TY - JOUR A1 - Brückner, Tobias A1 - Dewhurst, Rian D. A1 - Dellermann, Theresa A1 - Müller, Marcel A1 - Braunschweig, Holger T1 - Mild synthesis of diboryldiborenes by diboration of B–B triple bonds JF - Chemical Science N2 - A set of diboryldiborenes are prepared by the mild, catalyst-free, room-temperature diboration of the B–B triple bonds of doubly base-stabilized diborynes. Two of the product diboryldiborenes are found to be air- and water-stable in the solid state, an effect that is attributed to their high crystallinity and extreme insolubility in a wide range of solvents. KW - boron KW - diborenes KW - diboration KW - triple bonds KW - diborynes Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-186306 VL - 10 ER - TY - THES A1 - Brückner [geb. Christel], Theresa T1 - Novel application forms and setting mechanisms of mineral bone cements T1 - Neuartige Anwendungsformen und Abbindemechanismen mineralischer Knochenzemente N2 - Calcium phosphate cements (CPC) represent valuable synthetic bone grafts, as they are self-setting, biocompatible, osteoconductive and in their composition similar to the inorganic phase of human bone. Due to their long shelf-life, neutral setting and since water is sufficient for setting, hydroxyapatite (HA) forming cements are processed in different paste formulations. Those comprise dual setting, Ca2+ binding and premixed cement systems. With dual setting formulations, both dissolution and precipitation of the cement raw powder occur simultaneously to the polymerization of water-soluble monomers to form a hydrogel. Chelating agents are able to form complexes with Ca2+ released from the raw powder. Premixed systems mostly contain the raw powder of the cement and a non-aqueous binder liquid which delays the setting reaction until application in the moist physiological environment. In the present work, two of those reaction mechanisms allowed the development of HA based cement applications. Drillable cements are of high clinical interest, as the quality of screw and plate osteosynthesis techniques can be improved by cement augmentation. A drillable, dual setting composite from HA and a poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogel was analyzed with respect to the influence of monomer content and powder-to-liquid ratio on setting kinetics and mechanical outcome. While the conversion to HA and crystal growth were constantly confined with increased monomer amount, a minimum concentration of 50 % was required to see impressive ameliorations including a low bending modulus and high fracture energy at improved bending strength. Increasing the liquid amount enabled injection of the paste as well as drilling after 10 min of pre-setting. While classic bone wax formulations have drawbacks such as infection, inflammation, hindered osteogenesis and a lack of biodegradability, the as-presented premixed formulation is believed to exhibit outmatching properties. It consisted of HA raw powders and a non-aqueous, but water-miscible carrier liquid from poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The bone wax was proved to be cohesive and malleable, it withstood blood pressure conditions and among deposition in an aqueous environment, PEG was exchanged such that porous, nanocrystalline HA was formed. Incorporation of a model antibiotic proved the suitability of the novel bone wax formulation for drug release purposes. Prefabricated laminates from premixed carbonated apatite forming cement and poly(ε-caprolactone) fiber mats with defined pore architecture were presented as a potential approach for the treatment of 2-dimensional, curved cranial defects. They are flexible until application and were produced in a layer-by-layer approach from both components such that the polymer scaffold prevents the cement from flowing. It was demonstrated that solution electrospinning with a patterned collector for the fabrication of perforated fiber mats was suitable, as high fiber volume contents in combination with an appropriate interface enabled the successful fabrication of mechanically reinforced laminates. Mild immersion of the scaffolds under alkaline conditions additionally improved the interphase followed by an increase in bending-strength. Since few years, magnesium phosphate cements (MPC) have attracted increasing