauerhafte Speicherf{\"a}higkeit der Metalle und die logischen Operationen der Halbleiter - miteinander kombinieren zu k{\"o}nnen und damit neuartige Bauelemente wie z.B. MRAMs (logische Operationen und dauerhafte Speicherung) zu bauen, sind ferromagnetischen Halbleiter unverzichtbar. Auf dieser Basis k{\"o}nnten Speicherelemente und Datenverarbeitung in einem einzigen Element (Halbleiter) dargestellt werden. Zugleich braucht man aber auch neue Wege, um diese Speicher zu magnetisieren und sp{\"a}ter auslesen zu k{\"o}nnen. Ein weiterer Vorteil liegt zudem darin, dass hierzu kein Einsatz beweglicher Teile notwendig ist. Die Magnetisierungskontrolle muss aber temperaturunabh{\"a}ngig sein! Der am besten erforschte ferromagnetische Halbleiter ist (Ga,Mn)As, der deswegen die Modellrolle einnimmt und als Prototyp f{\"u}r alle ferromagnetischen Halbleiter dient. Die Kopplung seiner magnetischen und halbleitenden Eigenschaften durch Spin-Bahn-Wechselwirkung ist die Ursache vieler neuer Transportph{\"a}nomene in diesem Materialsystem. Diese Ph{\"a}nomene sind vielfach die Grundlage f{\"u}r neuartige Anwendungen, Bauteildesigns und Wirkprinzipien. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die interessanten Anisotropien in (Ga,Mn)As, die von der sehr starken Spin-Bahn-Kopplung im Valenzband herr{\"u}hren zu nutzen, sowie neue spinbezogene Effekte in verschiedenen magnetischen Bauelementen zu realisieren. Die vorliegende Arbeit gliedert sich wie folgt: In Kapitel 1 wird auf die grundlegenden Eigenschaften des (Ga,Mn)As und einige neuartige Spineffekten, die dieses Material mit sich bringt, eingegangen. Das zur Erzeugung dieser Effekte notwendige fertigungstechnische Wissen, f{\"u}r die lithografische Erzeugung der spintronisch bzw. caloritronisch aktiven Nanostrukturen, wird im Kapitel 2 beschrieben. Um mit dieser Welt der Spineffekte „kommunizieren" und die Effekte kontrollieren zu k{\"o}nnen, sind entsprechend angepasste und funktionsf{\"a}hige Kontaktierungen notwendig. Mit der detaillierten Herstellung und Analyse dieser Kontakte besch{\"a}ftigt sich das Kapitel 3. Es wurden zwei Arten von Kontakten hergestellt und bei den Proben eingesetzt: in situ (innerhalb der MBE-Wachstumskammer) und ex situ. Zusammenfassend l{\"a}sst sich sagen, dass bei der ex situ-Probenpr{\"a}paration, die Reproduzierbarkeit der Kontakte, besonders bei logisch magnetischen Elementen, nicht gew{\"a}hrleistet werden konnte. Bei funktionierender Kontaktierung war das magnetische Verhalten dann jedoch stets gleich. Bei den in situ-Kontakten war zwar einerseits das elektrische Verhalten reproduzierbar und sehr gut, aber das magnetische Verhalten war nicht zufriedenstellend, da die Relaxation nicht vollst{\"a}ndig stattfand. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnten die ex situ-Kontakte optimiert werden. Dabei wurde auf die Problematiken bereits existierender Proben eingegangen und es wurden verschiedene L{\"o}sungsan s{\"a}tze daf{\"u}r gefunden. So konnte z.B. gezeigt werden, dass die Haftungsprobleme haupts{\"a}chlich auf dem unsaubere Oberfl{\"a}chen zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren sind. Jede Schicht, die zwischen aufgedampfter Metallschicht und dem dotierten Halbleiter bestehen bleibt, unabh{\"a}ngig davon, ob es sich dabei um eine oxidierte Schicht, Lackreste oder eine, zum Teil verarmte Schicht handelt, beeintr{\"a}chtigt die Funktionalit{\"a}t der Kontakte. Je kleiner die Dimension der Kontakte, desto st{\"a}rker wirkt sich die unsaubere Oberfl{\"a}che aus. So konnte gezeigt werden, dass ab einer Gr{\"o}ße von ca. 500nm_500nm die Zuverl{\"a}ssigkeit der Kontakte elementar von der Reinheit der Oberfl{\"a}chen und deren Homogenit{\"a}t beeinflusst wird. Zur Abwendung dieser Komplikationen werden verschiedene L{\"o}sungsans{\"a}tze vorgeschlagen. Wird die Oberfl{\"a}che mit hochenergetischen Ionen versetzt, verarmt deren Dotierung, was zu einer massiven {\"A}nderung der Leitf{\"a}higkeit f{\"u}hrt. Daher wurden entweder v{\"o}llig andere Prozessparameter zur Reinigung eingesetzt, die den dotierten HL nicht verarmen oder einer der nasschemischen Schritte wurde so angepasst, dass die extrem verarmte Schicht der HL-Oberfl{\"a}che entfernt wurde. Die einfachsten spintronischen Bauelemente (Streifen) und magnetischen Logikelemente sowie deren Ergebnisse werden im Kapitel 4 diskutiert. Hier wurde eindeutig gezeigt, dass die Streifen bei niedrigen Stromdichten nicht v{\"o}llig uniaxial sind, w{\"a}hrend bei erh{\"o}hten Stromdichten die Uniaxialit{\"a}t immer dominanter wird. Dies war jedoch zu erwarten, da bei erh{\"o}hten Stromdichten die Temperatur auch ansteigt und da, bei erh{\"o}hter Temperatur, die biaxiale Anisotropie mit M4, die uniaxiale aber jedoch nur mit M2 abf{\"a}llt - die dominante Anisotropie wechselt folglich von biaxial zu uniaxial [2]. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden die Grundlagen gelegt, um Speicherelemente und Datenverarbeitung in einem einzigen Halbleiter (Ga,Mn)As herzustellen. Auf Basis dieser Arbeit und den dabei gewonnenen litographischen Erkentnissen wurden, in nachfolgenden Arbeiten, solche Bauelemente realisiert [3]. Spin-Kaloritronik: Wie schon Eingangs erw{\"a}hnt, wird im Allgemeinen davon ausgegangen, dass die Miniaturisierung der zuk{\"u}nftigen Elektronik weitergef{\"u}hrt werden kann. Bei stetiger Verkleinerung der Strukturen kommt es in heutigen Anwendungen zu immer gr{\"o}ßeren Problemen bei der W{\"a}rmeabfuhr. Die Folgen der Temperaturdifferenzen innerhalb der Strukturen f{\"u}hren dabei zu sog. Hotspots oder sogar Materialsch{\"a}den. Temperaturunterschiede m{\"u}ssen aber nicht nur negative Auswirkungen haben. So wurde an einem ferromagnetischen System aus Nickel, Eisen und Platin der sogenannte Spin-Seebeck-Effekt gemessen, bei dem die Elektronen in den Regionen verschiedener Temperatur unterschiedliche Spinpolarisationen zeigen [4]. Eine Batterie, die diesen spinpolarisierten Strom nutzt, k{\"o}nnte einen entscheidenden Fortschritt in der Spintronik bedeuten. Dieser Bereich der Forschung an thermoelektrischen Effekten, bei denen ferromagnetische Materialien involviert sind, wird auch „spin-caloritronics" genannt [5]. Die Kapitel 5 und 6 besch{\"a}ftigen sich mit einer neuartigen Klasse spintronischer Bauteile. wh{\"a}rend das Kapitel 5 sich mit einer neuartigen Klasse spintronischer Bauteile, f{\"u}r die von uns als Bezeichnung TAMT („tunnel anisotropic magneto thermopower") eingef{\"u}hrt wurde, besch{\"a}ftigt, wird in Kapitel 6 an einem ver{\"a}nderten Probenlayout der Nernst-Effekt nachgewiesen. Die Geometrie wurde in beiden f{\"a}llen so gew{\"a}hlt und hergestellt, dass durch die Anisotropien des (Ga,Mn)As die beiden thermoelektrische Effekte (Seebeck- und Nernst-Effekt) auf einen n+-p+-{\"U}bergang {\"u}bertragen werden konnten. Durch einen Strom, in einem mit Silizium hoch dotierten GaAs-Heizkanal, kann jeweils ein vertikaler Temperaturgradient erzeugt werden. Die hierbei entstehenden Thermospannungen wurden durch eine vollst{\"a}ndige elektrische Charaktri sierungsmessung mit Hilfe pr{\"a}ziser Lock-in-Verst{\"a}rker-Technik detektiert. Das Kapitel 5 besch{\"a}ftigt sich mit allen Bereichen, von der Idee bis hin zu Messungen und Analysen des Seebeck-Effektes an einem n-p-{\"U}bergang (TAMT). Außerdem ist ein sehr einfaches numerisches Modell dargestellt, dass den gefundenen Effekt theoretisch beschreibt. Durch die bekannten thermoelektrischen Effekte ergibt sich ein Temperaturgradient der immer zu einer Thermospannung und somit zu einem Thermostrom entlang des Gradienten f{\"u}hrt. F{\"u}r zuk{\"u}nftige Entwicklungen ist es demnach wichtig, diese Effekte zu beachten und diese bei elektrischen Messungen an Nanostrukturen als m{\"o}gliche, zus{\"a}tzliche Ursache eines Messsignals in Betracht zu ziehen. In den vorliegenden Proben ist der Seebeck-Effekt stark anisotrop, mit einem gr{\"o}ßeren Thermospannungswert f{\"u}r Magnetisierungen entlang der magnetisch harten Achsen des (Ga,Mn)As. Es wurde ein einfaches Model entwickelt, welches das Tunneln von Elektronen zwischen zwei unterschiedlich warmen Bereichen erkl{\"a}rt. Die Abh{\"a}ngigkeit des Effekts von der Temperatur des Heizkanals wurde anhand dieses Models sowohl qualitativ als auch gr{\"o}ßenordnungsm{\"a}ßig korrekt beschrieben. Die Nernst-Proben wurden von der Theorie bis zur Herstellung so entwickelt, dass in derselben Anordnung eine im (Ga,Mn)As senkrecht zum Temperaturgradienten gerichtete Spannung zus{\"a}tzlich gemessen werden konnte. Diese wurde durch den Nernst-Effekt erkl{\"a}rt. Besonders interessant war, dass die Gr{\"o}ße der Nernst-Spannung hierbei mit der Magnetisierung im (Ga,Mn)As verkn{\"u}pft ist und somit ein aus der typischen Magnetisierungsumkehr hervorgehendes Verhalten zeigt. Gegen{\"u}ber den Magnetowiderstandseffekten entsteht beim Nernst-Effekt in sogenannten Fingerprints (vgl. Kapitel 1.3.3) ein dreistufiges Farbmuster anstelle eines zweistufigen hoch-tief-Systems. Die entstehende Temperatur im Heizkanal wird jeweils durch eine longitudinale Widerstandsmessung in einem senkrecht zum Kanal gerichteten {\"a}ußeren Magnetfeld bestimmt. Die Magnetfeldabh{\"a}ngigkeit des Widerstands kommt hierbei durch den Effekt der schwachen Lokalisierung in d{\"u}nnen Filmen zustande. Zusammenfassend stellen die Magneto-Thermoelektrizit{\"a}tseffekte eine wichtige weitere Transporteigenschaft in ferromagnetischen Halbleitern dar, die mit der Magnetisierung direkt zusammenh{\"a}ngen. In dieser Arbeit wurden Thermospannungen an (Ga,Mn)As-Schichten mit vergleichsweise hoher Mangankonzentration untersucht. Allerdings sind die Thermoelektrizit{\"a}tseigenschaften zusammen mit Magneto-Widerstandsmessungen in Zukunft in der Lage, zus{\"a}tzliche Informationen {\"u}ber die Bandstruktur sowie die Ladungstr{\"a}gereigenschaften in Materialsystemen mit niedrigerem Mangangehalt, insbesondere in der N{\"a}he des Metall-Isolator-{\"U}bergangs, zu liefern. Inhalt des Anhangs ist eine ausf{\"u}hrliche Anleitung zur Optimierung der Probenherstellung bzw. der verschiedenen Bauelemente.}, subject = {Spintronik}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Kraus2014, author = {Kraus, Hannes}, title = {Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance on Organic and Inorganic Carbon-Based Semiconductors}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-106308}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2014}, abstract = {In dieser Arbeit werden drei verschiedene kohlenstoffbasierte Materialsysteme behandelt: (i) Organische Halbleiter und kleine Molek{\"u}le, in Kombination mit Fullerenen f{\"u}r Anwendungen in der organischen Photovoltaik (OPV), (ii) Halbleitende Einzelwand-Kohlenstoffnanor{\"o}hren und (iii) Siliziumkarbid (SiC), dessen Defekte erst seit kurzem als Kandidaten f{\"u}r Quantenapplikationen gehandelt werden. Alle Systeme wurden mit optisch detektierter Magnetresonanzspektroskopie (ODMR) untersucht. Im OPV-Kapitel, die intrinsischen Parameter und Orientierungen von Exzitonen mit hohem Spin wurden f{\"u}r die Materialsysteme P3HT, PTB7 und DIP untersucht. Speziell der Einfluss von Ordnung diesen organischen Systemen wurde diskutiert. Der zweite Teil des Kapitels besch{\"a}ftigt sich mit Triplettgeneration mittels Elektronenr{\"u}cktransfer im leistungsf{\"a}higen Materialsystem PTB7:PC71BM. Das Kohlenstoffnanor{\"o}hren-Kapitel zeigt zuert den ersten zweifelsfreien Nachweis von Triplettexzitonen in halbleitenden (6,5) Einzelwandkohlenstoffnanor{\"o}hren (SWNT), mittels ODMR-Spektroskopie. Ein Modell f{\"u}r die Anregungskinetik, die intrinsischen Parameter des Exzitons und Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von der Orientierung der R{\"o}hren wurden diskutiert. Der letzte Teil der Arbeit gilt Spinzentren in Siliziumkarbid. Nach einer kurzen Einf{\"u}hrung in das Materialsystem wird die Spinmultiplizit{\"a}t f{\"u}r die V2 und V3 Siliziumfehlstellen, sowie eines Frenkelpaars und eines noch nicht zugeordneten Defekts (UD) in 6H SiC, weiterhin f{\"u}r die V2 Fehlstelle und das Frenkelpaar in 4H SiC, durchg{\"a}ngig zu S=3/2 festgestellt. Das spinpolarisierte Bef{\"u}llen der 3/2-Zust{\"a}nde des Grundzustands der Siliziumfehlstellen erlaubt stimulierte Mikrowellenemission. Ausserdem wurde f{\"u}r UD und Frenkelpaar in 6H SiC eine große Temperaturabh{\"a}ngigkeit der Nullfeldparameter festgestellt, w{\"a}hrend die Siliziumfehlstellen temperaturunabh{\"a}ngig sind. Anwendung des UD und Frenkelpaars als Temperatursensor, und der Vakanzen als Vektormagnetometer wurden diskutiert.}, subject = {ODMR-Spektroskopie}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-12741, title = {Measurement of the W boson polarization in top quark decays with the ATLAS detector}, series = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, volume = {06}, journal = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, number = {88}, organization = {ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1007/JHEP06(2012)088}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-127417}, year = {2012}, abstract = {This paper presents measurements of the polarization of W bosons in top quark decays, derived from \(t\overline{t}\) events with missing transverse momentum, one charged lepton and at least four jets, or two charged leptons and at least two jets. Data from pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV were collected with the ATLAS experiment at the LHC and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 1.04 fb\(^{-1}\). The measured fractions of longitudinally, left- and right-handed polarization are F\(_0\) = 0.67 ± 0.07, F\(_L\) = 0.32 ± 0.04 and F\(_R\) = 0.01 ± 0.05, in agreement with the Standard Model predictions. As the polarization of the W bosons in top quark decays is sensitive to the Wtb vertex Lorentz structure and couplings, the measurements were used to set limits on anomalous contributions to the Wtb couplings.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-12742, title = {Search for a fermiophobic Higgs boson in the diphoton decay channel with the ATLAS detector}, series = {The European Physical Journal C}, volume = {72}, journal = {The European Physical Journal C}, number = {2157}, organization = {ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-012-2157-0}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-127427}, year = {2012}, abstract = {A search for a fermiophobic Higgs boson using diphoton events produced in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of √s=7 TeV is performed using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.9 fb\(^{-1}\) collected by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. A specific benchmark model is considered where all the fermion couplings to the Higgs boson are set to zero and the bosonic couplings are kept at the Standard Model values (fermiophobic Higgs model). The largest excess with respect to the background-only hypothesis is found at 125.5 GeV, with a local significance of 2.9 standard deviations, which reduces to 1.6 standard deviations when taking into account the look-elsewhere effect. The data exclude the fermiophobic Higgs model in the ranges 110.0-118.0 GeV and 119.5-121.0 GeV at 95 \% confidence level.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-12751, title = {Search for a heavy top-quark partner in final states with two leptons with the ATLAS detector at the LHC}, series = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, volume = {11}, journal = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, number = {094}, organization = {ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1007/JHEP11(2012)094}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-127511}, year = {2012}, abstract = {The results of a search for direct pair production of heavy top-quark partners in 4.7 fb\(^{-1}\) of integrated luminosity from pp collisions at √s=7 TeV collected by the ATLAS detector at the LHC are reported. Heavy top-quark partners decaying into a top quark and a neutral non-interacting particle are searched for in events with two leptons in the final state. No excess above the Standard Model expectation is observed. Limits are placed on the mass of a supersymmetric scalar top and of a spin-1/2 top-quark partner. A spin-1/2 top-quark partner with a mass between 300 GeV and 480 GeV, decaying to a top quark and a neutral non-interacting particle lighter than 100 GeV, is excluded at 95\% confidence level.