TY - JOUR A1 - Gotschy, Alexander A1 - Bauer, Wolfgang R. A1 - Winter, Patrick A1 - Nordbeck, Peter A1 - Rommel, Eberhard A1 - Jakob, Peter M. A1 - Herold, Volker T1 - Local versus global aortic pulse wave velocity in early atherosclerosis: An animal study in ApoE\(^{-/-}\) mice using ultrahigh field MRI JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Increased aortic stiffness is known to be associated with atherosclerosis and has a predictive value for cardiovascular events. This study aims to investigate the local distribution of early arterial stiffening due to initial atherosclerotic lesions. Therefore, global and local pulse wave velocity (PWV) were measured in ApoE\(^{-/-}\) and wild type (WT) mice using ultrahigh field MRI. For quantification of global aortic stiffness, a new multi-point transit-time (TT) method was implemented and validated to determine the global PWV in the murine aorta. Local aortic stiffness was measured by assessing the local PWV in the upper abdominal aorta, using the flow/area (QA) method. Significant differences between age matched ApoE\(^{-/-}\) and WT mice were determined for global and local PWV measurements (global PWV: ApoE\(^{-/-}\): 2.7 ±0.2m/s vs WT: 2.1±0.2m/s, P<0.03; local PWV: ApoE\(^{-/-}\): 2.9±0.2m/s vs WT: 2.2±0.2m/s, P<0.03). Within the WT mouse group, the global PWV correlated well with the local PWV in the upper abdominal aorta (R\(^2\) = 0.75, P<0.01), implying a widely uniform arterial elasticity. In ApoE\(^{-/-}\) animals, however, no significant correlation between individual local and global PWV was present (R\(^2\) = 0.07, P = 0.53), implying a heterogeneous distribution of vascular stiffening in early atherosclerosis. The assessment of global PWV using the new multi-point TT measurement technique was validated against a pressure wire measurement in a vessel phantom and showed excellent agreement. The experimental results demonstrate that vascular stiffening caused by early atherosclerosis is unequally distributed over the length of large vessels. This finding implies that assessing heterogeneity of arterial stiffness by multiple local measurements of PWV might be more sensitive than global PWV to identify early atherosclerotic lesions. KW - MRI KW - Atherosclerosis KW - Aorta KW - Stiffness KW - Measurement KW - Time measurement KW - Magnetic resonance imaging KW - Mouse models KW - Systole Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-171824 VL - 12 IS - 2 ER - TY - THES A1 - Miller, Nadja Katrin T1 - Pleiotrope Effekte der Therapie mit Simvastatin und Ezetimib auf die Endothelfunktion in LDL-Rezeptor-Knockout Mäusen T1 - Pleiotropic effects of Simvastatin and Ezetimibe on the endothelial function in LDL receptor knockout mice N2 - Hypercholesterinämie und andere Risikofaktoren tragen zur Entstehung von Atherosklerose bei. Ein entscheidendes Merkmal der Pathogenese ist eine gestörte Endothelfunktion. Hierbei kommt es zu einer reduzierten Bioverfügbarkeit von NO (Stickstoffmonoxid), welches vasodilatativ und atheroprotektiv wirkt. NO kann jedoch auch abhängig vom vaskulären Milieu proatherogen wirken. Es ist Produkt verschiedener NO-Synthasen (NOS). Die potenten Cholesterinsenker Simvastatin und Ezetimib haben vermutlich zusätzliche pleiotrope Effekte auf die Endothelfunktion, deren Untersuchung Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist. Hierzu wurden an LDL-R-KO Mäusen - neben Bestimmung der Plasmacholesterinspiegel und atherosklerotischer Plaqueläsionen - Messungen von NO und eNOS, korrelativen Parametern der endothelialen Funktion, durchgeführt. Endovaskuläre Messungen von NO zeigten erhöhte NO-Werte in direkter Nähe atherosklerotischer Plaques. Diese sind am ehesten als Korrelat einer erhöhten iNOS-Aktivität in den Läsionen anzusehen. Im Sinne der mehrdimensionalen Funktion von NO ist hier von einer proatherogenen Wirkung des NO auszugehen. Messungen der ubiquitären, im Blut zirkulierenden NO-Mengen dagegen zeigten eine signifikant erhöhte NO-Bioverfügbarkeit in mit Simvastatin behandelten Tieren. Dies belegt die bereits in der Literatur beschriebene Pleiotropie von Statinen, NO kommt hier eine atheroprotektive Bedeutung zu. Die rein quantitative Bestimmung der eNOS-Expression zeigte zum Zeitpunkt der Untersuchung keine signifikanten Unterschiede in allen Versuchsgruppen. Hierbei sind jedoch keine Rückschlüsse auf die Enzymaktivität oder die Genexpression in anderen Zielgeweben möglich. Simvastatin und Ezetimib wirken sowohl in Mono- als auch in Kombinationstherapie über ihre cholesterinsenkende Wirkung hinaus atheroprotektiv. Die Untersuchungen zeigen, dass bei der Betrachtung der Endothelfunktion die verschiedenen NO-Produktionsquellen sowie der Funktionszustand des NO von entscheidender Bedeutung sind. N2 - Hypercholesterolemia and other risk factors are associated with the development of atherosclerosis. Endothelial dysfunction is one important step in the pathogenic process leading to a decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. NO provides vasodilatation and atheroprotection but depending on the vascular situation it can also have a proatherogenic effect. NO is produced by different isoforms of NO synthases (NOS). The lipid lowering therapy with Simvastatin and Ezetimibe supposably has additional pleiotropic effects on the endothelial integrity. For the current study plasma cholesterol levels and lesion areas of atherosclerotic plaques were measured in LDL receptor knockout mice. To assess the endothelial function we investigated bioavailability of NO and expression of eNOS. We found increased levels of endovascular NO close to atherosclerotic plaques, suggesting that here NO is produced by highly active iNOS in plaque lesions. According to NO’s multidimensional functions we assume that NO here has proatherogenic effects. For overall circulating NO we found increased levels in mice treated with Simvastatin, indicating the known pleiotropic effects of statins and the atheroprotective role of NO. The expression of eNOS did not show any difference at the point of our studies. However we cannot proof the enzymes’ activity or expression in other tissues. Lipid lowering therapy with Simvastatin, Ezetimibe, or both has an additional atheroprotective effect. Regarding the endothelial function the results show that we need to focus on different sources of NO production as well as the specific function of NO itself. KW - Atherosklerose KW - Simvastatin KW - Ezetimib KW - NO KW - eNOS KW - Atherosclerosis KW - Simvastatin KW - Ezetimibe KW - NO KW - eNOS Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-70010 ER -