TY - THES A1 - Schnermann, Sophia Victoria T1 - The impact of China's e-mobility development on German motor vehicle manufacturers T1 - Die Auswirkungen der Entwicklungen in China im Bereich der E-Mobilität auf deutsche Kraftfahrzeughersteller N2 - Compared to other countries, China was particularly early in developing a comprehensive set of policies to promote electric mobility (e-mobility). The aim of this study is to examine how China’s e-mobility development – through changes in formal institutions as well as market forces – has affected German passenger car manufacturers and their competitive environment and positions. The study is guided by two strands of research: new institutional economics and strategic management literature. A holistic multiple-case design is used to analyze five German case study firms. Qualitative interview data are collected through interviews and analyzed using a thematic analysis. The results show that the electric transformation in China has been shaped by changes in formal institutions at the macro, meso, and micro levels. Interestingly, the case study firms were affected not only by changes in China’s formal institutions but also by disparities between institutions in China and Europe. Furthermore, the data suggest that German car manufacturers are facing an increasingly competitive environment in China: at least four forces in Porter’s five-forces model seem to have intensified in recent years. The extent to which the case study firms have been affected by these developments may depend on the industry segments in which they are positioned. However, it can be argued that the electric transition has blurred the lines between traditional segments of the car industry to some extent. The interview data do not provide evidence that any of the German car brands have substantially changed their positioning, but they do suggest that some of the case study companies did not have an adequate offering for the Chinese market at the time of the interviews. In addition, the study finds that China’s transition to e-mobility has led to changes in various parts of the German automakers’ value chains, including production, sales, marketing, services, research and development, and procurement. Whether these changes will ultimately result in competitive advantage, parity, or disadvantage remains to be seen. N2 - Im Vergleich zu anderen Ländern hat China sehr früh ein umfassendes Maßnahmenpaket zur Förderung der Elektromobilität (E-Mobilität) implementiert. Diese Studie untersucht, wie sich die Entwicklungen in China im Bereich der E-Mobilität – durch Veränderungen der formellen Institutionen sowie der Marktkräfte – auf deutsche Automobilhersteller und deren Wettbewerbsumfeld und -positionen ausgewirkt haben. Die Studie knüpft an die Forschungsstränge der Neuen Institutionenökonomik und des Strategischen Managements an. Anhand eines holistischen Mehrfallstudiendesigns werden fünf deutsche Firmen analysiert. Qualitative Daten werden durch Interviews erhoben und mittels einer thematischen Analyse ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, wie sich die elektrische Transformation in China durch Veränderungen der formellen Institutionen auf der Makro-, Meso- und Mikroebene realisiert hat. Beeinflusst wurden die untersuchten Firmen interessanterweise nicht nur durch Veränderungen der formellen Institutionen in China, sondern auch durch institutionelle Unterschiede zwischen China und Europa. Darüber hinaus lassen die Daten erkennen, dass die deutschen Autobauer in China mit einem zunehmend wettbewerbsintensiven Umfeld konfrontiert sind: Mindestens vier der fünf Wettbewerbskräfte nach Porter scheinen sich in den letzten Jahren verstärkt zu haben. Wie stark die Firmen hiervon betroffen sind, dürfte von den Branchensegmenten abhängen, in denen sie positioniert sind, wobei allerdings zu beachten ist, dass der Wandel hin zur E-Mobilität die Grenzen zwischen den traditionellen Segmenten der Automobilbranche zu einem gewissen Grad aufgeweicht haben könnte. Die Interviewdaten liefern keine Hinweise auf wesentliche Veränderungen in der Positionierung deutscher Automarken, deuten aber darauf hin, dass einige Firmen zur Zeit der Interviews noch kein adäquates Angebot für den chinesischen Markt hatten. Auch zeigt die Studie, dass die chinesische E-Mobilitäts-Wende bei den deutschen Autobauern zu verschiedenen Veränderungen entlang der Wertschöpfungskette