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-12752, title = {Search for top and bottom squarks from gluino pair production in final states with missing transverse energy and at least three b-jets with the ATLAS detector}, series = {The European Physical Journal C}, volume = {72}, journal = {The European Physical Journal C}, number = {2174}, organization = {The ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-012-2174-z}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-127523}, year = {2012}, abstract = {This letter reports the results of a search for top and bottom squarks from gluino pair production in 4.7 fb\(^{-1}\) of pp collisions at √s=7 TeV using the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The search is performed in events with large missing transverse momentum and at least three jets identified as originating from a b-quark. Exclusion limits are presented for a variety of gluino-mediated models with gluino masses up to 1 TeV excluded.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-12753, title = {Performance of missing transverse momentum reconstruction in proton-proton collisions at √s=7 TeV with ATLAS}, series = {The European Physical Journal C}, volume = {72}, journal = {The European Physical Journal C}, number = {1844}, organization = {ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-011-1844-6}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-127530}, year = {2012}, abstract = {The measurement of missing transverse momentum in the ATLAS detector, described in this paper, makes use of the full event reconstruction and a calibration based on reconstructed physics objects. The performance of the missing transverse momentum reconstruction is evaluated using data collected in pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV in 2010. Minimum bias events and events with jets of hadrons are used from data samples corresponding to an integrated luminosity of about 0.3 nb\(^{-1}\) and 600 nb\(^{-1}\) respectively, together with events containing a Z boson decaying to two leptons (electrons or muons) or a W boson decaying to a lepton (electron or muon) and a neutrino, from a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of about 36 pb\(^{-1}\). An estimate of the systematic uncertainty on the missing transverse momentum scale is presented}, language = {en} } @article{AadAbbottAbdallahetal.2012, author = {Aad, G. and Abbott, B. and Abdallah, J. and Abdelalim, A. A. and Abdesselam, A.}, title = {Performance of the ATLAS Trigger System in 2010}, series = {The European Physical Journal C}, volume = {72}, journal = {The European Physical Journal C}, number = {1849}, doi = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-011-1849-1}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-127321}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Proton-proton collisions at √s=7 TeV and heavy ion collisions at \(\sqrt{sNN}\)=2.76 TeV were produced by the LHC and recorded using the ATLAS experiment's trigger system in 2010. The LHC is designed with a maximum bunch crossing rate of 40 MHz and the ATLAS trigger system is designed to record approximately 200 of these per second. The trigger system selects events by rapidly identifying signatures of muon, electron, photon, tau lepton, jet, and B meson candidates, as well as using global event signatures, such as missing transverse energy. An overview of the ATLAS trigger system, the evolution of the system during 2010 and the performance of the trigger system components and selections based on the 2010 collision data are shown. A brief outline of plans for the trigger system in 2011 is presented.}, language = {en} } @article{AadAbbottAbdallahetal.2012, author = {Aad, G. and Abbott, B. and Abdallah, J. and Abdelalim, A. A. and Abdesselam, A.}, title = {Forward-backward correlations and charged-particle azimuthal distributions in pp interactions using the ATLAS detector}, series = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, volume = {7}, journal = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, number = {19}, organization = {ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1007/JHEP07(2012)019}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-127336}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Using inelastic proton-proton interactions at s√=900 GeV and 7 TeV, recorded by the ATLAS detector at the LHC, measurements have been made of the correlations between forward and backward charged-particle multiplicities and, for the first time, between forward and backward charged-particle summed transverse momentum. In addition, jet-like structure in the events is studied by means of azimuthal distributions of charged particles relative to the charged particle with highest transverse momentum in a selected kinematic region of the event. The results are compared with predictions from tunes of the pythia and herwig++ Monte Carlo generators, which in most cases are found to provide a reasonable description of the data.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-12735, title = {Measurement of inclusive two-particle angular correlations in pp collisions with the ATLAS detector at the LHC}, series = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, volume = {05}, journal = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, number = {157}, organization = {ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1007/JHEP05(2012)157}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-127350}, year = {2012}, abstract = {We present a measurement of two-particle angular correlations in proton- proton collisions at √s=900 GeV and 7 TeV. The collision events were collected during 2009 and 2010 with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider using a single-arm minimum bias trigger. Correlations are measured for charged particles produced in the kinematic range of transverse momentum p\(_T\)  > 100 MeV and pseudorapidity |η| < 2.5. A complex structure in pseudorapidity and azimuth is observed at both collision energies. Results are compared to PYTHIA 8 and HERWIG++ as well as to the AMBT2B, DW and Perugia 2011 tunes of PYTHIA 6. The data are not satisfactorily described by any of these models.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-12779, title = {Search for heavy neutrinos and right-handed W bosons in events with two leptons and jets in pp collisions at \(\sqrt{s}\)=7TeV with the ATLAS detector}, series = {The European Physical Journal C}, volume = {72}, journal = {The European Physical Journal C}, number = {2056}, organization = {The ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-012-2056-4}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-127796}, year = {2012}, abstract = {This letter reports on a search for hypothetical heavy neutrinos, N, and right-handed gauge bosons, W R, in events with high transverse momentum objects which include two reconstructed leptons and at least one hadronic jet. The results were obtained from data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.1 fb\(^{-1}\) collected in proton-proton collisions at √s=7 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. No excess above the Standard Model background expectation is observed. Excluded mass regions for Majorana and Dirac neutrinos are presented using two approaches for interactions that violate lepton and lepton-flavor numbers. One approach uses an effective operator framework, the other approach is guided by the Left-Right Symmetric Model. The results described in this letter represent the most stringent limits to date on the masses of heavy neutrinos and W\(_R\) bosons obtained in direct searches.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-12780, title = {Measurement of τ polarization in W→τν decays with the ATLAS detector in pp collisions at s√=7 TeV}, series = {The European Physical Journal C}, volume = {72}, journal = {The European Physical Journal C}, number = {2062}, organization = {ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-012-2062-6}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-127807}, year = {2012}, abstract = {In this paper, a measurement of τ polarization in W→τν decays is presented. It is measured from the energies of the decay products in hadronic τ decays with a single final state charged particle. The data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 24 pb\(^{-1}\), were collected by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider in 2010. The measured value of the τ polarization is P\(_τ\)=-1.06±0.04 (stat)\(^{+0.05}_{-0.07}\) (syst), in agreement with the Standard Model prediction, and is consistent with a physically allowed 95 \% CL interval [-1,-0.91]. Measurements of τ polarization have not previously been made at hadron colliders.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-12781, title = {Measurement of event shapes at large momentum transfer with the ATLAS detector in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV}, series = {The European Physical Journal C}, volume = {72}, journal = {The European Physical Journal C}, number = {2211}, organization = {ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-012-2211-y}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-127813}, year = {2012}, abstract = {A measurement of event shape variables is presented for large momentum transfer proton-proton collisions using the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Six event shape variables calculated using hadronic jets are studied in inclusive multi-jet events in 35 pb\(^{-1}\) of integrated luminosity at a center-of-mass energy of √s=7 TeV. These measurements are compared to predictions by three Monte Carlo event generators containing leading-logarithmic parton showers matched to leading order matrix elements for 2→2 and 2→n (n=2,…,6) scattering. Measurements of the third-jet resolution parameter, aplanarity, thrust, sphericity, and transverse sphericity are generally well described. The mean value of each event shape variable is evaluated as a function of the average momentum of the two leading jets p\(_{T,1}\) and p\(_{T,2}\), with a mean p\(_T\) approaching 1 TeV.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-12785, title = {Search for anomaly-mediated supersymmetry breaking with the ATLAS detector based on a disappearing-track signature in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV}, series = {The European Physical Journal C}, volume = {72}, journal = {The European Physical Journal C}, number = {1993}, organization = {ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-012-1993-2}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-127850}, year = {2012}, abstract = {In models of anomaly-mediated supersymmetry breaking (AMSB), the lightest chargino is predicted to have a lifetime long enough to be detected in collider experiments. This letter explores AMSB scenarios in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV by attempting to identify decaying charginos which result in tracks that appear to have few associated hits in the outer region of the tracking system. The search was based on data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.02 fb\(^{-1}\) collected with the ATLAS detector in 2011. The p\(_T\) spectrum of candidate tracks is found to be consistent with the expectation from Standard Model background processes and constraints on the lifetime and the production cross section were obtained. In the minimal AMSB framework with m\(_{3/2}\)<32 TeV, m\(_0\)<1.5 TeV, tanβ=5 and μ>0, a chargino having mass below 92 GeV and a lifetime between 0.5 ns and 2 ns is excluded at 95 \% confidence level.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-12795, title = {A search for \(t\overline t\) resonances with the ATLAS detector in 2.05 fb\(^{-1}\) of proton-proton collisions at √s=7 TeV}, series = {European Physical Journal C}, volume = {72}, journal = {European Physical Journal C}, number = {2083}, organization = {ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-012-2083-1}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-127959}, year = {2012}, abstract = {A search for top quark pair resonances in final states containing at least one electron or muon has been performed with the ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The search uses a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.05 fb\(^{-1}\), which was recorded in 2011 at a proton-proton centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV. No evidence for a resonance is found and limits are set on the production cross-section times branching ratio to \(t\overline t\) for narrow and wide resonances. For narrow Z′ bosons, the observed 95 \% Bayesian credibility level limits range from 9.3 pb to 0.95 pb for masses in the range of m Z′=500 GeV to m\(_{Z′}\)=1300 GeV. The corresponding excluded mass region for a leptophobic topcolour Z′ boson (Kaluza-Klein gluon excitation in the Randall-Sundrum model) is m\(_{Z′}\)<880 GeV (m\(_{gKK}\)<1130 GeV).}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-12796, title = {Measurement of W\(^{±}\)Z production in proton-proton collisions at √s=7 TeV with the ATLAS detector}, series = {European Physical Journal C}, volume = {72}, journal = {European Physical Journal C}, number = {2173}, organization = {ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-012-2173-0}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-127963}, year = {2012}, abstract = {A study of W\(^{±}\)Z production in proton-proton collisions at √s=7 TeV is presented using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.6 fb\(^{-1}\) collected with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider in 2011. In total, 317 candidates, with a background expectation of 68±10 events, are observed in double-leptonic decay final states with electrons, muons and missing transverse momentum. The total cross-section is determined to be σ\(^{tot}_{WZ}\)=19.0\(^{+1.4}_{-1.3}\)(stat.)±0.9(syst.)±0.4(lumi.) pb, consistent with the Standard Model expectation of 17.6\(^{+1.1}_{-1.0}\) pb. Limits on anomalous triple gauge boson couplings are derived using the transverse momentum spectrum of Z bosons in the selected events. The cross-section is also presented as a function of Z boson transverse momentum and diboson invariant mass.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-12797, title = {Search for high-mass resonances decaying to dilepton final states in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV with the ATLAS detector}, series = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, volume = {11}, journal = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, number = {138}, organization = {ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1007/JHEP11(2012)138}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-127974}, year = {2012}, abstract = {The ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider is used to search for high-mass resonances decaying to an electron-positron pair or a muon-antimuon pair. The search is sensitive to heavy neutral Z′ gauge bosons, Randall-Sundrum gravitons, Z* bosons, techni-mesons, Kaluza-Klein Z/γ bosons, and bosons predicted by Torsion models. Results are presented based on an analysis of pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.9 fb\(^{-1}\) in the e\(^+\)e\(^-\) channel and 5.0 fb\(^{-1}\) in the μ\(^+\)μ\(^-\)channel. A Z′ boson with Standard Model-like couplings is excluded at 95 \% confidence level for masses below 2.22 TeV. A Randall-Sundrum graviton with coupling k/\(\overline M_{Pl}\)=0.1 is excluded at 95 \% confidence level for masses below 2.16 TeV. Limits on the other models are also presented, including Technicolor and Minimal Z′ Models.