TY - JOUR A1 - Holzmann-Littig, Christopher A1 - Stadler, David A1 - Popp, Maria A1 - Kranke, Peter A1 - Fichtner, Falk A1 - Schmaderer, Christoph A1 - Renders, Lutz A1 - Braunisch, Matthias Christoph A1 - Assali, Tarek A1 - Platen, Louise A1 - Wijnen-Meijer, Marjo A1 - Lühnen, Julia A1 - Steckelberg, Anke A1 - Pfadenhauer, Lisa A1 - Haller, Bernhard A1 - Fuetterer, Cornelia A1 - Seeber, Christian A1 - Schaaf, Christian T1 - Locating medical information during an infodemic: information seeking behavior and strategies of health-care workers in Germany JF - Healthcare N2 - Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a flood of — often contradictory — evidence. HCWs had to develop strategies to locate information that supported their work. We investigated the information-seeking of different HCW groups in Germany. Methods: In December 2020, we conducted online surveys on COVID-19 information sources, strategies, assigned trustworthiness, and barriers — and in February 2021, on COVID-19 vaccination information sources. Results were analyzed descriptively; group comparisons were performed using χ\(^2\)-tests. Results: For general COVID-19-related medical information (413 participants), non-physicians most often selected official websites (57%), TV (57%), and e-mail/newsletters (46%) as preferred information sources — physicians chose official websites (63%), e-mail/newsletters (56%), and professional journals (55%). Non-physician HCWs used Facebook/YouTube more frequently. The main barriers were insufficient time and access issues. Non-physicians chose abstracts (66%), videos (45%), and webinars (40%) as preferred information strategy; physicians: overviews with algorithms (66%), abstracts (62%), webinars (48%). Information seeking on COVID-19 vaccination (2700 participants) was quite similar, however, with newspapers being more often used by non-physicians (63%) vs. physician HCWs (70%). Conclusion: Non-physician HCWs more often consulted public information sources. Employers/institutions should ensure the supply of professional, targeted COVID-19 information for different HCW groups. KW - COVID-19 KW - infodemic KW - health-care workers KW - HCW KW - information strategies KW - emergency information Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-319306 SN - 2227-9032 VL - 11 IS - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tony, Hans-Peter A1 - Burmester, Gerd A1 - Schulze-Koops, Hendrik A1 - Grunke, Mathias A1 - Henes, Joerg A1 - Kötter, Ina A1 - Haas, Judith A1 - Unger, Leonore A1 - Lovric, Svjetlana A1 - Haubitz, Marion A1 - Fischer-Betz, Rebecca A1 - Chehab, Gamal A1 - Rubbert-Roth, Andrea A1 - Specker, Christof A1 - Weinerth, Jutta A1 - Holle, Julia A1 - Müller-Ladner, Ulf A1 - König, Ramona A1 - Fiehn, Christoph A1 - Burgwinkel, Philip A1 - Budde, Klemens A1 - Sörensen, Helmut A1 - Meurer, Michael A1 - Aringer, Martin A1 - Kieseier, Bernd A1 - Erfurt-Berge, Cornelia A1 - Sticherling, Michael A1 - Veelken, Roland A1 - Ziemann, Ulf A1 - Strutz, Frank A1 - von Wussow, Praxis A1 - Meier, Florian MP A1 - Hunzelmann, Nico A1 - Schmidt, Enno A1 - Bergner, Raoul A1 - Schwarting, Andreas A1 - Eming, Rüdiger A1 - Schwarz-Eywill, Michael A1 - Wassenberg, Siegfried A1 - Fleck, Martin A1 - Metzler, Claudia A1 - Zettl, Uwe A1 - Westphal, Jens A1 - Heitmann, Stefan A1 - Herzog, Anna L. A1 - Wiendl, Heinz A1 - Jakob, Waltraud A1 - Schmidt, Elvira A1 - Freivogel, Klaus A1 - Dörner, Thomas A1 - Hertl, Michael A1 - Stadler, Rudolf T1 - Safety and clinical outcomes of rituximab therapy in patients with different autoimmune diseases: experience from a national registry (GRAID) JF - Arthritis Research & Therapy N2 - Introduction: Evidence from a number of open-label, uncontrolled studies has suggested that rituximab may benefit patients with autoimmune diseases who are refractory to standard-of-care. