TY - JOUR A1 - Wehner, Helena A1 - Huchler, Katharina A1 - Fritz, Johannes T1 - Quantification of foraging areas for the Northern Bald Ibis (Geronticus eremita) in the northern Alpine foothills: a random forest model fitted with optical and actively sensed earth observation data JF - Remote Sensing N2 - The Northern Bald Ibis (Geronticus eremita, NBI) is an endangered migratory species, which went extinct in Europe in the 17th century. Currently, a translocation project in the frame of the European LIFE program is carried out, to reintroduce a migratory population with breeding colonies in the northern and southern Alpine foothills and a common wintering area in southern Tuscany. The population meanwhile consists of about 200 individuals, with about 90% of them carrying a GPS device on their back. We used biologging data from 2021 to model the habitat suitability for the species in the northern Alpine foothills. To set up a species distribution model, indices describing environmental conditions were calculated from satellite images of Landsat-8, and in addition to the well-proven use of optical remote sensing data, we also included Sentinel-1 actively sensed observation data, as well as climate and urbanization data. A random forest model was fitted on NBI GPS positions, which we used to identify regions with high predicted foraging suitability within the northern Alpine foothills. The model resulted in 84.5% overall accuracy. Elevation and slope had the highest predictive power, followed by grass cover and VV intensity of Sentinel-1 radar data. The map resulting from the model predicts the highest foraging suitability for valley floors, especially of Inn, Rhine, and Salzach-Valley as well as flatlands, like the Swiss Plateau and the agricultural areas surrounding Lake Constance. Areas with a high suitability index largely overlap with known historic breeding sites. This is particularly noteworthy because the model only refers to foraging habitats without considering the availability of suitable breeding cliffs. Detailed analyses identify the transition zone from extensive grassland management to intensive arable farming as the northern range limit. The modeling outcome allows for defining suitable areas for further translocation and management measures in the frame of the European NBI reintroduction program. Although required in the international IUCN translocation guidelines, the use of models in the context of translocation projects is still not common and in the case of the Northern Bald Ibis not considered in the present Single Species Action Plan of the African-Eurasian Migratory Water bird Agreement. Our species distribution model represents a contemporary snapshot, but sustainability is essential for conservation planning, especially in times of climate change. In this regard, a further model could be optimized by investigating sustainable land use, temporal dynamics, and climate change scenarios. KW - Northern Bald Ibis KW - conservation KW - species distribution modeling KW - random forest modeling KW - remote sensing KW - reintroduction Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-262245 SN - 2072-4292 VL - 14 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wegener, Sonja A1 - Schindhelm, Robert A1 - Sauer, Otto A. T1 - Implementing corrections of isocentric shifts for the stereotactic irradiation of cerebral targets: Clinical validation JF - Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics N2 - Purpose: Any Linac will show geometric imprecisions, including non-ideal alignment of the gantry, collimator and couch axes, and gantry sag or wobble. Their angular dependence can be quantified and resulting changes of the dose distribution predicted (Wack, JACMP 20(5), 2020). We analyzed whether it is feasible to correct geometric shifts during treatment planning. The successful implementation of such a correction procedure was verified by measurements of different stereotactic treatment plans. Methods: Isocentric shifts were quantified for two Elekta Synergy Agility Linacs using the QualiForMed ISO-CBCT+ module, yielding the shift between kV and MV isocenters, the gantry flex and wobble as well as the positions of couch and collimator rotation axes. Next, the position of each field's isocenter in the Pinnacle treatment planning system was adjusted accordingly using a script. Fifteen stereotactic treatment plans of cerebral metastases (0.34 to 26.53 cm3) comprising 9–11 beams were investigated; 54 gantry and couch combinations in total. Unmodified plans and corrected plans were measured using the Sun Nuclear SRS-MapCHECK with the Stereophan phantom and evaluated using gamma analysis. Results: Geometric imprecisions, such as shifts of up to 0.8 mm between kV and MV isocenter, a couch rotation axis 0.9 mm off the kV isocente,r and gantry flex with an amplitude of 1.1 mm, were found. For eight, mostly small PTVs D98 values declined more than 5% by simulating these shifts. The average gamma (2%/2 mm, absolute, global, 20% threshold) was reduced from 0.53 to 0.31 (0.32 to 0.30) for Linac 1 (Linac 2) when including the isocentric corrections. Thus, Linac 1 reached the accuracy level of Linac 2 after correction. Conclusion: Correcting for Linac geometric deviations during the planning process is feasible and was dosimetrically validated. The dosimetric impact of the geometric imperfections can vary between Linacs and should be assessed and corrected where necessary. KW - isocenter KW - quality assurance KW - stereotactic irradiation Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312906 VL - 23 IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wegener, Christian A1 - Chen, Jiangtian T1 - Allatostatin A signalling: progress and new challenges from a paradigmatic pleiotropic invertebrate neuropeptide family JF - Frontiers in Physiology N2 - Neuropeptides have gained broad attraction in insect neuroscience and physiology, as new genetic tools are increasingly uncovering their wide-ranging pleiotropic functions with high cellular resolution. Allatostatin A (AstA) peptides constitute one of the best studied insect neuropeptide families. In insects and other panarthropods, AstA peptides qualify as brain-gut peptides and have regained attention with the discovery of their role in regulating feeding, growth, activity/sleep and learning. AstA receptor homologs are found throughout the protostomia and group with vertebrate somatostatin/galanin/kisspeptin receptors. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge on the evolution and the pleiotropic and cell-specific non-allatostatic functions of AstA. We speculate about the core functions of AstA signalling, and derive open questions and challengesfor future research on AstA and invertebrate neuropeptides in general. KW - neuropeptide signalling KW - feeding KW - intestinal control KW - sleep/activity KW - kisspeptin/galanin/spexin signalling KW - metabolism and growth KW - learning KW - cardioactive factor Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-278749 SN - 1664-042X VL - 13 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wech, Tobias A1 - Ankenbrand, Markus Johannes A1 - Bley, Thorsten Alexander A1 - Heidenreich, Julius Frederik T1 - A data-driven semantic segmentation model for direct cardiac functional analysis based on undersampled radial MR cine series JF - Magnetic Resonance in Medicine N2 - Purpose Image acquisition and subsequent manual analysis of cardiac cine MRI is time-consuming. The purpose of this study was to train and evaluate a 3D artificial neural network for semantic segmentation of radially undersampled cardiac MRI to accelerate both scan time and postprocessing. Methods A database of Cartesian short-axis MR images of the heart (148,500 images, 484 examinations) was assembled from an openly accessible database and radial undersampling was simulated. A 3D U-Net architecture was pretrained for segmentation of undersampled spatiotemporal cine MRI. Transfer learning was then performed using samples from a second database, comprising 108 non-Cartesian radial cine series of the midventricular myocardium to optimize the performance for authentic data. The performance was evaluated for different levels of undersampling by the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) with respect to reference labels, as well as by deriving ventricular volumes and myocardial masses. Results Without transfer learning, the pretrained model performed moderately on true radial data [maximum number of projections tested, P = 196; DSC = 0.87 (left ventricle), DSC = 0.76 (myocardium), and DSC =0.64 (right ventricle)]. After transfer learning with authentic data, the predictions achieved human level even for high undersampling rates (P = 33, DSC = 0.95, 0.87, and 0.93) without significant difference compared with segmentations derived from fully sampled data. Conclusion A 3D U-Net architecture can be used for semantic segmentation of radially undersampled cine acquisitions, achieving a performance comparable with human experts in fully sampled data. This approach can jointly accelerate time-consuming cine image acquisition and cumbersome manual image analysis. KW - undersampling KW - cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) KW - deep learning KW - radial KW - semantic segmentation Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-257616 VL - 87 IS - 2 ER - TY - THES A1 - Weber, Tanja T1 - Untersuchung des Einflusses verschiedener Lebenserfahrungen und unterschiedlicher Serotoninhomöostase auf die Neuromorphologie von Pyramidenzellen der CA3-Region des Hippocampus in Mäusen T1 - Investigation of the influence of different life histories and varying serotonin homeostasis on the neuromorphology of pyramidal cells in hippocampal Cornu ammonis sector 3 in mice N2 - Chronischer Stress hat negative Folgen, die sich im Verhalten und auf neuronaler Ebene äußern können. Als besonders stressempfindlich gelten die Neurone der dritten Region des hippocampalen Ammonshorns CA3. Sie reagieren auch im bereits ausgereiften Zustand noch sehr sensibel auf äußere Einflüsse, was als neuronale Plastizität bezeichnet wird. Sie erfahren unter anderem durch Stress und Serotonin morphologische und funktionelle Veränderungen. Serotonin-Transporter wahren das Serotonin-Gleichgewicht, indem sie dessen Wirkung schließlich durch Wiederaufnahme in die Zellen beenden. Polymorphismen, also verschiedene Gen-Varianten, bedingen Unterschiede in der Zahl der verfügbaren Transporter. Dieses Wechselspiel zwischen Gen-Varianten des Serotonin-Transporters und Stress wurde an Serotonin-Transporter-Knockout-Mäusen untersucht. Einige Mäuse erfuhren bereits früh im Leben Stress, der entweder anhielt oder im späteren Leben positiven Erfahrungen wich; weitere Mäuse hingegen machten in frühen Lebensabschnitten positive Erfahrungen, die sich später entweder fortsetzten oder durch Stresserfahrungen ersetzt wurden. Nach Durchführung von Verhaltenstests wurde zudem in deren Golgi-imprägnierten Gehirnen die Morphologie der Apikaldendriten von CA3-Kurzschaft-Pyramidenzellen lichtmikroskopisch untersucht und in 3D-Computermodellen abgebildet. Aufgrund regionaler Eigenheiten innerhalb von CA3 wurden diese Neurone verschiedenen Subpopulationen zugeordnet. Tatsächlich konnten mithilfe der Kombination aus vier verschiedenen Lebensgeschichten und drei unterschiedlichen Serotonin-Transporter-Genotypen Unterschiede in der Morphologie der CA3-Pyramidenzellen zwischen den einzelnen Gruppen festgestellt werden. Ohne Stresserleben zeigten sich die Neurone meist signifikant verzweigter; nach Stresserleben zeigten sich, zumindest in einer bestimmten Subpopulation, signifikante Verminderungen der Spines. Mäuse mit zwei oder einem wildtypischen Serotonin-Transporter-Allel und ausschließlich späten aversiven Erfahrungen hatten signifikant längere Apikaldendriten als die Referenz mit zwei wildtypischen Allelen und ohne Stresserfahrung; homozygot Serotonin-Transporter-defiziente Mäuse der gleichen Lebensgeschichte hatten zur Referenz signifikant verkürzte Apikaldendriten. Diese Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, dass Stress in Verbindung mit genetisch bedingt geringen Mengen des Serotonin-Transporters durchaus eine erhöhte Vulnerabilität für psychische Erkrankungen bedingen könnte, aber dass ausschließlich späte Stresserfahrungen bei höheren Mengen des Serotonin-Transporters auch protektiv wirken könnten. N2 - Chronic stress has a negative impact on behavior and neuronal networks. The neurons of Cornu ammonis sector 3 (CA3) of the hippocampus are shown to be very susceptible to stress. Even when mature, they still react sensitively to their environment, which is called neuronal plasticity. Stress and serotonin tend to influence the neurons morphologically as well as functionally. Serotonin transporters preserve the serotonin homeostasis by terminating the serotonergic effects on respective receptors through reuptake into the surrounding cells. Polymorphisms, several variants of the human serotonin transporter gene, account for differences in the numbers of available serotonin transporters. This interplay between variants of the serotonin transporter gene and stress has been investigated by using the animal model of serotonin transporter knockout mice. Life history of some of these mice started with stressful events that either persisted or was replaced by positive experiences in their later life; the other mice had a pleasant early life that in their late phase of life either went on or was interrupted and henceforth contained stressful incidents. Behavioral tests took place. Afterwards, the Golgi impregnated mouse brains were light microscopically studied for the morphology of the apical dendrites of CA3 short shaft pyramidal cells, which were then transferred into digital 3D models. Due to regional differences in CA3 associated with a large variance in the morphology of these neurons located there, investigated neurons were subdivided into various subpopulations. With the combination of four different life histories and three different serotonin transporter genotypes, differences in the morphology of the CA3 pyramidal cells between the individual groups could be determined. Without the experience of stress, the neurons mostly had significantly more nodes; after stress, the spines were shown to be significantly reduced in at least one of the subpopulations. Mice with two or one wildtype serotonin transporter allele and experiencing only late aversive events had significantly longer apical dendrites than the reference with two wildtype alleles and experiencing no stress at all; homozygous serotonin transporter knockout mice of the same life history had significantly shorter apical dendrites compared to the reference. According to these findings, it can be supposed that stress in conjunction with genetically caused low amounts of the serotonin transporter can indeed increase the vulnerability for psychological disorders but that only late experiences of stress in combination with higher amounts of the serotonin transporter could also have a protective effect. KW - Ammonshorn KW - Hippocampus KW - Stress KW - Angst KW - Serotoninstoffwechsel KW - Pyramidenzelle KW - CA3 Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-283542 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weber, Heike A1 - Maihofer, Adam X. A1 - Jaksic, Nenad A1 - Bojic, Elma Feric A1 - Kucukalic, Sabina A1 - Dzananovic, Emina Sabic A1 - Uka, Aferdita Goci A1 - Hoxha, Blerina A1 - Haxhibeqiri, Valdete A1 - Haxhibeqiri, Shpend A1 - Kravic, Nermina A1 - Umihanic, Mirnesa Muminovic A1 - Franc, Ana Cima A1 - Babic, Romana A1 - Pavlovic, Marko A1 - Mehmedbasic, Alma Bravo A1 - Aukst-Margetic, Branka A1 - Kucukalic, Abdulah A1 - Marjanovic, Damir A1 - Babic, Dragan A1 - Jakovljevic, Miro A1 - Sinanovic, Osman A1 - Avidbegović, Esmina A1 - Agani, Ferid A1 - Warrings, Bodo A1 - Domschke, Katharina A1 - Nievergelt, Caroline M. A1 - Dzubur-Kulenovic, Alma A1 - Erhardt, Angelika T1 - Association of polygenic risk scores, traumatic life events and coping strategies with war-related PTSD diagnosis and symptom severity in the South Eastern Europe (SEE)-PTSD cohort JF - Journal of Neural Transmission N2 - Objectives Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is triggered by extremely stressful environmental events and characterized by high emotional distress, re-experiencing of trauma, avoidance and hypervigilance. The present study uses polygenic risk scores (PRS) derived from the UK Biobank (UKBB) mega-cohort analysis as part of the PGC PTSD GWAS effort to determine the heritable basis of PTSD in the South Eastern Europe (SEE)-PTSD cohort. We further analyzed the relation between PRS and additional disease-related variables, such as number and intensity of life events, coping, sex and age at war on PTSD and CAPS as outcome variables. Methods Association of PRS, number and intensity of life events, coping, sex and age on PTSD were calculated using logistic regression in a total of 321 subjects with current and remitted PTSD and 337 controls previously subjected to traumatic events but not having PTSD. In addition, PRS and other disease-related variables were tested for association with PTSD symptom severity, measured by the Clinician Administrated PTSD Scale (CAPS) by liner regression. To assess the relationship between the main outcomes PTSD diagnosis and symptom severity, each of the examined variables was adjusted for all other PTSD related variables. Results The categorical analysis showed significant polygenic risk in patients with remitted PTSD and the total sample, whereas no effects were found on symptom severity. Intensity of life events as well as the individual coping style were significantly associated with PTSD diagnosis in both current and remitted cases. The dimensional analyses showed as association of war-related frequency of trauma with symptom severity, whereas the intensity of trauma yielded significant results independently of trauma timing in current PTSD. Conclusions The present PRS application in the SEE-PTSD cohort confirms modest but significant polygenic risk for PTSD diagnosis. Environmental factors, mainly the intensity of traumatic life events and negative coping strategies, yielded associations with PTSD both categorically and dimensionally with more significant p-values. This suggests that, at least in the present cohort of war-related trauma, the association of environmental factors and current individual coping strategies with PTSD psychopathology was stronger than the polygenic risk. KW - life events KW - PTSD KW - CAPS KW - polygenic risk score KW - coping style Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-268541 SN - 1435-1463 VL - 129 IS - 5-6 ER - TY - THES A1 - Warnecke, Sandra T1 - Numerical schemes for multi-species BGK equations based on a variational procedure applied to multi-species BGK equations with velocity-dependent collision frequency and to quantum multi-species BGK equations T1 - Numerische Verfahren für multispezies BGK Gleichungen mittels Variationsansatz angewandt auf multispezies BGK Gleichungen mit geschwindigkeitsabhängiger Stoßfrequenz sowie auf quantenmechanische multispezies BGK Gleichungen N2 - We consider a multi-species gas mixture described by a kinetic model. More precisely, we are interested in models with BGK interaction operators. Several extensions to the standard BGK model are studied. Firstly, we allow the collision frequency to vary not only in time and space but also with the microscopic velocity. In the standard BGK model, the dependence on the microscopic velocity is neglected for reasons of simplicity. We allow for a more physical description by reintroducing this dependence. But even though the structure of the equations remains the same, the so-called target functions in the relaxation term become more sophisticated being defined by a variational procedure. Secondly, we include quantum effects (for constant collision frequencies). This approach influences again the resulting target functions in the relaxation term depending on the respective type of quantum particles. In this thesis, we present a numerical method for simulating such models. We use implicit-explicit time discretizations in order to take care of the stiff relaxation part due to possibly large collision frequencies. The key new ingredient is an implicit solver which minimizes a certain potential function. This procedure mimics the theoretical derivation in the models. We prove that theoretical properties of the model are preserved at the discrete level such as conservation of mass, total momentum and total energy, positivity of distribution functions and a proper entropy behavior. We provide an array of numerical tests illustrating the numerical scheme as well as its usefulness and effectiveness. N2 - Wir betrachten ein Gasgemisch, das aus mehreren Spezies zusammengesetzt ist und durch kinetische Modelle beschrieben werden kann. Dabei interessieren wir uns vor allem für Modelle mit BGK-Wechselwirkungsoperatoren. Verschiedene Erweiterungen des Standard-BGK-Modells werden untersucht. Im ersten Modell nehmen wir eine Abhängigkeit der Stoßfrequenzen von der mikroskopischen Geschwindigkeit hinzu. Im Standard-BGK-Modell wird diese Abhängigkeit aus Gründen der Komplexität vernachlässigt. Wir nähern uns der physikalischen Realität weiter an, indem wir die Abhängigkeit von der mikroskopischen Geschwindigkeit beachten. Die Struktur der Gleichungen bleibt erhalten, allerdings hat dies Auswirkungen auf die sogenannten Zielfunktionen im Relaxationsterm, welche sodann durch einen Variationsansatz definiert werden. Das zweite Modell berücksichtigt Quanteneffekte (für konstante Stoßfrequenzen), was wiederum die Zielfunktionen im Relaxationsterm beeinflusst. Diese unterscheiden sich abhängig von den jeweils betrachteten, quantenmechanischen Teilchentypen. In dieser Doktorarbeit stellen wir numerische Verfahren vor, die auf oben beschriebene Modelle angewandt werden können. Wir legen eine implizite-explizite Zeitdiskretisierung zu Grunde, da die Relaxationsterme für große Stoßfrequenzen steif werden können. Das Kernstück ist ein impliziter Löser, der eine gewisse Potenzialfunktion minimiert. Dieses Vorgehen imitiert die theoretische Herleitung in den Modellen. Wir zeigen, dass die Eigenschaften des Modells auch auf der diskreten Ebene vorliegen. Dies beinhaltet die Massen-, Gesamtimpuls- und Gesamtenergieerhaltung, die Positivität von Verteilungsfunktionen sowie das gewünschte Verhalten der Entropie. Wir führen mehrere numerische Tests durch, die die Eigenschaften, die Nützlichkeit und die Zweckmäßigkeit des numerischen Verfahrens aufzeigen. N2 - Many applications require reliable numerical simulations of realistic set-ups e.g. plasma physics. This book gives a short introduction into kinetic models of gas mixtures describing the time evolution of rarefied gases and plasmas. Recently developed models are presented which extend existing literature by including more physical phenomena. We develop a numerical scheme for these more elaborated equations. The scheme is proven to maintain the physical properties of the models at the discrete level. We show several numerical test cases inspired by physical experiments. KW - Kinetische Gastheorie KW - Simulation KW - Numerisches Verfahren KW - Gasgemisch KW - Plasma KW - multi-fluid mixture KW - kinetic model KW - entropy minimization KW - IMEX KW - velocity-dependent collision frequency Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-282378 SN - 978-3-95826-192-1 SN - 978-3-95826-193-8 N1 - Parallel erschienen als Druckausgabe in Würzburg University Press, ISBN 978-3-95826-192-1, 32,90 EUR. PB - Würzburg University Press CY - Würzburg ET - 1. Auflage ER - TY - GEN A1 - Warmdt, Julia A1 - Frisch, Henrik T1 - Digital Storytelling mit Hund Milo – Eine Geschichte im inklusiven Anfangsunterricht am iPad lesen und weitererzählen N2 - „Digital Storytelling mit Hund Milo“ beinhaltet neben dem digitalen Bilderbuch „Hund Milo“ (Illustration: Lena Kaufmann) auch Zusatzmaterial sowie Aufgaben zur Differenzierung. Das Bilderbuch und alle Materialien wurden für erste und zweite inklusive Klassen mit Kindern der Grundschule und des Schwerpunkts Geistige Entwicklung konzipiert. Ziel ist es, Schüler:innen im inklusiven Anfangsunterricht in multimodale Erzählmöglichkeiten der App Book Creator einzuführen (Kapitel eins und zwei), mit denen sie anschließend digital eine Geschichte weitererzählen können (Kapitel drei und vier). In Kapitel