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-12798, title = {Search for anomalous production of prompt like-sign lepton pairs at √s=7TeV with the ATLAS detector}, series = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, volume = {12}, journal = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, number = {7}, organization = {ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1007/JHEP12(2012)007}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-127983}, year = {2012}, abstract = {An inclusive search for anomalous production of two prompt, isolated leptons with the same electric charge is presented. The search is performed in a data sample corresponding to 4.7 fb\(^{-1}\) of integrated luminosity collected in 2011 at √s=7TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Pairs of leptons (e\(^{±}\)e\(^{±}\), e\(^{±}\)μ\(^{±}\), and μ\(^{±}\)μ\(^{±}\)) with large transverse momentum are selected, and the dilepton invariant mass distribution is examined for any deviation from the Standard Model expectation. No excess is found, and upper limits on the production cross section of like-sign lepton pairs from physics processes beyond the Standard Model are placed as a function of the dilepton invariant mass within a fiducial region close to the experimental selection criteria. The 95\% confidence level upper limits on the cross section of anomalous e\(^{±}\)e\(^{±}\), e\(^{±}\)μ\(^{±}\), or μ\(^{±}\)μ\(^{±}\) production range between 1.7 fb and 64 fb depending on the dilepton mass and flavour combination.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-12799, title = {Measurements of the pseudorapidity dependence of the total transverse energy in proton-proton collisions at √s=7 TeV with ATLAS}, series = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, volume = {11}, journal = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, number = {033}, organization = {ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1007/JHEP11(2012)033}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-127998}, year = {2012}, abstract = {This paper describes measurements of the sum of the transverse energy of particles as a function of particle pseudorapidity, η, in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy, √s=7 TeV using the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The measurements are performed in the region |η| < 4.8 for two event classes: those requiring the presence of particles with a low transverse momentum and those requiring particles with a significant transverse momentum. In the second dataset measurements are made in the region transverse to the hard scatter. The distributions are compared to the predictions of various Monte Carlo event generators, which generally tend to underestimate the amount of transverse energy at high |η|.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-12761, title = {Measurement of the polarisation of W bosons produced with large transverse momentum in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV with the ATLAS experiment}, series = {The European Physical Journal C}, volume = {72}, journal = {The European Physical Journal C}, number = {2001}, organization = {ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-012-2001-6}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-127615}, year = {2012}, abstract = {This paper describes an analysis of the angular distribution of W→eν and W→μν decays, using data from pp collisions at s√=7 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC in 2010, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of about 35 pb\(^{-1}\). Using the decay lepton transverse momentum and the missing transverse momentum, the W decay angular distribution projected onto the transverse plane is obtained and analysed in terms of helicity fractions f\(_0\), f\(_L\) and f\(_R\) over two ranges of W transverse momentum (p\(^W_T\)):3550 GeV. Good agreement is found with theoretical predictions. For p\(^W_T\)>50 GeV, the values of f\(_0\) and f\(_L\)-f\(_R\), averaged over charge and lepton flavour, are measured to be: f\(_0\)=0.127±0.030±0.108 and f\(_L\)-f\(_R\)=0.252±0.017±0.030, where the first uncertainties are statistical, and the second include all systematic effects.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-12762, title = {Rapidity gap cross sections measured with the ATLAS detector in pp collisions at √s=7TeV}, series = {The European Physical Journal C}, volume = {72}, journal = {The European Physical Journal C}, number = {1926}, organization = {ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-012-1926-0}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-127629}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Pseudorapidity gap distributions in proton-proton collisions at √s=7 TeV are studied using a minimum bias data sample with an integrated luminosity of 7.1 μb\(^{-1}\). Cross sections are measured differentially in terms of Δη\(^F\), the larger of the pseudorapidity regions extending to the limits of the ATLAS sensitivity, at η=±4.9, in which no final state particles are produced above a transverse momentum threshold pcutT. The measurements span the region 0<Δη\(^F\)<8 for 200MeV20). These limits provide the most stringent tests to date of GMSB models in a large part of the parameter space considered.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-12890, title = {Measurement of the charge asymmetry in top quark pair production in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV using the ATLAS detector}, series = {The European Physical Journal C}, volume = {72}, journal = {The European Physical Journal C}, number = {2039}, organization = {ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-012-2039-5}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-128904}, year = {2012}, abstract = {A measurement of the top-antitop production charge asymmetry A C is presented using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.04 fb\(^{-1}\) of pp collisions at √s=7 TeV collected by the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Events are selected with a single lepton (electron or muon), missing transverse momentum and at least four jets of which at least one jet is identified as coming from a b-quark. A kinematic fit is used to reconstruct the t\(\overline t\) event topology. After background subtraction, a Bayesian unfolding procedure is performed to correct for acceptance and detector effects. The measured value of A\(_C\) is AC=-0.019±0.028 (stat.)±0.024 (syst.), consistent with the prediction from the MC@NLO Monte Carlo generator of A\(_C\) =0.006±0.002. Measurements of A\(_C\) in two ranges of invariant mass of the top-antitop pair are also shown.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-12891, title = {Measurement of the top quark mass with the template method in the \(t\overline t\)→lepton+jets channel using ATLAS data}, series = {The European Physical Journal C}, volume = {72}, journal = {The European Physical Journal C}, number = {2046}, organization = {ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-012-2046-6}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-128912}, year = {2012}, abstract = {The top quark mass has been measured using the template method in the \(t\overline t\)→lepton+jets channel based on data recorded in 2011 with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The data were taken at a proton-proton centre-of-mass energy of √s=7 TeV and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 1.04 fb\(^{-1}\). The analyses in the e+jets and μ+jets decay channels yield consistent results. The top quark mass is measured to be m\(_{top}\)=174.5±0.6\(_{stat}\)±2.3\(_{syst}\) GeV.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-12892, title = {Measurement of the cross section for top-quark pair production in pp collisions at √s=7TeV with the ATLAS detector using final states with two high-p\(_T\) leptons}, series = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, volume = {5}, journal = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, number = {59}, organization = {ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1007/JHEP05(2012)059}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-128924}, year = {2012}, abstract = {A measurement is reported of the production cross section of top-quark pairs (\(t\overline t\)) in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Candidate events have a signature consistent with containing two isolated leptons, large missing transverse momentum, and at least two jets. Using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 0.70 fb\(^{-1}\), a \(t\overline t\) production cross section σ\(_{t\overline t}\)=176±5(stat.)\(^{+14}_{-11}\)(syst.)±8(lum.) pb is measured for an assumed top-quark mass of m\(_t\)  = 172.5 GeV. This measurement is in good agreement with Standard Model predictions.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-12893, title = {Measurement of \(t\overline t\) production with a veto on additional central jet activity in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV using the ATLAS detector}, series = {European Physical Journal C}, volume = {72}, journal = {European Physical Journal C}, number = {2043}, organization = {ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-012-2043-9}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-128931}, year = {2012}, abstract = {A measurement of the jet activity in \(t\overline t\) events produced in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV is presented, using 2.05 fb\(^{-1}\) of integrated luminosity collected by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The \(t\overline t\) events are selected in the dilepton decay channel with two identified b-jets from the top quark decays. Events are vetoed if they contain an additional jet with transverse momentum above a threshold in a central rapidity interval. The fraction of events surviving the jet veto is presented as a function of this threshold for four different central rapidity interval definitions. An alternate measurement is also performed, in which events are vetoed if the scalar transverse momentum sum of the additional jets in each rapidity interval is above a threshold. In both measurements, the data are corrected for detector effects and compared to the theoretical models implemented in MC@NLO, Powheg, Alpgen and Sherpa. The experimental uncertainties are often smaller than the spread of theoretical predictions, allowing deviations between data and theory to be observed in some regions of phase space.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-12959, title = {Hunt for new phenomena using large jet multiplicities and missing transverse momentum with ATLAS in 4.7 fb\(^{-1}\) of √s=7TeV proton-proton collisions}, series = {The Journal of High Energy Physics}, volume = {07}, journal = {The Journal of High Energy Physics}, number = {167}, organization = {ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1007/JHEP07(2012)167}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-129591}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Results are presented of a search for new particles decaying to large numbers of jets in association with missing transverse momentum, using 4.7 fb\(^{-1}\) of pp collision data at √s=7TeV collected by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider in 2011. The event selection requires missing transverse momentum, no isolated electrons or muons, and from ≥6 to ≥9 jets. No evidence is found for physics beyond the Standard Model. The results are interpreted in the context of a MSUGRA/CMSSM supersymmetric model, where, for large universal scalar mass m 0, gluino masses smaller than 840 GeV are excluded at the 95\% confidence level, extending previously published limits. Within a simplified model containing only a gluino octet and a neutralino, gluino masses smaller than 870 GeV are similarly excluded for neutralino masses below 100 GeV.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-12895, title = {Search for second generation scalar leptoquarks in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV with the ATLAS detector}, series = {The European Physical Journal C}, volume = {72}, journal = {The European Physical Journal C}, number = {2151}, organization = {ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-012-2151-6}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-128957}, year = {2012}, abstract = {The results of a search for the production of second generation scalar leptoquarks are presented for final states consisting of either two muons and at least two jets or a muon plus missing transverse momentum and at least two jets. A total of 1.03 fb\(^{-1}\) integrated luminosity of proton-proton collision data produced by the Large Hadron Collider at s√=7 TeV and recorded by the ATLAS detector is used for the search. The event yields in the signal regions are found to be consistent with the Standard Model background expectations. The production of second generation leptoquarks is excluded for a leptoquark mass m\(_{LQ}\)<594 (685) GeV at 95 \% confidence level, for a branching ratio of 0.5 (1.0) for leptoquark decay to a muon and a quark.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-12896, title = {Search for same-sign top-quark production and fourth-generation down-type quarks in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV with the ATLAS detector}, series = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, volume = {04}, journal = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, number = {69}, organization = {ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1007/JHEP04(2012)069}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-128960}, year = {2012}, abstract = {A search is presented for same-sign top-quark production and down-type heavy quarks of charge -1/3 in events with two isolated leptons (e or μ) that have the same electric charge, at least two jets and large missing transverse momentum. The data are selected from pp collisions at √s=7TeV recorded by the ATLAS detector and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 1.04 fb\(^{-1}\). The observed data are consistent with expectations from Standard Model processes. Upper limits are set at 95 \% confidence level on the cross section of new sources of same-sign top-quark pair production of 1.4-2.0 pb depending on the assumed mediator mass. Upper limits are also set on the pair-production cross-section for new heavy down-type quarks; a lower limit of 450 GeV is set at 95 \% confidence level on the mass of heavy down-type quarks under the assumption that they decay 100 \% of the time to W t.