geführt hat, zum Beispiel in den Bereichen Produktion, Vertrieb, Marketing, Service, Forschung und Entwicklung sowie Beschaffung. Ob diese Veränderungen zu Wettbewerbsvorteilen, -parität oder -nachteilen führen werden, ist noch offen. KW - China KW - electric mobility KW - automotive industry KW - Automobilindustrie KW - new institutional economics KW - Neue Institutionenökonomik KW - strategic management KW - Institutionenökonomie KW - Strategisches Management KW - Elektromobilität KW - Kraftfahrzeugindustrie Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-353276 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Zhe T1 - “I tried to control my emotions”: nursing home care workers’ experiences of emotional labor in China JF - Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology N2 - Despite dramatic expansions in the Chinese nursing home sector in meeting the increasing care needs of a rapidly aging population, direct care work in China remains largely devalued and socially unrecognized. Consequently, scant attention has been given to the caregiving experiences of direct care workers (DCWs) in Chinese nursing homes. In particular, given the relational nature of care work, there is little knowledge as to how Chinese DCWs manage emotions and inner feelings through their emotional labor. This article examines the emotional labor of Chinese DCWs through ethnographic data collected with 20 DCWs in one nursing home located in an urban setting in central China. Data were analyzed using conventional content analysis and constant comparison. Participants’ accounts of sustaining a caring self, preserving professional identity, and hoping for reciprocity revealed implicit meanings about the often-conflicting nature of emotional labor and the nonreciprocal elements of care work under constrained working conditions. Importantly, the moral-cultural notion of bao (报 norm of reciprocity) was found to be central among DCWs in navigating strained resources and suggested their agency in meaning-construction. However, their constructed moral buffers may be insufficient if emotional labor continues to be made invisible by care organizations. KW - Gerontologie KW - Care-Arbeit KW - Emotionsregulation KW - China KW - Altenpflege KW - China KW - Long-term care KW - Direct care workers KW - Emotional labor KW - Filial piety/xiao KW - Professionalism KW - Reciprocity Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324295 VL - 37 IS - 1 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Bofinger, Peter A1 - Geißendörfer, Lisa A1 - Haas, Thomas A1 - Mayer, Fabian T1 - Credit as an Instrument for Growth: A Monetary Explanation of the Chinese Growth Story N2 - This study describes the Chinese growth model over the past 40 years. We show that China's growth model, with its dominant role of the banking system and "the banker", is a perfect illustration of the necessity and power of Schumpeter's "monetary analysis". This approach has allowed us to elaborate theoretically and empirically the uniqueness of the Chinese model. In our empirical analysis, we use a new dataset of Chinese provincial data to analyze the impact of the financial system, especially banks, on Chinese economic development. We also empirically assess the role of the financial system in Chinese industrial policy and provide case studies of the effects of industrial policy in specific sectors. Finally, we also discuss macroeconomic dimensions of the Chinese growth process and lessons that can be drawn from the Chinese experience for other countries. T3 - Würzburg Economic Papers (W. E. P.) - 107 KW - Industriepolitik KW - Bank-led Growth KW - China KW - Wirtschaftswachstum KW - Wirtschaftsentwicklung KW - Industrial Policy KW - China KW - Strategic Emerging Industries KW - Finance-growth nexus KW - Finance KW - Economic growth KW - Economic development KW - Bank credit Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-328804 ER - TY - THES A1 - Lan, Kai-Yi T1 - Gender and Medicine in the Ming Dynasty: Tan Yunxian's (1461-1556) Medical Case Book T1 - Geschlecht und Medizin in der Ming Dynastie: Tan Yunxians (1461-1556) Medizinisches Fallbuch N2 - This project explores Tan Yunxian's journey of becoming a female doctor in the Ming dynasty. Among all the surviving Ming medical books, Tan Yunxian's medical case book is the only one that was written by a woman. It seems natural, considering she had both