fünf wird den Schüler:innen ein mögliches Ende der Geschichte angeboten. Alle Materialien wurden mit Blick auf die oben genannten spezifischen Zielgruppen entwickelt und erprobt. Sie sind im Rahmen des BMBF-geförderten Projekts CoTeach-Arbeitspaket 4 „Medienkompetenzen in inklusiven Grundschulklassen im Bereich Digital Storytelling“ entstanden, das von Prof Dr. Sanna Pohlmann-Rother und Prof. Dr. Christoph Ratz geleitet wird. KW - Bilderbuch KW - Medienkompetenz KW - Inklusiver Unterricht KW - Anfangsunterricht KW - Erzählen KW - Digital Storytelling Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-292803 N1 - 2., korrigierte Auflage 2023 verfügbar unter: https://doi.org/10.25972/OPUS-30222 ER - TY - THES A1 - Wanner, Jonas Paul T1 - Artificial Intelligence for Human Decision-Makers: Systematization, Perception, and Adoption of Intelligent Decision Support Systems in Industry 4.0 T1 - Künstliche Intelligenz für menschliche Entscheidungsträger: Systematisierung, Wahrnehmung und Akzeptanz von intelligenten Entscheidungsunterstützungssystemen im Kontext der Industrie 4.0 N2 - Innovative possibilities for data collection, networking, and evaluation are unleashing previously untapped potential for industrial production. However, harnessing this potential also requires a change in the way we work. In addition to expanded automation, human-machine cooperation is becoming more important: The machine achieves a reduction in complexity for humans through artificial intelligence. In fractions of a second large amounts of data of high decision quality are analyzed and suggestions are offered. The human being, for this part, usually makes the ultimate decision. He validates the machine’s suggestions and, if necessary, (physically) executes them. Both entities are highly dependent on each other to accomplish the task in the best possible way. Therefore, it seems particularly important to understand to what extent such cooperation can be effective. Current developments in the field of artificial intelligence show that research in this area is particularly focused on neural network approaches. These are considered to be highly powerful but have the disadvantage of lacking transparency. Their inherent computational processes and the respective result reasoning remain opaque to humans. Some researchers assume that human users might therefore reject the system’s suggestions. The research domain of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) addresses this problem and tries to develop methods to realize systems that are highly efficient and explainable. This work is intended to provide further insights relevant to the defined goal of XAI. For this purpose, artifacts are developed that represent research achievements regarding the systematization, perception, and adoption of artificially intelligent decision support systems from a user perspective. The focus is on socio-technical insights with the aim to better understand which factors are important for effective human-machine cooperation. The elaborations predominantly represent extended grounded research. Thus, the artifacts imply an extension of knowledge in order to develop and/ or test effective XAI methods and techniques based on this knowledge. Industry 4.0, with a focus on maintenance, is used as the context for this development. N2 - Durch innovative Möglichkeiten der Datenerhebung, Vernetzung und Auswertung werden Potenziale für die Produktion freigesetzt, die bisher ungenutzt sind. Dies bedingt jedoch eine Veränderung der Arbeitsweise. Neben einer erweiterten Automatisierung wird die Mensch-Maschinen-Kooperation wichtiger: Die Maschine erreicht durch Künstliche Intelligenz eine Komplexitätsreduktion für den Menschen. In Sekundenbruchteilen werden Vorschläge aus großen Datenmengen von hoher Entscheidungsqualität geboten, während der Mensch i.d.R. die Entscheidung trifft und diese ggf. (physisch) ausführt. Beide Instanzen sind stark voneinander abhängig, um eine bestmögliche Aufgabenbewältigung zu erreichen. Es scheint daher insbesondere wichtig zu verstehen, inwiefern eine solche Kooperation effektiv werden kann. Aktuelle Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Künstlichen Intelligenz zeigen, dass die Forschung hierzu insbesondere auf Ansätze Neuronaler Netze fokussiert ist. Diese gelten als hoch leistungsfähig, haben aber den Nachteil einer fehlenden Nachvollziehbarkeit. Ihre inhärenten Berechnungsvorgänge und die jeweilige Ergebnisfindung bleiben für den Menschen undurchsichtig. Einige Forscher gehen davon aus, dass menschliche Nutzer daher die Systemvorschläge ablehnen könnten. Die Forschungsdomäne erklärbare Künstlichen Intelligenz (XAI) nimmt sich der Problemstellung an und versucht Methoden zu entwickeln, um Systeme zu realisieren die hoch-leistungsfähig und erklärbar sind. Diese Arbeit soll weitere Erkenntnisse für das definierte Ziel der XAI liefern. Dafür werden Artefakte entwickelt, welche Forschungsleistungen hinsichtlich der Systematisierung, Wahrnehmung und Adoption künstlich intelligenter Entscheidungsunterstützungssysteme aus Anwendersicht darstellen. Der Fokus liegt auf sozio-technischen Erkenntnissen. Es soll besser verstanden werden, welche Faktoren für eine effektive Mensch-Maschinen-Kooperation wichtig sind. Die Erarbeitungen repräsentieren überwiegend erweiterte Grundlagenforschung. Damit implizieren die Artefakte eine Erweiterung des Wissens, um darauf aufbauend effektive XAI-Methoden und -Techniken zu entwickeln und/ oder zu erproben. Als Kontext der eigenen Erarbeitung wird die Industrie 4.0 mit Schwerpunkt Instandhaltung genutzt. KW - Künstliche Intelligenz KW - Entscheidungsunterstützungssystem KW - Industrie 4.0 KW - Explainable AI KW - Erklärbare Künstliche Intelligenz KW - Artificial Intelligence KW - Industry 4.0 KW - Decision Support Systems Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259014 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wanner, Jonas A1 - Herm, Lukas-Valentin A1 - Heinrich, Kai A1 - Janiesch, Christian T1 - The effect of transparency and trust on intelligent system acceptance: evidence from a user-based study JF - Electronic Markets N2 - Contemporary decision support systems are increasingly relying on artificial intelligence technology such as machine learning algorithms to form intelligent systems. These systems have human-like decision capacity for selected applications based on a decision rationale which cannot be looked-up conveniently and constitutes a black box. As a consequence, acceptance by end-users remains somewhat hesitant. While lacking transparency has been said to hinder trust and enforce aversion towards these systems, studies that connect user trust to transparency and subsequently acceptance are scarce. In response, our research is concerned with the development of a theoretical model that explains end-user acceptance of intelligent systems. We utilize the unified theory of acceptance and use in information technology as well as explanation theory and related theories on initial trust and user trust in information systems. The proposed model is tested in an industrial maintenance workplace scenario using maintenance experts as participants to represent the user group. Results show that acceptance is performance-driven at first sight. However, transparency plays an important indirect role in regulating trust and the perception of performance. KW - user acceptance KW - intelligent system KW - artificial intelligence KW - trust KW - system transparency Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-323829 SN - 1019-6781 VL - 32 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wang, Zhiyuan A1 - Bachofer, Felix A1 - Koehler, Jonas A1 - Huth, Juliane A1 - Hoeser, Thorsten A1 - Marconcini, Mattia A1 - Esch, Thomas A1 - Kuenzer, Claudia T1 - Spatial modelling and prediction with the spatio-temporal matrix: a study on predicting future settlement growth JF - Land N2 - In the past decades, various Earth observation-based time series products have emerged, which have enabled studies and analysis of global change processes. Besides their contribution to understanding past processes, time series datasets hold enormous potential for predictive modeling and thereby meet the demands of decision makers on future scenarios. In order to further exploit these data, a novel pixel-based approach has been introduced, which is the spatio-temporal matrix (STM). The approach integrates the historical characteristics of a specific land cover at a high temporal frequency in order to interpret the spatial and temporal information for the neighborhood of a given target pixel. The provided information can be exploited with common predictive models and algorithms. In this study, this approach was utilized and evaluated for the prediction of future urban/built-settlement growth. Random forest and multi-layer perceptron were employed for the prediction. The tests have been carried out with training strategies based on a one-year and a ten-year time span for the urban agglomerations of Surat (India), Ho-Chi-Minh City (Vietnam), and Abidjan (Ivory Coast). The slope, land use, exclusion, urban, transportation, hillshade (SLEUTH) model was selected as a baseline indicator for the performance evaluation. The statistical results from the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) demonstrate a good ability of the STM to facilitate the prediction of future settlement growth and its transferability to different cities, with area under the curve (AUC) values greater than 0.85. Compared with SLEUTH, the STM-based model achieved higher AUC in all of the test cases, while being independent of the additional datasets for the restricted and the preferential development areas. KW - spatio-temporal analysis KW - time series KW - EO data KW - settlement growth KW - machine learning KW - urban modelling KW - future prediction Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-281856 SN - 2073-445X VL - 11 IS - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wang, Hongjie A1 - Karnati, Srikanth A1 - Madhusudhan, Thati T1 - Regulation of the homeostatic unfolded protein response in diabetic nephropathy JF - Pharmaceuticals N2 - A growing body of scientific evidence indicates that protein homeostasis, also designated as proteostasis, is causatively linked to chronic diabetic nephropathy (DN). Experimental studies have demonstrated that the insulin signaling in podocytes maintain the homeostatic unfolded protein response (UPR). Insulin signaling via the insulin receptor non-canonically activates the spliced X-box binding protein-1 (sXBP1), a highly conserved endoplasmic reticulum (ER) transcription factor, which regulates the expression of genes that control proteostasis. Defective insulin signaling in mouse models of diabetes or the genetic disruption of the insulin signaling pathway in podocytes propagates hyperglycemia induced maladaptive UPR and DN. Insulin resistance in podocytes specifically promotes activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) dependent pathogenic UPR. Akin to insulin, recent studies have identified that the cytoprotective effect of anticoagulant serine protease-activated protein C (aPC) in DN is mediated by sXBP1. In mouse models of DN, treatment with chemical chaperones that improve protein folding provides an additional benefit on top of currently used ACE inhibitors. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that transmute renal cell specific adaptive responses and that deteriorate renal function in diabetes will enable researchers to develop new therapeutic regimens for DN. Within this review, we focus on the current understanding of homeostatic mechanisms by which UPR is regulated in DN. KW - unfolded protein response KW - ER stress KW - diabetic nephropathy KW - insulin signaling KW - aPC KW - podocytes KW - XBP1 KW - ATF6 Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-267143 SN - 1424-8247 VL - 15 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wang, Chenglong A1 - Stöckl, Sabine A1 - Li, Shushan A1 - Herrmann, Marietta A1 - Lukas, Christoph A1 - Reinders, Yvonne A1 - Sickmann, Albert A1 - Grässel, Susanne T1 - Effects of extracellular vesicles from osteogenic differentiated human BMSCs on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation capacity of naïve human BMSCs JF - Cells N2 - Osteoporosis, or steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the hip, is accompanied by increased bone marrow adipogenesis. Such a disorder of adipogenic/osteogenic differentiation, affecting bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), contributes to bone loss during aging. Here, we investigated the effects of extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from human (h)BMSCs during different stages of osteogenic differentiation on the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation capacity of naïve (undifferentiated) hBMSCs. We observed that all EV groups increased viability and proliferation capacity and suppressed the apoptosis of naïve hBMSCs. In particular, EVs derived from hBMSCs at late-stage osteogenic differentiation promoted the osteogenic potential of naïve hBMSCs more effectively than EVs derived from naïve hBMSCs (naïve EVs), as indicated by the increased gene expression of COL1A1 and OPN. In contrast, the adipogenic differentiation capacity of naïve hBMSCs was inhibited by treatment with EVs from osteogenic differentiated hBMSCs. Proteomic analysis revealed that osteogenic EVs and naïve EVs contained distinct protein profiles, with pro-osteogenic and anti-adipogenic proteins encapsulated in osteogenic EVs. We speculate that osteogenic EVs could serve as an intercellular communication system between bone- and bone-marrow adipose tissue, for transporting osteogenic factors and thus favoring pro-osteogenic processes. Our data may support the theory of an endocrine circuit with the skeleton functioning as a ductless gland. KW - extracellular vesicles KW - mesenchymal stem cells KW - osteogenic potential KW - osteogenic differentiation KW - adipogenic differentiation KW - ECM remodeling KW - bone regeneration Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-286112 SN - 2073-4409 VL - 11 IS - 16 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Waltmann, Maria A1 - Schlagenhauf, Florian A1 - Deserno, Lorenz T1 - Sufficient reliability of the behavioral and computational readouts of a probabilistic reversal learning task JF - Behavior Research Methods N2 - Task-based measures that capture neurocognitive processes can help bridge the gap between brain and behavior. To transfer tasks to clinical application, reliability is a crucial benchmark because it imposes an upper bound to potential correlations with other variables (e.g., symptom or brain data). However, the reliability of many task readouts is low. In this study, we scrutinized the retest reliability of a probabilistic reversal learning task (PRLT) that is frequently used to characterize cognitive flexibility in psychiatric populations. We analyzed data from N = 40 healthy subjects, who completed the PRLT twice. We focused on how individual metrics are derived, i.e., whether data were partially pooled across participants and whether priors were used to inform estimates. We compared the reliability of the resulting indices across sessions, as well as the internal consistency of a selection of indices. We found good to excellent reliability for behavioral indices as derived from mixed-effects models that included data from both sessions. The internal consistency was good to excellent. For indices derived from computational modeling, we found excellent reliability when using hierarchical estimation with empirical priors and including data from both sessions. Our results indicate that the PRLT is well equipped to measure individual differences in cognitive flexibility in reinforcement learning. However, this depends heavily on hierarchical modeling of the longitudinal data (whether sessions are modeled separately or jointly), on estimation methods, and on the combination of parameters included in computational models. We discuss implications for the applicability of PRLT indices in psychiatric research and as diagnostic tools. KW - probabilistic reversal learning KW - reliability KW - reinforcement learning KW - computational modeling KW - hierarchical modeling Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324246 SN - 1554-3528 VL - 54 IS - 6 ER - TY - THES A1 - Walther, Pierre T1 - Implizite Bindungsdiagnostik - Untersuchungen zum Zusammenhang zwischen impliziten Einstellungen zu primären Bezugspersonen und inneren Arbeitsmodellen von Bindung T1 - Implicit attitudes and patterns of attachment N2 - Die Bindungstheorie und daraus resultierende Annahmen und Diagnostika haben aufgrund ihrer breiten empirischen Absicherung auch weit über die Tradition der Psychoanalyse hinaus ihren Platz in Theorie und Praxis gefunden. Im Bereich der Bindungsdiagnostik sind gegenwärtig vermehrt projektive Verfahren, Interviewverfahren oder Fragebogenverfahren im Einsatz, die entweder zeit- und kostenintensiv in der Durchführung sind oder den Gegenstand Bindung nur unzureichend abbilden. Die hier vorgestellte Untersuchung begegnet dem Forschungsfeld der Bindungsdiagnostik durch die Nutzung impliziter Verfahren. An 15 Kindern aus dem Förderschwerpunkt Lernen und 70 einer Regelgrundschule wurden implizite Einstellungen zu Mutter und Vater, sowie zur Präferenz von Nähe und Spiel erhoben und in Zusammenhang zur Bindungsorganisation gesetzt. Dabei wird aufgezeigt, dass implizite Einstellungen, gemessen durch den Impliziten Assoziationstest (IAT), in einem engen Zusammenhang mit der Bindungsorganisation stehen und deshalb auch für bindungsdiagnostische Prozesse von Relevanz sein können. N2 - Attachment theory and the resulting assumptions and measurements have had a huge impact on theory and practice of many domains far beyond psychoanalytic tradition. In the field of attachment diagnostics there are projective measurements, interviews or questionnaires which all show different advantages and problems. Interviews and projective measurements are known as “gold standard” in identifying attachment patterns but show huge economically problems because of the necessary manpower. Also, as in all projective measurements, reliability is a problem because everything depends on the coder and his or her interpretation of what is said by the subject. Questionnaires, in contrast, usually do not have problems with reliability, are fast and easy to use, but usually fail to identify attachment patterns. This project tries to identify attachment by using implicit measurements. It could be shown that implicit attitudes measured by several Implicit Association Tests (for example mother vs. others, closeness vs. play) relate to attachment patterns of school-age-children (N=70, primary school). Results are being discussed. KW - Bindungstheorie KW - Diagnostik KW - Bindungsdiagnostik KW - Implizite Einstellungen KW - Sonderpädagogische Diagnostik KW - IAT KW - Sonderpädagogik KW - Psychologische Diagnostik Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259784 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Walther, Kay-Arne A1 - Gonzales, José Roberto A1 - Gröger, Sabine A1 - Ehmke, Benjamin A1 - Kaner, Dogan A1 - Lorenz, Katrin A1 - Eickholz, Peter A1 - Kocher, Thomas A1 - Kim, Ti-Sun A1 - Schlagenhauf, Ulrich A1 - Koch, Raphael A1 - Meyle, Jörg T1 - The role of polymorphisms at the Interleukin-1, Interleukin-4, GATA-3 and Cyclooxygenase-2 genes in non-surgical periodontal therapy JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences N2 - Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease. The aim of this explorative study was to investigate the role of Interleukin-(IL)-1, IL-4, GATA-3 and Cyclooxygenase-(COX)-2 polymorphisms after non-surgical periodontal therapy with adjunctive systemic antibiotics (amoxicillin/metronidazole) and subsequent maintenance in a Caucasian population. Analyses were performed using blood samples from periodontitis patients of a multi-center trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00707369=ABPARO-study). Polymorphisms were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR. Clinical attachment levels (CAL), percentage of sites showing further attachment loss (PSAL) ≥1.3 mm, bleeding on probing (BOP) and plaque score were assessed. Exploratory statistical analysis was performed. A total of 209 samples were genotyped. Patients carrying heterozygous genotypes and single-nucleotide-polymorphisms (SNP) on the GATA-3-IVS4 +1468 gene locus showed less CAL loss than patients carrying wild type. Heterozygous genotypes and SNPs on the IL-1A-889, IL-1B +3954, IL-4-34, IL-4-590, GATA-3-IVS4 +1468 and COX-2-1195 gene loci did not influence CAL. In multivariate analysis, CAL was lower in patients carrying GATA-3 heterozygous genotypes and SNPs than those carrying wild-types. For the first time, effects of different genotypes were analyzed in periodontitis progression after periodontal therapy and during supportive treatment using systemic antibiotics demonstrating a slight association of GATA-3 gene locus with CAL. This result suggests that GATA-3 genotypes are a contributory but non-essential risk factor for periodontal disease progression. KW - periodontitis KW - polymorphisms KW - risk factor KW - periodontal therapy KW - antibiotics KW - GATA-3 KW - Interleukin-1 KW - Interleukin-4 KW - Cyclooxygenase-2 Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-284386 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 23 IS - 13 ER - TY - THES A1 - Wallstabe, Lars T1 - Development and preclinical evaluation of tumour-reactive T cells expressing a chemically programmable chimeric antigen receptor T1 - Entwicklung und präklinische Evaluierung tumorreaktiver T- Zellen, die einen chemisch programmierbaren chimären Antigenrezeptor exprimieren N2 - The genetic modification of T cells for the expression a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) endows them with a new specificity for an antigen. Adoptive immunotherapy with CD19-CAR T cells has achieved high rates of sustained complete remissions in B cell malignancies. However, the downregulation or loss of the targeted antigen after mono-specific CAR T cell therapy, e.g. against CD19 or CD22, has been reported. Targeting multiple antigens on tumour cells, sequentially or simultaneously, could overcome this limitation. Additionally, targeting multiple antigens with CAR T cells could drive the translation from hematologic malignancies to prevalent solid cancers, which often express tumour-associated antigens heterogeneously. We hypothesised that expression of a universal CAR, which can be programmed with hapten-like molecules, could endow T cells with specificities for multiple antigens. In this study we introduce a novel chemically programmable CAR (cpCAR) based on monoclonal antibody h38C2. Our data show, that cpCARs form a reversible chemical bond to molecules containing a diketone-group and therefore can be programmed to acquire multiple specificities. We programmed cpCAR T cells with hapten-like compounds against integrins αvβ3 and α4β1 as well as the folate receptor. We observed tumour cell lysis, IFN ɣ and IL-2 production and proliferation of programmed cpCAR T cells against tumour cells expressing the respective target antigen in vitro. As a reference to cpCARs programmed against αvβ3, we further introduced novel conventional αvβ3-CARs. These CARs, based on humanised variants of monoclonal antibody LM609 (hLM609), directly bind to integrin αvβ3 via their scFv. The four αvβ3-CAR constructs comprised either an scFv with higher affinity (hLM609v7) or lower affinity (hLM609v11) against αvβ3 integrin and either a long (IgG4 hinge, CH2, CH3) or short (IgG4 hinge) extracellular spacer. We selected the hLM609v7-CAR with short spacer, which showed potent anti-tumour reactivity both in vitro and in a murine xenograft model, for comparison with the cpCAR programmed against αvβ3. Our data show specific lysis of αvβ3-positive tumour cells, cytokine production and proliferation of both hLM609-CAR T cells and cpCAR T cells in vitro. However, conventional hLM609-CAR T cells mediated stronger anti-tumour effects compared to cpCAR T cells in the same amount of time. In line with the in vitro data, complete destruction of tumour lesions in a murine melanoma xenograft model was only observed for mice treated with conventional αvβ3-CAR T cells. Collectively, we introduce a