TY - JOUR A1 - Rosenbaum, Corinna A1 - Schick, Martin Alexander A1 - Wollborn, Jakob A1 - Heider, Andreas A1 - Scholz, Claus-Jürgen A1 - Cecil, Alexander A1 - Niesler, Beate A1 - Hirrlinger, Johannes A1 - Walles, Heike A1 - Metzger, Marco T1 - Activation of Myenteric Glia during Acute Inflammation In Vitro and In Vivo JF - PLoS One N2 - Background Enteric glial cells (EGCs) are the main constituent of the enteric nervous system and share similarities with astrocytes from the central nervous system including their reactivity to an inflammatory microenvironment. Previous studies on EGC pathophysiology have specifically focused on mucosal glia activation and its contribution to mucosal inflammatory processes observed in the gut of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. In contrast knowledge is scarce on intestinal inflammation not locally restricted to the mucosa but systemically affecting the intestine and its effect on the overall EGC network. Methods and Results In this study, we analyzed the biological effects of a systemic LPS-induced hyperinflammatory insult on overall EGCs in a rat model in vivo, mimicking the clinical situation of systemic inflammation response syndrome (SIRS). Tissues from small and large intestine were removed 4 hours after systemic LPS-injection and analyzed on transcript and protein level. Laser capture microdissection was performed to study plexus-specific gene expression alterations. Upon systemic LPS-injection in vivo we observed a rapid and dramatic activation of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP)-expressing glia on mRNA level, locally restricted to the myenteric plexus. To study the specific role of the GFAP subpopulation, we established flow cytometry-purified primary glial cell cultures from GFAP promotor-driven EGFP reporter mice. After LPS stimulation, we analyzed cytokine secretion and global gene expression profiles, which were finally implemented in a bioinformatic comparative transcriptome analysis. Enriched GFAP+ glial cells cultured as gliospheres secreted increased levels of prominent inflammatory cytokines upon LPS stimulation. Additionally, a shift in myenteric glial gene expression profile was induced that predominantly affected genes associated with immune response. Conclusion and Significance Our findings identify the myenteric GFAP-expressing glial subpopulation as particularly susceptible and responsive to acute systemic inflammation of the gut wall and complement knowledge on glial involvement in mucosal inflammation of the intestine. KW - gene expression KW - gastrointestinal tract KW - inflammatory bowel disease KW - central nervous system KW - systemic inflammatory response syndrome KW - inflammation KW - astrocytes KW - cytokines Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-146544 VL - 11 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Harter, Patrick N. A1 - Bernatz, Simon A1 - Scholz, Alexander A1 - Zeiner, Pia S. A1 - Zinke, Jenny A1 - Kiyose, Makoto A1 - Blasel, Stella A1 - Beschorner, Rudi A1 - Senft, Christian A1 - Bender, Benjamin A1 - Ronellenfitsch, Michael W. A1 - Wikman, Harriet A1 - Glatzel, Markus A1 - Meinhardt, Matthias A1 - Juratli, Tareq A. A1 - Steinbach, Joachim P. A1 - Plate, Karl H. A1 - Wischhusen, Jörg A1 - Weide, Benjamin A1 - Mittelbronn, Michel T1 - Distribution and prognostic relevance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoints in human brain metastases JF - Oncotarget N2 - The activation of immune cells by targeting checkpoint inhibitors showed promising results with increased patient survival in distinct primary cancers. Since only limited data exist for human brain metastases, we aimed at characterizing tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and expression of immune checkpoints in the respective tumors. Two brain metastases cohorts, a mixed entity cohort (n = 252) and a breast carcinoma validation cohort (n = 96) were analyzed for CD3+, CD8+, FOXP3+, PD-1+ lymphocytes and PD-L1+ tumor cells by immunohistochemistry. Analyses for association with clinico-epidemiological and neuroradiological parameters such as patient survival or tumor size were performed. TILs infiltrated brain metastases in three different patterns (stromal, peritumoral, diffuse). While carcinomas often show a strong stromal infiltration, TILs in melanomas often diffusely infiltrate the tumors. Highest levels of CD3+ and CD8+ lymphocytes were seen in renal cell carcinomas (RCC) and strongest PD-1 levels on RCCs and melanomas. High amounts of TILs, high ratios of PD-1+/CD8+ cells and high levels of PD-L1 were negatively correlated with brain metastases size, indicating that in smaller brain metastases