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and clinical outcomes of rituximab in several standard-of-care-refractory autoimmune diseases (within rheumatology, nephrology, dermatology and neurology) other than rheumatoid arthritis or non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in a real-life clinical setting. Methods: Patients who received rituximab having shown an inadequate response to standard-of-care had their safety and clinical outcomes data retrospectively analysed as part of the German Registry of Autoimmune Diseases. The main outcome measures were safety and clinical response, as judged at the discretion of the investigators. Results: A total of 370 patients (299 patient-years) with various autoimmune diseases (23.0% with systemic lupus erythematosus, 15.7% antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated granulomatous vasculitides, 15.1% multiple sclerosis and 10.0% pemphigus) from 42 centres received a mean dose of 2,440 mg of rituximab over a median (range) of 194 (180 to 1,407) days. The overall rate of serious infections was 5.3 per 100 patient-years during rituximab therapy. Opportunistic infections were infrequent across the whole study population, and mostly occurred in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. There were 11 deaths (3.0% of patients) after rituximab treatment (mean 11.6 months after first infusion, range 0.8 to 31.3 months), with most of the deaths caused by infections. Overall (n = 293), 13.3% of patients showed no response, 45.1% showed a partial response and 41.6% showed a complete response. Responses were also reflected by reduced use of glucocorticoids and various immunosuppressives during rituximab therapy and follow-up compared with before rituximab. Rituximab generally had a positive effect on patient well-being (physician’s visual analogue scale; mean improvement from baseline of 12.1 mm) KW - GRAID Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-142856 VL - 13 IS - R75 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pollinger, Florian A1 - Schmitt, Stefan A1 - Sander, Dirk A1 - Tian, Zhen A1 - Kirschner, Jürgen A1 - Vrdoljak, Pavo A1 - Stadler, Christoph A1 - Maier, Florian A1 - Marchetto, Helder A1 - Schmidt, Thomas A1 - Schöll, Achim A1 - Umbach, Eberhard T1 - Nanoscale patterning, macroscopic reconstruction, and enhanced surface stress by organic adsorption on vicinal surfaces JF - New Journal of Physics N2 - Self-organization is a promising method within the framework of bottom-up architectures to generate nanostructures in an efficient way. The present work demonstrates that self- organization on the length scale of a few to several tens of nanometers can be achieved by a proper combination of a large (organic) molecule and a vicinal metal surface if the local bonding of the molecule on steps is significantly stronger than that on low-index surfaces. In this case thermal annealing may lead to large mass transport of the subjacent substrate atoms such that nanometer-wide and micrometer-long molecular stripes or other patterns are being formed on high-index planes. The formation of these patterns can be controlled by the initial surface orientation and adsorbate coverage. The patterns arrange self-organized in regular arrays by repulsive mechanical interactions over long distances accompanied by a significant enhancement of surface stress. We demonstrate this effect using the planar organic molecule PTCDA as adsorbate and Ag(10 8 7) and Ag(775)surfaces as substrate. The patterns are directly observed by STM, the formation of vicinal surfaces is monitored by highresolution electron diffraction, the microscopic surface morphology changes are followed by spectromicroscopy, and the macroscopic changes of surface stress are measured by a cantilever bending method. The in situ combination of these complementary techniques provides compelling evidence for elastic interaction and a significant stress contribution to long-range order and nanopattern formation. KW - physics KW - patterning KW - reconstruction KW - surface stress KW - STM KW - SPA-LEED KW - vicinal surfaces KW - adsoption Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-171947 VL - 19 ER - TY - THES A1 - Stadler, Christoph T1 - Strukturuntersuchungen organischer Monolagen auf Ag(111) T1 - Structural investigations of organic monolayers on Ag(111) N2 - In dieser Arbeit wurden zwei komplementäre Beugungsverfahren verwendet, um die geometrische Struktur von organischen Adsorbaten (NTCDA und verschiedenen Metall-Pcs) auf Ag(111) zu untersuchen: um die lateralen Strukturparameter zu messen wurde hochauflösende Beugung niederenergetischer Elektronen (SPALEED) verwendet. Die vertikalen Abstände der einzelnen atomaren Spezies von der Silberoberfläche wurden mit der Methode der Absorption in stehenden Röntgenwellenfeldern (XSW) bestimmt. Aus den Arbeiten von Kilian et al. [43, 42] ist bekannt, daß die relaxierte und komprimierte Monolage NTCDA/Ag(111) einen Ordnungs-Unordnungs-Phasenübergang beim Abkühlen besitzt. Dazu sollten zu Beginn dieser Arbeit stabile Parameter mithilfe von Kühlversuchen unter Beobachtung im LEED gefunden werden, um diesen Phasenübergang zu reproduzieren. Dies ist nicht gelungen. Es wurden aber die vertikalen Abstände der Kohlenstoff- und Sauerstoffatome der relaxierten Monolage zum Substrat mithilfe von XSW bestimmt. Diese bestätigen die Messungen von Stanzel et al. [88, 87], die aufgrund des geringen Abstandes auf Chemisorption schließen lassen. Darüberhinaus wurde die Methode von Stanzel et al. verfeinert, das Photoelektronensignal (O1s) und das Auger-Signal (OKLL) kohärent zu interpretieren. Dabei wurden sowohl die nichtdipolaren Parameter der Photoemission (O1s) als auch der Anteil der durch Sekundärelektronen induzierten Augerzerfälle (OKLL) berücksichtigt und iterativ angepasst. Im Fall von NTCDA ist es möglich, anhand der Peakstruktur der O1s-Photoelektronen die Anhydridsauerstoffe von den Carbonylsauerstoffen zu trennen. Diese wurden bei XSW als getrennte Detektionskanäle verwendet und zeigen für die relaxierte Monolagenstruktur von NTCDA/Ag(111) - ähnlich wie schon von Hauschild et al. für PTCDA/Ag(111) [29, 30] gemessen - daß die Carbonylsauerstoffe in den Ecken des NTCDA-Moleküls um ca. 0:10 näher am Substrat liegen als die Anhydridsauerstoffe in der Brückenposition. Solch detaillierten Messungen sind notwendig, um für die Vielzahl von verschiedenen theoretischen ab-initio Methoden und Näherungsrechnungen ein Maß für deren Genauigkeit bereitzustellen. Bei den relativ großen Einheitszellenund der deshalb hohen Anzahl von Elektronen im organischen Molekül und den darunterliegenden Silberatomen haben diese Methoden noch Schwierigkeiten in endlicher Zeit akkurate Ergebnisse zu liefern. Der Hauptteil der Arbeit beschäftigte sich mit der geometrischen Struktur von Metall-Phthalocyaninen auf Ag(111). Das Phasendiagramm der Submonolagenstrukturen von SnPc/Ag(111) besteht im wesentlichen aus drei Bereichen in Abhängigkeit der Bedeckung und der Temepratur: Bei Raumtemperatur liegt bei niedrigen Bedeckungen unterhalb von ca. 0.9ML eine gasförmige Phase vor. Zwischen 0.9ML und 1 ML treten inkommensurable Strukturen auf, deren geometrische Parameter mit der Bedeckung variieren. Bei beiden Phasen nimmt der intermolekulare Abstand kontinuierlich mit der Bedeckung ab. Zumindest bei den inkommensurablen Phasen ist das ein klarer Beweis für eine Repulsion zwischen den Molekülen. Bei tiefen Temperaturen (<45°C) gibt es in einem mittleren Bedeckungsbereich (0.5ML - 0.92ML) eine kommensurable Überstruktur mit zwei Molekülen pro Einheitszelle. Es ist sogar möglich, von der inkommensurablen Phase (0.9ML...0.92ML) durch Temperaturabsenkung zu dieser etwas dichter gepackten kommensurablen Phase zu gelangen - die Repulsion lässt sich also nur mit Hilfe einer Temperaturänderung in eine Attraktion zwischen den Molekülen umschalten. Aufgrund der Abstände der verschiedenen Spezies zum Silbersubstrat konnte die Orientierung der Moleküle zum Substrat in den verschiedenen Phasen gemessen werden. Sie deuten auf eine chemisorptive Anbindung der Moleküle. Interessanterweise liegen die Moleküle in der Monolage alle mit dem Sn-Atom zum Substrat, während das Sn-Atom in der kommensurablen