cpCAR, which can be programmed against multiple tumour antigens, and hLM609-CARs specific for the integrin αvβ3. The cpCAR technology bears the potential to counteract current limitations, e.g. antigen loss, of current monospecific CAR T cell therapy. Targeting αvβ3 integrin with CAR T cells could have clinical applications in the treatment of solid malignancies, because αvβ3 is not only expressed on a variety of solid malignancies, but also on tumour-associated vasculature and fibroblast. N2 - T Zellen können durch genetische Modifizierung zur Expression eines chimären Antigen-Rezeptors (CAR) neue Antigenspezifität erhalten. Durch adoptive Immuntherapie mit CD19-CAR T Zellen können hohe Raten von anhaltenden vollständigen Remissionen bei Patienten mit malignen B-Zell-Erkrankungen erzielt werden. In klinischen Studien mit mono-spezifischen CAR T Zellen wurden allerdings der Verlust oder eine verringerte Expression der Ziel-Antigene, z.B. CD19 oder CD22, auf Tumor-Zellen beobachtet. Außerdem sind bei soliden Krebserkrankungen tumor¬assoziierte Antigene häufig unterschiedlich stark auf Krebszellen exprimiert. Wir haben die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass CARs, die mit einem hapten-ähnlichen Molekül programmiert werden können, es ermöglichen, mehrere Antigene mit einer T-Zelle anzugreifen. In dieser Arbeit stellen wir einen neuartigen chemisch programmierbaren CAR (cpCAR) auf Basis des monoklonalen Antikörpers h38C2 vor. Unsere Daten zeigen, dass cpCARs eine reversible chemische Bindung zu Molekülen mit einer Diketongruppe bilden und daher so programmiert werden können, dass sie mehrere Spezifitäten aufweisen. Wir haben cpCAR T Zellen mit hapten-ähnlichen Molekülen gegen die Integrine αvβ3 und α4β1 sowie den Folat-Rezeptor programmiert. In vitro beobachteten wir sowohl die spezifische Lyse von Tumorzellen als auch T-Zell-Proliferation und Sekretion von IFN ɣ und IL-2 durch programmierte cpCAR T Zellen als Reaktion auf Antigen positive Tumorzellen. Als Referenz zu cpCARs, die gegen αvβ3 programmiert wurden, haben wir in dieser Arbeit zudem neue konventionelle αvβ3-CARs vorgestellt. Diese basieren auf humanisierten Varianten des monoklonalen Antikörpers LM609 (hLM609) und binden mittels ihres scFv direkt an Integrin αvβ3. Die vier αvβ3-CAR-Konstrukte enthielten entweder ein scFv mit höherer Affinität (hLM609v7) oder niedrigerer Affinität (hLM609v11) gegenüber αvβ3 und entweder einem langen (IgG4-Hinge, CH2, CH3) oder einem kurzen (IgG4-Hinge) extrazellulären „Spacer“. Für den Vergleich von konventionellem CAR und cpCAR wählten wir den hLM609v7-CAR mit kurzem „Spacer“. T Zellen, die diesen CAR exprimierten, vermittelten eine starke Anti-Tumor Reaktion sowohl in vitro als auch in einem Maus-Xenograft Modell. Unsere in vitro Daten zeigen spezifische Lyse von αvβ3-positiven Tumorzellen, Sekretion von Zytokinen und Proliferation sowohl durch hLM609-CAR T-Zellen als auch durch cpCAR T-Zellen. Konventionelle hLM609-CAR T Zellen vermittelten jedoch in gleicher Zeit eine stärkere Anti-Tumorwirkung als cpCAR T-Zellen. Zusammengefasst präsentieren wir in dieser Arbeit einen cpCAR, der gegen mehrere Tumorantigene programmiert werden kann, und hLM609-CARs, die spezifisch für das Integrin αvβ3 sind. Die cpCAR-Technologie birgt das Potenzial, aktuellen Limitationen der mono-spezifischen CAR-T-Zelltherapie, z.B. dem Antigen¬verlust, entgegenzuwirken. Zudem könnte das Integrin αvβ3 klinische Anwendung bei der Behandlung von soliden Tumoren finden, da es nicht nur auf einer Reihe von Tumor-Entitäten, sondern auch auf Tumor-assoziiertem Gewebe zu finden ist. KW - Tumorimmunologie KW - chimeric antigen receptor Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-179071 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wallmann-Sperlich, Birgit A1 - Düking, Peter A1 - Müller, Miriam A1 - Froböse, Ingo A1 - Sperlich, Billy T1 - Type and intensity distribution of structured and incidental lifestyle physical activity of students and office workers: a retrospective content analysis JF - BMC Public Health N2 - Background Physical activity (PA) guidelines acknowledge the health benefits of regular moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) regardless of bout duration. However, little knowledge exists concerning the type and intensity distribution of structured and incidental lifestyle PA of students and office workers. The present study aimed to i) assess the duration and distribution of intensity of MVPAs during waking hours ≥50% of heart rate reserve (HRR), ii) to identify the type of PA through diary assessment, iii) to assign these activities into structured and lifestyle incidental PA, and iv) to compare this information between students and office workers. Methods Twenty-three healthy participants (11 students, 12 office workers) recorded heart rate (HR) with a wrist-worn HR monitor (Polar M600) and filled out a PA diary throughout seven consecutive days (i.e. ≥ 8 waking h/day). Relative HR zones were calculated, and PA diary information was coded using the Compendium of PA. We matched HR data with the reported PA and identified PA bouts during waking time ≥ 50% HRR concerning duration, HRR zone, type of PA, and assigned each activity to incidental and structured PA. Descriptive measures for time spend in different HRR zones and differences between students and office workers were calculated. Results In total, we analyzed 276.894 s (76 h 54 min 54 s) of waking time in HRR zones ≥50% and identified 169 different types of PA. The participants spend 31.9 ± 27.1 min/day or 3.9 ± 3.2% of their waking time in zones of ≥50% HRR with no difference between students and office workers (p > 0.01). The proportion of assigned incidental lifestyle PA was 76.9 ± 22.5%. Conclusions The present study provides initial insights regarding the type, amount, and distribution of intensity of structured and incidental lifestyle PA ≥ 50% HRR. Findings show a substantial amount of incidental lifestyle PA during waking hours and display the importance of promoting a physically active lifestyle. Future research could employ ambulatory assessments with integrated electronic diaries to detect information on the type and context of MVPA during the day. KW - incidental lifestyle physical activity KW - vigorous intermittent lifestyle physical activities KW - physical activity KW - diary KW - structured physical activity KW - context Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-301217 VL - 22 ER - TY - THES A1 - Wagner, Martin T1 - Zyto- und Gentoxizität von Zinkoxid-Nanopartikeln in humanen mesenchymalen Stammzellen nach repetitiver Exposition und im Langzeitversuch T1 - Time-Dependent Toxic and Genotoxic Effects of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles after Long-Term and Repetitive Exposure to Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells N2 - Zinkoxid-Nanopartikel (ZnO-NP) finden in vielen Produkten des täglichen Verbrauchs Verwendung. Daten über die toxikologischen Eigenschaften von ZnO-NP werden kontrovers diskutiert. Die menschliche Haut ist in Bezug auf die ZnO-NP Exposition das wichtigste Kontakt-Organ. Intakte Haut stellt eine suffiziente Barriere gegenüber NP dar. Bei defekter Haut ist ein Kontakt zu den proliferierenden Stammzellen möglich, sodass diese als wichtiges toxikologische Ziel für NP darstellen. Das Ziel dieser Dissertation war die Bewertung der genotoxischen und zytotoxischen Effekte an humanen mesenchymalen Stammzellen (hMSC) durch niedrig dosierte ZnO-NP nach 24 stündiger Exposition, repetitiven Expositionen und im Langzeitversuch bis zu 6 Wochen. Zytotoxische Wirkungen von ZnO-NP wurden mit 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromid-Test (MTT) gemessen. Darüber hinaus wurde die Genotoxizität durch den Comet-Assay bewertet. Zur Langzeitbeobachtung bis zu 6 Wochen wurde die Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie (TEM) verwendet. Zytotoxizität nach 24-stündiger ZnO-NP-Exposition war ab einer Konzentration von 50 µg/ml nachweisbar. Genotoxizität konnten bereits bei Konzentrationen von 1 und 10 µg/ml ZnO-NP beschrieben werden. Wiederholte Exposition verstärkte die Zyto-, aber nicht die Genotoxizität. Eine intrazelluläre NP-Akkumulation mit Penetration der Zellorganelle wurde bei einer Exposition bis zu 6 Wochen beobachtet. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf zytotoxische und genotoxisches Effekte von ZnO-NP hin. Bereits geringe Dosen von ZnO-NP können bei wiederholter Exposition toxische Wirkungen hervorrufen sowie eine langfristige Zellakkumulation. Diese Daten sollten bei der Verwendung von ZnO-NP an geschädigter Haut berücksichtigt werden. N2 - Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) are widely used in many products of daily consumption. Data on the toxicological properties of the ZnO-NP used are discussed controversially. Human skin is the most important organ in terms of ZnO-NP exposure. Intact skin has been shown to provide an adequate barrier against NPs, while defective skin allows NP contact with proliferating cells. Among proliferating cells, stem cells are the main toxicological target for NPs. Therefore, the aim of this dissertation was to evaluate the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) by low-dose ZnO-NP after 24 hours of exposure, repetitive exposures and in long-term experiments up to 6 weeks. Cytotoxic effects of ZnO-NP were measured with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide test (MTT). In addition, genotoxicity was assessed by the comet assay. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used for long-term observation after 6 exposure periods. The results of the study show that ZnO-NP has a cytotoxic effect starting at high concentrations of 50 µg/mL and could demonstrate genotoxic effects in hMSC exposed to 1 and 10 µg/ml ZnO-NP. Repeated exposure enhanced cytotoxicity but not genotoxicity. Intracellular NP accumulation with penetration of the cell organelles was observed at exposure up to 6 weeks. The results indicate the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of ZnO-NP. Even small doses of ZnO-NP can cause toxic effects with repeated exposure and long-term cell accumulation. These data should be considered when using ZnO-NP on damaged skin. KW - nanoparticle KW - zinc oxid KW - stem cells KW - nanotoxicology KW - human skin KW - Nanopartikel KW - humane mesenchymale Stammzellen KW - Genotoxizität KW - Zytotoxizität KW - Repetitive Exposition KW - Elektronenmikroskopie Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-275726 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Wagner, Horst-Günter T1 - Golf von Neapel : Landschaftswandel durch Verstädterung N2 - In vielen mediterranen Küstenniederungen entstand seit 1950 infolge von Gebirgsentvölkerung, Infrastrukturausbau, neuer Gewerbe sowie illegaler Bautätigkeit ein fast lückenloses Verstädterungsband. Am Golf von Neapel konnte dieser Landschaftswandel über eine lange Zeit beobachtet und durch zahlreiche Vergleichsfotos, Kartierungen, Luft- und Satellitenbilder und Interviews dokumentiert werden. Horst-Günter Wagner zeigt in diesem Band die Veränderungen der Küstenebene und erläutert ihre Ursachen. KW - Golf von Neapel KW - Verstädterung KW - Urbanisierung KW - Verstädterungsband KW - Golf von Neapel Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-250525 SN - 978-3-534-40635-7 SN - 978-3-534-40636-4 PB - wbg Academic CY - Darmstadt ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wagenhäuser, Laura A1 - Rickert, Vanessa A1 - Sommer, Claudia A1 - Wanner, Christoph A1 - Nordbeck, Peter A1 - Rost, Simone A1 - Üçeyler, Nurcan T1 - X-chromosomal inactivation patterns in women with Fabry disease JF - Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine N2 - Background Although Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the α-galactosidase A gene (GLA), women may develop severe symptoms. We investigated X-chromosomal inactivation patterns (XCI) as a potential determinant of symptom severity in FD women. Patients and Methods We included 95 women with mutations in GLA (n = 18 with variants of unknown pathogenicity) and 50 related men, and collected mouth epithelial cells, venous blood, and skin fibroblasts for XCI analysis using the methylation status of the androgen receptor gene. The mutated X-chromosome was identified by comparison of samples from relatives. Patients underwent genotype categorization and deep clinical phenotyping of symptom severity. Results 43/95 (45%) women carried mutations categorized as classic. The XCI pattern was skewed (i.e., ≥75:25% distribution) in 6/87 (7%) mouth epithelial cell samples, 31/88 (35%) blood samples, and 9/27 (33%) skin fibroblast samples. Clinical phenotype, α-galactosidase A (GAL) activity, and lyso-Gb3 levels did not show intergroup differences when stratified for X-chromosomal skewing and activity status of the mutated X-chromosome. Conclusions X-inactivation patterns alone do not reliably reflect the clinical phenotype of women with FD when investigated in biomaterial not directly affected by FD. However, while XCI patterns may vary between tissues, blood frequently shows skewing of XCI patterns. KW - Fabry disease KW - Fabry genotype KW - Fabry phenotype KW - female Fabry patients KW - X-chromosomal inactivation Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312795 VL - 10 IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wagenbrenner, Mike A1 - Poker, Konrad A1 - Heinz, Tizian A1 - Herrmann, Marietta A1 - Horas, Konstantin A1 - Ebert, Regina A1 - Mayer-Wagner, Susanne A1 - Holzapfel, Boris M. A1 - Rudert, Maximilian A1 - Steinert, Andre F. A1 - Weißenberger, Manuel T1 - Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) isolated from various tissues of the human arthritic knee joint possess similar multipotent differentiation potential JF - Applied Sciences N2 - (1) Background: The mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) of different tissue origins are applied in cell-based chondrogenic regeneration. However, there is a lack of comparability determining the most suitable cell source for the tissue engineering (TE) of cartilage. The purpose of this study was to compare the in vitro chondrogenic potential of MSC-like cells from different tissue sources (bone marrow, meniscus, anterior cruciate ligament, synovial membrane, and the infrapatellar fat pad removed during total knee arthroplasty (TKA)) and define which cell source is best suited for cartilage regeneration. (2) Methods: MSC-like cells were isolated from five donors and expanded using adherent monolayer cultures. Differentiation was induced by culture media containing specific growth factors. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß1 was used as the growth factor for chondrogenic differentiation. Osteogenesis and adipogenesis were induced in monolayer cultures for 27 days, while pellet cell cultures were used for chondrogenesis for 21 days. Control cultures were maintained under the same conditions. After, the differentiation period samples were analyzed, using histological and immunohistochemical staining, as well as molecularbiological analysis by RT-PCR, to assess the expression of specific marker genes. (3) Results: Plastic-adherent growth and in vitro trilineage differentiation capacity of all isolated cells were proven. Flow cytometry revealed the clear co-expression of surface markers CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD105 on all isolated cells. Adipogenesis was validated through the formation of lipid droplets, while osteogenesis was proven by the formation of calcium deposits within differentiated cell cultures. The formation of proteoglycans was observed during chondrogenesis in pellet cultures, with immunohistochemical staining revealing an increased relative gene expression of collagen type II. RT-PCR proved an elevated expression of specific marker genes after successful differentiation, with no significant differences regarding different cell source of native tissue. (4) Conclusions: Irrespective of the cell source of native tissue, all MSC-like cells showed multipotent differentiation potential in vitro. The multipotent differentiation capacity did not differ significantly, and chondrogenic differentiation was proven in all pellet cultures. Therefore, cell suitability for cell-based cartilage therapies and tissue engineering is given for various tissue origins that are routinely removed during total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This study might provide essential information for the clinical tool of cell harvesting, leading to more flexibility in cell availability. KW - knee joint KW - MSCs KW - cellular origin KW - cartilage regeneration KW - tissue engineering KW - cell-based therapies KW - osteoarthritis Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-262334 SN - 2076-3417 VL - 12 IS - 4 ER - TY - THES A1 - Vyalkova, Anna T1 - Efficacy of approved Smallpox Vaccines in Human and Canine Cancer Therapy: Adipose - tissue derived Stem Cells (ADSC) take up VACV and serve as a protective vehicle for virus delivery to tumors T1 - Wirksamkeit zugelassener Pockenimpfstoffe in der Krebstherapie bei Menschen und Hunden: Aus Gewebe gewonnene Stammzellen (ADSC) nehmen VACV auf und dienen als schützendes Vehikel für den Viruseintrag in Tumore N2 - Cancer is one of the major causes of mortality in developed countries. In 2020, there were more than 19.3 million new cases of tumor malignancies worldwide, with more than 10 million deaths. The high rates of cancer cases and mortality necessitate extensive research and the development of novel cancer treatments and antitumor agents. In most cases, conventional treatment strategies for tumor therapy are based on chemotherapeutic treatment, which is supplemented with radiotherapy and/or surgical resection of solid tumors [1]. The use of chemotherapy for the treatment of cancer has significant side effects, the most dangerous of which is toxicity [2] [3]. Modern methods of treating tumors focus on specific drug delivery to the tumor site, actively targeting the tumor cells, as well as the reduction of side effects. One of the most promising current approaches is based on oncolytic viruses. Antitumor properties of viruses were documented at the beginning of the 20th century when some cancer patients recovered after acute viral infections, particularly influenza [4]. Vaccinia virus (VACV) is a member of the Poxviridae family, has natural antitumor properties, and provides a good basis for generating efficient recombinant oncolytic strains. Furthermore, VACV has never been shown to integrate into the host genome [5]. VACV is likely one of the safest and well-studied viruses due to extensive research being done in molecular biology and pathophysiology to investigate its potential as a vaccine for smallpox eradication programs. It has been administered to over 200 million people worldwide. VACV antitumor therapeutic effectiveness has been established in xenograft models with a variety of tumor types for human and canine cancers. Furthermore, recombinant oncolytic VACVs expressing genes encoding light-emitting proteins are a big improvement in a treatment strategy that combines tumor-specific therapies and diagnostics. Oncolytic virus treatments are effective in xenograft cancer models in mice, however, the significant improvements found in mice do not always translate to human cancer patients. These therapies should be tested in dogs with spontaneous cancer not only to offer well translatable information regarding the possible efficiency of viral therapy for human cancers but also to improve the health of our household pets as well. Spontaneous canine tumors are starting to be regarded as an essential model of human cancers that can reproduce the tumor microenvironment and immune response of cancer patients [6]. Just as data obtained in dog experiments can improve cancer therapy for human patients, these findings can also be used to improve treatment protocols in canine patients. Hundreds of studies and dozens of reviews have been published regarding the antitumor effects of various recombinants of VACV, but information on the anticancer features of initial, genetically-unmodified “naïve” VACV is still limited. In the first studies, we compared different wild-type, non-modified strains of VACV and tested their oncolytic properties on a panel of various cancer cells derived from different organs. In addition, we also tested a protection system based on the “Trojan horse” concept - using a combination of human Adipose tissue-derived Stem Cells (hADSC) and three different wild-type single plaque purified Vaccinia virus strains: W1, L1, and T1. We showed that all tested human cell lines (FaDu, MDA MB 231, HNT-13, HNT-35, and PC-3) are permissive to L0, W0, T0, L1, W1, and L1 infection. Furthermore, we tested the cytotoxicity of VACV in different cancer cell lines (A549, PC-3, MDA-MB 231, FaDu, HNT-13, HNT-25, and HNT-35). All strains lysed the cells, which was most visible at 96 hpi. We also showed that all tested strains could efficiently infect and multiply in hADSC at a high level. In our in vivo study, we tested the therapeutic efficacy of the wild-type Vaccinia viruses L1, W1, and T1 alone or in combination with hADSC. Wild-type VACV strains were tested for their oncolytic efficiency in human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) in a xenograft model. Treatment of A549 tumors with different doses of L1 and W1 as well as with a L1/ADSC or W1/ADSC combination led to significant tumor regression compared to the PBS control. Additionally, the treatment with L1 and W1 and the combination of L1/ADSC and W1/ADSC was well tolerated by the animals. In the case of the wild-type Tian Tan strain, results were not obtained due to the high cytotoxicity of this strain. Therefore, it should be attenuated for further studies. In the second part of the current study, we investigated the oncolytic effect of C1-opt1, W1 opt1, and L3-opt1 strains based on the wild-type Copenhagen, Wyeth, and Lister vaccines with additional expression of turboFP635. Replication and cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that all 3 viruses were able to infect, replicate in and kill canine tumor cell lines STSA-1 and CT1258 in a virus dose- and time- dependent fashion. Cytotoxicity and replication assays were also performed on cultured canine Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (cAdMSC). The results showed that the cells were lysed much slower than the tumor cells. It suggests that these cells can harbour the virus for a long-term period, allowing the virus to spread into the body and there is enough time to reach the primary tumor or metastases before the cell carrier is destroyed. The viral replication in cAdMSC in our study was lower than in canine cancer cells (STSA-1 and CT1258) at the same MOI. After being studied in cell culture, C1 opt1 and their combination with cAdMSC (C1-opt1/cAdMSC) were used in canine STSA 1 tumor bearing nude mice. We tested the oncolytic effect of the C1-opt1 virus alone and in combination with cAdMSC in the canine STSA-1 xenograft mouse model. Altogether, our findings have shown that both C1-opt1 and cAdMSC/C1-opt1 significantly reduced tumor size or eliminated the tumor. There was no significant difference between C1-opt1 alone and cAdMSC/C1-opt1. The virus particles were mostly found within the tumor after 24 dpi, some amount of virus particles were found in the lungs of mice injected with a combination of cAdMSC/C1-opt1 but not in the group injected with virus alone (cAdMSC might get stuck in the lungs and cause virus propagation there). Taken together, this study provided a proof-of-concept that hADSC/cAdMSC can be used as a carrier system for the “Trojan horse” concept. However, it should be confirmed in another experimental model system, such as canine patients. Moreover, these findings suggest that wild-type, non-modified strains of Vaccinia virus isolates can be considered promising candidates for oncolytic virotherapy, especially in combination with mesenchymal stem cells. N2 - Krebs wird zu einer der Hauptursachen für die Sterblichkeit in den Industrieländern. Im Jahr 2020 gab es weltweit mehr als 193 Millionen neue Fälle von tumormalen Erkrankungen mit mehr als 10 Millionen Todesfällen. Folglich erfordern die hohen Krebsfälle- und Mortalitätsraten umfangreiche Forschung und Entwicklung neuartiger Krebsbehandlungen und Antitumormittel. Konventionelle Behandlungsstrategien zur Tumortherapie