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-12897, title = {Jet mass and substructure of inclusive jets in √s=7 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS experiment}, series = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, volume = {05}, journal = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, number = {128}, organization = {ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1007/JHEP05(2012)128}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-128970}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Recent studies have highlighted the potential of jet substructure techniques to identify the hadronic decays of boosted heavy particles. These studies all rely upon the assumption that the internal substructure of jets generated by QCD radiation is well understood. In this article, this assumption is tested on an inclusive sample of jets recorded with the ATLAS detector in 2010, which corresponds to 35 pb\(^{-1}\) of pp collisions delivered by the LHC at √s=7TeV. In a subsample of events with single pp collisions, measurements corrected for detector efficiency and resolution are presented with full systematic uncertainties. Jet invariant mass, k\(_t\) splitting scales and N-subjettiness variables are presented for anti-k\(_t\) R = 1.0 jets and Cambridge-Aachen R = 1.2 jets. Jet invariant-mass spectra for Cambridge-Aachen R = 1.2 jets after a splitting and filtering procedure are also presented. Leading-order parton-shower Monte Carlo predictions for these variables are found to be broadly in agreement with data. The dependence of mean jet mass on additional pp interactions is also explored.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Steinbacher2015, author = {Steinbacher, Andreas Edgar}, title = {Circular dichroism and accumulative polarimetry of chiral femtochemistry}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-116500}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2015}, abstract = {This work brings forward successful implementations of ultrafast chirality-sensitive spectroscopic techniques by probing circular dichroism (CD) or optical rotation dispersion (ORD). Furthermore, also first steps towards chiral quantum control, i.e., the selective variation of the chiral properties of molecules with the help of coherent light, are presented. In the case of CD probing, a setup capable of mirroring an arbitrary polarization state of an ultrashort laser pulse was developed. Hence, by passing a left-circularly polarized laser pulse through this setup a right-circularly polarized laser pulse is generated. These two pulse enantiomers can be utilized as probe pulses in a pump--probe CD experiment. Besides CD spectroscopy, it can be utilized for anisotropy or ellipsometry spectroscopy also. Within this thesis, the approach is used to elucidate the photochemistry of hemoglobin, the oxygen transporting protein in mammalian blood. The oxygen loss can be triggered with laser pulses as well, and the results of the time-resolved CD experiment suggest a cascade-like relaxation, probably through different spin states, of the metallo-porphyrins in hemoglobin. The ORD probing was realized via the combination of common-path optical heterodyne interferometric polarimetry and accumulative femtosecond spectroscopy. Within this setup, on the one hand the applicability of this approach for ultrafast studies was demonstrated explicitly. On the other hand, the discrimination between an achiral and a racemic solution without prior spatial separation was realized. This was achieved by inducing an enantiomeric excess via polarized femtosecond laser pulses and following its evolution with the developed polarimeter. Hence, chiral selectivity was already achieved with this method which can be turned into chiral control if the polarized laser pulses are optimized to steer an enhancement of the enantiomeric excess. Furthermore, within this thesis, theoretical prerequisites for anisotropy-free pump--probe experiments with arbitrary polarized laser pulses were derived. Due to the small magnitude of optical chirality-sensitve signals, these results are important for any pump--probe chiral spectroscopy, like the CD probing presented in this thesis. Moreover, since for chiral quantum control the variation of the molecular structure is necessary, the knowledge about rearrangement reactions triggered by photons is necessary. Hence, within this thesis the ultrafast Wolff rearrangement of an α-diazocarbonyl was investigated via ultrafast photofragment ion spectroscopy in the gas phase. Though the compound is not chiral, the knowledge about the exact reaction mechanism is beneficial for future studies of chiral compounds.}, subject = {Ultrakurzzeitspektroskopie}, language = {en} } @misc{Gogolin2010, type = {Master Thesis}, author = {Gogolin, Christian}, title = {Pure State Quantum Statistical Mechanics}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-106065}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2010}, abstract = {The capabilities of a new approach towards the foundations of Statistical Mechanics are explored. The approach is genuine quantum in the sense that statistical behavior is a consequence of objective quantum uncertainties due to entanglement and uncertainty relations. No additional randomness is added by hand and no assumptions about a priori probabilities are made, instead measure concentration results are used to justify the methods of Statistical Physics. The approach explains the applicability of the microcanonical and canonical ensemble and the tendency to equilibrate in a natural way. This work contains a pedagogical review of the existing literature and some new results. The most important of which are: i) A measure theoretic justification for the microcanonical ensemble. ii) Bounds on the subsystem equilibration time. iii) A proof that a generic weak interaction causes decoherence in the energy eigenbasis. iv) A proof of a quantum H-Theorem. v) New estimates of the average effective dimension for initial product states and states from the mean energy ensemble. vi) A proof that time and ensemble averages of observables are typically close to each other. vii) A bound on the fluctuations of the purity of a system coupled to a bath.}, subject = {Quantenstatistik}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Dengel2013, author = {Dengel, Radu-Gabriel}, title = {Fabrication of magnetic artificial atoms}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-103162}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2013}, abstract = {This thesis presents the detailed development of the fabrication process and the first observations of artificial magnetic atoms from the II-VI diluted magnetic semiconductor alloy (Zn,Cd,Be,Mn)Se. In order to manufacture the vertical quantum dot device which exhibits artificial atom behavior a number of development steps are conducted. First, the II-VI heterostructure is adjusted for the linear transport regime. Second, state of the art vertical quantum dot fabrication techniques in the III-V material system are investigated regarding their portability to the II-VI heterostructure. And third, new approaches to the fabrication process are developed, taking into account the complexity of the heterostructure and its physical properties. Finally a multi-step fabrication process is presented, which is built up from electron beam and optical lithography, dry and wet etching and insulator deposition. This process allows for the processing of pillars with diameters down to 200 nm with an insulating dielectric and gate. Preliminary transport data on the fabricated vertical quantum dots are presendted confirming the magnetic nature of the resulting artificial atoms.}, subject = {Zwei-Sechs-Halbleiter}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Boariu2014, author = {Boariu, Florin Loredan}, title = {The "Hidden-Order" Phase Transition of URu2Si2 : Investigated by Angle-Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-98259}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2014}, abstract = {In 1985, an enigmatic second order phase transition was discovered in the actinide compound URu2Si2. Evading a microscopic description for nearly three decades in spite of numerous experimental and theoretical attempts, the name "hidden order Transition" was adopted for the effect. (...)}, subject = {Actinoide}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Kremling2013, author = {Kremling, Stefan}, title = {Charakterisierung von InP und InGaN Quantenpunkten als Einzelphotonenquellen sowie von AlGaInAs Quantenpunkten in Zwischenband-Solarzellen}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-101712}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Charakterisierung von Halbleiter-Quantenpunkten (QP) in unterschiedlichen Materialsystemen. Die hier dargelegten Untersuchungen wurden mit verschiedenen Methoden der optischen Spektroskopie durchgef{\"u}hrt. Zu Beginn der Arbeit werden theoretische Grundlagen von QP hinsichtlich ihrer elektronischen Struktur und statistischen Eigenschaften erl{\"a}utert. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus wird n{\"a}her auf die Physik von Solarzellen eingegangen, in dem die relevanten Gleichungen f{\"u}r die Beschreibung des Ladungstr{\"a}gertransportes hergeleitet und diskutiert werden. Darauf folgend werden die experimentelle Methoden erkl{\"a}rt, welche zur Charakterisierung der jeweiligen Proben dienten. Besonderes Augenmerk wird auf die Methode zur Messung des Zwei-Photonen-Absorptionsprozesses gelegt. Der Abschnitt der experimentell gewonnenen Ergebnisse beginnt mit Untersuchungen an einzelnen, spektral isolierten InP QP, welche mit ultralangsamen Wachstumsraten hergestellt wurden. Aufgrund der sehr geringen Fl{\"a}chendichte konnten grundlegende physikalische Eigenschaften von QP ohne zus{\"a}tzliche laterale Strukturierungen studiert werden. Mittels Messungen in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit der Anregungsleistung und Detektion in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit der Polarisation konnten die verschiedenen Lumineszenzlinien eines QP-Spektrums den jeweiligen exzitonischen Zust{\"a}nden zugeordnet werden. Zus{\"a}tzlich wurden die QP in einem externen Magnetfeld in Faraday-Konfiguration untersucht. Abschließend durchgef{\"u}hrte Autokorrelationsmessungen erlaubten die Untersuchung der zeitlichen Statistik der QP-Photonen. Es konnte die Emission einzelner Photonen nachgewiesen werden. Anschließend folgen spektroskopische Untersuchungen von InP QP, welche mittels sequentiellen Wachstums hergestellt wurden. Anhand von Messungen in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit der Anregungsleistung und best{\"a}tigt durch zeitaufgel{\"o}ste Messungen am QP-Ensemble wurde eine bimodale QP-Verteilung mit Typ-I und Typ-II Bandverlauf bestimmt. Zus{\"a}tzlich konnten an einzelnen, spektral isolierten QP verschiedene Exziton-Zust{\"a}nde identifiziert werden, bevor abschließend Autokorrelationsmessungen die Emission einzelner Photonen demonstrierten. Zur Steigerung der Auskoppeleffizienz der Photonen wurden InP QP in Mikros{\"a}ulenresonatoren, bestehend aus zwei Bragg-Spiegeln mit einer dazwischenliegenden GaInP Kavit{\"a}t, eingebettet. Anfangs wurde die Emission der Kavit{\"a}tsmode von Strukturen mit unterschiedlichen lateralen Durchmessern charakterisiert. Mittels Temperaturverstimmung konnte die Energie eines einzelnen QP-Exzitons in Resonanz mit der Resonatormode gebracht werden. Im Regime der schwachen Wechselwirkung wurde eine signifikante {\"U}berh{\"o}hung der Lumineszenzintensit{\"a}t aufgrund des Purcell-Effektes gemessen. Zus{\"a}tzlich wurde im Regime der schwachen Kopplung die Emission einzelner Photonen anhand von Korrelationsmessungen nachgewiesen. Im zweiten Schritt wurden die QP-Mikros{\"a}ulenresonatorstrukturen elektrisch angeregt. Nach einer grundlegenden Charakterisierung konnte auch hier mittels Temperaturverstimmung die Energie der Resonatormode mit der eines Exziton in Resonanz gebracht werden. Im Regime der schwachen Wechselwirkung stieg die Intensit{\"a}t der Lumineszenz aufgrund des Purcell-Effekts signifikant an. Zum Abschluss best{\"a}tigen Korrelationsmessungen den Nachweis der Emission einzelner Photonen. In Kapitel 6 werden die Eigenschaften von InGaN QP genauer analysiert. Nitrid-Verbindungshalbleiter kristallieren vorzugsweise stabil in der Wurtzit-Kristallstruktur. Polare Kristallebenen mit fehlender Spiegelsymmetrie f{\"u}hren zu starken piezoelektrischen Feldern. Dies hat eine Lumineszenz mit ausgepr{\"a}gter linearer Polarisation zur Folge hat. Diese Eigenschaft wurde mittels statistischen Untersuchungen n{\"a}her betrachtet. Zus{\"a}tzlich erlaubten Messungen in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit der Anregungsleistung die verschiedenen Exziton-Zust{\"a}nde eines QP zu identifizieren. Zudem wurde die Emission einzelner Photonen durch InGaN QP demonstriert, erstmals sogar bis zu einer Temperatur von 50 K. Im abschliessenden Kapitel wird eine m{\"o}gliche Anwendung von QP pr{\"a}sentiert, bei der Eigenschaften in Bauteilen gezielt ausgenutzt werden, um die Bandbreite der Photonenabsorption zu erh{\"o}hen. Das Konzept der Zwischenband-Solarzellen verspricht auch Photonen mit einer Energie kleiner der Bandl{\"u}cke des umgebenden Materials aufnehmen zu k{\"o}nnen und somit den spektralen Absorptionsbereich zu erweitern. F{\"u}r eine systematische Untersuchung wurden verschiedene Proben mit integrierten AlGaInAs QP hergestellt. Anhand der Strom-Spannungs-Kennlinien der jeweiligen Proben im Dunkeln und unter Beleuchtung konnten wichtige Solarzellenparameter bestimmt werden. Spektrale Messungen liefern Informationen {\"u}ber die externe Quanteneffizienz der Proben. Entscheidend f{\"u}r den experimentellen Nachweis des Funktionsprinzips der Zwischenband-Solarzellen ist die Messung der Zwei-Photonen-Absorption f{\"u}r zwei Photonen mit jeweils kleineren Energien als der Bandl{\"u}cke des umgebenden Materials.}, subject = {Quantenpunkt}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Tam2014, author = {Tam, Jason}, title = {Search for Second Generation Scalar Leptoquarks using the ATLAS Detector}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-103451}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Leptoquarks are hypothetical particles that attempt to explain the coincidental similarities between leptons and quarks included in SM. Their exact properties vary between different theoretical models, and there are no strong theoretical constraints on their possible mass values. They can possibly be produced from particle collisions, and there have already been searching efforts at previous collider experiments. Their presence have yet been observed, and this fact has been translated into lower bound exclusions on their possible mass values. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) being the most recently constructed particle collider with the highest collision energies ever achieved experimentally, provides a new platform to continue the search for Leptoquarks at even higher mass ranges. This thesis describes a search for pair-produced second-generation Leptoquarks using 20.3 fb-1 of data recorded by the ATLAS detector of LHC at √s = 8 TeV. Events with two oppositely charged muons and two or more jets in the final state were used. Candidate leptoquark events were selected with the help of four observables: the di-muon invariant mass (Mμμ ), the sum of the pT of the two muons (LT ), the sum of the pT of the two leading jets (HT ) and the average Leptoquark mass (MLQ ). Monte Carlo simulations of SM background processes have shown to be in good agreement with data, both in the region constructed using selection requirements for candiate leptoquark events and in the designated control regions. Since no significant excess of events was observed in data, a exclusion limit was set as a function of the Leptoquark mass.