scholar-official and medical family backgrounds. Yet, social expectations consider it more suitable for a lady to remain in the household, and not treat patients outside. To legitimize Tan Yunxian's pursuit of a medical career, she applied several strategies to resolve potential criticism toward her and her family. These strategies are analyzed through her autobiographical preface in her medical case book. The project also explores Ming male literatis' perspectives toward Tan Yunxian, the factors that contributed to the preservation and publication of her medical case book, and examined her medical cases under the social-historical and micro-history contexts. N2 - Dieses Projekt untersucht Tan Yunxians Werdegang als Ärztin in der Ming-Dynastie. Unter allen erhaltenen medizinischen Büchern der Ming ist das medizinische Fallbuch von Tan Yunxian das einzige, das von einer Frau geschrieben wurde. Es scheint natürlich, wenn man bedenkt, dass sie sowohl einen akademischen als auch einen medizinischen Familienhintergrund hatte. Die gesellschaftlichen Erwartungen halten es jedoch für angemessener, wenn eine Dame im Haushalt bleibt und Patienten nicht außerhalb behandelt. Um Tan Yunxians Streben nach einer medizinischen Laufbahn zu legitimieren, wendete sie verschiedene Strategien an, um potenzielle Kritik an ihr und ihrer Familie auszuräumen. Diese Strategien werden durch ihr autobiografisches Vorwort in ihrem medizinischen Fallbuch analysiert. Das Projekt untersucht auch die Perspektiven der männlichen Literaten der Ming gegenüber Tan Yunxian, die Faktoren, die zur Erhaltung und Veröffentlichung ihres medizinischen Fallbuchs beigetragen haben, und untersuchte ihre medizinischen Fälle im sozialgeschichtlichen und mikrohistorischen Kontext. KW - Tan Yunxian KW - Gender History KW - Medical History KW - Ming dynasty KW - China KW - Medical case book KW - Nüyi zayan Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-288862 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Fischer, Doris A1 - Schaper, Anna-Katharina T1 - Does Gender Matter for the Entrepreneurship Fairy Tale? An Analysis of Chinese Unicorn Start-ups T2 - CBE Research Notes N2 - Start-up ecosystems around the world have created a large number of successful and innovative unicorn companies in recent years. Our research note focuses on the case of China and offers a global comparative perspective on the current status of Chinese unicorn start-ups and their founding structure. We identify a predominantly male unicorn founding structure and illustrate a worrying decline of female entrepreneurship in China. T3 - CBE Research Note - 2/2021 KW - female entrepreneurs KW - unicorns KW - China KW - economics KW - entrepreneurship KW - Women entrepreneurs KW - Start-up Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-244415 SN - 2747-8661 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Krause, Theresa A1 - Fischer, Doris T1 - Data as the new driver for growth? European and Chinese perspectives on the new factor of production T1 - Sind Daten der neue Wachstumstreiber? Europäische und chinesische Perspektiven auf den neuen Produktionsfaktor N2 - Amidst an emerging international systemic competition between China and the Western world, China’s sustained high economic growth rates, technological innovations and successful control of the corona pandemic have raised doubts over the West’s systemic capabilities. In this context, data resources and regimes play an increasing role. This research note looks at data as present and future driver of innovation and economic growth in more detail. It compares the Chinese and the European perspective on data as well as their respective (planned) policy measures in order to draw tentative conclusions about their different approaches' implications. T3 - CBE Research Note - 1/2021 KW - China KW - Europa KW - Wirtschaftspolitik KW - drivers of growth KW - China KW - data economics KW - European Union KW - growth KW - economic policy KW - data KW - Europe Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-229794 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Clauss, Kersten A1 - Yan, Huimin A1 - Kuenzer, Claudia T1 - Mapping Paddy Rice in China in 2002, 2005, 2010 and 2014 with MODIS Time Series JF - Remote Sensing N2 - Rice is an important food crop and a large producer of green-house relevant methane. Accurate and timely maps of paddy fields are most important