basieren in den meisten Fällen auf einer chemotherapeutischen Behandlung, die durch Strahlentherapie und/oder chirurgische Resektion solider Tumoren ergänzt wird [1]. Die Verwendung von Chemotherapie zur Behandlung von Krebs hat erhebliche Nebenwirkungen, insbesondere die gefährlichste Intoxikation [2] [3]. ... KW - ADSC KW - AdMSC KW - Vaccinia virus (VACV) Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-253457 ER - TY - THES A1 - von Schönfeld, Cornelia T1 - Universal prevention of nonsuicidal self-injury for children and adolescents – A systematic review – T1 - Universelle Prävention nicht-suizidalen selbstverletzenden Verhaltens (NSSV) bei Kindern und Jugendlichen – ein systematisches Review N2 - In a synopsis of the current state of research regarding NSSI, there are two key findings of this thesis: Firstly, there is a severe scarcity of studies and currently no evidence base for effective universal prevention of NSSI in youth. Secondly, not only the number but also quality of those few studies found was considered too low to draw wide-ranging conclusions and no meta-analysis could be conducted. This conclusion based – among other factors listed in chapter six – on the application of the EPHPP quality assessment tool (Evans, Lasen et al. 2015), which revealed distinct deficiencies and a weak overall study quality for all seven studies. Even if the high prevalence of NSSI among adolescents and the importance of this field of research is increasingly emphasized in contemporary literature (Muehlenkamp, Walsh et al. 2010, Wasserman, Carli et al. 2010, Brunner, Kaess et al. 2014, Plener, Schumacher et al. 2015), the shortage of concrete programs addressing the issue is manifest. The potential to tackle NSSI via prevention is underlined in view of the fact that many recent studies prove the high potential of primary prevention regarding NSSI incidences (Evans, Hawton et al. 2005, Fortune, Sinclair et al. 2008). From the studies included for this review, it can be concluded that most interventions show positive effects in raising awareness, knowledge, understanding of risk factors and help-seeking attitudes among school staff or students, particularly when starting with low knowledge at baseline (Robinson, Gook et al. 2008). Yet, most studies focus on training of gatekeepers and only two programmes address students directly and primarily measure actual NSSI behaviour. This finding highlights the importance of more investigation into concrete NSSI measurement targeting mainly the group of youth. There is a severe lack of literature on primary prevention with suitable contexts and target groups, while reviews on secondary targeted prevention deliver much more potential in the quantity of research (Kothgassner, Robinson et al. 2020, Kothgassner, Goreis et al. 2021). Until that changes, secondary prevention approaches of NSSI should be relied upon first. Looking into the future, several considerations may help advance universal approaches to NSSI. Regarding study planning, it is crucial for future research to pursue a thorough background research, examine the feasibility of interventions, and evaluate the appropriateness of study samples chosen. Moreover, research groups are expected to ensure a close observation of participants in cases of adverse events, in order to offer support, but also detect potential deficiencies in the study organisation. Additionally – in accordance with other research in this field (Plener, Brunner et al. 2010) – findings of this review highlight the necessity to expand fundamental research on functions of NSSI and its (neurobiological) mechanism of formation in order to enhance the knowledge of correlations and improve effective preventive approaches. As psychoeducational methods have shown risks of iatrogenic effects (e.g. in patients with eating disorders) (Stice, 2007 #10063), it might be worthwhile to focus on improving emotion regulation in order to strengthen protective factors and improve adolescents’ management of their everyday lives rather than on merely mitigating possible risk factors. Regarding intervention costs, it appears indispensable to include more cost calculations in the study planning of future research. In contrast to therapeutic interventions of NSSI, which are usually conducted in an in-patient setting and entail high measurable expenses as compared to preventive interventions, preventive approaches may in case of success result in a reduction of clinical presentation (O’Connell, Boat et al. 2009). A promising outlook is entailed by study protocol presenting a skills-based universal prevention program of NSSI “DUDE”, a cluster randomized controlled trial scheduled for 16 German schools with a total of 3.200 adolescents (Buerger, Emser et al. 2022). The program is tailored to decrease the incidence of NSSI and avert potential and associated long-term consequences like suicidality among adolescents. It is aimed to provide easy access for adolescents due to its implementation during lesson time at school and is declared cost-effective. Furthermore, DUDE is a promising approach to effective NSSI prevention, as it is intended to improve mental health through the pathway of emotion regulation. It remains to await the implementation of the protocol, which is currently delayed due to the SARS-CoV-19 pandemic. In sum, initial research is promising and suggests that the approach to tackle NSSI via prevention is meaningful. Yet, high-quality studies on the development and evaluation of universal NSSI prevention in adolescents are urgently needed. N2 - Von den Ergebnissen des systematischen Reviews zu universeller Prävention nicht-suizidalen selbstverletzenden Verhaltens (NSSV) bei Kindern und Jugendlichen lassen sich zwei Hauptaussagen ableiten. Wie bereits angenommen, zeigte sich zum einen durch die Literaturrecherche, dass es aktuell einen eklatanten Mangel an Studien und daraus folgend fehlende Evidenz für wirksame universelle Prävention von NSSV bei Kindern und Jugendlichen gibt. Zum anderen ergab eine Bewertung der in das Review eingeschlossenen Studien nach EPHPP Kriterien (Evans, Lasen et al. 2015) eine schwache Studienqualität für alle bestehenden sieben Studien. Auf Basis der unkontrollierten Studienbedingungen und großen Bandbreite primärer Endpunkte und Messungen von NSSV Parametern, konnte keine Meta-Analyse erfolgen und die Analyse der Studien erfolgte rein qualitativ. Diese ergab, dass die meisten präventiven Interventionen positive Auswirkungen auf die Sensibilisierung, das Wissen, das Verständnis von Risikofaktoren und die Einstellung zur Hilfesuche beim Schulpersonal oder bei den Schülern haben, insbesondere dann, wenn das Wissen zu Studienbeginn gering war (Robinson, Gook et al. 2008). Die meisten Studien konzentrierten sich auf die Schulung von Gatekeepern, und nur zwei Programme adressierten Schülerinnen und Schüler direkt und maßen NSSV-Parameter (Prävalenz, Inzidenz und Frequenz) als primären Endpunkt. Dieses Ergebnis macht deutlich, wie groß der Mangel an Studien ist, die Jugendliche als Zielgruppe in den Fokus rücken. Vor dem Hintergrund der hohen Prävalenz von NSSV bei Kindern und Jugendlichen (Brunner, Kaess et al. 2014, Plener, Schumacher et al. 2015) und dem Hochrisikomarker, den es für Folgeerkrankungen wie Suizidalität darstellt (Owens, Horrocks et al. 2002, Wasserman, Carli et al. 2010, Hawton, Saunders et al. 2012, Groschwitz, Plener et al. 2015, Gillies, Christou et al. 2018), ist die schmale Datenlage universeller Prävention eklatant. Die Tatsache, dass viele Studien das Potential und den Nutzen von Primärprävention von NSSV belegen (Evans, Hawton et al. 2005, Fortune, Sinclair et al. 2008), unterstreicht den Bedarf zukünftiger hochqualitativer Forschung in dem Gebiet. In Betrachtung aktueller Literatur zu dem Thema fällt auf, dass Übersichtsarbeiten zu selektiver und indizierter Sekundärprävention ein weitaus höheres Potenzial für Studienprogramme liefern (Kothgassner, Robinson et al. 2020, Kothgassner, Goreis et al. 2021) – viele von ihnen auch unter Einbezug sozialer Medien. Dies liefert durch die leichte niederschwellige und anonyme Umsetzbarkeit insbesondere in Zeiten der Pandemie spannende Ansätze {Stallard, 2016 #1199;Alternatives, USA #9;, Bristol #7;, Oxford #6;, Germany #10}. Auch hier fällt allerdings auf, dass sich die meisten dieser Angebote an das soziale Umfeld von Jugendlichen mit NSSV-Risiko richten und nicht an die Betroffenen selbst. Insgesamt lässt sich zusammenfassen, dass erste Studien darauf hindeuten, dass der Ansatz, NSSV durch Prävention zu vermindern, sinnvoll ist {Berger, 2017 #10065}. Dem gegenüber steht jedoch eine geringe Anzahl an Studien, die Präventionsprogramme etablieren oder anwenden. Für zukünftige Forschung sollte folglich der Anspruch bestehen, bestehende Programme dahingehend weiterzuentwickeln, dass sich die Inzidenzen von NSSV verringern. Optimalerweise würde eine solche Studie mit universellem Ansatz in doppelblindem randomisiert kontrolliertem Studiendesign konzipiert und nach Fallzahlschätzungen in einer möglichst repräsentativen und großen Stichgruppe durchgeführt werden. Darüber hinaus wären im besten Fall präzise Endpunkte definiert und zuverlässige, gültige und für die Erhebung bewährte Datenerhebungsmethoden herangezogen, sowie ein Langzeit Follow-Up inbegriffen, das bestenfalls in späteren Schuljahren, aber noch im Jugendalter erfolgt. Es wäre wünschenswert, dass die Studienplanung dahingehend erfolgt, dass Kapazitäten bestehen, Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer bei unerwünschten Ereignissen infolge der Studie abzufangen und ihnen Unterstützung anzubieten. Es ist essenziell, klare Standards für Präventionsforschung zu etablieren, die der Guten Klinischen Praxis (GCP) bei klinischen Studien entsprechen, um verbindliche Richtlinien für die zukünftige Studienplanung zu erhalten {Gottfredson, 2015 #10064}. Eine Idee könnte sein, unabhängige Institutionen zu etablieren, die sich spezifisch auf Prävention psychischer Erkrankungen konzentrieren (Israel, Parker et al. 2005). Darüber hinaus könnte es wichtige Erkenntnisse liefern, Grundlagenforschung zu NSSV in seinen Funktionen und (neurobiologischen) Entstehungsmechanismen zu vertiefen, um zukünftige Präventionsprogramme gezielter zu planen. Eine Motivation hierfür könnte aus wirtschaftlicher Perspektive darstellen, dass Kosten präventiver Interventionen geringer zu denen erscheinen, die durch die Folgekosten einer Erkrankung und ggf. Hospitalisierung entstehen (O’Connell, Boat et al. 2009). Einen vielversprechenden Ausblick bietet ein kompetenzbasiertes universelles Präventionsprogramm für NSSV ("DUDE - Du und deine Emotionen/You and your emotions"), eine cluster-randomisierte kontrollierte Studie an 16 deutschen Schulen mit insgesamt 3.200 Jugendlichen {Buerger, 2022 #10079}. Das Programm ist darauf zugeschnitten, die Häufigkeit von NSSI zu verringern und potenzielle Langzeitfolgen wie Suizidalität unter Jugendlichen zu verhindern. Es ist für Jugendliche leicht zugänglich, da es während der Unterrichtszeit in der Schule durchgeführt wird, und wird als kostenwirksam eingestuft. Außerdem ist das Programm ein vielversprechender Ansatz für eine wirksame NSSI-Prävention, da es die psychische Gesundheit über den Weg der Emotionsregulation verbessern soll. Es bleibt abzuwarten, wie das Protokoll umgesetzt wird, da sich der Studienbeginn aufgrund der SARS-CoV-19-Pandemie um ein Jahr verzögert. KW - NSSI Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-287020 ER - TY - THES A1 - von Rüden, Martin Frederik T1 - The Venus flytrap - Role of oxylipins in trap performance of Dionaea muscipula T1 - Die Venus Fliegenfalle – Die Rolle von Oxilipinen im Fallenverhalten von Dionaea muscipula N2 - A part of the plant kingdom consists of a variety of carnivorous plants. Some trap their prey using sticky leaves, others have pitfall traps where prey cannot escape once it has fallen inside. A rare trap type is the snap-trap: it appears only twice in the plant kingdom, in the genera Aldrovanda and Dionaea. Even Charles Darwin himself described Dionaea muscipula, the Venus flytrap, with the following words “This plant, commonly called Venus' fly-trap, from the rapidity and force of its movements, is one of the most wonderful in the world”. For a long time now, the mechanisms of Dionaea’s prey recognition, capture and utilization are of interest for scientists and have been studied intensively. Dionaea presents itself with traps wide-open, ready to catch insects upon contact. For this, the insect has to touch the trigger hairs of the opened trap twice within about 20-30 seconds. Once the prey is trapped, the trap lobes close tight, forming a hermetically sealed “green stomach”. Until lately, there was only limited knowledge about the molecular and hormonal mechanisms which lead to prey capture and excretion of digestive fluids. It is known that the digestion process is very water-consuming; therefore, the interplay of digestion-inducing and digestion inhibiting substances was to be analyzed in this work, to elucidate the fine-tuning of the digestive pathway. Special attention was given to the impact of phytohormones on mRNA transcript levels of digestion-related proteins after various stimuli as well as their effect on Dionaea’s physiological responses. Jasmonic acid (JA) and its isoleucine-conjugated form, JA-Ile, are an important signal in the jasmonate pathway. In the majority of non-carnivorous plants, jasmonates are critical for the defense against herbivory and pathogens. In Dionaea, this defense mechanism has been restructured towards offensive prey catching. One question in this work was how the frequency of trigger hair bendings is related to the formation of jasmonates and the induction of the digestion process. Upon contact of a prey with the trigger hairs in the inside of the trap, the trap closes and jasmonates are produced biosynthetically. JA-Ile interacts with the COI1- receptor, thereby activating the digestion pathway which leads to the secretion of digestive fluid and production of transporters needed to take up prey-derived nutrients. In this work it could be shown that the number of trigger hair bendings is positively correlated with the level and duration of transcriptional induction of several digestive enzymes/hydrolases. Abscisic acid (ABA) acts, along with many other functions, as the plant “drought stress hormone”. It is synthesized either by roots as the primary sensor for water shortage or by guard cells in the leaves. ABA affects a network of several thousand genes whose regulation prepares the plant for drought and initiates protective measurements. It was known from previous work that the application of ABA for 48 hours increased the required amount of trigger hair bendings to achieve trap closure. As the digestion process is very water-intensive, the question arose how exactly the interplay between the jasmonate- and the ABA-pathway is organized, and if ABA could stop the running digestion process once it had been activated. In the present work it could be shown that the application of ABA on intact traps prior to mechanically stimulating the trigger hairs (mechanostimulation) already significantly reduced the transcription of digestive enzymes for an incubation time as short as 4 h, showing that already short-term exposure to ABA counteracts the effects of jasmonates when it comes to initiating the digestion process, but does not inhibit trap closure. Incubation for 24 and 48 hours with 100 μM active ABA had no effect on trap reopening, only very high levels of 200 μM of active ABA inhibited trap reopening but also led to tissue necrosis. As the application of ABA could reduce the transcription of digestive hydrolases, it is likely that Dionaea can stop the digestion process, if corresponding external stimuli are received. Another factor, which only emerged later, was the effect of the wounding-induced systemic jasmonate burst. As efficient as ABA was in inhibiting marker hydrolase expression after mechanostimulation in intact plants, the application of ABA on truncated traps was not able to inhibit mechanostimulation-induced marker hydrolase expression. One reason might be that the ABA-signal is perceived in the roots, and therefore truncated traps were not able to react to it. Another reason might be that the wounding desensitized the tissue for the ABAsignal. Further research is required at this point. Inhibitors of the jasmonate pathway were also used to assess their effect on the regulation of Dionaea´s hunting cycle. Coronatine-O-methyloxime proved to be a potent inhibitor of mechanostimulation-induced expression of digestive enzymes, thus confirming the key regulatory role of jasmonates for Dionaea´s prey consumption mechanism. In a parallel project, the generation of in vitro cultures from sterilized seeds and single plant parts proved successful, which may be important for stock-keeping of future transgenic lines. Protoplasts were generated from leaf blade tissue and transiently transformed, expressing the reporter protein YFP after 24 h of incubation. In the future this might be the starting point for the generation of transgenic lines or the functional testing of DNA constructs. N2 - Ein Teil des Pflanzenreiches besteht aus einer Vielfalt fleischfressender Pflanzen. Einige fangen ihre Beute mit klebrigen Blättern, andere haben Grubenfallen, aus denen die Beute nicht mehr entkommen kann, wenn sie erst einmal hineingefallen ist. Ein seltener Fallentyp ist die Klappfalle: Sie kommt im Pflanzenreich nur zweimal vor, in den Gattungen Aldrovanda und Dionaea. Charles Darwin selbst beschrieb Dionaea muscipula, die Venusfliegenfalle, als "eine der schönsten Pflanzen der Welt". Die Mechanismen der Erkennung, des Fangs und der Nutzbarmachung von Beutetieren durch Dionaea sind seit langem von Interesse für die Wissenschaft und wurden intensiv untersucht. Dionaea hat weit geöffnete Fallen, die bei Kontakt Insekten fangen können. Dazu muss das Insekt innerhalb von ca. 20-30 Sekunden zweimal die Triggerhaare der geöffneten Falle berühren. Sobald die Beute gefangen ist, schließen sich die Fallenhälften fest und bilden einen hermetisch verschlossenen sogenannten „grünen Magen“. Bis vor einigen Jahren gab es nur wenige Informationen über die molekularen und hormonellen Mechanismen, die zu Beutefang und Sekretion von Verdauungsflüssigkeiten führen. Es ist bekannt, dass der Verdauungsprozess sehr viel Wasser verbraucht; daher sollte in dieser Arbeit das Zusammenspiel von verdauungsauslösenden und verdauungshemmenden Substanzen untersucht werden, um die Feinabstimmung des Verdauungsweges aufzuklären. Ein besonderes Augenmerk wurde auf den Einfluss von Phytohormonen auf die mRNATranskriptzahlen von Verdauungsproteinen nach verschiedenen Stimuli sowie auf deren Auswirkungen auf die physiologischen Reaktionen von Dionaea gelegt. Jasmonsäure (JA) und ihre mit Isoleucin konjugierte Form, JA-Ile, sind ein wichtiges Signal in pflanzlichen Signaltransduktionsprozessen. In der Mehrzahl der nicht-karnivoren Pflanzen sind Jasmonate entscheidend für die Abwehr von Herbivoren und Pathogenen. In Dionaea wurde dieser Abwehrmechanismus für den offensiven Beutefang umstrukturiert. Eine Frage in dieser Arbeit war also, wie die Häufigkeit der Triggerhaarberührungen mit der Bildung von Jasmonaten und dem Verdauungsvorgang miteinander in Verbindung steht. Beim Kontakt von Beute mit den Triggerhaaren im Inneren der Falle schließt sich diese, und es werden durch Biosynthese Jasmonate gebildet. JA-Ile interagiert mit dem COI1-Rezeptor und aktiviert so den Verdauungsweg, der zur Sekretion von Verdauungsflüssigkeit und zur Produktion von Transportern führt, welche zur Aufnahme von aus Beute gewonnenen Nährstoffen benötigt werden. In dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Anzahl der Triggerhaarberührungen positiv mit der Höhe und der Dauer der Transkriptionsinduktion mehrerer Verdauungsenzyme bzw. Verdauungshydrolasen korreliert. Abscisinsäure (ABA) fungiert neben vielen anderen Funktionen als pflanzliches „Trockenstresshormon“. Es wird entweder von Wurzeln als primärem Sensor für Wassermangel oder von Schließzellen in den Blättern synthetisiert. ABA beeinflusst ein Netzwerk von mehreren tausend Genen, deren Regulation die Pflanze auf Dürre vorbereitet und entsprechende Schutzmaßnahmen einleitet. Aus früheren Arbeiten war bekannt, dass die 48-stündige Inkubation einer Dionaea-Falle mit ABA die erforderliche Anzahl an Triggerhaarberührungen erhöhte, die für einen Fallenschluss notwendig sind. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass das Aufbringen von ABA auf intakte Fallen vor der mechanischen Stimulierung der Triggerhaare (Mechanostimulation) die Expression von Verdauungsenzymen bereits bei einer Inkubationszeit von nur 4 Stunden signifikant reduzierte. Das zeigte eindeutig, dass die kurzzeitige Einwirkung von ABA bereits die Effekte von Jasmonaten blockiert, wenn es um den Beginn des Verdauungsprozesses geht, aber keinen Einfluss auf den Fallenschluss hat. Eine Inkubation für 24 und 48 Stunden mit 100 μM aktiver ABA hatte keine Auswirkung auf das Wiederöffnen der Falle, nur sehr hohe Konzentrationen von 200 μM aktiver ABA hemmten das Wiederöffnen der Falle, führten aber auch zu Gewebenekrose. Da ABA die Transkription der Verdauungsenzyme reduzieren konnte, ist es wahrscheinlich, dass Dionaea den Verdauungsvorgang stoppen kann, wenn entsprechende externe Signale empfangen werden. Ein weiterer Einflussfaktor, welcher erst später erkannt wurde, war die Auswirkung des verwundungsbedingten, sprunghaften systemischen Anstiegs der Jasmonatkonzentration auf die Wirkung von extern aufgegebenen Phytohormonen. So wirksam ABA bei der Hemmung der Markerhydrolasen-Expression nach Mechanostimulation in intakten Pflanzen war, so konnte diese Inhibition nach Anwendung von ABA auf abgeschnittenen Fallen nicht mehr beobachtet werden. Ein Grund könnte sein, dass das ABA-Signal in den Wurzeln wahrgenommen wird und daher abgeschnittene Fallen nicht darauf reagieren konnten. Ein anderer Grund könnte sein, dass die Verwundung das Gewebe für das ABA-Signal desensibilisiert hat. An dieser Stelle besteht weiterer Forschungsbedarf. Ebenfalls wurden Inhibitoren des Jasmonat-Weges verwendet, um ihre Wirkung auf die Regulation des Beutefangzyklus von Dionaea zu untersuchen. Coronatine-O-methyloxim erwies sich als wirksamer Inhibitor der durch Mechanostimulation induzierten Expression von Verdauungsenzymen und bestätigte damit die zentrale regulatorische Rolle von Jasmonaten für den Beutefangmechanismus von Dionaea. Ein parallel laufendes Projekt war die Erzeugung von in vitro-Kulturen aus sterilisiertem Saatgut und einzelnen Pflanzenteilen, das sich als sehr erfolgreich erwies, was für die Erzeugung zukünftiger transgener Linien wichtig sein kann. Ebenfalls wurden Protoplasten aus Blattgewebe erzeugt, diese wurden transient transformiert und exprimierten YFP nach einer Inkubationszeit von 24 Stunden. In Zukunft könnte dies der Ausgangspunkt für die Generierung transgener Linien sein und der Funktionsüberprüfung von DNA-Konstrukten sein. KW - Venusfliegenfalle KW - Protoplast KW - Abscisinsäure KW - Jasmonsäure KW - Antibiotikum KW - Dionaea KW - Herbicid KW - Celaflor Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-273854 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - von Hertzberg-Boelch, Sebastian Philipp A1 - Luedemann, Martin A1 - Rudert, Maximilian A1 - Steinert, Andre F. T1 - PMMA bone cement: antibiotic elution and mechanical properties in the context of clinical use JF - Biomedicines N2 - This literature review discusses the use of antibiotic loaded polymethylmethacrylate bone cements in arthroplasty. The clinically relevant differences that have to be considered when antibiotic loaded bone cements (ALBC) are used either for long-term implant fixation or as spacers for the treatment of periprosthetic joint infections are outlined. In this context, in vitro findings for antibiotic elution and material properties are summarized and transferred to clinical use. KW - spacer KW - bone cement KW - PMMA KW - polymethylmethacrylate KW - periprosthetic infection KW - antibiotic elution Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-281708 SN - 2227-9059 VL - 10 IS - 8 ER - TY - THES A1 - von Collani, Sina T1 - Substantivische Suffixableitungen im Deutschen der Goethezeit am Beispiel von Adolph Freiherr von Knigges \(Über\) \(den\) \(Umgang\) \(mit\) \(Menschen\) oder Über den Umgang mit abstrakten Suffixderivationen T1 - Nominal Suffix