TY - INPR A1 - Dandekar, Thomas T1 - How do qubits interact? Implications for fundamental physics N2 - Proteins fold in water and achieve a clear structure despite a huge parameter space. Inside a (protein) crystal you have everywhere the same symmetries as there is everywhere the same unit cell. We apply this to qubit interactions to do fundamental physics: We modify cosmological inflation: we replace the big bang by a condensation event in an eternal all-encompassing ocean of free qubits. Rare interactions of qubits in the ocean provide a nucleus or seed for a new universe (domain), as the qubits become decoherent and freeze-out into defined bit ensembles. Next, we replace inflation by a crystallization event triggered by the nucleus of interacting qubits to which rapidly more and more qubits attach (like in everyday crystal growth). The crystal unit cell guarantees same symmetries (and laws of nature) everywhere inside the crystal, no inflation scenario is needed. Interacting qubits solidify, quantum entropy decreases in the crystal, but increases outside in the ocean. The interacting qubits form a rapidly growing domain where the n**m states become separated ensemble states, rising long-range forces stop ultimately further growth. After this very early modified steps, standard cosmology with the hot fireball model takes over. Our theory agrees well with lack of inflation traces in cosmic background measurements. Applying the Hurwitz theorem to qubits we prove that initiation of qubit interactions can only be 1,2,4 or 8-dimensional (agrees with E8 symmetry of our universe). Repulsive forces at ultrashort distances result from quantization, long-range forces limit crystal growth. The phase space of the crystal agrees with the standard model of the basic four forces for n quanta. It includes all possible ensemble combinations of their quantum states m, a total of n**m states. We describe a six-bit-ensemble toy model of qubit interaction and the repulsive forces of qubits for ultra-short distances. Neighbor states reach according to transition possibilities (S-matrix) with emergent time from entropic ensemble gradients. However, in our four dimensions there is only one bit overlap to neighbor states left (almost solid, only below Planck´s quantum is liquidity left). The E8 symmetry of heterotic string theory has six curled-up, small dimensions. These keep the qubit crystal together and never expand. We give energy estimates for free qubits vs bound qubits, misplacements in the qubit crystal and entropy increase during qubit crystal formation. Implications are fundamental answers, e.g. why there is fine-tuning for life-friendliness, why there is string theory with rolled-up dimension and so many free parameters. We explain by cosmological crystallization instead of inflation the early creation of large-scale structure of voids and filaments, supercluster formation, galaxy formation, and the dominance of matter: the unit cell of our crystal universe has a matter handedness avoiding anti-matter. Importantly, crystals come and go in the qubit ocean. This selects for the ability to lay seeds for new crystals, for self-organization and life-friendliness. Vacuum energy gets appropriate low inside the crystal by its qubit binding energy, outside it is 10**20 higher. Scalar fields for color interaction/confinement and gravity could be derived from the qubit-interaction field. KW - protein folding KW - qubit interaction KW - early cosmology KW - qubit KW - modified inflation KW - crystallization KW - decoherence Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-357435 ER - TY - INPR A1 - Dandekar, Thomas T1 - Protein folding and crystallization applied to qubit interactions and fundamental physics yields a modified inflation model for cosmology N2 - Protein folding achieves a clear solution structure in a huge parameter space (the so-called protein folding problem). Proteins fold in water, and get by this a highly ordered structure. Finally, inside a protein crystal for structure resolution, you have everywhere the same symmetries as there is everywhere the same unit cell. We apply this to qubit interactions to do fundamental physics: in a modified cosmology, we replace the big bang by a condensation event in an eternal all-encompassing ocean of free qubits. Interactions of qubits in the qubit ocean are quite rare but provide a nucleus or seed for a new universe (domain) as the qubits become decoherent and freeze-out into defined bit ensembles. Second, we replace inflation by a crystallization event triggered by the nucleus of interacting qubits to which rapidly more and more qubits attach (like in everyday crystal growth). The crystal unit cell guarantees same symmetries everywhere inside the crystal. The textbook inflation scenario to explain the same laws of nature in our domain is replaced by the unit cell of the crystal formed. Interacting qubits