Tieftemperaturphase alternierend zum Substrat hinund wegzeigt. Diese Messungen erlauben eine Begründung der Attraktion und Repulsion zwischen den Molekülen auf Basis eines Donations-Rückdonationsmodells der Bindung der Moleküle an das Substrat. Sie werden mit den Ergebnissen von CuPc/Ag(111) von Ingo Kröger verglichen [46]. Schließlich werden noch erste Messungen an TiOPc vorgestellt. Die Datenlage bei TiOPc ist noch weniger dicht, es zeigt aber ein ähnliches Verhalten. Der augenfälligste Unterschied zu SnPc ist wohl die stabile Bi-Lage im Fall des TiOPc/Ag(111), die sich nicht durch Tempern vollständig ablösen lässt - im Gegensatz zu SnPc/Ag(111). Diese ersten geometrischen Messungen stimulierten neben weiteren SPALEED und XSW Messungen [46, 85] eine Reihe weiterer Untersuchungen in der Gruppe wie UPS, Austrittsarbeitsänderungen und detaillierte XPS-Messungen an den Rumpfelektronen, die das Donations-Rückdonationsmodell und die Orientierung der Moleküle bestätigen [108, 71]. N2 - In order to study the geometry of organic Adsorbates (NTCDA and different Metal-Pcs) on Ag(111) two complementary methods were used: the lateral structural parameters were explored via high resolution low energy electron diffraction (SPALEED), the vertical distances of the different atomic species to the substrate were measured with the method of absorption profiles in x-ray standing waves (XSW). NTCDA/Ag(111) forms a relaxed and a compressed monolayer structure and shows an order-disorder phase transition upon cooling [43, 42]. In the beginning of this work the aim was to and stable parameters for this phase transition upon cooling with LEED, which was not succesful. In addition, the vertical distances of the carbon and oxygen atoms of the relaxed monolayer to the substrate was determined with XSW. These measurements confirmed the results of Stanzel et al. [88,87] which indicates a chemisorption because of the relatively small bonding lenghts. His method of using both, the photoelectron signal (O1s) and Auger signal (OKLL) for a coherent interpretation of the distances was refined. Therefore, the non-dipolar parameters of the photoemission (O1s) and the portion of secondary electron induced Auger (OKLL) were taken into account and iteratively adjusted. In the case of NTCDA/Ag(111) the O1s-peak structure allows to distinguish between anhydride and carbonyl oxygen signals. These signals have been used as independant absorption channels in the XSW-experiment and show that the carbonyl oxygens in the edge of the molecule are about 0.1Å closer to the substrate than the anhydride oxygen in the bridge position - a result similar to PTCDA/Ag(111) measured by Hauschild et al. [29, 30]. The big variaty of theoretical ab-initio calculations and approximations need such detailed input in order to evaluate the quality of these calculations. The relatively big unit-cells and therefore the high number of electrons in the organic molecules and the underlying silver atoms is a big hurdle to get accurate theoretical results in limited timeframes. The main part of this work is dedicated to the geometrical structure of different metal phthalocyanines on Ag(111). The phase diagram of the submonolayer structures of SnPc/Ag(111) shows three different parts as a function of coverage and temperature: at room temperature at lower coverages (<0.9ML) a gaseous phase appears. Between 0.9ML and 1ML incommensurate structures appear, which change their geometric parameters continously with coverage. In both phases the intermolecular distances decrease continously with coverage. At least for the incommensurate phases, this clearly proofs intermolecular repulsion. At low temperatures (<45°C) in a medium coverage region (0.5ML - 0.92ML) a commensurate structure with two molecules per unit cell occurs. It is even possible to change from the incommensurate phase (0.9ML...0.92ML) to the slightly denser packed commensurate phase via cooling: The intermolecular repulsion changes to attraction only via a temperature change. With the distance of the