attention for bone replacement. Compared to CPC, MPC exhibit a higher degradation potential and high early strength and they release biologically valuable Mg2+. However, common systems offer some challenges while using them in non-classic cement formulations such as the need for foreign ion supply, the potential acidity of the reaction or the fast setting kinetics. Here, it was possible to develop a chelate-setting MPC paste with a broad spectrum of potential applications. The general mechanism of the novel setting principle was tested in a proof-of-principle manner. The cement paste consisted of farringtonite with differently concentrated phytic acid solution for chelate formation with Mg2+ from the raw powder. Adjusting the phytic acid content and adding a magnesium oxide as setting regulator to compensate its retarding effect resulted in drillable formulations. Additionally, there is a strong clinical demand for well working bone adhesives especially in a moist environment. Mostly the existing formulations are non-biodegradable. Ex vivo adhesion of the above presented MPC under wet conditions on bone demonstrated over a course of 7 d shear strengths of 0.8 MPa. Further, the hardened cement specimens showed a mass loss of 2 wt.% within 24 d in an aqueous environment and released about 0.17 mg/g of osteogenic Mg2+ per day. Together with the demonstrated cytocompatibility towards human fetal osteoblasts, this cement system showed promising characteristics in terms of degradable biocements with special application purposes. N2 - Calciumphosphatzemente (CPC) stellen ein bedeutsames Knochenersatzmaterial dar, da sie selbstabbindend, biokompatibel, osteokonduktiv und der anorganischen Komponente humanen Knochens ähnlich sind. Durch ihre Lagerstabilität, neutrale Abbindereaktion und da Wasser zum Abbinden ausreicht, werden Hydroxylapatit (HA) bildende Zemente in dual abbindenden, Ca2+ chelatisierenden und vorgefertigten Zementen, verarbeitet. Bei dual abbindenden Formulierungen findet die Lösungs-Fällungs-Reaktion zeitgleich zur Polymerisation wasserlöslicher Monomere zu einem Hydrogel statt. Chelatbildner können mit aus dem Rohpulver freigesetzten Ca2+ Komplexe bilden. Vorgefertigte Zemente enthalten eine nicht-wässrige Trägerflüssigkeit, welche die Abbindereaktion bis zur Anwendung des Zements im feuchten Milieu verzögert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden zwei dieser Reaktionsmechanismen zur Entwicklung HA basierter Anwendungsformen eingesetzt. Bohrbare Zemente sind von klinischem Interesse, da die Qualität einer Schrauben- oder Plattenosteosynthese durch Augmentation mit Zement verbessert werden kann. Bei einem bohrbaren, dual abbindenden Komposit aus HA und einem Poly-2-Hydroxyethylmethacrylat Hydrogel wurde der Einfluss des Monomergehalts und des Pulver-zu-Flüssigkeits-Verhältnisses auf die Abbindekinetik und mechanischen Eigenschaften untersucht. Während die Umwandlung zu HA und das Kristallwachstum mit zunehmendem Monomergehalt reduziert wurden, war eine minimale Konzentration von 50 % nötig, um signifikante Verbesserungen des Bruchverhaltens im Sinne eines niedrigen Biegemoduls und einer hohen Bruchenergie bei gesteigerter Biegefestigkeit nachzuweisen. Wurde der Flüssigkeitsgehalt erhöht, so konnte die Paste injiziert und nach 10 min des Abbindens gebohrt werden. Während klassische Knochenwachsformulierungen Infektionen, Entzündungen, gehinderte Knochenneubildung und mangelhafte Bioabbaubarkeit vorweisen, zeigt die hier dargestellte Formulierung überlegene Eigenschaften. Sie bestand aus HA-Rohpulvern und einer nicht-wässrigen, mit Wasser mischbaren Trägermasse aus Polyethylenglycol (PEG). Es wurde gezeigt, dass das Wachs kohäsiv und knetbar ist und Blutdruckbedingungen standhält. Bei Kontakt mit einer wässrigen Phase wurde das PEG diffusiv mit Wasser ausgetauscht, so dass ein poröser, nanokristalliner HA präzipitierte. Die Einbettung eines Modell-Antibiotikums bestätigte zudem die Eignung des neuartigen Wachses als Wirkstoffdepot. Als eine mögliche Behandlung von 2-dimensionalen, gekrümmten Defekten der Schädeldecke wurden präfabrizierte Laminate aus lagerstabiler, Carbonatapatit bildender Zementpaste und Polycaprolakton-Fasermatten mit definierter Porenarchitektur vorgestellt. Diese sind bis zu ihrer Anwendung