}, subject = {Leptoquark}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Naydenova2014, author = {Naydenova, Tsvetelina}, title = {A Study of Seebeck and Nernst effects in (Ga,Mn)As/normal semiconductor junctions}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-101981}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2014}, abstract = {The discovery of the Giant Magneto Resistance (GMR) effect in 1988 by Albert Fert [Baib 88] and Peter Gr{\"u}nberg [Bina 89] led to a rapid development of the field of spintronics and progress in the information technology. Semiconductor based spintronics, which appeared later, offered a possibility to combine storage and processing in a single monolithic device. A direct result is reduced heat dissipation. The observation of the spin Seebeck effect by Ushida [Uchi 08] in 2008 launched an increased interest and encouraged research in the field of spin caloritronics. Spintronics is about the coupling of charge and spin transport. Spin caloritronics studies the interaction between heat and spin currents. In contrast to spintronics and its variety of applications, a particular spin-caloritronic device has not yet been demonstrated. However, many of the novel phenomena in spin caloritronics can be detected in most spintronic devices. Moreover, thermoelectric effects might have a significant influence on spintronic device operation. This will be of particular interest for this work. Additional knowledge on the principle of coupling between heat and spin currents uncovers an alternative way to control heat dissipation and promises new device functionalities. This thesis aims to further extend the knowledge on thermoelectrics in materials with strong spin-orbit coupling, in this case the prototypical ferromagnetic semiconductor (Ga,Mn)As. The study is focused on the thermoelectric / thermomagnetic effects at the interface between a normal metal and the ferromagnetic (Ga,Mn)As. In such systems, the different interfaces provide a condition for minimal phonon drag contribution to the thermal effects. This suggests that only band contributions (a diffusion transport regime) to these effects will be measured. Chapter 2 begins with an introduction on the properties of the studied material system, and basics on thermoelectrics and spin caloritronics. The characteristic anisotropies of the (Ga,Mn)As density of states (DOS) and the corresponding magnetic properties are described. The DOS and magnetic anisotropies have an impact on the transport prop- erties of the material and that results in effects like tunneling anisotropic magnetores- istance (TAMR) [Goul 04]. Some of these effects will be used later as a reference to the results from thermoelectric / thermomagnetic measurements. The Fingerprint tech- nique [Papp 07a] is also described. The method gives an opportunity to easily study the anisotropies of materials in different device geometries. Chapter 3 continues with the experimental observation of the diffusion thermopower of (Ga,Mn)As / Si-doped GaAs tunnel junction. A device geometry for measuring the diffusion thermopower is proposed. It consists of a Si - doped GaAs heating channel with a Low Temperature (LT) GaAs / (Ga,Mn)As contact (junction) in the middle of the channel. A single Ti / Au contact is fabricated on the top of the junction. For transport characterization, the device is immersed in liquid He. A heating current technique is used to create a temperature difference by local heating of the electron system on the Si:GaAs side. An AC current at low frequency is sent through the channel and it heats the electron population in it, while the junction remains at liquid He temperature (experimentally con- firmed). A temperature difference arises between the heating channel and the (Ga,Mn)As contact. As a result, a thermal (Seebeck) voltage develops across the junction, which we call tunnelling anisotropic magneto thermopower (TAMT), similar to TAMR. TAMT is detected by means of a standard lock-in technique at double the heating current frequency (at 2f ). The Seebeck voltage is found to be linear with the temperature difference. That dependence suggests a diffusion transport regime. Lattice (phonon drag) contribution to the thermovoltage, which is usually highly nonlinear with temperature, is not observed. The value of the Seebeck coefficient of the junction at 4.2 K is estimated to be 0.5 µV/K. It is about three orders of magnitude smaller than the previously reported one [Pu 06]. Subsequently, the thermal voltage is studied in external magnetic fields. It is found that the thermopower is anisotropic with the magnetization direction. The anisotropy is explained with the anisotropies of the (Ga,Mn)As contact. Further, switching events are detected in the thermopower when the magnetic field is swept from negative to positive fields. The switchings remind of a spin valve signal and is similar to the results from previous experiments on spin injection using a (Ga,Mn)As contacts in a non-local detection scheme. That shows the importance of the thermoelectric effects and their possible contribution to the spin injection measurements. A polar plot of the collected switching fields for different magnetization angles reveals a biaxial anisotropy and resembles earlier TAMR measurements of (Ga,Mn)As tunnel junction. A simple cartoon model is introduced to describe and estimate the expected thermopower of the studied junction. The model yields a Fermi level inside of the (Ga,Mn)As valence band. Moreover, the model is found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. The Nernst effect of a (Ga,Mn)As / GaAs tunnel junction is studied in Chapter 4. A modified device geometry is introduced for this purpose. Instead of a single contact on the top of the square junction, four small contacts are fabricated to detect the Nernst signal. A temperature difference is maintained by means of a heating current technique described in Chapter 3. A magnetic field is applied parallel to the device plane. A voltage drop across two opposite contacts is detected at 2f. It appears that a simple cosine function with a parameter the angle between the magnetization and the [100] crystal direction in the (Ga,Mn)As layer manages to describe this signal which is attributed to the anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) of the ferromagnetic contact. Its symmetry is different than the Seebeck effect of the junction. For the temperature range of the thermopower measurements the ANE coefficient has a linear dependence on the temperature difference (∆T). For higher ∆T, a nonlinear dependence is observed for the coefficient. The ANE coefficient is found to be several orders of magnitude smaller than any Nernst coefficient in the literature. Both the temperature difference and the size of the ANE coefficient require further studies and analysis. Switching events are present in the measured Nernst signal when the magnetic field is swept from positive to negative values. These switchings are related to the switching fields in the ferromagnetic (Ga,Mn)As. Usually, there are two states which are present in TAMR or AMR measurements - low and high resistance. Instead of that, the Nernst signal appears to have three states - high, middle and low thermomagnetic voltage. That behaviour is governed not only by the magnetization, but also by the characteristic of the Nernst geometry. Chapter 5 summarizes the main observations of this thesis and contains ideas for future work and experiments.}, subject = {Galliumarsenid}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Hartmann2012, author = {Hartmann, Fabian}, title = {Elektrooptische Transporteigenschaften und stochastisch aktivierte Prozesse Resonanter Tunneldioden}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-90876}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden elektrooptische Transporteigenschaften und stochastisch aktivierte Prozesse Resonanter Tunneldioden (RTDs) bei Raumtemperatur untersucht. Die RTDs wurden auf dem III-V Halbleitermaterialsystem AlGaAs/GaAs durch Molekularstrahlepitaxie, Elektronenstrahllithographie und trockenchemischen {\"A}tztechniken hergestellt. Im Bereich des negativen differentiellen Leitwerts konnte bistabi-les Schalten und hierbei stochastisch aktivierte Dynamik nichtlinearer Systeme untersucht werden. Die Fl{\"a}chenabh{\"a}ngigkeit der {\"A}tzrate konnte ausgenutzt werden, um RTDs mit einem Stamm und zwei Transport{\"a}sten zu realisieren, welche hinsichtlich ihrer optischen und elektrischen Eigenschaften untersucht wurden. Im ersten experimentellen Abschnitt 3.1 werden die elektrischen Transporteigenschaften Resonanter Tunneldioden bei Raum-temperatur und die Fl{\"a}chenabh{\"a}ngigkeit des koh{\"a}renten und nicht-koh{\"a}renten Elektronen-transports analysiert. Die Realisierung universeller logischer Gatter (NOR und NAND) und deren Rekonfigurierbarkeit durch einen externen Kontrollparameter wird in Abschnitt 3.2 gezeigt. In Abschnitt 3.3 wird die Lichtsensitivit{\"a}t Resonanter Tunneldioden als Photode-tektoren f{\"u}r den sichtbaren Wellenl{\"a}ngenbereich und in Abschnitt 3.4 f{\"u}r die Telekommu-nikationswellenl{\"a}nge bei λ = 1,3 µm demonstriert.}, subject = {Resonanz-Tunneldiode}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Rauh2013, author = {Rauh, Daniel}, title = {Impact of Charge Carrier Density and Trap States on the Open Circuit Voltage and the Polaron Recombination in Organic Solar Cells}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-90083}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2013}, abstract = {The focus of this work is studying recombination mechanisms occurring in organic solar cells, as well as their impact on one of their most important parameters — the open circuit voltage Voc. Firstly, the relationship between Voc and the respective charge carrier density n in the active layer under open circuit conditions is analyzed. Therefor, a model after Shockley for the open circuit voltage is used, whose validity is proven with the aid of fits to the measured data. Thereby, it is emphasized that the equation is only valid under special conditions. In the used reference system P3HT:PC61BM the fits are in agreement with the measurement data only in the range of high temperatures (150 - 300 K), where Voc increases linearly with decreasing temperature. At lower temperatures (50 - 150 K), the experiment shows a saturation of Voc. This saturation cannot be explained with the model by the measured falling charge carrier density with decreasing temperatures. In this temperature range Voc is not directly related to the intrinsic properties of the active layer. Voc saturation is due to injection energy barriers at the contacts, which is ascertained by macroscopic simulations. Furthermore, it is observed that Voc in the case of saturation is equivalent to the so-called built-in potential. The difference between the built-in potential and the energy gap corresponds thereby to the sum of the energy barriers at both contacts. With the knowledge of the Voc(n) dependency for not contact limited solar cells, it is possible to investigate the recombination mechanisms of charge carriers in the active layer. For Langevin recombination the recombination rate is Rn2 (recombination order RO = 2), for Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) Rn1 (RO=1); in various publications RO higher than two is reported with two main explanations. 1: Trap states for charge carriers exist in the respective separated phases, i.e. electrons in the acceptor phase and holes in the donor phase, which leads to a delayed recombination of the charge carriers at the interface of both phases and finally to an apparent recombination order higher than 2. 2: The enhanced R(n) dependency is attributed to the so called recombination prefactor, which again is dependent from n dependent mobility µ. It is shown that for the system P3HT:PC61BM at room temperature the µ(n) dependency does nearly completely explain the higher RO but not at lower temperatures which in this case supports the first explanation. In the material system PTB7:PC71BM the increased RO cannot be explained by the µ(n) dependency even at room temperature. To support the importance of trap states in combination with a phase separation for the explanation of the enhanced RO, additional trap states were incorporated in the solar cells to investigate their influence on the recombination mechanisms. To achieve this, P3HT:PC61BM solar cells were exposed to synthetic air (in the dark and under illumination) or TCNQ was added in small concentrations to the active layer which act as electron traps. For the oxygen degraded solar cell the recombination order is determined by a combination of open Voc-transients and Voc(n) measurements. Thereby, a continuous increase of the recombination order from 2.4 to more than 5 is observed with higher degradation times. By the evaluation of the ideality factor it can be shown that the impact of SRH recombination is increasing with higher trap concentration in relation to Langevin recombination. A similar picture is revealed for solar cells with TCNQ as extrinsic trap states. Finally, a phenomenon called s-shaped IV-curves is investigated, which can sometimes occur for solar cells under illumination. As course of this a reduced surface recombination velocity can be found. Experimentally, the solar cells were fabricated using a special plasma treatment of the ITO contact. The measured IV-curves of such solar cells are reproduced by macroscopic simulations, where the surface recombination velocity is reduced. Hereby, it has to be distinguished between the surface recombination of majority and minority charge carriers at the respective contacts. The theory can be experimentally confirmed by illumination level dependent IV-curves as well as short circuit current density and open circuit voltage transients.}, subject = {Organische Solarzelle}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Summa2014, author = {Summa, Alexander}, title = {Modelling high-energy observables of supernova explosions}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-94608}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2014}, abstract = {In this work, high-energy observables arising during different phases of SN explosions are studied with respect to their potential for allowing conclusions on suggested explosion scenarios and physical mechanisms that are thought to influence the evolution of SNe in a major way. The focus on selected observables at keV and MeV energies is motivated by the appearance of large degeneracies that can even be found for disparate scenarios in many wavelength regimes. Since the discussed emission in the high-energy regime is directly linked to nuclear processes being usually very distinct for different suggested physical models, the signatures at keV and MeV energies allow for meaningful comparisons of simulations with observations.}, subject = {Supernova}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-27753, title = {Search for squarks and gluinos in final states with same-sign leptons and jets using 139 fb\(^{-1}\) of data collected with the ATLAS detector}, series = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, journal = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, number = {6}, organization = {The ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1007/JHEP06(2020)046}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-277538}, pages = {46}, year = {2020}, abstract = {A search for supersymmetric partners of gluons and quarks is presented, involving signatures with jets and either two isolated leptons (electrons or muons) with the same electric charge, or at least three isolated leptons. A data sample of proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider between 2015 and 2018, corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 139 fb(-1), is used for the search. No significant excess over the Standard Model expectation is observed. The results are interpreted in simplified supersymmetric models featuring both R-parity conservation and R-parity violation, raising the exclusion limits beyond those of previous ATLAS searches to 1600 GeV for gluino masses and 750 GeV for bottom and top squark masses in these scenarios.