in the context of food security and greenhouse gas emission modelling. During their life-cycle, rice plants undergo a phenological development that influences their interaction with waves in the visible light and infrared spectrum. Rice growth has a distinctive signature in time series of remotely-sensed data. We used time series of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) products MOD13Q1 and MYD13Q1 and a one-class support vector machine to detect these signatures and classify paddy rice areas in continental China. Based on these classifications, we present a novel product for continental China that shows rice areas for the years 2002, 2005, 2010 and 2014 at 250-m resolution. Our classification has an overall accuracy of 0.90 and a kappa coefficient of 0.77 compared to our own reference dataset for 2014 and correlates highly with rice area statistics from China’s Statistical Yearbooks (R2 of 0.92 for 2010, 0.92 for 2005 and 0.90 for 2002). Moderate resolution time series analysis allows accurate and timely mapping of rice paddies over large areas with diverse cropping schemes. KW - agriculture KW - rice KW - China KW - MODIS KW - time series KW - SVM KW - OCSVM KW - change detection Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-180557 VL - 8 IS - 5 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Angnide, Enarile A1 - Bielitska, Iryna A1 - Borchert, Leon A1 - Braun, Louisa A1 - Bühler, Pascal A1 - Chen, Xinyue A1 - Ho, Katherina A1 - Hofmann, Lena A1 - Kebekus, Melvin A1 - Kubsch, Torbjörn A1 - Li, Alexander A1 - Lin, Simon A1 - Mischer, Andreas A1 - Mogus, Mateja A1 - Schmid, Fabian A1 - Schneidawind, Luisa A1 - Voss, Manuela A1 - Wilson, Claire A1 - Wieteska, Filip A1 - Yu, Linda ED - Lindner, Jonas ED - Fischer, Doris T1 - Chinese Entanglements in Lower Franconian Business BT - A student research project by the Chair of China Business and Economics at the University of Würzburg N2 - Using own survey data and interviews, this study analyzes how businesses in Lower Franconia (Unterfranken) are entangled with China. Starting with a bird's-eye-view of the current situation, the study goes on to provide valuable insights from five specific industries. The study shows that a majority of the analyzed firms have some sort of ties to China, be it through Chinese customers, import/export activities, or else. KW - China KW - Unterfranken KW - China KW - Lower Franconia KW - Unterfranken KW - business KW - entanglement KW - Handel Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-209876 ER - TY - THES A1 - Brzoska, Jan T1 - Market forecasting in China: An Artificial Neural Network approach to optimize the accuracy of sales forecasts in the Chinese automotive market T1 - Marktprognosen in China: Einsatz eines Künstlichen Neuronalen Netzes zur Optimierung der monatlichen Absatzprognosequalität im chinesischen Automobilmarkt N2 - Sales forecasts are an essential determinant of operational planning in entrepreneurial organizations. However, in China, as in other emerging markets, monthly sales forecasts are particularly challenging for multinational automotive enterprises and suppliers. A chief reason for this is that conventional approaches to sales forecasting often fail to capture the underlying market dynamics. To that end, this dissertation investigates the application of Artificial Neural Networks with an implemented backpropagation algorithm as a more “unconventional” sales forecasting method. A key element of statistical modelling is the selection of superior leading indicators. These indicators were collected as part of the researcher’s expert interviews with multinational enterprises and state associations in China. The economic plausibility of all specified indicators is critically explored in qualitative-quantitative pre-selection procedures. The overall objective of the present study was to improve the accuracy of monthly sales forecasts in the Chinese automotive market. This objective was achieved by showing that the forecasting error could be lowered to a new benchmark of less than 10% in an out-of-sample forecasting application. N2 - Absatzprognosen sind ein zentraler Bestandteil der operativen Unternehmensplanung. In China, wie auch in anderen Schwellenländern, stellen vor allem monatliche Prognosen jedoch eine besondere Herausforderung für multinationale Automobilhersteller und deren Zulieferer dar. Ein Grund hierfür