derivations in German of the Goethe period, using the example of Adolph Freiherr von Knigges “Über den Umgang mit Menschen“, or on dealing with abstract suffix derivations N2 - Der Hauptuntersuchungsgegenstand dieser Arbeit sind substantivische Suffixableitungen, die mindestens einmal im Korpus („Über den Umgang mit Menschen“ von Adolph Franz Friedrich Ludwig Freiherr (von) Knigge) ein Abstraktum bilden. In methodisch-theoretischer Hinsicht reiht sich die Arbeit u.a. in die Projekte der Innsbrucker Arbeitsstelle ein, bei der eine historisch-synchrone Wortbildungsanalyse im Mittelpunkt steht. Die Arbeit stellt einen Ausschnitt der Wortbildung unter graphematischen, morphologischen, funktionalen und lexikalischen Gesichtspunkten dar und vergleicht diesen Ausschnitt mit dem Wörterbuchbestand um 1800 und dem Bestand der neuhochdeutschen Sprache der Gegenwart. So soll gezeigt werden, inwieweit das Korpus einen sprachlichen Spiegel seiner Zeit abbildet bzw. inwieweit eine sprachliche Entwicklung (= Wortbildungswandel) stattgefunden hat. In einem Exkurs wird zusätzlich die abstrakte Wortbildung Umgang als Mittel zur Textbildung besprochen. N2 - The main object of this thesis are nominal suffix derivations that form an abstract at least once in the corpus (“Über den Umgang mit Menschen” by Adolph Franz Friedrich Ludwig Freiherr (von) Knigge). From a methodological-theoretical point of view, the treatise is similar to the projects of the Innsbrucker Arbeitsstelle, which focuses on a historical-synchronous word formation analysis. The study presents a section of word formation from a graphematic, morphological, functional and lexical point of view and compares it with the dictionary inventory of around 1800 and the inventory of the New High German language of the present. In this way, the author demonstrates to what extent the corpus is a realistic representation of its time and to what extent a linguistic development (= change in how word formation is done) has taken place. In an excursus, the abstract word formation Umgang as a means of text formation is additionally discussed. KW - Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft KW - Korpuslinguistik KW - Wortbildung KW - Derivation KW - Adolph Freiherr Knigge KW - Explizite Ableitung KW - Grammatisches Abstraktum KW - historisch-synchron Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-253716 ER - TY - THES A1 - von Bosse, Felix T1 - Risikofaktoren der venoarteriellen extrakorporalen Membranoxygenierung bei Post-Kardiotomie-Patienten T1 - Risk factors of veno-arterial extracorporeal-membrane-oxygenation (va-ECMO) in post-cardiotomy patients N2 - Die extrakorporale Membranoxygenierung ist ein seit Jahrzehnten etabliertes Verfahren, Patienten trotz kardialem und/oder pulmonalem Versagen ein zeitbegrenztes Überleben zu ermöglichen. Obgleich sich an den Grundzügen der Herangehensweise bis heute wenig verändert hat, konnte diese Hochrisikotherapie mithilfe der Entwicklung blutschonenderer Materialien und der Verwendung verbesserter Pumpen und Oxygenatoren zunehmend effizienter gestaltet werden. Durch eine Überlebensanalyse aller ECMO-Patienten der Datenbank der Klinik für Tho-rax-, Herz- und Thorakale Gefäßchirurgie des Universitätsklinikums Würzburg zwischen 2015 und 2018 (172 Fälle) sollten unabhängige Risikofaktoren für ein negatives Outcome der Therapie identifiziert werden. Insbesondere den Laborparametern während der ersten 72 Stunden am System galt hierbei ein besonderes Augenmerk, aber auch Vorerkrankun-gen, Komplikationen, Substitutionen während der Therapie und weitere Parameter wurden für jeden Patienten individuell ermittelt und tabellarisch festgehalten. Insgesamt verstarben davon 125 Patienten (72,7%), 47 Patienten (27,3%) überlebten und konnten entlassen werden. Bei 24 der 125 verstorbenen Patienten (14%) konnte zwar ein Weaning vom System erfolgreich durchgeführt werden (>24h), sie verstarben jedoch während des anschließenden stationären Aufenthaltes. Bei den präinsertionell erhobenen Parametern waren der BMI und der Euroscore II bei verstorbenen Patienten signifikant höher, ebenso wie die Cross-Clamp-Zeit und der SO-FA-Score. Für die Laborwerte an ECMO ergaben sich für den Serumlaktatspiegel und die Throm-bozytenanzahl der Patienten die signifikantesten Unterschiede. Auch andere Laborparame-ter erwiesen sich in beiden Gruppen als signifikant unterschiedlich: Insbesondere der Quick Wert der überlebenden Patienten war zu Beginn signifikant höher. Auch der Fibri-nogenspiegel der Gruppe der überlebenden Patienten lag ab der 12 Stunden Marke signi-fikant höher. Verstorbene Patienten erhielten mehr Blutpräparate als Überlebende. Außerdem führte ein dialysepflichtiges Nierenversagen im Laufe der Therapie zu signifikant schlechterem Out-come. Wider Erwarten waren während der Therapie auftretende Blutungskomplikationen nicht mit schlechterem Outcome assoziiert. Jedoch konnte bei Auftritt von Thromben im Sys-tem, die einen Austausch des Oxygenators/ECMO-Systems nötig machten, sowie Magen-Darm-Ischämien und Kompartmentsyndrom ein klarer Überlebensnachteil erfasst werden. Abschließend ließ sich mittels multivariater logistischer Regression zeigen, dass der SO-FA-Score, der Serumlaktatspiegel und die Thrombozytenanzahl sowie eine adjuvante I-ABP Implantation und der Bedarf einer Nierenersatztherapie den größten Einfluss auf das Überleben der Patienten hatten. N2 - Extracorporeal Life Support is a well established therapy for high risk patients with heart and/or lung failure. Although ECMO has increased a lot in number of cases, as well as in centres worldwide within the past few years, mortality still remains high. The aim was to identify risk factors which led to a negative outcome on ECMO. This retro-perspective study includes all patients from 01.01.2015 - 31.12.2018 that received va-ECMO support after cardiac surgery at the "Heart and thoracal surgery centre" (HTC) of the University-hospital in Würzburg (UKW). Out of those 172 patients, 47 patients (27,3%) survived and 125 patients (72,7%) died during the therapy. Regarding all parameters before ECMO-Insertion, high Body-Mass-Index (BMI), long "Cross-Clamp" time of the aorta during the operation (X-Clamp), as well as high SOFA-Score and high Euroscore II, were associated with significant higher mortality. SOFA-Score, in comparison with Euroscore II, turned out to be more reliable, concerning outcome prediction. During the first 72 hours on ECMO, non-survivors had significant higher lactate-levels and lower platelet count than survivers. Additional usage of intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) was associated with better survival, whereas renal failure leading to dialysis was mostly identified among non-survivors. "Bleeding" was the most frequently occuring complication, even though it didn't have any impact on the patient's outcome. Non-survivors showed overall more clotting events, especially in the oxygentor and the extracorporeal system itself and needed significant more substitution of blood preserves than patients that survived the therapy. KW - ECMO KW - Outcome KW - Post-Kardiotomie-Patient KW - Laborparameter KW - survival Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-258198 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Vomhoff, Viktoria A1 - Geißler, Stefan A1 - Hoßfeld, Tobias T1 - Identification of Signaling Patterns in Mobile IoT Signaling Traffic T2 - Würzburg Workshop on Next-Generation Communication Networks (WueWoWas'22) N2 - We attempt to identify sequences of signaling dialogs, to strengthen our understanding of the signaling behavior of IoT devices by examining a dataset containing over 270.000 distinct IoT devices whose signaling traffic has been observed over a 31-day period in a 2G network [4]. We propose a set of rules that allows the assembly of signaling dialogs into so-called sessions in order to identify common patterns and lay the foundation for future research in the areas of traffic modeling and anomaly detection. KW - Datennetz KW - IoT Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-280819 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - vom Dahl, Christian A1 - Müller, Christoph Emanuel A1 - Berisha, Xhevat A1 - Nagel, Georg A1 - Zimmer, Thomas T1 - Coupling the cardiac voltage-gated sodium channel to channelrhodopsin-2 generates novel optical switches for action potential studies JF - Membranes N2 - Voltage-gated sodium (Na\(^+\)) channels respond to short membrane depolarization with conformational changes leading to pore opening, Na\(^+\) influx, and action potential (AP) upstroke. In the present study, we coupled channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), the key ion channel in optogenetics, directly to the cardiac voltage-gated Na\(^+\) channel (Na\(_v\)1.5). Fusion constructs were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, and electrophysiological recordings were performed by the two-microelectrode technique. Heteromeric channels retained both typical Na\(_v\)1.5 kinetics and light-sensitive ChR2 properties. Switching to the current-clamp mode and applying short blue-light pulses resulted either in subthreshold depolarization or in a rapid change of membrane polarity typically seen in APs of excitable cells. To study the effect of individual K\(^+\) channels on the AP shape, we co-expressed either K\(_v\)1.2 or hERG with one of the Na\(_v\)1.5-ChR2 fusions. As expected, both delayed rectifier K\(^+\) channels shortened AP duration significantly. K\(_v\)1.2 currents remarkably accelerated initial repolarization, whereas hERG channel activity efficiently restored the resting membrane potential. Finally, we investigated the effect of the LQT3 deletion mutant ΔKPQ on the AP shape and noticed an extremely prolonged AP duration that was directly correlated to the size of the non-inactivating Na\(^+\) current fraction. In conclusion, coupling of ChR2 to a voltage-gated Na\(^+\) channel generates optical switches that are useful for studying the effect of individual ion channels on the AP shape. Moreover, our novel optogenetic approach provides the potential for an application in pharmacology and optogenetic tissue-engineering. KW - optogenetics KW - channelrhodopsin KW - voltage-gated Na\(^+\) channel KW - action potential KW - delayed rectifier potassium channel KW - hERG KW - long QT syndrome Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-288228 SN - 2077-0375 VL - 12 IS - 10 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vollmuth, Nadine A1 - Schlicker, Lisa A1 - Guo, Yongxia A1 - Hovhannisyan, Pargev A1 - Janaki-Raman, Sudha A1 - Kurmasheva, Naziia A1 - Schmitz, Werner A1 - Schulze, Almut A1 - Stelzner, Kathrin A1 - Rajeeve, Karthika A1 - Rudel, Thomas T1 - c-Myc plays a key role in IFN-γ-induced persistence of Chlamydia trachomatis JF - eLife N2 - Chlamydia trachomatis (Ctr) can persist over extended times within their host cell and thereby establish chronic infections. One of the major inducers of chlamydial persistence is interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) released by immune cells as a mechanism of immune defence. IFN-γ activates the catabolic depletion of L-tryptophan (Trp) via indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), resulting in persistent Ctr. Here, we show that IFN-γ induces the downregulation of c-Myc, the key regulator of host cell metabolism, in a STAT1-dependent manner. Expression of c-Myc rescued Ctr from IFN-γ-induced persistence in cell lines and human fallopian tube organoids. Trp concentrations control c-Myc levels most likely via the PI3K-GSK3β axis. Unbiased metabolic analysis revealed that Ctr infection reprograms the host cell tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to support pyrimidine biosynthesis. Addition of TCA cycle intermediates or pyrimidine/purine nucleosides to infected cells rescued Ctr from IFN-γ-induced persistence. Thus, our results challenge the longstanding hypothesis of Trp depletion through IDO as the major mechanism of IFN-γ-induced metabolic immune defence and significantly extends the understanding of the role of IFN-γ as a broad modulator of host cell metabolism. KW - Chlamydia trachomatis Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-301385 VL - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vollmer, Andreas A1 - Vollmer, Michael A1 - Lang, Gernot A1 - Straub, Anton A1 - Shavlokhova, Veronika A1 - Kübler, Alexander A1 - Gubik, Sebastian A1 - Brands, Roman A1 - Hartmann, Stefan A1 - Saravi, Babak T1 - Associations between periodontitis and COPD: An artificial intelligence-based analysis of NHANES III JF - Journal of Clinical Medicine N2 - A number of cross-sectional epidemiological studies suggest that poor oral health is associated with respiratory diseases. However, the number of cases within the studies was limited, and the studies had different measurement conditions. By analyzing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III), this study aimed to investigate possible associations between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and periodontitis in the general population. COPD was diagnosed in cases where FEV (1)/FVC ratio was below 70% (non-COPD versus COPD; binary classification task). We used unsupervised learning utilizing k-means clustering to identify clusters in the data. COPD classes were predicted with logistic regression, a random forest classifier, a stochastic gradient descent (SGD) classifier, k-nearest neighbors, a decision tree classifier, Gaussian naive Bayes (GaussianNB), support vector machines (SVM), a custom-made convolutional neural network (CNN), a multilayer perceptron artificial neural network (MLP), and a radial basis function neural network (RBNN) in Python. We calculated the accuracy of the prediction and the area under the curve (AUC). The most important predictors were determined using feature importance analysis. Results: Overall, 15,868 participants and 19 feature variables were included. Based on k-means clustering, the data were separated into two clusters that identified two risk characteristic groups of patients. The algorithms reached AUCs between 0.608 (DTC) and 0.953% (CNN) for the classification of COPD classes. Feature importance analysis of deep learning algorithms indicated that age and mean attachment loss were the most important features in predicting COPD. Conclusions: Data analysis of a large population showed that machine learning and deep learning algorithms could predict COPD cases based on demographics and oral health feature variables. This study indicates that periodontitis might be an important predictor of COPD. Further prospective studies examining the association between periodontitis and COPD are warranted to validate the present results. KW - COPD KW - periodontitis KW - bone loss KW - machine learning KW - prediction KW - artificial intelligence KW - model KW - gingivitis Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312713 SN - 2077-0383 VL - 11 IS - 23 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vollmer, Andreas A1 - Vollmer, Michael A1 - Lang, Gernot A1 - Straub, Anton A1 - Kübler, Alexander A1 - Gubik, Sebastian A1 - Brands, Roman C. A1 - Hartmann, Stefan A1 - Saravi, Babak T1 - Performance analysis of supervised machine learning algorithms for automatized radiographical classification of maxillary third molar impaction JF - Applied Sciences N2 - Background: Oro-antral communication (OAC) is a common complication following the extraction of upper molar teeth. The Archer and the Root Sinus (RS) systems can be used to classify impacted teeth in panoramic radiographs. The Archer classes B-D and the Root Sinus classes III, IV have been associated with an increased risk of OAC following tooth extraction in the upper molar region. In our previous study, we found that panoramic radiographs are not reliable for predicting OAC. This study aimed to (1) determine the feasibility of automating the classification (Archer/RS classes) of impacted teeth from panoramic radiographs, (2) determine the distribution of OAC stratified by classification system classes for the purposes of decision tree construction, and (3) determine the feasibility of automating the prediction of OAC utilizing the mentioned classification systems. Methods: We utilized multiple supervised pre-trained machine learning models (VGG16, ResNet50, Inceptionv3, EfficientNet, MobileNetV2), one custom-made convolutional neural network (CNN) model, and a Bag of Visual Words (BoVW) technique to evaluate the performance to predict the clinical classification systems RS and Archer from panoramic radiographs (Aim 1). We then used Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detectors (CHAID) to determine the distribution of OAC stratified by the Archer/RS classes to introduce a decision tree for simple use in clinics (Aim 2). Lastly, we tested the ability of a multilayer perceptron artificial neural network (MLP) and a radial basis function neural network (RBNN) to predict OAC based on the high-risk classes RS III, IV, and Archer B-D (Aim 3). Results: We achieved accuracies of up to 0.771 for EfficientNet and MobileNetV2 when examining the Archer classification. For the AUC, we obtained values of up to 0.902 for our custom-made CNN. In comparison, the detection of the RS classification achieved accuracies of up to 0.792 for the BoVW and an AUC of up to 0.716 for our custom-made CNN. Overall, the Archer classification was detected more reliably than the RS classification when considering all algorithms. CHAID predicted 77.4% correctness for the Archer classification and 81.4% for the RS classification. MLP (AUC: 0.590) and RBNN (AUC: 0.590) for the Archer classification as well as MLP 0.638) and RBNN (0.630) for the RS classification did not show sufficient predictive capability for OAC. Conclusions: The results reveal that impacted teeth can be classified using panoramic radiographs (best AUC: 0.902), and the classification systems can be stratified according to their relationship to OAC (81.4% correct for RS classification). However, the Archer and RS classes did not achieve satisfactory AUCs for predicting OAC (best AUC: 0.638). Additional research is needed to validate the results externally and to develop a reliable risk stratification tool based on the present findings. KW - oro-antral communication KW - oro-antral fistula KW - prediction KW - machine learning KW - teeth extraction KW - complications KW - classification KW - artificial intelligence Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-281662 SN - 2076-3417 VL - 12 IS - 13 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vollmer, Andreas A1 - Saravi, Babak A1 - Vollmer, Michael A1 - Lang, Gernot Michael A1 - Straub, Anton A1 - Brands, Roman C. A1 - Kübler, Alexander A1 - Gubik, Sebastian A1 - Hartmann, Stefan T1 - Artificial intelligence-based prediction of oroantral communication after tooth extraction utilizing preoperative panoramic radiography JF - Diagnostics N2 - Oroantral communication (OAC) is a common complication after tooth extraction of upper molars. Profound preoperative panoramic radiography analysis might potentially help predict OAC following tooth extraction. In this exploratory study, we evaluated n = 300 consecutive cases (100 OAC and 200 controls) and trained five machine learning algorithms (VGG16, InceptionV3, MobileNetV2, EfficientNet, and ResNet50) to predict OAC versus non-OAC (binary classification task) from the input images. Further, four oral and maxillofacial experts evaluated the respective panoramic radiography and determined performance metrics (accuracy, area under the curve (AUC), precision, recall, F1-score, and receiver operating characteristics curve) of all diagnostic approaches. Cohen's kappa was used to evaluate the agreement between expert evaluations. The deep learning algorithms reached high specificity (highest specificity 100% for InceptionV3) but low sensitivity (highest sensitivity 42.86% for MobileNetV2). The AUCs from VGG16, InceptionV3, MobileNetV2, EfficientNet, and ResNet50 were 0.53, 0.60, 0.67, 0.51, and 0.56, respectively. Expert 1–4 reached an AUC of 0.550, 0.629, 0.500, and 0.579, respectively. The specificity of the expert evaluations ranged from 51.74% to 95.02%, whereas sensitivity ranged from 14.14% to 59.60%. Cohen's kappa revealed a poor agreement for the oral and maxillofacial expert evaluations (Cohen's kappa: 0.1285). Overall, present data indicate that OAC cannot be sufficiently predicted from preoperative panoramic radiography. The false-negative rate, i.e., the rate of positive cases (OAC) missed by the deep learning algorithms, ranged from 57.14% to 95.24%. Surgeons should not solely rely on panoramic radiography when evaluating the probability of OAC occurrence. Clinical testing of OAC is warranted after each upper-molar tooth extraction. KW - artificial intelligence KW - deep learning KW - X-ray KW - tooth extraction KW - oroantral fistula KW - operative planning Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-278814 SN - 2075-4418 VL - 12 IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Volland, Julian Manuel A1 - Kaupp, Johannes A1 - Schmitz, Werner A1 - Wünsch, Anna Chiara A1 - Balint, Julia A1 - Möllmann, Marc A1 - El-Mesery, Mohamed A1 - Frackmann, Kyra A1 - Peter, Leslie A1 - Hartmann, Stefan A1 - Kübler, Alexander Christian A1 - Seher, Axel T1 - Mass spectrometric metabolic fingerprinting of 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose (2-DG)-induced inhibition of glycolysis and comparative analysis of methionine restriction versus glucose restriction under perfusion culture in the murine L929 model system JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences N2 - All forms of restriction, from caloric to amino acid to glucose restriction, have been established in recent years as therapeutic options for various diseases, including cancer. However, usually there is no direct comparison between the different restriction forms. Additionally, many cell culture experiments take place under static conditions. In this work, we used a closed perfusion culture in murine L929 cells over a period of 7 days to compare methionine restriction (MetR) and glucose restriction (LowCarb) in the same system and analysed the metabolome by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In addition, we analysed the inhibition of glycolysis by 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) over a period of 72 h. 2-DG induced very fast a low-energy situation by a reduced glycolysis metabolite flow rate resulting in pyruvate, lactate, and ATP depletion. Under perfusion culture, both MetR and LowCarb were established on the metabolic level. Interestingly, over the period of 7 days, the metabolome of MetR and LowCarb showed more similarities than differences. This leads to the conclusion that the conditioned medium, in addition to the different restriction forms, substantially reprogramm the cells on the metabolic level. KW - amino acid restriction KW - glucose restriction KW - mass spectrometry KW - low carb KW - 2-deoxy-D-glucose KW - 2-DG KW - methionine KW - perfusion culture KW - energy restriction KW - caloric restriction Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-286007 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 23 IS - 16 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogt, Marius L. A1 - Kollikowski, Alexander M. A1 - Weidner, Franziska A1 - Strinitz, Marc A1 - Feick, Jörn A1 - Essig, Fabian A1 - Neugebauer, Herrmann A1 - Haeusler, Karl Georg A1 - Pham, Mirko A1 - Maerz, Alexander T1 - Safety and Effectiveness of the New Generation APERIO® Hybrid Stent-retriever Device in Large Vessel Occlusion Stroke JF - Clinical Neuroradiology N2 - Background It is unknown whether technological advancement of stent-retriever devices influences typical observational indicators of safety or effectiveness. Methods Observational retrospective study of APERIO® (AP) vs. new generation APERIO® Hybrid (APH) (Acandis®, Pforzheim, Germany) stent-retriever device (01/2019–09/2020) for mechanical thrombectomy (MT) in large vessel occlusion (LVO) stroke. Primary effectiveness endpoint was successful recanalization eTICI (expanded Thrombolysis In Cerebral Ischemia) ≥ 2b67, primary safety endpoint was occurrence of hemorrhagic complications after MT. Secondary outcome measures were time from groin puncture to first pass and successful reperfusion, and the total number of passes needed to achieve the final recanalization result. Results A total of 298 