flexibel und wurden durch einen schichtweisen Aufbau aus beiden Komponenten erzeugt, so dass der Polymerscaffold den Zement am Zerfließen hindert. Es wurde gezeigt, dass die Herstellung makroporöser Fasermatten durch Elektrospinnen aus der Lösung mittels eines perforierten Kollektors geeignet war, da der hohe Faservolumengehalt und angemessene Grenzflächeneigenschaften die erfolgreiche Herstellung mechanisch verstärkter Laminate ermöglichte. Bei milder Behandlung der Scaffolds mit alkalischer Lösung wurden die Grenzflächeneigenschaften weiter verbessert, was zu einer Steigerung der Biegefestigkeit führte. Seit einigen Jahren geht der Trend der Knochenzementforschung immer stärker in Richtung von Magnesiumphosphatzementen (MPC), da diese verglichen mit CPC ein erhöhtes Degradationspotential, eine hohe initiale Festigkeit, sowie die Freisetzung biologisch wertvoller Mg2+ aufweisen. Jedoch stellen gängige Systeme hohe Anforderungen bei der Verwendung in nicht-klassischen Zementen wie z.B. der Bedarf an Fremdionen und die saure sowie schnelle Abbindereaktion. Dennoch war es möglich, einen chelatisierenden MPC zu entwickeln, welcher ein breites Spektrum an möglichen Anwendungsformen bot. In einer Machbarkeitsstudie wurde untersucht, ob das Abbindeprinzip funktioniert. Die Paste bestand aus Farringtonit und unterschiedlich konzentrierter Phytinsäure. Diese sollte mit freigesetzten Mg2+ komplexieren. Durch Anpassung der Phytinsäurekonzentration und Zugabe von Magnesiumoxid als Abbindemodulator wurden bohrbare Formulierungen erhalten. Neben der Bohrbarkeit sind auch adhäsive Eigenschaften der Zemente im feuchten Milieu von klinischem Interesse, wobei kommerziell erhältliche Systeme meist nicht bioabbaubar sind. Daher wurde die ex vivo Klebehaftung dieses MPC nach 7 d unter nassen Bedingungen auf Knochen analysiert, wobei sich eine Abscherfestigkeit von 0.8 MPa ergab. Des Weiteren zeigten diese Zemente einen Masseverlust von 2 Gew.% innerhalb von 24 d in wässriger Umgebung, sowie die Freisetzung von 0.17 mg/g an osteogenen Mg2+ pro Tag. Zusammen mit der bestätigten Zytokompatibilität bezüglich humaner fetaler Osteoblasten ist dieses System vielversprechend für die Anwendung als abbaubarer Biozement für unterschiedliche klinische Zwecke. KW - Knochenzement KW - Calciumphosphat KW - Magnesiumphosphate KW - Verbundwerkstoff KW - Chelatbildner KW - dual setting KW - dual abbindend KW - premixed KW - präfabriziert KW - bone wax KW - Knochenwachs KW - drillable KW - bohrbar KW - bone adhesive KW - Knochenkleber Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-157045 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fuchs, Andreas A1 - Kreczy, Dorothea A1 - Brückner, Theresa A1 - Gbureck, Uwe A1 - Stahlhut, Philipp A1 - Bengel, Melanie A1 - Hoess, Andreas A1 - Nies, Berthold A1 - Bator, Julia A1 - Klammert, Uwe A1 - Linz, Christian A1 - Ewald, Andrea T1 - Bone regeneration capacity of newly developed spherical magnesium phosphate cement granules JF - Clinical Oral Investigations N2 - Objectives Magnesium phosphate-based cements begin to catch more attention as bone substitute materials and especially as alternatives for the more commonly used calcium phosphates. In bone substitutes for augmentation purposes, atraumatic materials with good biocompatibility and resorbability are favorable. In the current study, we describe the in vivo testing of novel bone augmentation materials in form of spherical granules based on a calcium-doped magnesium phosphate (CaMgP) cement. Materials and Methods Granules with diameters between 500 and 710 μm were fabricated via the emulsification of CaMgP cement pastes in a lipophilic liquid. As basic material, two different CaMgP formulations were used. The obtained granules were implanted into drill hole defects at the distal femoral condyle of 27 New Zealand white rabbits for 6 and 12 weeks. After explantation, the femora were examined via X-ray diffraction analysis, histological staining, radiological examination, and EDX measurement. Results Both granule types display excellent biocompatibility without any signs of inflammation and allow for proper bone healing without the interposition of connective tissue. CaMgP granules show a fast and continuous degradation and enable fully adequate bone regeneration. Conclusions Due