solidify, quantum entropy decreases (but increases in the ocean around). In a modified inflation scenario, the interacting qubits form a rapidly growing domain where the n**m states become separated ensemble states, rising long-range forces stop ultimately further growth. Then standard cosmology with the hot fireball model takes over. Our theory agrees well with lack of inflation traces in cosmic background measurements. We explain by cosmological crystallization instead of inflation: early creation of large-scale structure of voids and filaments, supercluster formation, galaxy formation, and the dominance of matter: the unit cell of our crystal universe has a matter handedness avoiding anti-matter. We prove initiation of qubit interactions can only be 1,2,4 or 8-dimensional (agrees with E8 symmetry of our universe). Repulsive forces at ultrashort distances result from quantization, long-range forces limit crystal growth. Crystals come and go in the qubit ocean. This selects for the ability to lay seeds for new crystals, for self-organization and life-friendliness. The phase space of the crystal agrees with the standard model of the basic four forces for n quanta. It includes all possible ensemble combinations of their quantum states m, a total of n**m states. Neighbor states reach according to transition possibilities (S-matrix) with emergent time from entropic ensemble gradients. However, in our four dimensions there is only one bit overlap to neighbor states left (almost solid, only below Planck quantum there is liquidity left). The E8 symmetry of heterotic string theory has six curled-up, small dimensions which help to keep the qubit crystal together and will never expand. Mathematics focusses on the Hurwitz proof applied to qubit interaction, a toy model of qubit interaction and repulsive forces of qubits. Vacuum energy gets appropriate low inside the crystal. We give first energy estimates for free qubits vs bound qubits, misplacements in the qubit crystal and entropy increase during qubit decoherence / crystal formation. Scalar fields for color interaction/confinement and gravity are derived from the qubit-interaction field. KW - protein folding KW - crystallization KW - qubit interaction KW - decoherence KW - modified inflation Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-346156 ER - TY - THES A1 - Kober, Franz-Xaver Wilhelm T1 - Molecular insights into the protein disulfide isomerase family T1 - Molekulare Mechanismen der Protein Disulfid Isomerase Familie N2 - Upon synthesis, nascent polypeptide chains are subject to major rearrangements of their side chains to obtain an energetically more favorable conformation in a process called folding. About one third of all cellular proteins pass through the secretory pathway and undergo oxidative folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). During oxidative folding, the conformational rearrangements are accompanied by the formation of disulfide bonds – covalent bonds between cysteine side chains that form upon oxidation. Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) assists in the folding of substrates by catalyzing the oxidation of pairs of cysteine residues and the isomerization of disulfide bonds as well as by acting as chaperones. In addition to PDI itself, a family of related ER-resident proteins has formed. All PDI family members share the thioredoxin fold in at least one of their domains and exhibit a subset of the PDI activities. Despite many studies, the role of most PDI family members remains unclear. The project presented in this thesis was aimed to establish tools for the biochemical characterization of single members of the PDI family and their role in the folding process. A combination of fluorescence based assays was developed to selectively study single functions of PDI family members and relate their properties of either catalysis of oxidation or catalysis of isomerization or chaperone activity to the rest of the protein family. A binding assay using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) was established to complement the activity assays. Using ITC we could show for the first time that members of the PDI family can distinguish between folded and unfolded proteins selectively binding the latter. The unique information provided by this method also revealed a two-site binding of unfolded proteins by PDI itself. In addition to the functional characterization, experiments were conducted to further investigate the oligomeric state of PDI. We could show that the equilibrium between structurally different states of PDI is heavily influenced by the redox state of the protein and its environment. This new data could help to further our understanding of the interplay between oxidases like PDI and their regenerative enzymes like Ero1, which may be governed by structural changes in response to the change in redox status. Another structural approach