patients with LVO stroke who were treated by MT matched the inclusion criteria: 148 patients (49.7%) treated with AP vs. 150 patients (50.3%) treated with new generation APH. Successful recanalization was not statistically different between both groups: 75.7% for AP vs. 79.3% for APH; p = 0.450. Postinterventional hemorrhagic complications and particularly subarachnoid hemorrhage as the entity possibly associated with stent-retriever device type was significantly less frequent in the group treated with the APH: 29.7% for AP and 16.0% for APH; p = 0.005; however, rates of symptomatic hemorrhage with clinical deterioration and in domo mortality were not statistically different. Neither the median number of stent-retriever passages needed to achieve final recanalization, time from groin puncture to first pass, time from groin puncture to final recanalization nor the number of cases in which successful recanalization could only be achieved by using a different stent-retriever as bail-out device differed between both groups. Conclusion In the specific example of the APERIO® stent-retriever device, we observed that further technological developments of the new generation device were not associated with disadvantages with respect to typical observational indicators of safety or effectiveness. KW - APERIO Hybrid KW - mechanical thrombectomy KW - stent-retriever device KW - stroke KW - APERIO Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-264817 VL - 32 IS - 1 ER - TY - THES A1 - Vogel, Sebastian T1 - Determinants of saproxylic biodiversity and conclusions for conservation T1 - Einflussfaktoren auf xylobionte Artenvielfalt und Rückschlüsse für den Naturschutz N2 - Over the past centuries, anthropogenic utilization has fundamentally changed the appearance of European forest ecosystems. Constantly growing and changing demands have led to an enormous decline in ecological key elements and a structural homogenization of most forests. These changes have been accompanied by widespread declines of many forest-dwelling and especially saproxylic, i.e. species depending on deadwood. In order to counteract this development, various conservation strategies have been developed, but they primarily focus on a quantitative deadwood enrichment. However, the diversity of saproxylic species is furthermore driven by a variety of abiotic and biotic determinants as well as interactions between organisms. A detailed understanding of these processes has so far been largely lacking. The aim of the present thesis was therefore to improve the existing ecological knowledge of determinants influencing saproxylic species and species communities in order to provide the basis for evidence-based and adapted conservation measures. In chapter II of this thesis, I first investigated the impact of sun exposure, tree species, and their combination on saproxylic beetles, wood-inhabiting fungi, and spiders. Therefore, logs and branches of six tree species were set up under different sun exposures in an experimental approach. The impact of sun exposure and tree species strongly differed among single saproxylic taxa as well as diameters of deadwood. All investigated taxa were affected by sun exposure, whereby sun exposure resulted in a higher alpha-diversity of taxa recorded in logs and a lower alpha-diversity of saproxylic beetles reared from branches compared to shading by canopy. Saproxylic beetles and wood-inhabiting fungi as obligate saproxylic species were additionally affected by tree species. In logs, the respective impact of both determinants also resulted in divergent community compositions. Finally, a rarefaction/extrapolation method was used to evaluate the effectiveness of different combinations of tree species and sun exposure for the conservation of saproxylic species diversity. Based on this procedure, a combination of broadleaved and coniferous as well as hard- and softwood tree species was identified to support preferably high levels of saproxylic species diversity. The aim of chapter III was to evaluate the individual conservational importance of tree species for the protection of saproxylic beetles. For this, the list of tree species sampled for saproxylic beetles was increased to 42 different tree species. The considered tree species represented large parts of taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity native to Central Europe as well as the most important non-native tree species of silvicultural interest. Freshly cut branches were set up for one year and saproxylic beetles were reared afterwards for two subsequent years. The study revealed that some tree species, in particular Quercus sp., host a particular high diversity of saproxylic beetles, but tree species with a comparatively medium or low overall diversity were likewise important for red-listed saproxylic beetle species. Compared to native tree species, non-native tree species hosted a similar overall species diversity of saproxylic beetles but differed in community composition. In chapter IV, I finally analysed the interactions of host beetle diversity and the diversity of associated parasitoids by using experimentally manipulated communities of saproxylic beetles and parasitoid Hymenoptera as a model system. Classical approaches of species identification for saproxylic beetles were combined with DNA-barcoding for parasitoid Hymenoptera. The diversity of the host communities was inferred from their phylogenetic composition as well as differences in seven functional traits. Abundance, species richness, and Shannon-diversity of parasitoid Hymenoptera increased with increasing host abundance. However, the phylogenetic and functional dissimilarity of host communities showed no influence on the species communities of parasitoid Hymenoptera. The results clearly indicate an abundance-driven system in which the general availability, not necessarily the diversity of potential hosts, is decisive. In summary, the present thesis corroborates the general importance of deadwood heterogeneity for the diversity of saproxylic species by combining different experimental approaches. In order to increase their efficiency, conservation strategies for saproxylic species should generally promote deadwood from different tree species under different conditions of sun exposure on landscape-level in addition to the present enrichment of a certain deadwood amount. The most effective combinations of tree species should consider broadleaved and coniferous as well as hard- and softwood tree species. Furthermore, in addition to dominant tree species, special attention should be given to native, subdominant, silviculturally unimportant, and rare tree species. N2 - Während der letzten Jahrhunderte hat die anthropogene Nutzung das Erscheinungsbild der Waldökosysteme in Europa grundlegend verändert. Stetig wachsende und wandelnde Ansprüche führten zu einem enormen Rückgang ökologischer Schlüsselelemente und einer strukturellen Homogenisierung der meisten Wälder. In der Folge kam es zu Rückgängen vieler waldbewohnender und insbesondere xylobionter, d.h. von Totholz abhängigen, Arten. Um dieser Entwicklung entgegenzuwirken, wurden verschiedene Schutzstrategien entwickelt, welche jedoch vor allem auf eine quantitative Totholzanreicherung abzielen. Die Vielfalt xylobionter Arten wird aber weiterhin durch unterschiedliche abiotische und biotische Einflussfaktoren sowie durch Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Arten beeinflusst. Ein detailliertes Verständnis der genauen Vorgänge fehlt jedoch bislang größtenteils. Ziel der vorliegenden Promotionsarbeit war es deshalb, das diesbezüglich bestehende Wissen zu verbessern, um die Basis für evidenzbasierte und angepasste Naturschutzmaßnahmen zu schaffen. In Kapitel II dieser Arbeit habe ich zunächst den Einfluss der Besonnung und Baumart sowie deren Kombination im Vergleich auf xylobionte Käfer, holzbesiedelnde Pilze und Spinnen untersucht. Für die zugehörige Studie wurden dabei Stämme und Äste von sechs Baumarten bei unterschiedlicher Besonnung in einem experimentellen Ansatz ausgebracht. Der Einfluss der Besonnung und Baumart unterschied sich deutlich zwischen den einzelnen Artengruppen und Totholzdurchmessern. Alle Artengruppen wurden durch die Besonnung beeinflusst, wobei Besonnung im Vergleich zur Beschattung durch Baumkronen bei allen Artengruppen an Stämmen zu einer höheren alpha-Diversität führte und zu einer niedrigeren alpha-Diversität von xylobionten Käfern in Ästen. Xylobionte Käfer und holzbesiedelnde Pilze als obligat xylobionte Arten wurden weiterhin von der Baumart beeinflusst. Für die Artengruppen an Stämmen führten die jeweiligen Auswirkungen von Besonnung und Baumarten ebenfalls zu Unterschieden in der Zusammensetzung der Artgemeinschaften. Abschließend wurden Art-Akkumulationskurven genutzt, um die Effektivität unterschiedlicher Kombinationen aus Baumart und Besonnung für den Erhalt der xylobionten Diversität zu evaluieren. Um eine möglichst hohe Artenvielfalt zu fördern, wurde darauf basierend eine Kombination aus Laub- und Nadelholz einschließlich Weich- und Hartholzarten identifiziert. Ziel meiner Studie in Kapitel III war es den individuellen Beitrag einzelner Baumarten zum Schutz xylobionter Käfer zu identifizieren. Dafür wurde die Zahl untersuchter Baumarten auf 42 erhöht. Die untersuchten Baumarten umfassten dabei große Teile der taxonomischen und phylogenetischen Diversität, die in Mitteleuropa heimisch ist, sowie die wichtigsten, nicht-heimischen Baumarten von waldbaulichem Interesse. Frisch geschnittene Äste wurden für ein Jahr ausgebracht und xylobionte Käfer im Anschluss für zwei aufeinanderfolgende Jahre ausgezüchtet. Im Rahmen der Studie konnte gezeigt werden, dass einige Baumarten, insbesondere Quercus sp., eine besonders hohe Artenvielfalt aufweisen, aber auch Arten mit einer vergleichsweise geringen Gesamtartenzahl für Arten der Roten Liste von Bedeutung sind. Nicht-heimische Baumarten beherbergten insgesamt keine geringere Artenvielfalt von xylobionten Käfern, unterschieden sich aber in der Zusammensetzung ihrer Artgemeinschaften. Die Studie in Kapitel IV analysiert schließlich die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Wirtsdiversität und der Diversität assoziierter Parasitoide unter Verwendung experimentell manipulierter Gemeinschaften von xylobionten Käfern und parasitoiden Hymenopteren als Modellsystem. Klassische Ansätze zur Artidentifizierung für xylobionte Käfer wurden dabei mit DNA-Barcoding für die parasitoiden Hymenopteren kombiniert. Die Vielfalt der Wirtsgemeinschaften wurde aus ihrer phylogenetischen Zusammensetzung sowie Unterschieden in sieben funktionellen Merkmalen abgeleitet. Abundanz, Artenvielfalt und Shannon-Diversität nahmen mit zunehmender Abundanz der Wirte zu. Hingegen zeigten die phylogenetische und funktionelle Ähnlichkeit der Wirtsgemeinschaften insgesamt keinen Einfluss auf die Artgemeinschaften der parasitoiden Hymenopteren. Die Ergebnisse weisen damit klar auf ein abundanz-getriebenes System hin, in dem die generelle Verfügbarkeit und nicht unbedingt die Diversität potentieller Wirte entscheidend ist. Zusammenfassend betont die vorliegende Promotionsarbeit durch die Kombination verschiedener experimenteller Ansätze die generelle Bedeutung der Totholzheterogenität für die Vielfalt xylobionter Arten. Um ihre Effizienz zu steigern, sollten Schutzstrategien für xylobionte Arten neben einer bestimmten Totholzmenge daher generell Totholz verschiedener Baumarten bei unterschiedlicher Besonnung auf Landschaftsebene anreichern. Die effektivsten Baumarten-Kombinationen sollten dabei Laub- und Nadelholz sowie Weich- und Hartholzarten berücksichtigen. Neben den dominierenden Baumarten sollte zudem ein besonderes Augenmerk auf heimischen, subdominanten, wirtschaftlich irrelevanten und seltenen Baumarten liegen. KW - deadwood enrichment KW - saproxylic KW - beetles KW - spiders KW - woodinhabiting-fungi KW - tree species KW - forest conservation Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-289266 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Patrick A1 - Rückert, Martin Andreas A1 - Friedrich, Bernhard A1 - Tietze, Rainer A1 - Lyer, Stefan A1 - Kampf, Thomas A1 - Hennig, Thomas A1 - Dölken, Lars A1 - Alexiou, Christoph A1 - Behr, Volker Christian T1 - Critical Offset Magnetic PArticle SpectroScopy for rapid and highly sensitive medical point-of-care diagnostics JF - Nature Communications N2 - Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been adapted for many applications, e.g., bioassays for the detection of biomarkers such as antibodies, by controlled engineering of specific surface properties. Specific measurement of such binding states is of high interest but currently limited to highly sensitive techniques such as ELISA or flow cytometry, which are relatively inflexible, difficult to handle, expensive and time-consuming. Here we report a method named COMPASS (Critical-Offset-Magnetic-Particle-SpectroScopy), which is based on a critical offset magnetic field, enabling sensitive detection to minimal changes in mobility of MNP ensembles, e.g., resulting from SARS-CoV-2 antibodies binding to the S antigen on the surface of functionalized MNPs. With a sensitivity of 0.33 fmole/50 µl (≙7 pM) for SARS-CoV-2-S1 antibodies, measured with a low-cost portable COMPASS device, the proposed technique is competitive with respect to sensitivity while providing flexibility, robustness, and a measurement time of seconds per sample. In addition, initial results with blood serum demonstrate high specificity. KW - biochemical assays KW - characterization and analytical techniques KW - magnetic properties and materials KW - nanoparticles Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-300893 VL - 13 ER - TY - THES A1 - Vogel, Cassandra Ezra T1 - The effects of land-use and agroecological practices on biodiversity and ecosystem services in tropical smallholder farms T1 - Die Effekte von Landnutzung und Agroökologie auf Biodiversität und Ökosystemdienstleistungen in der tropischen Subsistenzlandwirtschaft N2 - Biodiversity is in rapid decline worldwide. These declines are more pronounced in areas that are currently biodiversity rich, but economically poor – essentially describing many tropical regions in the Global South where landscapes are dominated by smallholder agriculture. Agriculture is an important driver of biodiversity decline, through habitat destruction and unsustainable practices. Ironically, agriculture itself is dependent on a range of ecosystem services, such as pollination and pest control, provided by biodiversity. Biodiversity on fields and the delivery of ecosystem services to crops is often closely tied to the composition of the surrounding landscape – complex landscapes with a higher proportion of (semi-)natural habitats tend to support a high abundances and biodiversity of pollinators and natural enemies that are beneficial to crop production. However, past landscape scale studies have focused primarily on industrialized agricultural landscapes in the Global North, and context dependent differences between regions and agricultural systems are understudied. Smallholder agriculture supports 2 billion people worldwide and contributes to over half the world’s food supply. Yet smallholders, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, are underrepresented in research investigating the consequences of landscape change and agricultural practices. Where research in smallholder agriculture is conducted, the focus is often on commodity crops, such as cacao, and less on crops that are directly consumed by smallholder households, though the loss of services to these crops could potentially impact the most vulnerable farmers the hardest. Agroecology – a holistic and nature-based approach to agriculture, provides an alternative to unsustainable input-intensive agriculture. Agroecology has been found to benefit smallholders through improved agronomical and food-security outcomes. Co-benefits of agroecological practices with biodiversity and ecosystem services are assumed, but not often empirically tested. In addition, the local and landscape effects on biodiversity and ecosystem services are more commonly studied in isolation, but their potentially interactive effects are so far little explored. Our study region in northern Malawi exemplifies many challenges experienced by smallholder farmers throughout sub-Saharan Africa and more generally in the Global South. Malawi is located in a global biodiversity hotspot, but biodiversity is threatened by rapid habitat loss and a push for input-intensive agriculture by government and other stakeholders. In contrast, agroecology has been effectively promoted and implemented in the study region. We investigated how land-use differences and the agroecological practices affects biodiversity and ecosystem services of multiple taxa in a maize-bean intercropping system (Chapter 2), and pollination of pumpkin (Chapter 3) and pigeon pea (Chapter 4). Additionally, the effects of local and landscape scale shrub- to farmland habitat conversion was investigated on butterfly communities, as well as the potential for agroecology to mitigate these effects (Chapter 5). N2 - Die globale Biodiversität nimmt rapide ab. Dieser Biodiversitätsverlust ist in Regionen die reich an Biodiversität aber wirtschaftlich arm sind besonders stark ausgeprägt, insbesondere in vielen tropischen Regionen, die durch Subsistenzlandwirtschaft geprägt sind. Durch die Zerstörung natürlicher Lebensräume und nicht nachhaltige Land Nutzung ist Landwirtschaft eine der Hauptursachen dieses Biodiversitätsrückgangs. Dabei ist gerade landwirtschaftliche Produktion abhängig von Biodiversität, da Biodiversität Ökosystemdienstleistungen wie Bestäubung und natürliche Schädlingskontrolle bereitstellt. Biodiversität und Ökosystemdienstleistungen auf Feldern werden stark durch die umliegende Landschaft beeinflusst - komplexe Landschaften mit einen großen Anteil (halb-)natürlicher haben in der Regel höhere Abudanzen und eine größere Biodiversität von Bestäubern und natürlichen Feinden die vorteilhaft für die landwirtschaftliche Produktion sind. Forschung auf Landschaftebene hat bisher jedoch vorrangig auf die industrialisierte Landwirtschaft in z.B. Europa oder die USA fokussiert und kontextabhängige Unterschiede zwischen Regionen und landwirtschaftlichen Systemen sind nicht ausreichend studiert..Weltweit sind etwa 2 Milliarden Menschen von Subsistenzlandwirtschaft abhängig. Jedoch sind diese Kleinbauern, in der Forschung über die Konsequenzen von Landnutzung und landwirtschaftlichen Managements auf Biodiversität und Ökosystemdienstleistungen unterrepräsentiert, insbesondere Kleinbauern aus Subsahara-Afrika. Die wenigen verfügbaren Studien legend den Fokus oft auf wirtschaftlich wichtige Kulturpflanzen, wie etwa Kakao, und selten auf Kulturpflanzen, die für Ernährungssicherheit der Kleinbauern wichtig sind, obwohl der Verlust der Ökosystemdienstleistungen diese möglicherweise am härtesten trifft. Agroökologie ist eine nachhaltigere Form des landwirtschaftlichen Managements als die konventionelle Landwirtschaft, und will den Einsatz von Agrochemie zu reduzieren und eine holistische Landwirtschaft fördern. Agroökologie steigert die Ernährungssicherheit von Kleinbauern, insbesondere wenn die Bauern viele verschiedene agroökologische Verfahren nutzen. Vorteile der Agroökologie für Biodiversität und Ökosystemdienstleistungen werden oft vermutet, wurden bislang jedoch selten empirisch getestet. Zusätzlich wurden Effekte auf Biodiversität und Ökosystemdienstleistungen vorrangig getrennt zwischen der lokalen und der Landschaftsebene betrachtet, was das Erkennen potentieller Interaktionen erschwert. Unsere Studienregion in Nord Malawi spiegelt die viele Herausforderungen der afrikanischen Zusammenfassung Subsistenzlandwirtschaft wider. Malawi liegt in einem Biodiversitäts-Hotspot, jedoch ist diese Biodiversität durch einen schnellen Rückgang natürlicher Lebensräume und durch die Intensivierung der Landwirtschaft stark gefährdet. Dem gegenüber stehen erfolgreicher Ausbau und Umsetzung von Agroökologie in der Region. Das gab mir die Möglichkeit, die Effekte von Landnutzung und Agroökologie auf Biodiversität und Ökosystemdienstleistungen in Malawi zu untersuchen. Dafür habe ich in Mais und Bohnen in Einzel- und Mischkultur 7 taxonomische Gruppen die verschiedene Ökosystemdienstleistungen erbringen erfasst (Kapitel 2) sowie Bestäuber und Bestäubung auf Kürbis (Kapitel 3) und Straucherbsen studiert (Kapitel 4). Zusätzlich habe ich an Schmetterlingen die Effekte von Lebensraumverlust auf der lokalen und auf Landschaftsebene studiert, und untersucht, ob Agroökologie potenziell negative Effekte mindern kann (Kapitel 5). KW - biodiversity KW - ecosystem services KW - landscape ecology KW - smallholder agriculture KW - pollination KW - pest control KW - agroecology KW - tropical ecology Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-290661 ER - TY - THES A1 - Voelckel, Markus T1 - Zeitaufgelöste Spektroskopie von nanoskaligen Halbleitern und Pyrenderivaten T1 - Time-resolved spectroscopy of nanoscale semiconductors and pyrene derivatives N2 - Um den jahrtausendealten Weg der Menschheit vom Papyrus über Buchdruck und siliziumbasierte Halbleiter in Richtung noch leistungsfähigerer Technologien zu gehen und weiterhin Heureka-Momente zu schaffen, bieten Kohlenstoffnanoröhren ein weites Forschungsfeld. Besonders die halbleitenden Charakteristika von SWNTs sowie die Manipulation dieser durch Dotierung bergen viele Möglichkeiten für zukünftige Anwendungen in moderner Elektrotechnologie. Der Weg zu einer industriellen Implementierung von SWNTs in neuartigen optoelektronischen Bauteilen ließe sich durch eine Ausweitung des Wissens bezüglich SWNTs und der dotierungsbasierten Anpassung ihrer Eigenschaften ebnen. Mit dieser Erkenntniserweiterung als Zielsetzung wurden im Rahmen dieser Dissertation halbleitende, einwandige (6,5)-Kohlenstoffnanoröhren als chiralitätsreine, polymerstabilisierte Proben untersucht. Die ultrakurzzeitaufgelöste Spektroskopie der SWNTs erfolgte an organischen Suspensionen wie auch Dünnschichtfilmen, die je mittels eines gewissen Quantums an Gold(III)-chlorid dotiert worden waren. So konnten die ablaufenden Dynamiken auf einer ps-Zeitskala untersucht werden. In Kapitel 4 konnte mittels transienter Absorptionsexperimente an redoxchemisch p-dotierter SWNT-Suspensionen zunächst gezeigt werden, dass sich die bei optischer Anregung gebildeten Trionen nicht analog zu Exzitonen diffusiv entlang der Nanoröhre bewegen, sondern lokalisiert vorliegen. Die längere trionischen Zerfallsdauer nach X$_1$- verglichen mit X$_1^+$-resonanter Anregung zeugt außerdem davon, dass das Trion aus dem Exziton gespeist wird. Der Einfluss der Dotierung auf die Zerfallsdynamiken von X$_1$ und X$_1^+$ wurde an SWNT-Dünnschichtfilmen untersucht. Das Photobleichsignal des Exzitons verschiebt hypsochrom und zerfällt schneller mit zunehmender Ladungsträgerdichte durch höherer Gold(III)-chloridkonzentrationen. Dies resultiert aus dem verringerten Abstand zwischen den Ladungsträgern, welche als nichtstrahlende Löschstellen fungieren. Für das X$_1^+$-PB ist ein ähnliches Verhalten zu beobachten. Dabei wird dieses Signal mit weiter steigender Dotierung von einer der H-Bande zuzuordnenden Photoabsorption überlagert. Diese lässt sich in einer starken Sättigung der Dotierung wie auch einer hohen Bandkantenverschiebung begründen. In Kapitel 5 wurde die Größe der Exzitonen und Trionen in dotierten SWNT-Dünnschichtfilmen mittels des Phasenraumfüllmodells bestimmt. Dabei lag besonderes Augenmerk auf der Kompensation des PB/PA-Überlapps, dem schnellen Zerfall, einem Ausgleich von Differenzen zwischen Anrege- und Absorptionsspektrum sowie dem Anteil intrinsischer/dotierter Nanorohrsegmente, um korrigierte Größen $\xi_\mathrm{k}$ zu erhalten. Für die Trionengröße wurde zusätzlich der Überlapp der Absorptionsbanden einbezogen, um korrigierte Werte $\xi_{\mathrm{T,k}}$ zu bestimmen. $\xi_\mathrm{k}$ beträgt in der intrinsischen Form 6$\pm$2\,nm und bleibt bis zu einer Ladungsträgerdichte $n_{\mathrm{LT}}<0.10$\,nm$^{-1}$ etwa gleich, anschließend ist ein Absinken bis auf etwa 4\,nm bei $n_{\mathrm{LT}}\approx0.20$\,nm$^{-1}$ zu beobachten. Für diesen Trend ist die Überlagerung von Exziton- und H-Bande verantwortlich, da so der Faktor zur Bestimmung des Anteils intrinsischer Nanorohrsegmente an der SWNT verfälscht wird. Die Abweichung der intrinsischen Größe von den in der Literatur berichteten 13$\pm$3\,nm ist möglicherweise