to their biocompatibility, their degradation behavior, and their completely spherical morphology, these CaMgP granules present a promising bone substitute material for bone augmentation procedures, especially in sensitive areas. Clinical Relevance The mostly insufficient local bone supply after tooth extractions complicates prosthetic dental restoration or makes it even impossible. Therefore, bone augmentation procedures are oftentimes inevitable. Spherical CaMgP granules may represent a valuable bone replacement material in many situations. KW - implantation KW - calcium-magnesium phosphate cement KW - cement pastes KW - prefabricated granules KW - bone replacement material Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-268872 SN - 1436-3771 VL - 26 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brückner, Theresa A1 - Meininger, Markus A1 - Groll, Jürgen A1 - Kübler, Alexander C. A1 - Gbureck, Uwe T1 - Magnesium Phosphate Cement as Mineral Bone Adhesive JF - Materials N2 - Mineral bone cements were actually not developed for their application as bone-bonding agents, but as bone void fillers. In particular, calcium phosphate cements (CPC) are considered to be unsuitable for that application, particularly under moist conditions. Here, we showed the ex vivo ability of different magnesium phosphate cements (MPC) to adhere on bovine cortical bone substrates. The cements were obtained from a mixture of farringtonite (Mg\(_3\)(PO\(_4\))\(_2\)) with different amounts of phytic acid (C\(_6\)H\(_{18}\)O\(_{24}\)P\(_6\), inositol hexaphosphate, IP6), whereas cement setting occurred by a chelation reaction between Mg\(^{2+}\) ions and IP6. We were able to show that cements with 25% IP6 and a powder-to-liquid ratio (PLR) of 2.0 g/mL resulted in shear strengths of 0.81 ± 0.12 MPa on bone even after 7 d storage in aqueous conditions. The samples showed a mixed adhesive–cohesive failure with cement residues on the bone surface as indicated by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. The presented material demonstrated appropriate bonding characteristics, which could enable a broadening of the mineral bone cements’ application field to bone adhesives KW - magnesium phosphate cement KW - phytic acid KW - bone adhesive Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-193052 SN - 1996-1944 VL - 12 IS - 23 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lindl, Felix A1 - Guo, Xueying A1 - Krummenacher, Ivo A1 - Rauch, Florian A1 - Rempel, Anna A1 - Paprocki, Valerie A1 - Dellermann, Theresa A1 - Stennett, Tom E. A1 - Lamprecht, Anna A1 - Brückner, Tobias A1 - Radacki, Krzysztof A1 - Bélanger-Chabot, Guillaume A1 - Marder, Todd B. A1 - Lin, Zhenyang A1 - Braunschweig, Holger T1 - Rethinking Borole Cycloaddition Reactivity JF - Chemistry—A European Journal N2 - Boroles are attracting broad interest for their myriad and diverse applications, including in synthesis, small molecule activation and functional materials. Their properties and reactivity are closely linked to the cyclic conjugated diene system, which has been shown to participate in cycloaddition reactions, such as the Diels-Alder reaction with alkynes. The reaction steps leading to boranorbornadienes, borepins and tricyclic boracyclohexenes from the thermal reaction of boroles with alkynes are seemingly well understood as judged from the literature. Herein, we question the long-established mechanistic picture of pericyclic rearrangements by demonstrating that seven-membered borepins (i. e., heptaphenylborepin and two derivatives substituted with a thienyl and chloride substituent on boron) exist in a dynamic equilibrium with the corresponding bicyclic boranorbornadienes, the direct Diels-Alder products, but are not isolable products from the reactions. Heating gradually converts the isomeric mixtures into fluorescent tricyclic boracyclohexenes, the most stable isomers in the series. Results from mechanistic DFT calculations reveal that the tricyclic compounds derive from the boranorbornadienes and not the borepins, which were previously believed to be intermediates in purely pericyclic processes. KW - pericyclic reaction KW - Boron KW - computational chemistry KW - isomer KW - isomerization Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-256888 VL - 27 IS - 43 ER -