TY - JOUR A1 - Klammert, Uwe A1 - Müller, Thomas D. A1 - Hellmann, Tina V. A1 - Wuerzler, Kristian K. A1 - Kotzsch, Alexander A1 - Schliermann, Anna A1 - Schmitz, Werner A1 - Kuebler, Alexander C. A1 - Sebald, Walter A1 - Nickel, Joachim T1 - GDF-5 can act as a context-dependent BMP-2 antagonist JF - BMC Biology N2 - Background Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 and growth and differentiation factor (GDF)-5 are two related transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family members with important functions in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. BMP-2 is best known for its osteoinductive properties whereas GDF-5—as evident from its alternative name, cartilage derived morphogenetic protein 1—plays an important role in the formation of cartilage. In spite of these differences both factors signal by binding to the same subset of BMP receptors, raising the question how these different functionalities are generated. The largest difference in receptor binding is observed in the interaction with the type I receptor BMPR-IA. GDF-5, in contrast to BMP-2, shows preferential binding to the isoform BMPR-IB, which is abrogated by a single amino acid (A57R) substitution. The resulting variant, GDF-5 R57A, represents a “BMP-2 mimic” with respect to BMP receptor binding. In this study we thus wanted to analyze whether the two growth factors can induce distinct signals via an identically composed receptor. Results Unexpectedly and dependent on the cellular context, GDF-5 R57A showed clear differences in its activity compared to BMP-2. In ATDC-5 cells, both ligands induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression with similar potency. But in C2C12 cells, the BMP-2 mimic GDF-5 R57A (and also wild-type GDF-5) clearly antagonized BMP-2-mediated ALP expression, despite signaling in both cell lines occurring solely via BMPR-IA. The BMP-2- antagonizing properties of GDF-5 and GDF-5 R57A could also be observed in vivo when implanting BMP-2 and either one of the two GDF-5 ligands simultaneously at heterotopic sites. Conclusions Although comparison of the crystal structures of the GDF-5 R57A:BMPR-IAEC- and BMP-2:BMPR-IAEC complex revealed small ligand-specific differences, these cannot account for the different signaling characteristics because the complexes seem identical in both differently reacting cell lines. We thus predict an additional component, most likely a not yet identified GDF-5-specific co-receptor, which alters the output of the signaling complexes. Hence the presence or absence of this component then switches GDF-5′s signaling capabilities to act either similar to BMP-2 or as a BMP-2 antagonist. These findings might shed new light on the role of GDF-5, e.g., in cartilage maintenance and/or limb development in that it might act as an inhibitor of signaling events initiated by other BMPs. KW - growth and differentiation factor 5 KW - ligand-receptor complex KW - crystal structure KW - antagonist Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-125550 VL - 13 IS - 77 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Peindl, Matthias A1 - Göttlich, Claudia A1 - Crouch, Samantha A1 - Hoff, Niklas A1 - Lüttgens, Tamara A1 - Schmitt, Franziska A1 - Pereira, Jesús Guillermo Nieves A1 - May, Celina A1 - Schliermann, Anna A1 - Kronenthaler, Corinna A1 - Cheufou, Danjouma A1 - Reu-Hofer, Simone A1 - Rosenwald, Andreas A1 - Weigl, Elena A1 - Walles, Thorsten A1 - Schüler, Julia A1 - Dandekar, Thomas A1 - Nietzer, Sarah A1 - Dandekar, Gudrun T1 - EMT, stemness, and drug resistance in biological context: a 3D tumor tissue/in silico platform for analysis of combinatorial treatment in NSCLC with aggressive KRAS-biomarker signatures JF - Cancers N2 - Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is discussed to be centrally involved in invasion, stemness, and drug resistance. Experimental models to evaluate this process in its biological complexity are limited. To shed light on EMT impact and test drug response more reliably, we use a lung tumor test system based on a decellularized intestinal matrix showing more in vivo-like proliferation levels and enhanced expression of clinical markers and carcinogenesis-related genes. In our models, we found evidence for a correlation of EMT with