CD8+ immune response might get blocked. PD-L1 expression strongly correlated with TILs and FOXP3 expression. No significant association of patient survival with TILs was observed, while high levels of PD-L1 showed a strong trend towards better survival in melanoma brain metastases (Log-Rank p = 0.0537). In summary, melanomas and RCCs seem to be the most immunogenic entities. Differences in immunotherapeutic response between tumor entities regarding brain metastases might be attributable to this finding and need further investigation in larger patient cohorts. KW - B7-H1 KW - PD-L1 KW - immunoresistance KW - immunosurveillance KW - safety KW - survival KW - expression KW - melanoma KW - breast cancer KW - PC-1 blockade KW - cell lung cancer KW - tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes KW - brain metastases KW - PD-1 Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-137107 VL - 6 IS - 38 SP - 40836 EP - 40849 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weber, Heike A1 - Scholz, Claus Jürgen A1 - Domschke, Katharina A1 - Baumann, Christian A1 - Klauke, Benedikt A1 - Jacob, Christian P. A1 - Maier, Wolfgang A1 - Fritze, Jürgen A1 - Bandelow, Borwin A1 - Zwanzger, Peter Michael A1 - Lang, Thomas A1 - Fehm, Lydia A1 - Ströhle, Andreas A1 - Hamm, Alfons A1 - Gerlach, Alexander L. A1 - Alpers, Georg W. A1 - Kircher, Tilo A1 - Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich A1 - Arolt, Volker A1 - Pauli, Paul A1 - Deckert, Jürgen A1 - Reif, Andreas T1 - Gender Differences in Associations of Glutamate Decarboxylase 1 Gene (GAD1) Variants with Panic Disorder N2 - Background: Panic disorder is common (5% prevalence) and females are twice as likely to be affected as males. The heritable component of panic disorder is estimated at 48%. Glutamic acid dehydrogenase GAD1, the key enzyme for the synthesis of the inhibitory and anxiolytic neurotransmitter GABA, is supposed to influence various mental disorders, including mood and anxiety disorders. In a recent association study in depression, which is highly comorbid with panic disorder, GAD1 risk allele associations were restricted to females. Methodology/Principal Findings: Nineteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) tagging the common variation in GAD1 were genotyped in two independent gender and age matched case-control samples (discovery sample n = 478; replication sample n = 584). Thirteen SNPs passed quality control and were examined for gender-specific enrichment of risk alleles associated with panic disorder by using logistic regression including a genotype6gender interaction term. The latter was found to be nominally significant for four SNPs (rs1978340, rs3762555, rs3749034, rs2241165) in the discovery sample; of note, the respective minor/risk alleles were associated with panic disorder only in females. These findings were not confirmed in the replication sample; however, the genotype6gender interaction of rs3749034 remained significant in the combined sample. Furthermore, this polymorphism showed a nominally significant association with the Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire sum score. Conclusions/Significance: The present study represents the first systematic evaluation of gender-specific enrichment of risk alleles of the common SNP variation in the panic disorder candidate gene GAD1. Our tentative results provide a possible explanation for the higher susceptibility of females to panic disorder. KW - Medizin Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75830 ER - TY - THES A1 - Scholz, Alexander T1 - Manipulation der humoralen Immunreaktivität gegen humanes Xenoantigen im Modell "Ratte-anti-Mensch" durch eine Antigen-Cyclophosphamid-Kombinationsbehandlung T1 - Manipulation of humoral immune reaktivity against xenoantigen in the modell "rat-against-human" using a combined treatment of antigen and cyclophosphamide. N2 - Die Organtransplantation stellt für Patienten mit terminalem Organversagen häufig die einzige lebensrettende Maßnahme dar. Aufgrund des Mangels an Allotransplantaten wird als Lösung die Xenotransplantation angestrebt. Sie gehört zu den großen Herausforderungen der modernen Medizin, da die Transplantationstechnik und besonders die Integration des Spenderorgans in den Wirt mit sehr komplexen Problemen verbunden sind. Hauptgrund für viele Misserfolge sind die immunologischen Prozesse, die Transplantat-Abstoßungen und mit ihnen auch den Verlust des neuen Organs verursachen können. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, ein Behandlungsprotokoll im xenogenen Modell Ratte-anti-Mensch zu entwickeln, mit dessen Hilfe die durch das Xenotransplantat induzierten Antikörper (XA-IgG, XA-IgM) – ggf. auch die natürlichen xenoreaktiven Antikörper (vorwiegend NXA-IgM) – im Empfänger wirkungsvoll gehemmt werden. Die in anderen in vivo Modellen erfolgreiche Kombinationsbehandlung, aus einer zeitlich korrelierten Injektion von Xenoantigen (XAg; hPBL) und Cyclophosphamid (Cy), bildete die Grundlage der hiesigen Untersuchungen. Sie beruht auf dem Prinzip der Stimulation/Deletion Cy-sensitiver B-Zellklone. Allerdings wurde das XAg nicht i. p. sondern i. v. appliziert, um seine schnellere und direktere Verfügbarkeit im Empfänger zu gewährleisten. Es zeigte sich, dass die einmalige i. v. Applikation von XAg in LEW Ratten einen starken Titer-Anstieg der XA-IgG und XA-IgM. Die Kombinationsbehandlung aus XAg i. v. und Cy i. p. hemmt die Neubildung der XA-IgG vollständig über 200 Tage, die der XA-IgM jedoch nur unvollständig. Die Neubildung der NXA wird nicht gehemmt. Die i. v. Sensibilisierung ist der i. p. Sensibilisierung im Sinne der Effektverstärkung (Hemmung) überlegen. Die Wiederholung der Kombinationsbehandlung am Tag +40 stabilisiert die starke Hemmung nach der ersten Kombinationsbehandlung. Die langfristige Applikation von niedrig dosiertem XAg über 30 Tage induziert sehr hohe XA-Titer und zeigt keine tolerogenen Eigenschaften. Die Kombinationsbehandlung, bestehend aus wiederholten niedrigen Antigengaben haben jedoch keinen Antikörper-senkenden Effekt oder Reaktionslosigkeit zur Folge. Die Kombinationsbehandlung, bestehend aus wiederholten hohen Antigengaben ist die Hemmung etwas stärker als nach Kombinationsbehandlung mit dem niedrig dosierten XAg. Dauerhafte humorale Reaktionslosigkeit (Toleranz) wird auch mit diesem Protokoll nicht erreicht. N2 - The organ transplantation ist the last possibility of surviving for patients suffering organ loss. Cause of less allotransplants the xenotranplantation seems to be the solution, but it underlies very complexible immunological reaktions causing rejection of the donor organ in the recipient. Aim of this study was the immunmodulation in the modell rat-against-human by using a combined treatment of xenoantigen (intravenous application) and short term of cyclophosphamide. We found an effective down-regulation of xenoreaktive antibodies (XA) over 200 days of investigation by combined treatment with single application of antigen. The intravenous application was more effective comparing with intraperitoneal application. Combined treatment with cyclophosphamide and long term low dose either long term high dose antigen has no persisting down-regulating effect on the production of XA. Even tolerance was not found in this immunmodulating treatment. KW - Xenotransplantation KW - Cyclophosphamid KW - NXA KW - Antigen KW - Kombinationsbehandlung KW - Xenotransplantation KW - cyclophosphamide KW - NXA KW - antigen KW - combined treatment Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-18384 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scholz, Nicole A1 - Guan, Chonglin A1 - Nieberler, Matthias A1 - Grotmeyer, Alexander A1 - Maiellaro, Isabella A1 - Gao, Shiqiang A1 - Beck, Sebastian A1 - Pawlak, Matthias A1 - Sauer, Markus A1 - Asan, Esther A1 - Rothemund, Sven A1 - Winkler, Jana A1 - Prömel, Simone A1 - Nagel, Georg A1 - Langenhan, Tobias A1 - Kittel, Robert J T1 - Mechano-dependent signaling by Latrophilin/CIRL quenches cAMP in proprioceptive neurons JF - eLife N2 - Adhesion-type G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs), a large molecule family with over 30 members in humans, operate in organ development, brain function and govern immunological responses. Correspondingly, this receptor family is linked to a multitude of diverse human diseases. aGPCRs have been suggested to possess mechanosensory properties, though their mechanism of action is fully unknown. Here we show that the Drosophila aGPCR Latrophilin/dCIRL acts in mechanosensory neurons by modulating ionotropic receptor currents, the initiating step of cellular mechanosensation. This process depends on the length of the extended ectodomain and the tethered agonist of the receptor, but not on its autoproteolysis, a characteristic biochemical feature of the aGPCR family. Intracellularly, dCIRL quenches cAMP levels upon mechanical activation thereby specifically increasing the mechanosensitivity of neurons. These results provide direct evidence that the aGPCR dCIRL acts as a molecular sensor and signal transducer that detects and converts mechanical stimuli into a metabotropic response. KW - Latrophilin KW - adhesion GPCR KW - dCIRL KW - sensory physiology KW - metabotropic signalling KW - mechanotransduction Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-170520 VL - 6 IS - e28360 ER -