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-17369, title = {A measurement of the calorimeter response to single hadrons and determination of the jet energy scale uncertainty using LHC Run-1 \(pp\)-collision data with the ATLAS detector}, series = {European Physical Journal C}, volume = {77}, journal = {European Physical Journal C}, number = {26}, organization = {The ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-016-4580-0}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-173690}, year = {2017}, abstract = {A measurement of the calorimeter response to isolated charged hadrons in the ATLAS detector at the LHC is presented. This measurement is performed with 3.2 nb\(^{-1}\) of proton-proton collision data at \(\sqrt{s}\) = 7 TeV from 2010 and 0.1 nb\(^{-1}\) of data at \(\sqrt{s}\) = 8 TeV from 2012. A number of aspects of the calorimeter response to isolated hadrons are explored. After accounting for energy deposited by neutral particles, there is a 5\% discrepancy in the modelling, using various sets of GEANT4 hadronic physics models, of the calorimeter response to isolated charged hadrons in the central calorimeter region. The description of the response to anti-protons at low momenta is found to be improved with respect to previous analyses. The electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters are also examined separately, and the detector simulation is found to describe the response in the hadronic calorimeter well. The jet energy scale uncertainty and correlations in scale between jets of different momenta and pseudorapidity are derived based on these studies. The uncertainty is 2-5\% for jets with transverse momenta above 2 TeV, where this method provides the jet energy scale uncertainty for ATLAS.}, language = {en} } @article{AeschlimannBrixnerCinchettietal.2017, author = {Aeschlimann, Martin and Brixner, Tobias and Cinchetti, Mirko and Frisch, Benjamin and Hecht, Bert and Hensen, Matthias and Huber, Bernhard and Kramer, Christian and Krauss, Enno and Loeber, Thomas H. and Pfeiffer, Walter and Piecuch, Martin and Thielen, Philip}, title = {Cavity-assisted ultrafast long-range periodic energy transfer between plasmonic nanoantennas}, series = {Light: Science \& Applications}, volume = {6}, journal = {Light: Science \& Applications}, doi = {10.1038/lsa.2017.111}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-173265}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Radiationless energy transfer is at the core of diverse phenomena, such as light harvesting in photosynthesis\(^1\), energy-transfer-based microspectroscopies\(^2\), nanoscale quantum entanglement\(^3\) and photonic-mode hybridization\(^4\). Typically, the transfer is efficient only for separations that are much shorter than the diffraction limit. This hampers its application in optical communication and quantum information processing, which require spatially selective addressing. Here, we demonstrate highly efficient radiationless coherent energy transfer over a distance of twice the excitation wavelength by combining localized and delocalized\(^5\) plasmonic modes. Analogous to the Tavis-Cummings model, two whispering-gallery-mode antennas\(^6\) placed in the foci of an elliptical plasmonic cavity\(^7\) fabricated from single-crystal gold plates act as a pair of oscillators coupled to a common cavity mode. Time-resolved two-photon photoemission electron microscopy (TR 2P-PEEM) reveals an ultrafast long-range periodic energy transfer in accordance with the simulations. Our observations open perspectives for the optimization and tailoring of mesoscopic energy transfer and long-range quantum emitter coupling.}, language = {en} } @techreport{Gross2022, author = {Groß, Lennart}, title = {Advices derived from troubleshooting a sensor-based adaptive optics direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscope}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-28995}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-289951}, pages = {20}, year = {2022}, abstract = {One rarely finds practical guidelines for the implementation of complex optical setups. Here, we aim to provide technical details on the decision making of building and revising a custom sensor-based adaptive optics (AO) direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscope (dSTORM) to provide practical assistance in setting up or troubleshooting similar devices. The foundation of this report is an instrument constructed as part of a master's thesis in 2021, which was built for deep tissue imaging. The setup is presented in the following way: (1) An optical and mechanical overview of the system at the beginning of this internship is given. (2) The optical components are described in detail in the order at which the light passes through, highlighting their working principle and implementation in the system. The optical component include (2A) a focus on even sample illumination, (2B) restoring telecentricity when working with commercial microscope bodies, (2C) the AO elements, namely the deformable mirror (DM) and the wavefront sensor, and their integration, and (2D) the separation of wavefront and image capture using fluorescent beads and a dichroic mirror. After addressing the limitations of the existing setup, modification options are derived. The modifications include the implementation of adjustment only light paths to improve system stability and revise the degrees of freedom of the components and changes in lens choices to meet the specifications of the AO components. Last, the capabilities of the modified setup are presented and discussed: (1) First, we enable epifluorescence imaging of bead samples through 180 µm unstained murine hippocampal tissue with wavefront error correction of ~ 90 \%. Point spread function, wavefront shape and Zernike decomposition of bead samples are presented. (2) Second, we move from epifluorescent to dSTORM imaging of tubulin stained primary mouse hippocampal cells, which are imaged through up to 180 µm of unstained murine hippocampal tissue. We show that full width at half maximum (FWHM) of prominent features can be reduced in size by nearly a magnitude from uncorrected epiflourescence images to dSTORM images corrected by the adaptive optics. We present dSTORM localization count and FWHM of prominent features as as a function of imaging depth.}, subject = {Einzelmolek{\"u}lmikroskopie}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-17371, title = {Search for triboson \({W^\pm}{W^\pm}{W^\mp}\) production in \(pp\) collisions at \(\sqrt{s}\) = 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector}, series = {European Physical Journal C}, volume = {77}, journal = {European Physical Journal C}, number = {141}, organization = {The ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-017-4692-1}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-173710}, year = {2017}, abstract = {This paper reports a search for triboson \({W^\pm}{W^\pm}{W^\mp}\) production in two decay channels (\({W^\pm}{W^\pm}{W^\mp}\) → \({ℓ^\pm}{νℓ^\pm}{νℓ^\mp}{ν}\) and \({W^\pm}{W^\pm}{W^\mp}\) → \({ℓ^\pm}{νℓ^\pm}{νjj}\) with \(ℓ=e,μ\)) in proton-proton collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 20.3 fb\(^{-1}\) at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Events with exactly three charged leptons, or two leptons with the same electric charge in association with two jets, are selected. The total number of events observed in data is consistent with the Standard Model (SM) predictions. The observed 95\% confidence level upper limit on the SM \({W^\pm}{W^\pm}{W^\mp}\) production cross section is found to be 730 fb with an expected limit of 560 fb in the absence of SM \({W^\pm}{W^\pm}{W^\mp}\) production. Limits are also set on \(WWWW\) anomalous quartic gauge couplings.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-17360, title = {Measurements of charge and CP asymmetries in \(b\)-hadron decays using top-quark events collected by the ATLAS detector in \(pp\) collisions at \(\sqrt{s}\) = 8 TeV}, series = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, volume = {2017}, journal = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, number = {02}, organization = {The ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1007/JHEP02(2017)071}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-173603}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Same- and opposite-sign charge asymmetries are measured in lepton+jets \({t\overline{t}}\) events in which a \(b\)-hadron decays semileptonically to a soft muon, using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 20.3 fb\(^{-1}\) from proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of \(\sqrt{s}\) = 8 TeV collected with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. The charge asymmetries are based on the charge of the lepton from the top-quark decay and the charge of the soft muon from the semileptonic decay of a \(b\)-hadron and are measured in a fiducial region corresponding to the experimental acceptance. Four CP asymmetries (one mixing and three direct) are measured and are found to be compatible with zero and consistent with the Standard Model.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-17241, title = {Measurement of \(b\)-hadron pair production with the ATLAS detector in proton-proton collisions at \(\sqrt{s}=8\) TeV}, series = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, volume = {2017}, journal = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, number = {11}, organization = {The ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1007/JHEP11(2017)062}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-172414}, year = {2017}, abstract = {A measurement of \(b\)-hadron pair production is presented, based on a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 11.4 fb\(^{-1}\) of proton-proton collisions recorded at \(\sqrt{s}=8\) TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Events are selected in which a \(b\)-hadron is reconstructed in a decay channel containing \(J/ψ → μμ\), and a second \(b\)-hadron is reconstructed in a decay channel containing a muon. Results are presented in a fiducial volume defined by kinematic requirements on three muons based on those used in the analysis. The fiducial cross section is measured to be 17.7 ± 0.1(stat.) ± 2.0(syst.) nb. A number of normalised differential cross sections are also measured, and compared to predictions from the PHYTHIA8, HERWIG++, MADGRAPH5_AMC@NLO+PYTHIA8 and SHERPA event generators, providing new constraints on heavy flavour production.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-17221, title = {Evidence for the \(H\) → \({b\overline{b}}\) decay with the ATLAS detector}, series = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, volume = {24}, journal = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, organization = {The ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1007/JHEP12(2017)024}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-172216}, year = {2017}, abstract = {A search for the decay of the Standard Model Higgs boson into a \({b\overline{b}}\) pair when produced in association with a \(W\) or \(Z\) boson is performed with the ATLAS detector. The analysed data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb\(^{-1}\), were collected in proton-proton collisions in Run 2 of the Large Hadron Collider at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. Final states containing zero, one and two charged leptons (electrons or muons) are considered, targeting the decays \(Z\) → \({νν}\), \(W\) → \({ℓν}\) and \(Z\) → \({ℓℓ}\). For a Higgs boson mass of 125 GeV, an excess of events over the expected background from other Standard Model processes is found with an observed significance of 3.5 standard deviations, compared to an expectation of 3.0 standard deviations. This excess provides evidence for the Higgs boson decay into b-quarks and for its production in association with a vector boson. The combination of this result with that of the Run 1 analysis yields a ratio of the measured signal events to the Standard Model expectation equal to 0.90 ± 0.18(stat.)\(^{+0.21}_{-0.19}\)(syst.). Assuming the Standard Model production cross-section, the results are consistent with the value of the Yukawa coupling to \(b\)-quarks in the Standard Model.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-17323, title = {Probing the \(W tb\) vertex structure in \(t\)-channel single-top-quark production and decay in \(pp\) collisions at \(\sqrt{s}\) = 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector}, series = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, volume = {2017}, journal = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, number = {04}, organization = {The ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP04(2017)124}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-173234}, year = {2017}, abstract = {To probe the \(W tb\) vertex structure, top-quark and \(W\)-boson polarisation observables are measured from \(t\)-channel single-top-quark events produced in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV. The dataset corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 20.2 fb\(^{-1}\), recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Selected events contain one isolated electron or muon, large missing transverse momentum and exactly two jets, with one of them identified as likely to contain a \(b\)-hadron. Stringent selection requirements are applied to discriminate \(t\)-channel single-top-quark events from background. The polarisation observables are extracted from asymmetries in angular distributions measured with respect to spin quantisation axes appropriately chosen for the top quark and the \(W\) boson. The asymmetry measurements are performed at parton level by correcting the observed angular distributions for detector effects and hadronisation after subtracting the background contributions. The measured top-quark and \(W\)-boson polarisation values are in agreement with the Standard Model predictions. Limits on the imaginary part of the anomalous coupling \(g_R\) are also set from model independent measurements.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-17318, title = {Measurement of the \(k_t\) splitting scales in \(Z → ℓℓ\) events in \(pp\) collisions at \(\sqrt{s}=8\) TeV with the ATLAS detector}, series = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, volume = {2017}, journal = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, number = {08}, organization = {The ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1007/JHEP08(2017)026}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-173180}, year = {2017}, abstract = {A measurement of the splitting scales occuring in the \(k_t\) jet-clustering algorithm is presented for final states containing a \(Z\) boson. The measurement is done using 20.2 fb\(^{-1}\) of proton-proton collision data collected at a centre-of-mass energy of \(\sqrt{s} = 8\) TeV by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC in 2012. The measurement is based on charged-particle track information, which is measured with excellent precision in the \(p_T\) region relevant for the transition between the perturbative and the non-perturbative regimes. The data distributions are corrected for detector effects, and are found to deviate from state-of-the-art predictions in various regions of the observables.