drug resistance in primary and secondary resistant cells harboring KRAS\(^{G12C}\) or EGFR mutations, which was simulated in silico based on an optimized signaling network topology. Notably, drug resistance did not correlate with EMT status in KRAS-mutated patient-derived xenograft (PDX) cell lines, and drug efficacy was not affected by EMT induction via TGF-β. To investigate further determinants of drug response, we tested several drugs in combination with a KRAS\(^{G12C}\) inhibitor in KRAS\(^{G12C}\) mutant HCC44 models, which, besides EMT, display mutations in P53, LKB1, KEAP1, and high c-MYC expression. We identified an aurora-kinase A (AURKA) inhibitor as the most promising candidate. In our network, AURKA is a centrally linked hub to EMT, proliferation, apoptosis, LKB1, and c-MYC. This exemplifies our systemic analysis approach for clinical translation of biomarker signatures. KW - EMT KW - drug resistance KW - invasion KW - stemness KW - 3D lung tumor tissue models KW - KRAS biomarker signatures KW - boolean in silico models KW - targeted combination therapy Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-270744 SN - 2072-6694 VL - 14 IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schliermann, Anna A1 - Nickel, Joachim T1 - Unraveling the connection between fibroblast growth factor and bone morphogenetic protein signaling JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences N2 - Ontogeny of higher organisms as well the regulation of tissue homeostasis in adult individuals requires a fine-balanced interplay of regulating factors that individually trigger the fate of particular cells to either stay undifferentiated or to differentiate towards distinct tissue specific lineages. In some cases, these factors act synergistically to promote certain cellular responses, whereas in other tissues the same factors antagonize each other. However, the molecular basis of this obvious dual signaling activity is still only poorly understood. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are two major signal protein families that have a lot in common: They are both highly preserved between different species, involved in essential cellular functions, and their ligands vastly outnumber their receptors, making extensive signal regulation necessary. In this review we discuss where and how BMP and FGF signaling cross paths. The compiled data reflect that both factors synchronously act in many tissues, and that antagonism and synergism both exist in a context-dependent manner. Therefore, by challenging a generalization of the connection between these two pathways a new chapter in BMP FGF signaling research will be introduced. KW - bone morphogenetic protein KW - fibroblast growth factor KW - signal transduction KW - cross-talk KW - signal integration Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177358 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 19 IS - 10 ER - TY - THES A1 - Schliermann [geb. Stratmann], Anna Theresa T1 - The Role of FGF Receptor 2 in GDF5 mediated Signal Transduction T1 - Die Rolle des FGF Rezeptors 2 in GDF5-vermittelter Signaltransduktion N2 - Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are involved in various aspects of cell-cell communication in complex life forms. They act as morphogens, help differentiate different cell types from different progenitor cells in development, and are involved in many instances of intercellular communication, from forming a body axis to healing bone fractures, from sugar metabolism to angiogenesis. If the same protein or protein family carries out many functions, there is a demand to regulate and fine-tune their biological activities, and BMPs are highly regulated to generate cell- and context-dependent outcomes. Not all such instances can be explained yet. Growth/differentiation factor (GDF)5 (or BMP14) synergizes with BMP2 on chondrogenic ATDC5 cells, but antagonizes BMP2 on myoblastic C2C12 cells. Known regulators of BMP2/GDF5 signal transduction failed to explain this context-dependent difference, so a microarray was performed to identify new, cell-specific regulatory components. One identified candidate, the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)2, was analyzed as a potential new co-receptor to BMP ligands such as GDF5: It