was the screening of all investigated PDI family members for suitable crystallization conditions. As a result of this screening we could obtain protein crystals of human ERp27 and were able to solve the structure of this protein with X-ray crystallography. The structure gives insight into the mechanisms of substrate binding domains within the PDI family and helps to understand the interaction of ERp27 with the redox active ERp57. In collaboration with the group of Heike Hermanns we could further show the physiological importance of this interaction under oxidative stress. In conclusion, the project presented in this thesis provides novel tools for an extensive analysis of the activities of single PDI family members as well as a useful set of methods to characterize novel oxidoreductases and chaperones. The initial results obtained with the our novel methods are very promising. At the same time, the structural approach of this project could successfully solve the structure of a PDI family member and give information about the interplay within the PDI family. N2 - Umlagerungsprozess nennt man Proteinfaltung. Schätzungsweise ein Drittel aller zellulären Proteine werden über den sekretorischen Transportweg geschleust und durchlaufen die oxidative Proteinfaltung im endoplasmatischen Retikulum (ER). Während der oxidativen Faltung werden zusätzlich zur Umlagerung von Seitenketten auch Disulfidbrücken gebildet. Dies sind kovalente Bindungen zwischen Zystein-Seitenketten durch Oxidation entstehen. Protein Disulfid Isomerase (PDI) unterstützt die Faltung von Proteinen im ER indem es die Oxidation zweier Zystein- Seitenketten katalysiert. Neben der Oxidation katalysiert PDI ebenfalls die Isomerisierung von fehlverknüpften Disulfidbrücken und wirkt als Chaperon der Aggregation entgegen. Im Laufe der Evolution hat sich zusätzlich zu PDI eine Gruppe verwandter ER-lokalisierter Proteine gebildet. Diese Mitglieder der PDI-Familie weisen alle das Thioredoxin-Faltungsmotiv in mindestens einer ihrer Domänen auf und besitzen mindestens eine der drei PDI-Aktivitäten. Trotz eingehender Untersuchung ist die Rolle der meisten dieser PDI Familienmitglieder weiterhin unklar. Im Rahmen des Projekts, welches dieser Dissertation zugrunde liegt, wurden Methoden zur biochemischen Charakterisierung einzelner Mitglieder der PDI-Familie, und deren Rolle im Faltungsprozess, entwickelt. Eine Kombination von Fluoreszenzexperimenten wurde etabliert mit der selektiv einzelne Aktivitäten von Faltungshelfern analysiert und qualitativ in die PDI- Familie eingeordnet werde können. Diese fluoreszenzbasierten Methoden wurden durch isothermale Titrationkalorimetrie (ITC) ergänzt. Mit ITC konnten wir als Erste zeigen, dass PDI- Familienmitglieder gefaltete von ungefalteten Proteinen unterscheiden können und letztere selektiv binden. Die zusätzlichen Informationen, die in einem ITC-Experiment gewonnen wurden, zeigten, dass PDI mit Substraten mit Hilfe von zwei unterschiedlichen Bindungsstellen interagiert. Neben der funktionellen Analyse der PDI-Familie wurde Experimente durchgeführt um den oligomeren Zustand von PDI näher zu untersuchen. Wir konnten zeigen, dass das Gleichgewicht zwischen strukturell verschiedenen Zuständen entscheidend vom Redox-Status von PDI abhängt. Diese neuen Daten werfen ein neues Licht auf die Interaktion zwischen Oxidasen wie PDI und ihren regenerativen Enzymen wie Ero1. Diese Interaktion könnte sehr wohl durch strukturelle Veränderungen, ausgelöst durch Redox-Reaktionen, reguliert werden. Als weiteren strukturellen Ansatz zur Erforschung der PDI-Familie wurden alle verwendeten Familienmitglieder auf aussichtsreiche Kristallisationsbedingungen hin untersucht. Durch dieses Screening konnte ERp27 kristallisiert und seine Struktur durch Röntgenkristallografie aufgeklärt werden. Die so gewonnene Struktur gibt Aufschluss über die Mechanismen der Substratbindung in der PDI- Familie und hilft ebenfalls dabei, die Interaktion zwischen ERp27 und dem redoxaktiven ERp57 besser zu verstehen. Auf Grund dieser Daten konnten wir gemeinsam mit der Gruppe von Heike Hermanns die physiologische Bedeutung dieser Interaktion bei oxidativem Stress aufzeigen. Zusammenfassend konnten im Rahmen dieses Projektes neue Werkzeuge zur eingehenden Analyse der PDI-Familie etabliert werden, welche auch zur Charakterisierung neuer Oxidoreduktasen und Chaperone verwendet werden können. Die ersten Ergebnisse die mit Hilfe dieser neuen Methoden gewonnen werden konnten sind vielversprechen. Gleichzeitig konnten wir mit ERp27 die Struktur eines weiteren PDI-Familienmitgliedes lösen und so weitere Einblicke in das komplexe Netzwerk der PDI-Familie gewinnen. KW - Biochemie KW - Proteinfaltung KW - Disulfidbrücken KW - Protein Disulfid Isomerase KW - Biochemistry KW - protein folding KW - disulfide bonds KW - protein disulfide isomerase KW - PDI Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72144 ER -