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-17354, title = {Measurements of top-quark pair to \(Z\)-boson cross-section ratios at \(\sqrt{s}\) \(=13 , 8, 7\) TeV with the ATLAS detector}, series = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, volume = {2017}, journal = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, number = {02}, organization = {The ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1007/JHEP02(2017)117}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-173544}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Ratios of top-quark pair to \(Z\)-boson cross sections measured from proton-proton collisions at the LHC centre-of-mass energies of \(\sqrt{s}\) = 13 TeV, 8 TeV, and 7 TeV are presented by the ATLAS Collaboration. Single ratios, at a given \(\sqrt{s}\) for the two processes and at different \(\sqrt{s}\) for each process, as well as double ratios of the two processes at different \(\sqrt{s}\), are evaluated. The ratios are constructed using previously published ATLAS measurements of the \({t\overline{t}}\) and \(Z\)-boson production cross sections, corrected to a common phase space where required, and a new analysis of \(Z\) → ℓ\(^+\)ℓ\(^-\) where ℓ = \(e, µ\) at \(\sqrt{s}\) = 13 TeV performed with data collected in 2015 with an integrated luminosity of 3.2 fb\(^-1\). Correlations of systematic uncertainties are taken into account when evaluating the uncertainties in the ratios. The correlation model is also used to evaluate the combined cross section of the \(Z\) → \(e\)\(^+\)\(e\)\(^-\) and the \(Z\) → \(µ\)\(^+\)\(µ\)\(^-\) channels for each \(\sqrt{s}\) value. The results are compared to calculations performed at next-to-next-to-leading-order accuracy using recent sets of parton distribution functions. The data demonstrate significant power to constrain the gluon distribution function for the Bjorken-\(x\) values near 0.1 and the light-quark sea for \(x\) < 0.02.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-17361, title = {Measurement of the \(ZZ\) production cross section in proton-proton collisions at \(\sqrt{s}\) = 8 TeV using the \(ZZ\) → \(ℓ^-ℓ^+ℓ^{′-}ℓ^{′+}\) and \(ZZ\) → \(ℓ^-ℓ^+{ν\overline{ν}}\) decay channels with the ATLAS detector}, series = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, volume = {2017}, journal = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, number = {99}, organization = {The ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1007/JHEP01(2017)099}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-173616}, year = {2017}, abstract = {A measurement of the \(ZZ\) production cross section in the \(ℓ^-ℓ^+ℓ^{′-}ℓ^{′+}\) and \(ℓ^-ℓ^+{ν\overline{ν}}\) channels (ℓ = e, µ) in proton-proton collisions at \(\sqrt{s}\) = 8TeV at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 20.3 fb\(^{-1}\) collected by the ATLAS experiment in 2012 is presented. The fiducial cross sections for \(ZZ\) → \(ℓ^-ℓ^+ℓ^{′-}ℓ^{′+}\) and \(ZZ\) → \(ℓ^-ℓ^+{ν\overline{ν}}\) are measured in selected phase-space regions. The total cross section for \(ZZ\) events produced with both \(Z\) bosons in the mass range 66 to 116GeV is measured from the combination of the two channels to be 7.3 ± 0.4(stat) ± 0.3 (syst)\(^{-0.2}_{-0.1}\) (lumi) pb, which is consistent with the Standard Model prediction of 6.6\(^{+0.7}_{-0.6}\) pb. The differential cross sections in bins of various kinematic variables are presented. The differential event yield as a function of the transverse momentum of the leading \(Z\) boson is used to set limits on anomalous neutral triple gauge boson couplings in \(ZZ\) production.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-17366, title = {Measurement of the \({t\overline{t}}Z\) and \({t\overline{t}}W\) production cross sections in multilepton final states using 3.2 fb\(^{-1}\) of \(pp\) collisions at \(\sqrt{s}\) = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector}, series = {European Physical Journal C}, volume = {77}, journal = {European Physical Journal C}, number = {40}, organization = {The ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-016-4574-y}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-173662}, year = {2017}, abstract = {A measurement of the \({t\overline{t}}Z\) and \({t\overline{t}}W\) production cross sections in final states with either two same-charge muons, or three or four leptons (electrons or muons) is presented. The analysis uses a data sample of proton-proton collisions at \(\sqrt{s}\) = 13 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider in 2015, corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 3.2 fb\(^{-1}\). The inclusive cross sections are extracted using likelihood fits to signal and control regions, resulting in \(\sigma_{{t\overline{t}}Z}\) = 0.9 ± 0.3 pb and \(\sigma_{{t\overline{t}}W}\) = 1.5 ± 0.8 pb, in agreement with the Standard Model predictions.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-17322, title = {Studies of \(Zγ\) production in association with a high-mass dijet system in \(pp\) collisions at \(\sqrt{s}\) = 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector}, series = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, volume = {2017}, journal = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, number = {07}, organization = {The ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP07(2017)107}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-173229}, year = {2017}, abstract = {The production of a \(Z\) boson and a photon in association with a high-mass dijet system is studied using 20.2 fb\(^{-1}\) of proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of \(\sqrt{s}\) = 8 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector in 2012 at the Large Hadron Collider. Final states with a photon and a Z boson decaying into a pair of either electrons, muons, or neutrinos are analysed. Electroweak and total \(pp\) → \(Zγjj\) cross-sections are extracted in two fiducial regions with different sensitivities to electroweak production processes. Quartic couplings of vector bosons are studied in regions of phase space with an enhanced contribution from pure electroweak production, sensitive to vector-boson scattering processes \(V V → Zγ\). No deviations from Standard Model predictions are observed and constraints are placed on anomalous couplings parameterized by higher-dimensional operators using effective field theory.}, language = {en} } @article{HoffmannPfeilAlfonsoetal.2016, author = {Hoffmann, Angelika and Pfeil, Johannes and Alfonso, Julieta and Kurz, Felix T. and Sahm, Felix and Heiland, Sabine and Monyer, Hannah and Bendszus, Martin and Mueller, Ann-Kristin and Helluy, Xavier and Pham, Mirko}, title = {Experimental Cerebral Malaria Spreads along the Rostral Migratory Stream}, series = {PLoS Pathogens}, volume = {12}, journal = {PLoS Pathogens}, number = {3}, doi = {10.1371/journal.ppat.1005470}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-167434}, pages = {e1005470}, year = {2016}, abstract = {It is poorly understood how progressive brain swelling in experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) evolves in space and over time, and whether mechanisms of inflammation or microvascular sequestration/obstruction dominate the underlying pathophysiology. We therefore monitored in the Plasmodium berghei ANKA-C57BL/6 murine ECM model, disease manifestation and progression clinically, assessed by the Rapid-Murine-Coma-and-Behavioral-Scale (RMCBS), and by high-resolution in vivo MRI, including sensitive assessment of early blood-brain-barrier-disruption (BBBD), brain edema and microvascular pathology. For histological correlation HE and immunohistochemical staining for microglia and neuroblasts were obtained. Our results demonstrate that BBBD and edema initiated in the olfactory bulb (OB) and spread along the rostral-migratory-stream (RMS) to the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles, the dorsal-migratory-stream (DMS), and finally to the external capsule (EC) and brainstem (BS). Before clinical symptoms (mean RMCBS = 18.5±1) became evident, a slight, non-significant increase of quantitative T2 and ADC values was observed in OB+RMS. With clinical manifestation (mean RMCBS = 14.2±0.4), T2 and ADC values significantly increased along the OB+RMS (p = 0.049/p = 0.01). Severe ECM (mean RMCBS = 5±2.9) was defined by further spread into more posterior and deeper brain structures until reaching the BS (significant T2 elevation in DMS+EC+BS (p = 0.034)). Quantitative automated histological analyses confirmed microglial activation in areas of BBBD and edema. Activated microglia were closely associated with the RMS and neuroblasts within the RMS were severely misaligned with respect to their physiological linear migration pattern. Microvascular pathology and ischemic brain injury occurred only secondarily, after vasogenic edema formation and were both associated less with clinical severity and the temporal course of ECM. Altogether, we identified a distinct spatiotemporal pattern of microglial activation in ECM involving primarily the OB+RMS axis, a distinct pathway utilized by neuroblasts and immune cells. Our data suggest significant crosstalk between these two cell populations to be operative in deeper brain infiltration and further imply that the manifestation and progression of cerebral malaria may depend on brain areas otherwise serving neurogenesis.}, language = {en} } @article{KochereshkoDurnevBesombesetal.2016, author = {Kochereshko, Vladimir P. and Durnev, Mikhail V. and Besombes, Lucien and Mariette, Henri and Sapega, Victor F. and Askitopoulos, Alexis and Savenko, Ivan G. and Liew, Timothy C. H. and Shelykh, Ivan A. and Platonov, Alexey V. and Tsintzos, Simeon I. and Hatzopoulos, Z. and Savvidis, Pavlos G. and Kalevich, Vladimir K. and Afanasiev, Mikhail M. and Lukoshkin, Vladimir A. and Schneider, Christian and Amthor, Matthias and Metzger, Christian and Kamp, Martin and Hoefling, Sven and Lagoudakis, Pavlos and Kavokin, Alexey}, title = {Lasing in Bose-Fermi mixtures}, series = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {6}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, number = {20091}, doi = {10.1038/srep20091}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-168152}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, well-known for revolutionising photonic science, has been realised primarily in fermionic systems including widely applied diode lasers. The prerequisite for fermionic lasing is the inversion of electronic population, which governs the lasing threshold. More recently, bosonic lasers have also been developed based on Bose-Einstein condensates of exciton-polaritons in semiconductor microcavities. These electrically neutral bosons coexist with charged electrons and holes. In the presence of magnetic fields, the charged particles are bound to their cyclotron orbits, while the neutral exciton-polaritons move freely. We demonstrate how magnetic fields affect dramatically the phase diagram of mixed Bose-Fermi systems, switching between fermionic lasing, incoherent emission and bosonic lasing regimes in planar and pillar microcavities with optical and electrical pumping. We collected and analyzed the data taken on pillar and planar microcavity structures at continuous wave and pulsed optical excitation as well as injecting electrons and holes electronically. Our results evidence the transition from a Bose gas to a Fermi liquid mediated by magnetic fields and light-matter coupling.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-17247, title = {Search for pair production of heavy vector-like quarks decaying to high-\(p_T\) \(W\) bosons and \(b\) quarks in the lepton-plus-jets final state in \(pp\) collisions at \(\sqrt{s}=13\) TeV with the ATLAS detector}, series = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, volume = {2017}, journal = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, number = {141}, organization = {The ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1007/JHEP10(2017)141}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-172472}, year = {2017}, abstract = {A search is presented for the pair production of heavy vector-like \(T\) quarks, primarily targeting the \(T\) quark decays to a \(W\) boson and a \(b\)-quark. The search is based on 36.1 fb\(^{-1}\) of \(pp\) collisions at \(\sqrt{s}=13\) TeV recorded in 2015 and 2016 with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Data are analysed in the lepton-plus-jets final state, including at least one \(b\)-tagged jet and a large-radius jet identified as originating from the hadronic decay of a high-momentum \(W\) boson. No significant deviation from the Standard Model expectation is observed in the reconstructed \(T\) mass distribution. The observed 95\% confidence level lower limit on the \(T\) mass are 1350 GeV assuming 100\% branching ratio to \(Wb\). In the SU(2) singlet scenario, the lower mass limit is 1170 GeV. This search is also sensitive to a heavy vector-like \(B\) quark decaying to \(Wt\) and other final states. The results are thus reinterpreted to provide a 95\% confidence level lower limit on the \(B\) quark mass at 1250 GeV assuming 100\% branching ratio to \(Wt\); in the SU(2) singlet scenario, the limit is 1080 GeV. Mass limits on both \(T\) and \(B\) production are also set as a function of the decay branching ratios. The 100\% branching ratio limits are found to be applicable to heavy vector-like \(Y\) and \(X\) production that decay to \(Wb\) and \(Wt\), respectively.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-17246, title = {Search for new high-mass phenomena in the dilepton final state using 36 fb\(^{-1}\) of proton-proton collision data at \(\sqrt{s}=13\) TeV with the ATLAS detector}, series = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, volume = {2017}, journal = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, number = {182}, organization = {The ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1007/JHEP10(2017)182}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-172462}, year = {2017}, abstract = {A search is conducted for new resonant and non-resonant high-mass phenomena in dielectron and dimuon final states. The search uses 36.1 fb\(^{-1}\) of proton-proton collision data, collected at \(\sqrt{s}=13\) TeV by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC in 2015 and 2016. No significant deviation from the Standard Model prediction is observed. Upper limits at 95\% credibility level are set on the cross-section times branching ratio for resonances decaying into dileptons, which are converted to lower limits on the resonance mass, up to 4.1 TeV for the E\(_6\)-motivated \(Z^′_χ\). Lower limits on the \({qqℓℓ}\) contact interaction scale are set between 2.4 TeV and 40 TeV, depending on the model.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-17312, title = {Measurement of the inclusive jet cross-sections in proton-proton collisions at \(\sqrt{s}=8\) TeV with the ATLAS detector}, series = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, volume = {2017}, journal = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, number = {09}, organization = {The ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1007/JHEP09(2017)020}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-173123}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Inclusive jet production cross-sections are measured in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of \(\sqrt{s} = 8\) TeV recorded by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. The total integrated luminosity of the analysed data set amounts to 20.2 fb\(^{-1}\). Double-differential cross-sections are measured for jets defined by the anti-\(k_t\) jet clustering algorithm with radius parameters of \(R\) = 0.4 and \(R\) = 0.6 and are presented as a function of the jet transverse momentum, in the range between 70 GeV and 2.5 TeV and in six bins of the absolute jet rapidity, between 0 and 3.0. The measured cross-sections are compared to predictions of quantum chromodynamics, calculated at next-to-leading order in perturbation theory, and corrected for non-perturbative and electroweak effects. The level of agreement with predictions, using a selection of different parton distribution functions for the proton, is quantified. Tensions between the data and the theory predictions are observed.