ist, dass konventionelle Prognoseverfahren der außergewöhnlich hohen Marktdynamik nicht ausreichend gerecht werden. In der vorliegenden Dissertationsschrift werden Künstliche Neuronale Netze mit integriertem Backpropagation-Algorithmus als alternatives Marktprognoseverfahren eingehend beleuchtet. Erprobt vor allem in hochvolatilen Finanzmarktanwendungen ist diese Form künstlicher Intelligenz imstande, hochkomplexe Zusammenhänge zu entschlüsseln und selbständig aus Prognosefehlern zu lernen. Ein Kernelement der statistischen Modellierung ist die Auswahl von geeigneten Frühwarnindikatoren, die unter anderem durch Experteninterviews in chinesischer Sprache bei Regierungsablegern erhoben wurden. Die ökonomische Plausibilität der genannten Indikatoren wird in qualitativ-quantitativen Vorauswahlverfahren kritisch reflektiert. Grundlegendes Ziel des Forschungsprojektes war es, die Güte der monatlichen Absatzprognosen im chinesischen Automobilmarkt zu verbessern. Dieses Ziel konnte mit Unterschreitung der entscheidenden 10%-Prognosefehlerschwelle im Validierungsdatensatz erreicht werden. KW - China KW - Kraftfahrzeugindustrie KW - Marktprognose KW - Neuronales Netz KW - Automotive industry KW - Chinese economy KW - Market forecasts KW - Artificial Neural Networks KW - Backpropagation Learning KW - Leading indicators KW - Institutional voids KW - Emerging markets KW - Resource-based view KW - International business strategy KW - Wirtschaft KW - Prognosen KW - Autoindustrie KW - Neuronale Netze Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-203155 ER - TY - THES A1 - Hauser, Anna Si-Lu T1 - A comparative approach to local organisation of the energy transition N2 - In recent years, numerous renewable energy cities were established worldwide, piloting different pathways to transition to clean energy. With the ability to address local needs more precisely in their unique geographic, social and economic contexts, cities play a vital role in implementing overall climate mitigation goals on the local level. In China, many renewable energy cities have emerged as well. However, official documents suggest that Chinese government authorities establish such renewable energy cities strategically, which leads to the assumption that the impulse to become renewable is different from other countries, where bottom-up initiatives are more common. Hence, this thesis explores answer to the question why and how the Chinese government promotes the energy transition of Chinese cities and regions. To explore the dynamics of local energy transition projects, this thesis adopts two frameworks from the field of sustainability transitions, the multi-level perspective and strategic niche management, and applies them to seven European and two Chinese case studies. The European sample includes the cities Graz, Güssing, Freiburg, and Helsinki as well as the communities Feldheim, Jühnde and Murau. The Chinese sample consists of the bottom-up initiative Shaanxi Sunflower Project and the demonstration project Tongli New Energy Town. A comparative analysis evaluates in how far the cases correspond to the multi-level perspective or strategic niche management. The comparison of the case studies reveals that the development of renewable energy cities in China goes beyond a top-down vs. bottom-up logic. In the Chinese context, strategic niche management should be understood as experimentation under hierarchy, which serves at pretesting different approaches before rolling them out nationwide. In addition, the analysis shows that both the multi-level perspective and strategic niche management have their advantages and disadvantages for niche development. Niches following the logic of the multi-level perspective may result in higher stakeholder acceptance, whereas strategic niche management can in turn accelerate niche development. However, since natural niche development cannot be steered intentionally, decision-makers who intend to induce local renewable energy projects have no other option but to resort to strategic niche management. To increase stakeholder acceptance and thus to improve the project outcome, decision-makers are advised to accommodate sufficient room for stakeholder participation in the project design. KW - China KW - multi-level perspective KW - strategic niche management KW - energy transition KW - top down KW - bottom up Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-202109 ER -