different species in the molecule the orientation of the molecule to the substrate could be determined for the different phases. The distances themselves indicate a chemisorption of the molecules to the Ag(111) surface. Interestingly, the molecules in the monolayer are all in „Sn-down“-configuration, whereas the molecules in the commensurate phase alternate in „Sn-up“- and „Sn-down“-configuration. These measurements allow an interpretation of the attraction and repulsion in between the molecules on a donation/back donation model of the chemisorption of the molecule to the substrate. These measurements are compared to the results on CuPc/Ag(111) of Ingo Kröger [46]. At last, first measurments on TiOPc/Ag(111) are presented. The data collection in the phase diagram is much less dense than in the case of SnPc. However, a similar behavior is already seen. The most prominent difference between SnPc and TiOPc is the stable bi-layer in the case of TiOPc, which cannot be removed via annealing - in contrast to the case of SnPc/Ag(111). These first geometric measurements stimulated other expermiment in our group on these systems like UPS, core-level XPS and determination of the work function which all are in favor of this donation/backdonation model and the different configurations of the molecules in the phase diagram [108, 71]. Also SPALEED and XSW measurements have been continued [46, 85]. KW - LEED KW - Monoschicht KW - Chemisorption KW - Ordnungs-Unordnungs-Umwandlung KW - Oberflächenphysik KW - stehende Röntgenwellenfelder KW - Repulsion organischer Moleküle KW - Repulsion of organic molecules KW - XSW KW - LEED KW - phase transition KW - chemisorption Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-35930 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Guth, Sabine A1 - Hüser, Stephanie A1 - Roth, Angelika A1 - Degen, Gisela A1 - Diel, Patrick A1 - Edlund, Karolina A1 - Eisenbrand, Gerhard A1 - Engel, Karl-Heinz A1 - Epe, Bernd A1 - Grune, Tilman A1 - Heinz, Volker A1 - Henle, Thomas A1 - Humpf, Hans-Ulrich A1 - Jäger, Henry A1 - Joost, Hans-Georg A1 - Kulling, Sabine E. A1 - Lampen, Alfonso A1 - Mally, Angela A1 - Marchan, Rosemarie A1 - Marko, Doris A1 - Mühle, Eva A1 - Nitsche, Michael A. A1 - Röhrdanz, Elke A1 - Stadler, Richard A1 - van Thriel, Christoph A1 - Vieths, Stefan A1 - Vogel, Rudi F. A1 - Wascher, Edmund A1 - Watzl, Carsten A1 - Nöthlings, Ute A1 - Hengstler, Jan G. T1 - Contribution to the ongoing discussion on fluoride toxicity JF - Archives of Toxicology N2 - Since the addition of fluoride to drinking water in the 1940s, there have been frequent and sometimes heated discussions regarding its benefits and risks. In a recently published review, we addressed the question if current exposure levels in Europe represent a risk to human health. This review was discussed in an editorial asking why we did not calculate benchmark doses (BMD) of fluoride neurotoxicity for humans. Here, we address the question, why it is problematic to calculate BMDs based on the currently available data. Briefly, the conclusions of the available studies are not homogeneous, reporting negative as well as positive results; moreover, the positive studies lack control of confounding factors such as the influence of well-known neurotoxicants. We also discuss the limitations of several further epidemiological studies that did not meet the inclusion criteria of our review. Finally, it is important to not only focus on epidemiological studies. Rather, risk analysis should consider all available data, including epidemiological, animal, as well as in vitro studies. Despite remaining uncertainties, the totality of evidence does not support the notion that fluoride should be considered a human developmental neurotoxicant at current exposure levels in European countries. KW - pharmacology/toxicology KW - occupational medicine/industrial medicine KW - environmental health KW - biomedicine, general Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-307161 SN - 0340-5761 SN - 1432-0738 VL - 95 IS - 7 ER -