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-17321, title = {Search for direct top squark pair production in events with a Higgs or \(Z\) boson, and missing transverse momentum in \(\sqrt{s}\) = 13 TeV \(pp\) collisions with the ATLAS detector}, series = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, volume = {2017}, journal = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, number = {08}, organization = {The ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP08(2017)006}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-173210}, year = {2017}, abstract = {A search for direct top squark pair production resulting in events with either a same-flavour opposite-sign dilepton pair with invariant mass compatible with a \(Z\) boson or a pair of jets compatible with a Standard Model (SM) Higgs boson (\(h\)) is presented. Requirements on the missing transverse momentum, together with additional selections on leptons, jets, jets identified as originating from \(b\)-quarks are imposed to target the other decay products of the top squark pair. The analysis is performed using proton-proton collision data at \(\sqrt{s}\) = 13 TeV collected with the ATLAS detector at the LHC in 2015-2016, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb\(^{-1}\). No excess is observed in the data with respect to the SM predictions. The results are interpreted in two sets of models. In the first set, direct production of pairs of lighter top squarks (\(\tilde{t}_1\)) with long decay chains involving \(Z\) or Higgs bosons is considered. The second set includes direct pair production of the heavier top squark pairs (\(\tilde{t}_2\)) decaying via \(\tilde{t}_2\) → \(Z\tilde{t}_1\) or \(\tilde{t}_2\) → \(h\tilde{t}_1\). The results exclude at 95\% confidence level \(\tilde{t}_2\) and \(\tilde{t}_1\) masses up to about 800 GeV, extending the exclusion region of supersymmetric parameter space covered by previous LHC searches.}, language = {en} } @article{UllherrDiezZabler2022, author = {Ullherr, Maximilian and Diez, Matthias and Zabler, Simon}, title = {Robust image reconstruction strategy for multiscalar holotomography}, series = {Journal of Imaging}, volume = {8}, journal = {Journal of Imaging}, number = {2}, issn = {2313-433X}, doi = {10.3390/jimaging8020037}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-262112}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Holotomography is an extension of computed tomography where samples with low X-ray absorption can be investigated with higher contrast. In order to achieve this, the imaging system must yield an optical resolution of a few micrometers or less, which reduces the measurement area (field of view = FOV) to a few mm at most. If the sample size, however, exceeds the field of view (called local tomography or region of interest = ROI CT), filter problems arise during the CT reconstruction and phase retrieval in holotomography. In this paper, we will first investigate the practical impact of these filter problems and discuss approximate solutions. Secondly, we will investigate the effectiveness of a technique we call "multiscalar holotomography", where, in addition to the ROI CT, a lower resolution non-ROI CT measurement is recorded. This is used to avoid the filter problems while simultaneously reconstructing a larger part of the sample, albeit with a lower resolution in the additional area.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-17272, title = {Measurement of inclusive and differential cross sections in the \(H\) → \({ZZ}^*\) → \(4{ℓ}\) decay channel in \({pp}\) collisions at \(\sqrt{s} = 13\) TeV with the ATLAS detector}, series = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, volume = {2017}, journal = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, number = {10}, organization = {The ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP10(2017)132}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-172724}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Inclusive and differential fiducial cross sections of Higgs boson production in proton-proton collisions are measured in the \(H\) → \({ZZ^*}\) → \(4{ℓ}\) decay channel. The proton-proton collision data were produced at the Large Hadron Collider at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV and recorded by the ATLAS detector in 2015 and 2016, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb\(^{-1}\). The inclusive fiducial cross section in the \(H\) → \({ZZ^*}\) → \(4{ℓ}\) decay channel is measured to be 3.62 ± 0.50(stat)\(^{+0.25}_{- 0.20}\) (sys) fb, in agreement with the Standard Model prediction of 2.91 ± 0.13 fb. The cross section is also extrapolated to the total phase space including all Standard Model Higgs boson decays. Several differential fiducial cross sections are measured for observables sensitive to the Higgs boson production and decay, including kinematic distributions of jets produced in association with the Higgs boson. Good agreement is found between data and Standard Model predictions. The results are used to put constraints on anomalous Higgs boson interactions with Standard Model particles, using the pseudo-observable extension to the kappa-framework.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-17256, title = {Search for top quark decays \(t → qH\), with \(H → γγ\), in \(\sqrt{s} = 13\) TeV \(pp\) collisions using the ATLAS detector}, series = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, volume = {2017}, journal = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, number = {10}, organization = {The ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP10(2017)129}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-172568}, year = {2017}, abstract = {This article presents a search for flavour-changing neutral currents in the decay of a top quark into an up-type (\({q = c, u}\)) quark and a Higgs boson, where the Higgs boson decays into two photons. The proton-proton collision data set analysed amounts to 36.1 fb\(^{-1}\) at \(\sqrt{s} = 13\) TeV collected by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC. Top quark pair events are searched for, where one top quark decays into \(qH\) and the other decays into \(bW\). Both the hadronic and leptonic decay modes of the \(W\) boson are used. No significant excess is observed and an upper limit is set on the \({t → cH}\) branching ratio of 2.2 × 10\(^{-3}\) at the 95\% confidence level, while the expected limit in the absence of signal is 1.6 × 10\(^{-3}\). The corresponding limit on the \(tcH\) coupling is 0.090 at the 95\% confidence level. The observed upper limit on the \({t → uH}\) branching ratio is 2.4 × 10\(^{-3}\).}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-17216, title = {Search for a scalar partner of the top quark in the jets plus missing transverse momentum final state at \(\sqrt{s}\) = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector}, series = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, volume = {12}, journal = {Journal of High Energy Physics}, organization = {The ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1007/JHEP12(2017)085}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-172161}, year = {2017}, abstract = {A search for pair production of a scalar partner of the top quark in events with four or more jets plus missing transverse momentum is presented. An analysis of 36.1 fb\(^{-1}\) of \(\sqrt{s}\) = 13 TeV proton-proton collisions collected using the ATLAS detector at the LHC yields no significant excess over the expected Standard Model background. To interpret the results a simplified supersymmetric model is used where the top squark is assumed to decay via \(\tilde{t}_1\) → \(t^{(∗)}\)\(\tilde{χ}^0_1\) and \(\tilde{t}_1\) → \(b\tilde{χ}^±_1\) → \({bW}^{(∗)}\tilde{χ}^0_1\), where \(\tilde{χ}^0_1\) (\(\tilde{χ}^±_1\)) denotes the lightest neutralino (chargino). Exclusion limits are placed in terms of the top-squark and neutralino masses. Assuming a branching ratio of 100\% to \(t\tilde{χ}^0_1\), top-squark masses in the range 450-1000 GeV are excluded for \(\tilde{χ}^0_1\) masses below 160 GeV. In the case where \(m_{\tilde{t}_1}\) ∼ \(m_t\) + \(m_{\tilde{χ}^0_1}\), top-squark masses in the range 235-590 GeV are excluded.}, language = {en} } @article{OPUS4-22066, title = {Measurement of dijet azimuthal decorrelations in \({pp}\) collisions at root s=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector and determination of the strong coupling}, series = {Physical Review D}, volume = {98}, journal = {Physical Review D}, number = {9}, organization = {The ATLAS Collaboration}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.98.092004}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-220665}, pages = {1-31}, year = {2018}, abstract = {measurement of the rapidity and transverse momentum dependence of dijet azimuthal decorrelations is presented, using the quantity R-Delta phi. The quantity R-Delta phi specifies the fraction of the inclusive dijet events in which the azimuthal opening angle of the two jets with the highest transverse momenta is less than a given value of the parameter Delta phi(max). The quantity R-Delta phi is measured in proton-proton collisions at root s = 8 TeV as a function of the dijet rapidity interval, the event total scalar transverse momentum, and Delta phi(max). The measurement uses an event sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 20.2 fb(-1) collected with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Predictions of a perturbative QCD calculation at next-to-leading order in the strong coupling with corrections for nonperturbative effects are compared to the data. The theoretical predictions describe the data in the whole kinematic region. The data are used to determine the strong coupling alpha(S) and to study its running for momentum transfers from 260 GeV to above 1.6 TeV. Analysis that combines data at all momentum transfers results in alpha(S) (m(Z)) = 0.1127(- 0.0027) (+0.0063).}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Dietrich2024, author = {Dietrich, Philipp}, title = {Traveling Wave Magnetic Particle Imaging: Visuelle Stenosequantifizierung und Perkutane Transluminale Angioplastie im Gef{\"a}ßmodell}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-35251}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-352517}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) ist ein innovatives tomographisches Bildgebungs­verfahren, mit dem Tracerpartikel {\"a}ußerst sensitiv und schnell mehrdimensional abgebildet werden k{\"o}nnen. Die Methode basiert auf der nichtlinearen Magnetisierungs­antwort superparamagnetischer Eisenoxidnanopartikel (SPION) in einem Messpunkt, welcher ein Messvolumen rastert. In vorliegender Arbeit wurde das sog. Traveling Wave MPI (TWMPI) Verfahren eingesetzt, wodurch im Vergleich zu konventionellen MPI-Scannern ein gr{\"o}ßeres Field of View (FOV) und eine geringere Latenz bis zur Bildanzeige erreicht werden konnte. TWMPI weist einige f{\"u}r medizinische Zwecke vielversprechende Eigenschaften auf: Es liefert zwei- und dreidimensionale Bildrekonstruktionen in Echtzeit mit hoher zeitlicher und r{\"a}umlicher Aufl{\"o}sung. Dabei ist die Bildgebung von Grund auf hintergrundfrei und erfordert keinerlei ionisierende Strahlung. Zudem ist die Technik {\"a}ußerst sensitiv und kann SPION-Tracer noch in mikromolaren Konzentrationen detektieren. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es daher zu untersuchen, inwiefern es mittels TWMPI m{\"o}glich ist, k{\"u}nstliche Stenosen im Gef{\"a}ßmodell visuell in Echtzeit darzustellen und quantitativ zu beurteilen sowie {\"u}berdies eine perkutane transluminale Angioplastie (PTA) im Gef{\"a}ßmodell unter TWMPI-Echtzeit-Bildgebung durchzuf{\"u}hren. Alle Experimente wurden in einem speziell angefertigten TWMPI-Scanner durchgef{\"u}hrt (JMU W{\"u}rzburg, Experimentelle Physik V (Biophysik), FOV: 65 x 29 x 29 mm³, Aufl{\"o}sung: ca. 1.5 - 2 mm). Die Lumen-Darstellungen erfolgten mittels des SPION-Tracers Ferucarbotran in einer Verd{\"u}nnung von 1 : 50 (entspr. 10 mmol [Fe]/l). Das PTA-Instrumentarium wurde mit eigens hergestelltem ferucarbotran­haltigem Lack (100 mmol [Fe]/l) markiert. F{\"u}r die verschiedenen Teilexperimente wurden den jeweiligen speziellen Anforderungen entsprechend mehrere Gef{\"a}ßmodelle handgefertigt. F{\"u}r die visuelle Stenosequantifizierung wurden f{\"u}nf starre Stenosephantome unterschiedlicher Stenosierung (0\%, 25\%, 50\%, 75\%, 100\%) aus Polyoxymethylen her­gestellt (l: 40 mm, ID: 8 mm). Die Gef{\"a}ßmodelle wurden mehrfach zentral im FOV platz­iert und das stenosierte Lumen mittels sog. Slice-Scanning Modus (SSM, Einzel­aufnahme inkl. 10 Mittelungen: 200 ms, Bildfrequenz: 5 Bilder pro Sekunde, Latenz: ca. 100 ms) als zweidimensionale Quasi-Projektionen abgebildet. Diese Aufnahmen (n = 80, 16 je Phantom) wurden mit einer ein­heitlichen Grauskalierung versehen und anschließend entsprechend den NASCET-Kriterien visuell ausgewertet. Alle achtzig Aufnahmen waren unabh{\"a}ngig vom Stenosegrad aufgrund einheitlicher Fensterung sowie konstanter Scannerparameter untereinander gut vergleichbar. Niedrig­gradige Stenosen konnten insgesamt genauer abgebildet werden als h{\"o}hergradige, was sich neben der subjektiven Bildqualit{\"a}t auch in geringeren Standardabweichungen zeigte (0\%: 3.70 \% ± 2.71, 25\%: 18.64 \% ± 1.84, 50\%: 52.82 \% ± 3.66, 75\%: 77.84 \% ± 14.77, 100\%: 100 \% ± 0). Mit zunehmendem Stenosegrad kam es vermehrt zu geometrischen Ver­zerrungen im Zentrum, sodass bei den 75\%-Stenosen eine breitere Streuung der Messwerte mit einer h{\"o}heren Standardabweichung von 14.77\% einherging. Leichte, randst{\"a}ndige Artefakte konnten bei allen Datens{\"a}tzen beobachtet werden. F{\"u}r die PTA wurden drei interaktive Gef{\"a}ßmodelle aus Polyvinylchlorid (l: 100 mm, ID: 8 mm) mit zu- und abf{\"u}hrendem Schlauchsystem entwickelt, welche mittels Kabelband von außen hochgradig eingeengt werden konnten. Analog zu einer konventionellen PTA mittels r{\"o}ntgenbasierter digitaler Subtraktionsangiographie (DSA), wurden alle erforder­lichen Arbeitsschritte (Gef{\"a}ßdarstellung, Drahtpassage, Ballonplatzierung, Angioplastie, Erfolgskontrolle) unter (TW)MPI-Echtzeit-Bildgebung (Framerate: 2 - 4 FPS, Latenz: ca. 100 ms) abgebildet bzw. durchgef{\"u}hrt. Im Rahmen der PTA war eine Echtzeit-Visualisierung der Stenose im Gef{\"a}ßmodell durch Tracer-Bolusgabe sowie die F{\"u}hrung des markierten Instrumentariums zum Zielort m{\"o}glich. Die Markierung der Instrumente hielt der Beanspruchung w{\"a}hrend der Prozedur stand und erm{\"o}glichte eine genaue Platzierung des Ballonkatheters. Die Stenose konnte mittels Angioplastie-Ballons unter Echtzeit-Darstellung gesprengt werden und der Interventionserfolg im Anschluss durch erneute Visualisierung des Lumens validiert werden. Insgesamt zeigt sich MPI somit als ad{\"a}quate Bildgebungstechnik f{\"u}r die beiden in der Fragestellung bzw. Zielsetzung definierten experimentellen Anwendungen. Stenosen im Gef{\"a}ßmodell konnten erfolgreich in Echtzeit visualisiert und bildmorphologisch nach NASCET-Kriterien quantifiziert werden. Ebenso war eine PTA im Gef{\"a}ßmodell unter TWMPI-Echtzeit-Bildgebung machbar. Diese Ergebnisse unter­streichen das grundlegende Potenzial von MPI f{\"u}r medizinische Zwecke. Um zu den bereits etablierten Bildgebungsmethoden aufzuschließen, ist jedoch weitere Forschung im Bereich der Scanner-Hard- und -Software sowie bez{\"u}glich SPION-Tracern n{\"o}tig.}, subject = {Medizinische Radiologie}, language = {de} }