auf Unterschiede in der Probenpräparation zurückzuführen. Für die Trionengröße ergibt sich bei steigender Dotierung ein ähnliches Verhalten: Sie beträgt für $n_{\mathrm{LT}}<0.20$\,nm$^{-1}$ 1.83$\pm$0.47\,nm, was in der Größenordnung in guter Übereinstimmung mit der Literatur ist. Für höhere Dotierungen sinkt $\xi_{\mathrm{T,k}}$ bis auf 0.92$\pm$0.26nm ab. Dies erklärt sich dadurch, dass bei höherer $n_{\mathrm{LT}}$ die H-Bande das Spektrum dominiert, sodass der Einfluss der Absorptionsbandenüberlagerung nicht mehr vollständig durch den entsprechenden Korrekturfaktor kompensiert werden kann. Kapitel 6 beschäftigte sich anstelle redoxchemischer Dotierung der nanoskaligen Halbleiter mit der (spektro-)elektrochemischen Untersuchung von Vorläufern molekularer Radikale. SWV-Messungen weisen dabei darauf hin, dass die Pyrene Pyr1-Pyr3 entsprechend der Anzahl ihrer Substituenten bei Reduktion Mono-, Bi- beziehungsweise Tetraradikale bilden. Die strukturelle Ähnlichkeit der Moleküle äußert sich in gleichen Reduktionspotentialen wie auch ähnlichen potentialabhängigen Absorptionsspektren. Während nur marginale Unterschiede in den PL-Spektren der neutralen und reduzierten Spezies festgestellt werden konnte, lieferte das zeitkorrelierte Einzelphotonenzählen aufschlussreichere Ergebnisse: So wird die Fluoreszenzlebensdauer stark von der Polarität der Umgegbung beeinflusst - bereits die Zugabe des Leitsalzes führt hier zu Änderungen. Die durchschnittliche Fluoreszenzlebensdauer $\tau_{\mathrm{av}}$ sinkt außerdem mit Reduktion und Radikalbildung; für höhere Emissionswellenlängen ist $\tau_{\mathrm{av}}$ außerdem höher. Insgesamt verdeutlichten die Experimente die gute Abschirmung zwischen Pyrenkern und Naphthalimidsubstituenten der Moleküle sowie die Sensibilität gegenüber dem Medium durch TICT, das Vorhandensein von Bi- und Tetraradikalen kann allerdings nicht vollständig belegt werden, wofür EPR-Messugen notwendig wären. N2 - In order to follow the millennia-old path of mankind from papyrus to letterpress printing and silicon-based semiconductors in the direction of even more powerful technologies and to create further moments of Eureka, carbon nanotubes provide a wide field of research. In particular, the semiconducting characteristics of SWNTs and the manipulation of these by doping offer many possibilities for future applications in modern electrical technology. The way to industrial implementation of SWNTs in new types of optoelectronic devices could be paved by expanding knowledge about SWNTs and the doping-based adaptation of their properties. In this dissertation, semiconducting (6,5)-SWNTs were examined as chirality-pure, polymer-stabilized samples to achieve this expansion of knowledge. The ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopy of the SWNTs was carried out on organic suspensions as well as thin films, each of which had been doped with a certain amount of gold(III) chloride. In this way, the dynamics were examined on a ps time scale. In chapter 4 it was shown by transient absorption experiments on redox-chemically p-doped SWNT suspensions that the trions formed during optical excitation do not move diffusively along the nanotube like excitons, but are localized. The longer trion decay after X$_1$- compared to X$_1^+$-resonant excitation also shows that the trion is fed from the exciton. The influence of doping on the decay dynamics of X $_1$ and X$_1^+$ was investigated on SWNT thin-films. The photobleach signal of the exciton shifts hypsochromically and decays faster with increasing charge carrier density, achieved by higher gold(III) chloride concentrations. This results from the reduced distance between the charge carriers, which promote non-radiative quenching. Similar behavior can be observed for the X$ _1^+$-PB. As the doping increases further, this signal is superimposed by a photo-absorption that can be assigned to the H-band. This PA can be explained by an intense saturation of the doping as well as a strong shift of the band edge. In chapter 5 the size of the excitons and trions in doped SWNT thin-films was determined using the phase space filling model. Special attention was paid to the compensation of the PB/PA overlap, the fast decay, differences between the absorption and excitation spectra, and the proportion of intrinsic/doped nanotube segments, in order to obtain corrected values $\xi_\mathrm{k}$. For the trion size, the overlap of the absorption bands was also included in $\xi_{\mathrm{T,k}}$. For the intrinsic $\xi_\mathrm{k}$ a value of 6$\pm$2\,nm was obtained. $\xi_\mathrm{k}$ stays on this niveau with doping levels at charge carrier densities $n_{\mathrm{LT}}<0.10$\,nm$^{-1}$, with higher doping it decreases to about 4\,nm for $n_{\mathrm{LT}}\approx0.20$\,nm$^{-1}$. This drop is due to the overlap of the excitonic and the H-band in the absorption spectra because the proportion of intrinsic nanotube segments is overestimated. The deviation of the intrinsic size from the 13$\pm$3\,nm reported in the literature results from differences in the sample preparation. The behavior of the trion size with increasing doping is similar: For $n_{\mathrm{LT}}<0.17$\,nm$^{-1}$ it is 1.83$\pm$0.47\,nm, which is comparable in magnitude to literature With even higher doping, $\xi_{\mathrm{T,k}}$ decreases to 0.92$\pm$0.26\,nm. At very high $n_{\mathrm{LT}}$, the H-band dominates the spectrum so that the influence of the absorption band superposition can no longer be fully compensated by a correction factor, which leads to the small values for $\xi_{\mathrm{T,k}}$. Chapter 6 now dealt with the (spectro-)electrochemical investigation of precursors of molecular radicals instead of redox-chemical doping of nanoscale semiconductors. SWV measurements strongly indicate that the pyrenes Pyr1-Pyr3 form mono-, bi- and tetraradicals, respectively, on reduction, depending on the number of their substituents. The structural similarity of the molecules is expressed in the same reduction potentials as well as similar potential-dependent absorption spectra. While only marginal differences could be determined in the PL spectra of the neutral and reduced species, the time-correlated single photon counting provided more informative results: The fluorescence lifetime is strongly influenced by the polarity of the environment - even the addition of the conductive salt leads to changes here. The average fluorescence lifetime $\tau_{\mathrm{av}}$ also decreases with reduction and radical formation; for higher emission wavelengths $\tau_{\mathrm{av}}$ is also higher. Overall, the experiments made clear the good screening between the pyrene nucleus and naphthalimide substituents of the molecules as well as the sensitivity to the medium through TICT, but the presence of bi- and tetraradicals cannot be fully proven, for which EPR measurements would be necessary. KW - Dotierung KW - Einwandige Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhre KW - Elektrochemie KW - Ultrakurzzeitspektroskopie KW - (6,5)-Spektroskopie KW - Pyrenderivate KW - TICT KW - Spektroskopie Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-276119 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vloet, Timo D. A1 - Feteke, Stefanie A1 - Gerlach, Manfred A1 - Romanos, Marcel T1 - Das pharmakologische Management kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischer Notfälle : Evidenz und Qualitätssicherung JF - Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie N2 - Kinder- und jugendpsychiatrische Notfälle sind häufig und stellen die beteiligten Ärztinnen und Ärzte vor besondere Herausforderungen, da eine erhebliche Gefahr für die Patient_innen oder Dritte unter Anwendung möglichst wenig invasiver Mittel abzuwenden ist. In diesem Kontext werden neben haltgebenden, deeskalierenden und psychotherapeutischen Optionen häufig auch pharmakologische Interventionen eingesetzt. Da ein Mangel an systematisch erhobenen Daten besteht, findet die pharmakologische Notfallbehandlung in der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie regelhaft im off-label-Bereich statt. Vor dem Hintergrund der komplexen klinischen und rechtlichen Anforderungen an die Ärztinnen und Ärzte werden im vorliegenden Artikel praxisrelevante Hinweise insbesondere zum pharmakologischen Management von in der Praxis häufig auftretenden kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischen Notfällen wie akuter Suizidalität, akut psychotischem Erleben, Delir und Bewusstseinsstörungen sowie akuter Intoxikation und Alkoholentzugssyndrom gegeben. Weiterhin werden Maßnahmen zur Qualitätssicherung und Arzneimittelsicherheit diskutiert. N2 - Emergencies in child and adolescent psychiatry are highly prevalent and often pose significant challenges to physicians, since substantial danger to the patient or others must be avoided through the application of largely moderate interventions. Besides using de-escalating strategies and exploiting psychotherapeutic options, the physician frequently employs psychopharmacological interventions. because of a lack of systematically assessed data, however, in emergencies in child and adolescent psychiatry most administrations of psychotropic drugs occur “off label.“ This review deduces practice-relevant recommendations for the pharmacological management of occurring child and adolescent emergencies such as acute suicidality, acute psychotic episodes, delirium, disorders of consciousness, acute intoxication, and alcohol withdrawal syndrome. We discuss the issue of quality and safety in pharmacological emergency strategies. T2 - The pharmacological management of emergencies in child and adolescent psychiatry KW - Psychiatrischer Notfall KW - Qualitätssicherung KW - Pharmakotherapie KW - Kinder und Jugendliche KW - TDM KW - psychiatric emergencies KW - quality assurance KW - pharmacotherapy KW - child and adolescent KW - TDM Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-280982 SN - 1422-4917 SN - 1664-2880 VL - 50 IS - 4 SP - 262-274 ER - TY - THES A1 - Vix, Patrick T1 - Die Rolle des Zelladhäsionsmoleküls Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule-1 (CEACAM1) bei der lymphogenen Metastasierung des Prostatakarzinoms (PCa) T1 - The role of the cell adhesion molecule carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule-1 (CEACAM1) in lymphogenous metastasis of prostate cancer (PCa) N2 - Der epithelialen Präsenz des Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule-1 (CEACAM1) in Prostatadrüsen wird eine tumorsupprimierende Funktion zugeschrieben. Maligne Veränderungen des Prostatadrüsenepithels bei einem PCa führen zu einer Abnahme der epithelialen CEACAM1-Expression, zu einem Verlust der Zellpolarität und zu einer erhöhten Zellproliferation (prostatische intraepitheliale Neoplasie (PIN)). Während des PIN-Stadiums exprimieren benachbarte Blut- und Lymphgefäße CEACAM1. CEACAM1 selbst wirkt pro-angiogen und stimuliert die Gefäßneubildung und auch die Neubildung von Lymphgefäßen, Lymphangiogenese. Seine Rolle in der Tumor-Lymphangiogenese und dadurch bedingten Metastasierung von Tumoren wurde bisher nicht ausreichend geklärt. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Rolle von CEACAM1 bei der lymphogenen PCa-Metastasierung anhand von immunhistochemischen (IHC) Analysen am humanem PCa-Prostata- und Lymphknoten-(LN)-Gewebe, sowie im Mausmodell zu analysieren. Laut den Immunfluoreszenzanalysen traten in den PIN-Arealen signifikant mehr CEACAM1-positive Blut- und Lymphgefäße auf, als in den darauffolgenden Tumorstadien. Weiter wurde eine CEACAM1-Expression in LN-Sinusgewebe bereits bei Niedrig-Risiko-Patienten (pN0) detektiert. Diese frühe CEACAM1-Expression trat auch in den LN im PCa-Mausmodell auf. Weiter wurde im LN-Gewebe von „Hoch-Risiko“-Patienten (pN1) eine luminale CEACAM1-Expression innerhalb der aus Tumorzellen bestehenden Drüsen beobachtet, die mit der CEACAM1-Expression in nativen Prostatadrüsen vergleichbar ist. Auch das angiogen-aktivierte Gefäßendothel von pN0- und pN1-LN war CEACAM1-positiv. Bei Hoch-Risiko-Patienten (pN1) nahmen die CEACAM1-positiven Blut- und Lymphgefäße im Tumorstroma mit zunehmender Dedifferenzierung des Gewebes ab. Die CEACAM1/PSA-Doppelimmun-fluoreszenzanalysen ergaben eine heterogene Expression der beiden Marker bei Intermediate-risk-Patienten und mit zunehmender Dedifferenzierung des Tumorgewebes einen epithelialen Verlust der CEACAM1-Expression in den PSA-positiven G3-Tumordrüsen. Das Fehlen von PSA in pN0-LN und die nachweisbare Expression von PSA in pN1-LN bestätigten PSA als geeigneten PCa-Zellmarker in LN. In pN1-LN ohne Drüsenbildung traten Zellansammlungen mit einer nach außen gerichteten CEACAM1-positiven Front und einem im Zentrum liegenden PSA-positiven Bereich auf. Diese Befunde belegen einen Zusammenhang zwischen der endothelialen CEACAM1-Expression im Sinus und der Mikrometastasierungswahrscheinlichkeit im pN0-LN-Gewebe von PCa-Patienten. Potentiell lässt sich daher im Niedrig-Risiko-PCa-Patientenkollektiv über eine CEACAM1-Bestimmung in LN das Risiko für eine Metastasierung frühzeitig erkennen. N2 - The epithelial presence of carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule-1 (CEACAM1) in prostate glands is thought to have a tumor suppressive function. Malignant changes in the prostate gland epithelium in PCa result in a decrease in epithelial CEACAM1 expression, loss of cell polarity, and increased cell proliferation (prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN)). During the PIN stage, adjacent blood and lymphatic vessels express CEACAM1. CEACAM1 itself acts pro-angiogenically and stimulates new vessel formation and also new lymph vessel formation, lymphangiogenesis. Its role in tumor lymphangiogenesis and consequent tumor metastasis has not been adequately elucidated. The aim of this work was to analyze the role of CEACAM1 in lymphogenic PCa metastasis using immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses on human PCa prostate and lymph node (LN) tissues, as well as mouse models. According to the immunofluorescence analyses, significantly more CEACAM1-positive blood and lymphatic vessels occurred in PIN areas than in subsequent tumor stages. Further, CEACAM1 expression in LN sinusoidal tissue was detected as early as in low-risk patients (pN0). This early CEACAM1 expression also occurred in the LN in the PCa mouse model. Furthermore, luminal CEACAM1 expression within glands composed of tumor cells was observed in LN tissue from "high-risk" patients (pN1), comparable to CEACAM1 expression in native prostate glands. The angiogenic-activated vascular endothelium of pN0- and pN1-LN was also CEACAM1-positive. In high-risk patients (pN1), CEACAM1-positive blood and lymphatic vessels in the tumor stroma decreased with increasing tissue dedifferentiation. CEACAM1/PSA double-immunofluorescence analyses revealed heterogeneous expression of the two markers in intermediate-risk patients and epithelial loss of CEACAM1 expression in PSA-positive G3 tumor glands with increasing tumor tissue dedifferentiation. The absence of PSA in pN0-LN and the detectable expression of PSA in pN1-LN confirmed PSA as a suitable PCa cell marker in LN. In pN1-LN without gland formation, cell accumulations occurred with an outward CEACAM1-positive front and a PSA-positive area located in the center. These findings demonstrate a correlation between endothelial CEACAM1 expression in the sinus and micrometastasis probability in pN0-LN tissue of PCa patients. Potentially, therefore, in the low-risk PCa patient population, CEACAM1 determination in LN allows early detection of the risk for metastasis. KW - CEACAM1 KW - lymphogene Metastasenbildung KW - Prostatakarzinom Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-290021 ER - TY - THES A1 - Viswanathan, Aravindan T1 - Biochemical and structural characterisation of modules within the SMN complex T1 - Biochemische und strukturelle Charakterisierung von Modulen des SMN-Komplexes N2 - Cellular proteome profiling revealed that most biomolecules do not exist in isolation, but rather are incorporated into modular complexes. These assembled complexes are usually very large, consisting of 10 subunits on an average and include either proteins alone, or proteins and nucleic acids. Consequently, such macromolecular assemblies rather than individual biopolymers perform the vast majority of cellular activities. The faithful assembly of such molecular assemblies is often aided by trans-acting factors in vivo, to preclude aggregation of complex components and/or non-cognate interactions. A paradigm for an assisted assembly of a macromolecular machine is the formation of the common Sm/LSm core of spliceosomal and histone-mRNA processing U snRNPs. The key assembly factors united in the Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) and the Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) complexes orchestrate the assembly of the Sm/LSm core on the U snRNAs. Assembly is initiated by the PRMT5-complex subunit pICln, which pre-arranges the Sm/LSm proteins into spatial positions occupied in the mature U snRNPs. The SMN complex subsequently binds these Sm/LSm units, displaces pICln and catalyses the Sm ring closure on the Sm-site of the U snRNA. The SMN complex consists of the eponoymous SMN protein linked in a modular network of interactions with eight other proteins, termed Gemins 2-8 and Unrip. Despite functional and structural characterisation of individual protein components and/or sub-complexes of this assembly machinery, coherent understanding of the structural framework of the core SMN complex remained elusive. The current work, employing a combined approach of biochemical and structural studies, aimed to contribute to the understanding of how distinct modules within the SMN complex coalecse to form the macromolecular SMN complex. A novel atomic resolution (1.5 Å) structure of the human Gemin8:7:6 sub-complex, illustrates how the peripheral Gemin7:6 module is tethered to the SMN complex via Gemin8’s C-terminus. In this model, Gemin7 engages with both Gemin6 and Gemin8 via the N- and C-termini of its Sm-fold like domain. This highly conserved interaction mode is reflected in the pronounced sequence conservation and identical biochemical behaviour of similar sub-complexes from divergent species, namely S. pombe and C. elegans. Despite lacking significant sequence similarity to the Sm proteins, the dimeric Gemin7:6 complex share structural resemblance to the Sm heteromers. The hypothesis that the dimeric Gemin7:6 functions as a Sm-surrogate during Sm core assembly could not be confirmed in this work. The functional relevance of the structural mimicry of the dimeric Gemin7:6 sub-complex with the Sm heterodimers therefore still remains unclear. Reduced levels of functional SMN protein is the cause of the devastating neurodegenerative disease, Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA). The C-terminal YG-zipper motif of SMN is a major hot-spot for most SMA patient mutations. In this work, adding to the existing inventory of the human and fission yeast YG-box models, a novel 2.2 Å crystal structure of the nematode SMN’s YG-box domain adopting the glycine zipper motif has been reported. Furthermore, it could be assessed that SMA patient mutations mapping to this YG-box domain greatly influences SMN’s self-association competency, a property reflected in both the human and nematode YG-box biochemical handles. The shared molecular architecture and biochemical behaviour of the nematode SMN YG-box domain with its human and fission yeast counterparts, reiterates the pronounced conservation of this oligomerisation motif across divergent organisms. Apart from serving as a multimerization domain, SMN’s YG-box also acts as interaction platform for Gemin8. A systematic investigation of SMA causing missense mutations uncovered that Gemin8’s incorporation into the SMN complex is influenced by the presence of certain SMA patient mutations, albeit independent of SMN’s oligomerisation status. Consequently, loss of Gemin8 association in the presence of SMA patient mutations would also affect the incorporation of Gemin7:6 sub-complex. Gemin8, therefore sculpts the heteromeric SMN complex by bridging the Gemin7:6 and SMN:Gemin2 sub-units, a modular feature shared in both the human and nematode SMN complexes. These findings provide an important foundation and a prospective structural framework for elucidating the core architecture of the SMN complex in the ongoing Cryo-EM studies. N2 - Systematische Untersuchungen von zellulären Bestandteilen haben gezeigt, dass viele Proteine nicht isoliert, sondern vielmehr in modularen Komplexen organisiert vorliegen. Mit durchschnittlich zehn Untereinheiten sind diese Komplexe sehr groß, wobei sie entweder ausschließlich aus Proteinen oder aber aus Proteinen und Nukleinsäuren bestehen können. Daher wird der Großteil zellulärer Aktivitäten nicht von einzelnen Biopolymeren, sondern von makromolekularen Komplexen verrichtet. Die Zusammenlagerung dieser Komplexe wird in vivo häufig von Hilfsfaktoren unterstützt, um die Aggregation der Einzelkomponenten und/oder unspezifische Wechselwirkungen zu verhindern. Ein Beispiel für eine derartige Zusammenlagerungshilfe ist die Bildung des Sm/LSm-Cores der mRNA-prozessierenden U snRNPs. Dabei wird die Anlagerung von Sm/LSm Proteinen an die U snRNAs durch eine Anzahl von Hilfsfaktoren orchestriert, die in Protein-Arginin-Methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5)- und dem Survival Motor Neuron (SMN)-Komplexen organisiert sind. Die Zusammenlagerung wird durch die PRMT5-Untereinheit pICln initiiert, die die räumliche Anordnung von Sm/LSm-Proteinen in höher-geordneten Komplexen stabilisiert. Diese werden anschließend auf den SMN-Komplex übertragen, wobei pICln verdrängt und die Verbindung mit der Sm-Seite der U snRNA sichergestellt wird. Der SMN-Komplex besteht aus dem SMN-Protein, das in einem modularen Netzwerk mit acht weiteren Proteinen (Gemins 2-8 und Unrip) interagiert. Auch wenn funktionale und strukturelle Charakterisierungen einzelner Proteinkomponenten und Module dieser Zusammenlagerungs-Maschinerie vorliegen, steht ein tiefergehendes Verständnis des strukturellen Organisation des Gesamt-Komplexes noch aus. In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte unter Anwendung biochemischer und struktureller Techniken ein Beitrag dazu geleistet werden, die Interaktionen der verschiedenen Komponenten innerhalb des SMN-Komplexes zu verstehen, die so die dreidimensionale Organisation des SMN-Komplexes zu verstehen. Eine neuartige Kristallstruktur des humanen Gemin8:7:6-Subkomplexes bei einer Auflösung von 1.5 Å zeigt, wie der periphere Gemin7:6-Abschnitt durch den C-Terminus von Gemin8 zum SMN-Komplex dirigiert wird. In diesem Modell interagiert Gemin7 sowohl mit Gemin6 als auch Gemin8 über den N- und C-Terminus der Sm-ähnlichen Domäne. Dieser hochkonservierte Interaktionsmodus wird in der erwähnten konservierten Sequenz und dem gleichen biochemischen Verhalten ähnlicher Subkomplexe in divergenten Spezies einschließlich S. pombe und C. elegans widergespiegelt. Obwohl es keine signifikante Übereinstimmung mit der Sequenz von Sm-Proteinen gibt, weist der dimere Gemin7:6-Komplex markante strukturelle Ähnlichkeit mit dem einem Sm-Heterodimer auf. Die Annahme, der dimere Gemin7:6-Subkomplex würde als Hilfsfaktor über die direkte Interaktion mit Sm-Proteinen fungieren konnte in der vorliegenden Arbeit nicht bestätigt werden. Folglich bleibt die Funktion des dimeren Gemin7:6-Subkomplexes im Kontext der SMN-Zusammenlagerungsmaschinerie unklar. Verringerte Mengen des funktionellen SMN-Proteins sind die Ursache für die neurodegenerative Erkrankung Spinale Muskelatrophie (SMA). Das C-terminale YG-Zipper-Motiv von SMN stellt einen Hotspot für die meisten SMA-Mutationen dar. In dieser Arbeit wurde der bereits bekannten YG-Box aus H. sapiens und S. pombe eine neuartige Kristallstruktur der SMN YG-Box aus C. elegans mit einer Auflösung von 2.2 Å hinzugefügt. Zusätzlich wurde gezeigt, dass SMA-verursachende Missense-Mutationen in der YG-Box einen beträchtlichen Einfluss auf die Selbst-Interaktion von SMN haben, was aus biochemischen Versuchen mit der YG-Box aus H. sapiens und C. elegans ersichtlich wurde. Der molekulare Aufbau und das biochemische Verhalten der SMN YG-Box aus C. elegans, S. pombe und H. sapiens betont die Konservierung dieses Oligomerisierungsmotives über mehrere Organismen hinweg. Neben der Funktion als Multimerisationsdomäne dient die YG-Box von SMN auch als Interaktionsplattform für Gemin8. Eine systematische Untersuchung von SMA-verursachenden Missense-Mutationen ergab, dass die Einbindung von Gemin8 in den SMN-Komplex durch definierte Substitutionen massiv beeinflusst wird. Interessanterweise ist dieser Bindungsdefekt unabhängig vom SMN-Oligomerisierungsstatus. Demzufolge würde diese Klasse von SMA-Mutationen spezifisch die Inkorporation des Gemin7:6-Subkomplexes beeinflussen. Die Resultate dieser Arbeit bilden eine wichtige Grundlage für weitere strukturelle Untersuchungen des SMN-Komplexes über Kryo-Elektronenmikroskopie. KW - SMN complex KW - Macromolecular machine KW - Structural organisation KW - Proteom KW - Motoneuron Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-194749 ER - TY - THES A1 - Vinke, Wiebke T1 - Chondrogenes Differenzierungspotential von BMSCs unter Zugabe von Kartogenin bzw. der Peptidsequenzen KLER und WYRGRL in Pelletkulturen T1 - Potential for chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs in pellet culture system with the addition of Kartogenin or the peptides KLER and WYRGRL N2 - Die in vitro Differenzierung von Knorpelgewebe unter Verwendung von mesenchymalen Stromazellen aus dem Knochenmark (BMSCs) als Zellquelle und Transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß1) als Wachstumsfaktor ist bereits etabliert. In weiteren Studien haben sich neue möglich Differenzierungsfaktoren wie Kartogenin und Peptidsequenzen wie KLER und WYRGRL gezeigt. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, den Effekt dieser drei Substanzen auf die chondrogene Differenzierung von mesenchymalen Stromazellen in einer Pelletkultur in Anwesenheit von TGF-β zu evaluieren. Die Analyse erfolgte (immun)histologisch und biochemisch durch Bestimmung der knorpelspezifischen EZM-Moleküle wie Kollagen II und Glykosaminoglykane bzw. des GAG- und Gesamtkollagengehaltes. Insgesamt konnte nach dreiwöchiger Kultur für keinen der drei zugegebenen Faktoren ein eindeutig positiver Effekt auf die chondrogene Differenzierung von BMSCs nachgewiesen werden. Unter konstanter KGN- Zugabe zeigte sich eine intensivere Kollagen II-Färbung, sowie ein signifikant höherer Kollagen- und GAG-Gehalt an Tag 10, jedoch auch eine intensivere Kollagen X Färbung. Diesbezüglich sollten noch weitere Untersuchungen, insbesondere auf mögliche unerwünschte hypertrophe Effekte durchgeführt werden. N2 - Chondrogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stroma cells (BMSCs) with transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) is already established. Further studies have shown new possible differentiation factors such as Kartogenin or the peptids KLER and WYRGRL. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of these three factors on the chondrogenic differentiation potential of BMSCs in pellet culture system with the addition of TGF-ß. Cartilage specific matrix components such as collagen II and glycosaminoglycans (GAG) were detected with immuno histological and biochemical analysis. After three weeks, there was no clear positive effect. Only the continuous addition of Kartogenin led to a more intensive collagen II stain and a significantly higher collagen and GAG content after 10 days, however the collagen X stain was more intensiv aswell. Further scientific studies are required to validate these observations, specifically the possible adverse effect of chondrogenic hypertrophy. KW - Differenzierung KW - Potential KW - Differenzierungspotential KW - Kartogenin KW - WYRGRL KW - KLER Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-253958 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Viljur, Mari‐Liis A1 - Abella, Scott R. A1 - Adámek, Martin A1 - Alencar, Janderson Batista Rodrigues A1 - Barber, Nicholas A. A1 - Beudert, Burkhard A1 - Burkle, Laura A. A1 - Cagnolo, Luciano A1 - Campos, Brent R. A1 - Chao, Anne A1 - Chergui, Brahim A1 - Choi, Chang‐Yong A1 - Cleary, Daniel F. R. A1 - Davis, Thomas Seth A1 - Dechnik‐Vázquez, Yanus A. A1 - Downing, William M. A1 - Fuentes‐Ramirez, Andrés A1 - Gandhi, Kamal J. K. A1 - Gehring, Catherine A1 - Georgiev, Kostadin B. A1 - Gimbutas, Mark A1 - Gongalsky, Konstantin B. A1 - Gorbunova, Anastasiya Y. A1 - Greenberg, Cathryn H. A1 - Hylander, Kristoffer A1 - Jules, Erik S. A1 - Korobushkin, Daniil I. A1 - Köster, Kajar A1 - Kurth, Valerie A1 - Lanham, Joseph Drew A1 - Lazarina, Maria A1 - Leverkus, Alexandro B. A1 - Lindenmayer, David A1 - Marra, Daniel Magnabosco A1 - Martín‐Pinto, Pablo A1 - Meave, Jorge A. A1 - Moretti, Marco A1 - Nam, Hyun‐Young A1 - Obrist, Martin K. A1 - Petanidou, Theodora A1 - Pons, Pere A1 - Potts, Simon G. A1 - Rapoport, Irina B. A1 - Rhoades, Paul R. A1 - Richter, Clark A1 - Saifutdinov, Ruslan A. A1 - Sanders, Nathan J. A1 - Santos, Xavier A1 - Steel, Zachary A1 - Tavella, Julia A1 - Wendenburg, Clara A1 - Wermelinger, Beat A1 - Zaitsev, Andrey S. A1 - Thorn, Simon T1 - The effect of natural disturbances on forest biodiversity: an ecological synthesis JF - Biological Reviews N2 - Disturbances alter biodiversity via their specific characteristics, including severity and extent in the landscape, which act at different temporal and spatial scales. Biodiversity response to disturbance also depends on the community characteristics and habitat requirements of species. Untangling the mechanistic interplay of these factors has guided disturbance ecology for decades, generating mixed scientific evidence of biodiversity responses to disturbance. Understanding the impact of natural disturbances on biodiversity is increasingly important due to human‐induced changes in natural disturbance regimes. In many areas, major natural forest disturbances, such as wildfires, windstorms, and insect outbreaks, are becoming more frequent, intense, severe, and widespread due to climate change and land‐use change. Conversely, the suppression of natural disturbances threatens disturbance‐dependent biota. Using a meta‐analytic approach, we analysed a global data set (with most sampling concentrated in temperate and boreal secondary forests) of species assemblages of 26 taxonomic groups, including plants, animals, and fungi collected from forests affected by wildfires, windstorms, and insect outbreaks. The overall effect of natural disturbances on α‐diversity did not differ significantly from zero, but some taxonomic groups responded positively to disturbance, while others tended to respond negatively. Disturbance was beneficial for taxonomic groups preferring conditions associated with open canopies (e.g. hymenopterans and hoverflies), whereas ground‐dwelling groups and/or groups typically associated with shady conditions (e.g. epigeic lichens and mycorrhizal fungi) were more likely to be negatively impacted by disturbance. Across all taxonomic groups, the highest α‐diversity in disturbed forest patches occurred under moderate disturbance severity, i.e. with approximately 55% of trees killed by disturbance. We further extended our meta‐analysis by applying a unified diversity concept based on Hill numbers to estimate α‐diversity changes in different taxonomic groups across a gradient of disturbance severity measured at the stand scale and incorporating other disturbance features. We found that disturbance severity negatively affected diversity for Hill number q = 0 but not for q = 1 and q = 2, indicating that diversity–disturbance relationships are shaped by species relative abundances. Our synthesis of α‐diversity was extended by a synthesis of disturbance‐induced change in species assemblages, and revealed that disturbance changes the β‐diversity of multiple taxonomic groups, including some groups that were not affected at the α‐diversity level (birds and woody plants). Finally, we used mixed rarefaction/extrapolation to estimate biodiversity change as a function of the proportion of forests that were disturbed, i.e. the disturbance extent measured at the landscape scale. The comparison of intact and naturally disturbed forests revealed that both types of forests provide habitat for unique species assemblages, whereas species diversity in the mixture of disturbed and undisturbed forests peaked at intermediate values of disturbance extent in the simulated landscape. Hence, the relationship between α‐diversity and disturbance severity in disturbed forest stands was strikingly similar to the relationship between species richness and disturbance extent in a landscape consisting of both disturbed and undisturbed forest habitats. This result suggests that both moderate disturbance severity and moderate disturbance extent support the highest levels of biodiversity in contemporary forest landscapes. KW - natural disturbance KW - diversity–disturbance relationship KW - disturbance severity KW - disturbance extent KW - intermediate disturbance hypothesis KW - forest communities KW - α‐diversity KW - β‐diversity Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-287168 VL - 97 IS - 5 SP - 1930 EP - 1947 ER - TY - THES A1 - Vietz, Melanie Sabrina T1 - Prävention von Angsterkrankungen: Etablierung und Validierung des Kognitiven Angstsensitivitätstrainings (KAST) - Deutsche Version T1 - Prevention of Anxiety Disorders: Implementation and Validation of the Cognitive Anxiety Sensitivity Treatment (CAST) - German Version N2 - Angsterkrankungen stellen mit einer 12-Monats-Prävalenz von 14% die häufigsten psychischen Erkrankungen in der westlichen Gesellschaft dar. Angesichts der hohen querschnittlichen wie sequentiellen Komorbidität von Angsterkrankungen, der ausgeprägten individuellen Einschränkungen sowie der hohen ökonomischen Belastung für das Gesundheitssystem ist neben therapeutischen Behandlungsansätzen die Entwicklung von kurzzeitigen, kostengünstigen und leicht zugänglichen Präventionsmaßnahmen von großer Bedeutung und steht zunehmend im Fokus des gesundheitspolitischen Interesses, um die Inzidenz von Angsterkrankungen zu reduzieren. Voraussetzung für die Entwicklung von gezielten und damit den effektivsten Präventionsmaßnahmen sind valide Risikofaktoren, die die Entstehung von Angsterkrankungen begünstigen. Ein Konstrukt, das in der Literatur als subklinisches Symptom in Form einer kognitiven Vulnerabilität für Angsterkrankungen und damit als Risikofaktor angesehen wird, ist die sogenannte Angstsensitivität (AS). AS umfasst die individuelle Tendenz, angstbezogene körperliche Symptome generell als bedrohlich einzustufen und mit aversiven Konsequenzen zu assoziieren. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war daher die Etablierung und Validierung eines Präventionsprogramms zur Reduktion der AS an einer nicht-klinischen Stichprobe von 100 Probanden (18-30 Jahre) mit einer erhöhten AS (Anxiety Sensitivity Index [ASI-3] ≥17) sowie die Rekrutierung von 100 alters- und geschlechtsangeglichenen Probanden mit niedriger Angstsensitivität (ASI-3 <17). In einem randomisiert-kontrollierten Studiendesign durchliefen die Probanden mit hoher AS entweder das über fünf Wochen angelegte „Kognitive Angstsensitivitätstraining“ (KAST) als erste deutschsprachige Übersetzung des Computer-basierten „Cognitive Anxiety Sensitivity Treatment“ (CAST) von Schmidt et al. (2014) oder wurden der Wartelisten-Kontrollgruppe zugeteilt. Das KAST Training bestand aus einer einmaligen Vermittlung kognitiv-behavioraler Psychoedukation zum Thema Stress und Anspannung sowie deren Auswirkungen auf den Körper und der Anleitung von zwei interozeptiven Expositionsübungen (‚Strohhalm-Atmung‘ und ‚Hyperventilation‘), die über den anschließenden Zeitraum von fünf Wochen in Form von Hausaufgaben wiederholt wurden. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Teilnehmer des KAST-Programms nach Beendigung des Trainings (T1) eine signifikant niedrigere AS-Ausprägung im Vergleich zur Wartelisten-Kontrollgruppe aufwiesen und diese Reduktion auch über den Katamnese-Zeitraum von sechs Monaten (T2) stabil blieb. Ergänzend wurde auch die Targetierbarkeit weiterer intermediärer Risikomarker wie der Trennungsangst (TA), des Index der kardialen Sensitivität sowie der Herzratenvariabilität (HRV) untersucht, die jedoch nicht durch das KAST-Training direkt verändert werden konnten. Im Vergleich der Subgruppen von Probanden mit hoher AS und gleichzeitig hoher TA (Adult Separation Anxiety Questionnaire [ASA-27] ≥22) und Probanden mit hoher AS, aber niedriger TA (ASA-27 <22) zeigte sich, dass die AS-TA-Hochrisikogruppe ebenfalls gut von der KAST-Intervention profitieren und eine signifikante Reduktion der AS erzielen konnte, indem sie sich bei T1 dem Niveau der Gruppe mit niedriger TA anglich. Zudem korrelierte die prozentuale Veränderung der Einstiegswerte der inneren Anspannung während der Strohhalm-Atmungsübung positiv mit der prozentualen Veränderung der dimensionalen TA bei T1. Zusammenfassend weisen die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit erstmalig auf die Wirksamkeit der deutschsprachigen Übersetzung des CAST-Programms (Schmidt et al., 2014), eines Computer-basierten, und damit leicht zu implementierenden sowie kostengünstigen Programms, in Bezug auf die Reduktion der AS sowie indirekt der TA hin und können damit zur indizierten und demnach besonders effektiven Prävention von Angsterkrankungen in Hochrisikogruppen beitragen. N2 - With a 12-month prevalence of 14%, anxiety disorders represent the most common mental disorders in Western societies. In the light of the high cross-sectional and sequential comorbidity of anxiety disorders, the pronounced individual impairment as well as the high economic burden on the health care system, the development of brief, cost-effective and easy accessible preventive interventions in addition to therapeutic treatment approaches is of great importance and progressively in the focus of health policy interest in order to reduce the incidence of anxiety disorders. Precondition for the development of targeted and therefore most effective preventive measures are valid risk factors, which facilitate the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders. One construct, which has been proposed as a subclinical symptom in terms of a cognitive vulnerability for anxiety disorders and therefore as a risk factor, is the so-called anxiety sensitivity (AS). AS encompasses the individual tendency to interpret anxiety-related bodily symptoms in general as threatening and associated with aversive consequences. Hence, the overarching goal of this thesis was the implementation and validation of a preventive program aimed at the amelioration of AS in a non-clinical sample of 100 probands (18-30 years) with elevated AS (Anxiety Sensitivity Index [ASI-3] ≥17) as well as the recruitment of 100 age- and sex-matched probands with low anxiety sensitivity (ASI-3 <17). In a randomized-controlled study design, participants with high AS either underwent the five-weeks “Kognitives Angstsensitivitätstraining” (KAST) as the first German translation of the computer-based Cognitive Anxiety Sensitivity Treatment (CAST) by Schmidt et al. (2014), or were assigned to a waitlist-control group. The KAST Training consisted of a single session of cognitive-behavioral psychoeducation about stress and tension as well as their effects on the body and the instruction of two interoceptive exposure exercises (‘straw-breathing’ and ‘hyperventilation’), which were repeated over the subsequent time period of five weeks in form of homework. It could be shown that participants in the KAST-program displayed a significant lower degree of AS after completion of the training (T1) compared to the waitlist-control group, and that this reduction remained stable over the follow-up-period of six months (T2). In addition, the effectivity in targeting other intermediate risk markers, such as separation anxiety (SA), index of cardiac sensitivity as well as heartrate variability (HRV), was investigated, but could not be observed to be directly altered by the KAST Training. A comparison of the subgroups of participants with high AS and simultaneously high SA (Adult Separation Anxiety Questionnaire [ASA-27] ≥22) and participants with high AS but low SA (ASA-27 <22) showed that the AS-SA-high-risk group could also benefit well from the KAST intervention and achieved a significant reduction of AS in so far, that they assimilated to the level of the group with low TA at T1. Moreover the percentage change of the initial values of internal tension during the straw-breathing exercise correlated positively with the percentage change of dimensional SA at T1. Taking together, the results of the present thesis for the first time indicate effectivity of the German translation of the CAST program (Schmidt et al., 2014), a computer-based and therefore easy-to-implement and cost-effective program, in terms of a reducing AS and, indirectly, also SA and can therefore contribute to indicated and thus especially effective prevention of anxiety disorders in high-risk groups. KW - Angststörung KW - Prävention KW - Angstsensitivität KW - Angsterkrankungen KW - Angst KW - Trennungsangst Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-223122 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vetrivel, Sharmilee A1 - Zhang, Ru A1 - Engel, Mareen A1 - Oßwald, Andrea A1 - Watts, Deepika A1 - Chen, Alon A1 - Wielockx, Ben A1 - Sbiera, Silviu A1 - Reincke, Martin A1 - Riester, Anna T1 - Characterization of adrenal miRNA-based dysregulations in Cushing's syndrome JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences N2 - MiRNAs are important epigenetic players with tissue- and disease-specific effects. In this study, our aim was to investigate the putative differential expression of miRNAs in adrenal tissues from different forms of Cushing's syndrome (CS). For this, miRNA-based next-generation sequencing was performed in adrenal tissues taken from patients with ACTH-independent cortisol-producing adrenocortical adenomas (CPA), from patients with ACTH-dependent pituitary Cushing's disease (CD) after bilateral adrenalectomy, and from control subjects. A confirmatory QPCR was also performed in adrenals from patients with other CS subtypes, such as primary bilateral macronodular hyperplasia and ectopic CS. Sequencing revealed significant differences in the miRNA profiles of CD and CPA. QPCR revealed the upregulated expression of miR-1247-5p in CPA and PBMAH (log2 fold change > 2.5, p < 0.05). MiR-379-5p was found to be upregulated in PBMAH and CD (log2 fold change > 1.8, p < 0.05). Analyses of miR-1247-5p and miR-379-5p expression in the adrenals of mice which had been exposed to short-term ACTH stimulation showed no influence on the adrenal miRNA expression profiles. For miRNA-specific target prediction, RNA-seq data from the adrenals of CPA, PBMAH, and control samples were analyzed with different bioinformatic platforms. The analyses revealed that both miR-1247-5p and miR-379-5p target specific genes in the WNT signaling pathway. In conclusion, this study identified distinct adrenal miRNAs as being associated with CS subtypes. KW - cortisol KW - ACTH KW - miRNA KW - Cushing's KW - hypercortisolism KW - pituitary Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-284394 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 23 IS - 14 ER - TY - THES A1 - Verma-Führing, Raoul T1 - Die Trabekulopunktion als Prädiktiver Test für den Erfolg der Ab Interno Trabekulektomie im Schweineaugenmodell T1 - Trabeculopuncture as Predictive Test for the Outcome of Ab Interno Trabeculectomy in Porcine Anterior Segments N2 - To investigate trabeculopuncture (TP) for predicting the outcome of ab interno trabeculectomy (AIT). Ex vivo porcine anterior segments were perfused and sequentially underwent two procedures, TP and AIT. We concluded that a 10% reduction in IOP after TP can be used to predict the success (>20% IOP decrease) of AIT in porcine eyes. As porcine eyes share many similarities with human eyes, our findings may have implications on the validity of this test as a predictor for surgical outcomes of AITs in humans. N2 - Wir untersuchten die Trabekulopunktion (TP) zur Vorhersage des Erfolgs einer Ab Interno Trabekulektomie (AIT) an einem ex vivo Schweineaugen-Perfusionsmodell. Die Schweineaugen wurden nacheinander zwei Verfahren (TP und AIT) unterzogen. Wir kamen zu dem Schluss, dass eine 10-prozentige Senkung des Augeninnendrucks nach der TP zur Vorhersage des Erfolgs (>20-prozentige Senkung des Augeninnendrucks) einer AIT in Schweineaugen verwendet werden kann. Schweineaugen weisen viele Ähnlichkeiten mit menschlichen Augen auf. Die Implementation eines solchen Tests zur Vorhersage des chirurgischen Erfolgs einer AIT beim Menschen wäre von hoher klinischer Relevanz. KW - Glaukom KW - Goniotomie KW - Ab Interno Trabekulektomie KW - Trabekulopunktion KW - Glaucoma KW - trabecular meshwork KW - trabeculopuncture KW - ab interno trabeculectomy Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-282633 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Verma-Fuehring, R. A1 - Dakroub, M. A1 - Han, H. A1 - Hillenkamp, J. A1 - Loewen, N. A. T1 - Trabeculopuncture as a predictive test of distal outflow resistance in canal-based surgery JF - Scientific Reports N2 - We investigated whether trabeculopuncture (TP) could detect distal outflow resistance to predict the outcome of canal-based glaucoma surgery such as ab interno trabeculectomy (AIT). These procedures have a high utilization in open angle glaucoma, but fail in eyes with an unidentified distal outflow resistance. We assigned 81 porcine eyes to two groups: trial (n = 42) and control (n = 39). At 24 h, four YAG-laser trabeculopunctures were placed nasally, followed by a 180° AIT at the same site at 48 h. The proportion of TP responders between both AIT groups was compared. Histology and outflow canalograms were determined. Both post-TP and post-AIT IOPs were lower than baseline IOP (p = 0.015 and p < 0.01, respectively). The success rates of TP and AIT were 69% and 85.7%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity values of TP as predictive test for AIT success were 77.7% and 83.3%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 96.6% and 38.5%, respectively. We conclude that a 10% reduction in IOP after TP can be used as a predictor for the success (> 20% IOP decrease) of 180° AIT in porcine eyes. KW - eye diseases KW - glaucoma Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-299740 VL - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Venjakob, C. A1 - Ruedenauer, F. A. A1 - Klein, A.‐M. A1 - Leonhardt, S. D. T1 - Variation in nectar quality across 34 grassland plant species JF - Plant Biology N2 - Floral nectar is considered the most important floral reward for attracting pollinators. It contains large amounts of carbohydrates besides variable concentrations of amino acids and thus represents an important food source for many pollinators. Its nutrient content and composition can, however, strongly vary within and between plant species. The factors driving this variation in nectar quality are still largely unclear. We investigated factors underlying interspecific variation in macronutrient composition of floral nectar in 34 different grassland plant species. Specifically, we tested for correlations between the phylogenetic relatedness and morphology of plants and the carbohydrate (C) and total amino acid (AA) composition and C:AA ratios of nectar. We found that compositions of carbohydrates and (essential) amino acids as well as C:AA ratios in nectar varied significantly within and between plant species. They showed no clear phylogenetic signal. Moreover, variation in carbohydrate composition was related to family‐specific structural characteristics and combinations of morphological traits. Plants with nectar‐exposing flowers, bowl‐ or parabolic‐shaped flowers, as often found in the Apiaceae and Asteraceae, had nectar with higher proportions of hexoses, indicating a selective pressure to decelerate evaporation by increasing nectar osmolality. Our study suggests that variation in nectar nutrient composition is, among others, affected by family‐specific combinations of morphological traits. However, even within species, variation in nectar quality is high. As nectar quality can strongly affect visitation patterns of pollinators and thus pollination success, this intra‐ and interspecific variation requires more studies to fully elucidate the underlying causes and the consequences for pollinator behaviour. KW - flower morphology KW - flowering grassland plants KW - Jena Experiment KW - nectar macronutrients KW - phylogeny Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-262612 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 134 EP - 144 ER -