was shown that FGFR2 directly binds BMP2, GDF5, and other BMP ligands in vitro, and FGFR2 was able to positively influence BMP2/GDF5-mediated signaling outcome in cell-based assays. This effect was independent of FGFR2s kinase activity, and independent of the downstream mediators SMAD1/5/8, p42/p44, Akt, and p38. The elevated colocalization of BMP receptor type IA and FGFR2 in the presence of BMP2 or GDF5 suggests a signaling complex containing both receptors, akin to other known co-receptors of BMP ligands such as repulsive guidance molecules. This unexpected direct interaction between FGF receptor and BMP ligands potentially opens a new category of BMP signal transduction regulation, as FGFR2 is the second receptor tyrosine kinase to be identified as BMP co-receptor, and more may follow. The integration of cell surface interactions between members of the FGF and BMP family especially may widen the knowledge of such cellular communication mechanisms which involve both growth factor families, including morphogen gradients and osteogenesis, and may in consequence help to improve treatment options in osteochodnral diseases. N2 - Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) sind oft an interzellulärer Kommunikation beteiligt. Sie sind Morphogene, spielen eine Rolle in der Differenzierung von zahlreichen Zelltypen aus verschiedenen Vorgängerzellen während der Entwicklung, und sind an vielen weiteren Beispielen der Zell-Zell-Kommunikation beteiligt: von der Formation einer Körperachse bis hin zur Heilung von Knochenbrüchen, vom Zuckermetabolismus bis zur Angiogenese. Wann immer dasselbe Protein oder dieselbe Proteinfamilie so viele Funktionen erfüllt, bedarf es der Regulation und Feinabstimmung ihrer diversen biologischen Aktivitäten, und BMPs sind zu dem Erzielen zell- und kontextspezifischer Effekte in ihrer Wirkung entsprechend stark reguliert. Nicht in allen Fällen sind die Mechanismen solcher Regulation bisher bekannt. Growth/differentiation factor (GDF)5 (oder BMP14) agiert mit BMP2 auf den chondrogenen ATDC5 Zellen synergistisch, aber antagonisiert BMP2 auf den myoblastischen C2C12 Zellen. Diese kontextabhängige Diskrepanz konnte mithilfe der bekannten Regulatoren von BMP2/GDF5-mediierten Signalen nicht erklärt werden. Daher wurde ein Microarray durchgeführt, um neue, zellspezifische regulatorische Proteine zu identifizieren. Einer der identifizierten Kandidaten, fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)2, wurde auf eine potentielle Funktion als neuer Korezeptor für BMP Liganden wie GDF5 analysiert: Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass FGFR2 BMP2, GDF5 und andere BMP Liganden in vitro direkt binden und die biologische Aktivität von BMP2 und GDF5 in Zellkultursystemen positiv beeinflussen konnte. Diese Beobachtungen waren unabhängig von der Kinaseaktivität des FGFR2, und unabhängig von den intrazellulären Mediatoren SMAD1/5/8, p42/p44, Akt und p38. Die erhöhte Kolokalisation von FGFR2 mit dem BMP Rezeptor IA in der Präsenz von BMP2 oder GDF5 weist darauf hin, dass der entsprechende Signalkomplex möglicherweise beide Rezeptoren gleichzeitig enthält; ähnlich, wie das für andere bekannte Korezeptoren von BMP Liganden wie etwa den repulsive guidance molecules der Fall ist. Die unerwartete direkte Interaktion von einem FGF Rezeptor mit BMP-Liganden ist möglicherweise nur ein Beispiel für einen generelleren Mechanismus. Tatsächlich ist FGFR2 bereits die zweite Rezeptortyrosinkinase, die als BMP-Korezeptor identifiziert wurde, und es ist möglich, dass es noch mehr gibt. Speziell im Bezug auf die FGF-BMP Interaktion bergen die hier dargestellten Ergebnisse Potential zu neuen Erkenntnissen. Die Proteinfamilien dieser beiden Wachstumsfaktoren sind häufiger an demselben zellulären Mechanismen beteiligt; etwa an der Entstehung von Morphogengradienten in der Entwicklung oder an der Osteogenese. Die Interaktion der FGF und BMP Proteinfamilien auf der Zelloberfläche könnte eine wertvolle Ergänzung zu der Untersuchung ihres Zusammenspiels im Zellinneren sein, und könnte in diesem Zusammenhang sogar langfristig die Behandlungsmöglichkeiten von osteochondralen Erkrankungen erweitern. KW - Molekularbiologie KW - FGF signaling KW - BMP signaling Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-192889 ER -